FI12210U1 - Insulating glass element - Google Patents

Abstract

An insulating glass element (100) comprising at least two glass sheets (102), an air-tight space (105) delimited by the edge joints of the glass sheets (102), and at least one glass sheet (102) comprising a low-emptying surface (103) 103) an arranged aperture (201) transmitting a radio signal, characterized in that: the width of the aperture (201) at its lowest operating frequency is at most one wavelength and the height of the aperture (201) at its lowest operating frequency is at least one wavelength, arranged to receive electromagnetic energy from an incoming plane wave (308) and to irradiate the received electromagnetic energy through at least two concentrated radiation sources (303).

Description

Insulating glass unit

Object of the invention

The present invention relates to an insulating glass element comprising at least two glass sheets and an intermediate space therebetween, at least one of which has a low-emptying surface.

The invention further relates to an arrangement for transmitting electromagnetic signals to a blind spot created by a building element based on narrow aperture diffraction.

The invention further relates to an arrangement in which an aperture transmitting a radio signal is arranged to work with an electrically conductive lattice structure such as metal venetian blinds.

Background of the Invention

The construction industry's ambitions for passive and zero-energy houses have led to a situation where high-performance thermal insulation strongly suppresses signals from cellular phones and other wireless systems, making it even impossible to use a cellphone inside the building. There are many reasons for this suppression, but one of the causes is the so-called. the use of selective glasses, where the windows are coated with an electrically conductive coating, i.e. matalaemissiviteettipinnoitteilla.

Communication between wireless devices such as mobile phones, tablets, or sensors classified under the Internet of Things (IOT) is based on the management of electromagnetic energy, i.e. the properties of propagating electromagnetic waves, and the ability to receive and read information associated with them. Controlled combining of information into a portion of an electromagnetic wave is called modulation, while controlled discharge of this information from an electromagnetic wave is called demodulation. A single discrete sinusoidal frequency component, which is part of an electromagnetic spectrum, can be called an electromagnetic signal. Alternatively, in some contexts, an electromagnetic signal may also be referred to as a region comprising a predetermined portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the electromagnetic energy propagated as a combination of discrete frequency components carries some of the information transmitted.

Most of the spectrum currently used by mobile phones is classified as UHF (300 MHz to 3GHz) and, to an increasing extent, SHF (3-30 GHz). Frequency allocations for new short-range mobile communications are also planned in the EHF range (30-300 GHz).

Wireless communication can be either one-way or two-way. For conventional mobile devices, communication with base stations is bidirectional, whereas, for example, wireless sensors can be unidirectional. There are prerequisites for the operation of such a wireless communication connection when the sensitivity of the device receiving the wireless signal is sufficiently low relative to the power level of the received signal. A significant factor affecting the sensitivity of the receiving device is the noise level generated by the device's own electronic circuits; signals with lower power levels than noise are difficult to receive without losing some of the signal information. Also, the addition of electromagnetic interference from the receiver environment to the received signal reduces the quality of the communication connection and causes connection problems.

The power level of the received signal is affected, for example, by adjusting the transmission power of the transmitting device and, in the case of mobile networks, by designing the communication network of the base stations sufficiently dense. However, building attenuation, which is a significant disadvantage to this communication link, is a particularly challenging problem because it significantly weakens the functionality of wireless communication links across building walls. In typical low-energy buildings, the attenuations measured can be, for example, values between 20 and 50 dB. By way of comparison, each six decibel (6 dB) gain in transmit power on average doubles the link spacing in free space. Conversely, each additional six decibel attenuation on average halves the maximum theoretical connection interval. Building suppression is thus a significant disadvantage in designing wireless link working distances and, for practical reasons, cannot be compensated for by merely increasing transmit power. In addition, at least one device in the communication interval, such as a cellular telephone, is most often a battery-powered device, which is always maximized to minimize the transmission power.

Conventionally, signals from wireless systems can enter through windows in buildings, but electrically conductive low-activity coatings block these signal paths. In addition to windows, electromagnetic signals have previously been able to penetrate the walls of buildings, but aluminum-coated thermal insulation panels, which are now commonly used in walls, effectively prevent signals from entering the building. Also, reinforcements in concrete structures, together with electrically high-loss cement, can attenuate electromagnetic signals, whereby, even when passing through such a structure, the signal strength may be too weak to have sufficient signal strength on the other side of the structure. Attempts have been made to solve this problem, for example, by a passive antenna system comprising two separate antennas and a transmission line connecting the two antennas. However, the challenge of a passive antenna repeater is that it has to be carefully designed towards the operator's base station in order to operate at an even level.

Other solutions are also known, such as Frequency Selective Surface (FSS), in which periodic lattice structures are formed over a wide area of the glass to reduce the permeability of the glass. The frequency-selective surfaces formed on the glass surfaces are planar, two-dimensional filters that can be designed as either band-stop, band-pass, high-pass, or low-pass filters. Frequency-selective surfaces are generally well known also with selective glasses. For example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,364,685 A to Central Glass Company, periodic discontinuous portions, such as incision-like slits or lattice-shaped FSS filters, are formed on a laminated selective glass to improve transmission of the electromagnetic signal. Also in US 6,730,389 B2 FSS filters are formed on the surface of a selective film to solve the same problem. Typically, the topologies used in the elements of the FSS filter are various loops, as in US 8,633,866 B2.

For frequency-selective surfaces formed on glass surfaces, the first technical problem is the wide processing area they require. The coating can be removed by, for example, laser, etching, or mechanical machining. The coating removal device must be capable of processing the selective surface both in the width direction and in the longitudinal direction of the glass. In continuous mass production, this is technically difficult to accomplish with the precision and speed required by the process. The frequency-selective surface, which encompasses a wide processing industry, is also a highly visible eye defect in the window glass.

The frequency-selective surfaces formed on the glass surface also have another technical problem due to the low electrical conductivity of the selective surface. Frequency-selective surfaces made on the surface of typical metals such as aluminum or copper can achieve very low transmittance attenuations for the electromagnetic signal. However, the frequency-selective surface provided on the selective surface of the glass has significantly higher resistive losses, which is reflected in a decrease in the permeation efficiency. For example, the surface resistances of low-emissivity surfaces used on glass surfaces can be, for example, between 10 and 100 Ω / square, although in some cases also somewhat less and in some cases much more. The wide range of pin resistances is due to the wide application of coatings. Some of the low-emissivity coatings are used in the gas-insulated space of the thermal glazing element, while some are used on the outer layers of the thermal glazing or laminated between two glass panes. In a generally gas-insulated space, so-called. soft film, while the so-called "glazing" can be used on the outer glass surfaces. hard film. Coatings on the outermost glass surfaces can influence, for example, light transmission, solar energy filtering, or fogging of the glasses.

The frequency-selective surfaces formed on the glass surface also have a third technical problem due to the effect of increasing the size of the transmitting aperture on the summing of the transmitting waves. In practice, this is reflected by the fact that the reflection pattern formed by the surface, which can also be depicted antenna-technically in the directional pattern, is usually determined by a narrow beam in a single maximum direction, where the maximum direction orientation is determined by the incoming electromagnetic wave. The frequency-selective surface penetration characteristics typically decrease when an electromagnetic signal illuminating the surface arrives from a non-primary maximum direction. In other words, if the permeability properties of the surface are optimized, for example, for an electromagnetic signal coming from the normal direction of the glass surface, due to its symmetry, the direction pattern of the electromagnetic wave passing through it is concentrated inside the relatively narrow beam. This is not a favorable feature for improving the coverage of the cellular network because the location of the base stations and the location of the wireless device are both unknown and unpredictable. In practice, penetration can be effective only in individual cases where both the base station's outdoor location and the wireless device's location inside the building are in carefully selected directions.

The planar frequency-selective surface formed on the selective surface of the glass surface has the same technical properties as a large light aperture without a selective film. In practice, this means that the diffraction of an electromagnetic wave from the aperture in question behaves in the same way as a wide aperture, where the aperture has a width of several wavelengths. The diffraction pattern caused by the wide aperture differs significantly from the diffraction pattern of the narrow aperture.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved insulating glass element in which the aforementioned drawbacks are substantially eliminated. The present invention is based on the idea that a transmissive aperture comprising slit radiators is provided on the Mata spreading surface of the insulating glass element to reduce electromagnetic signal transmittance suppression and to pass electromagnetic waves from one side to the other. More specifically, the present invention is essentially characterized by what is set forth in the characterizing part of the accompanying claim 1.

The present invention enhances the passage of an electromagnetic signal through an electrically conductive low-emitting surface based on narrow aperture diffraction, whereby a broader electromagnetic wave coverage than a wide aperture diffraction solution can be applied to the interior of the building.

In addition, the present invention compensates for the loss of efficiency typically due to low conductivity low surface conductivity surface loss by increasing the throughput signal efficiency on a coherent wavefront formed by a plurality of focused radiation emitters.

The present invention enhances the passage of an electromagnetic signal through an electrically conductive low emitting surface by creating a virtual aperture formed by radiation sources focused on the low emitting surface, having an effective electromagnetic energy receiving surface greater than the low emitting surface conductivity.

The present invention further enhances the passage of an electromagnetic signal through an electrically conductive low-emitting surface based on narrow aperture diffraction, whereby, using known solutions indoors, a broader electromagnetic wave coverage than a wide aperture diffraction can be introduced.

The operation of the device of the present invention is based on the re-emitting of electromagnetic energy received from an electromagnetic planar surface in a low-cation surface as a combination of a plurality of concentrated wave sources in which a part of the electromagnetic wave received Coherent transmission from multiple mutually reinforcing focused radiation sources compensates for the loss of efficiency due to resistive conductor surface losses.

The operation of the device of the present invention is further based on the operation of slot radiators formed on a low-emitting surface as point-centered radiation sources, whereby a coherent wavefront formed by slit radiators located below the operating frequency wavelength is summed in the desired gain direction. A preferred utility direction for the slit radiator array realized with the insulating glass element is a horizontal plane in which the wavefront formed by the slit radiator array forms a flat directional pattern. In the horizontal plane, the maximum wide directional pattern, both inside and outside the insulating glass, effectively receives the base station signal from the horizon, and creates a wide indoor coverage relative to the insulating glass element of the wall-mounted window.

A locally concentrated radiation source can be seen as a point source radiation when viewed in its remote field by an electromagnetic wave emitted by it. For example, the wavelength, half wavelength, or scale, for example, a quarter-wave radiation source is seen to be a point source of radiation, when the emitted wave front looking at a sufficient distance, in other words, the far field.

Description of the drawings

The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which

Figures 1a to 1d show some examples of insulating glass elements,

Figure 2 shows an example of a transmission sector caused by wide and narrow aperture diffraction,

Figure 3 shows the incoming plane wave surface current vectors in the ground low surface area, as well as the interference of the surface current vector vectors with narrow linear openings in the low ground surface,

Figures 4a and 4b illustrate an example of a coherent wavefront generated by a plurality of concentrated radiation sources comprising a narrow aperture,

Figures 5a and 5b show a gap radiator array arranged in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention,

Figures 6a-6d illustrate narrow-gap slot gap radiators according to some preferred embodiments of the invention, and

Figures 7a-7c show an example of a narrow linear opening arrangement with a metallic lattice structure.

Detailed Description of the Invention

1a is a typical insulating glass element 100. The insulating glass element 100 is a structure that combines at least two glass panels 102 connected to each other with at least one substantially airtight space between them. Insulating glass can also be referred to as solid glass. The energy-efficient airtight structure is formed through the edges of the glass sheets, in which the edges of the glass pack consisting of the glass sheets are sealed by a sealant 107, such as by means of various elastic masses. Laminated glasses can also be used in conjunction with the insulating glass element, as is often the case in façade structures or train windows. Figure 1b shows an insulating glass element 100 made of laminated glass sheets 102.

As glass panes 102, various glasses optimized for different applications can be used as required for coloring and alloying, surface treatment, thickness, sound, or even radiation protection.

A mechanically separating strip 104 is used between the glasses to form an insulating gap 105 between the glass sheets 102. The strip 104 may be made of either metal, plastic, composite or other suitable material. Butyl or polysulfide adhesive is often used as the elastic bonding compound for sealant 107, but other materials may also be used. The usual thicknesses of the spacer 104 are, for example, 9, 12, and 15mm, but other thicknesses are also used. There are also insulating glass elements which do not use a separate spacer between them, but the physical separation of the glass sheets from one another is effected, for example, by plastic drop strips.

In the airtight space 105 of the insulating glass element 100, filler gases 106 such as krypton, argon, or xeon can be used, but the airtight space 105 may also have a vacuum.

A low-emptying surface 103 is provided adjacent to the at least one glass panel 102 of the insulating glass element to enhance the thermal insulation of the insulating glass element 100. Low-emissivity surfaces are commonly referred to as selective films in conjunction with glasses, and glasses with such coatings are commonly referred to as selective glasses. There is a wide range of low activity surfaces available for a variety of applications. As electrically conductive metal or metal oxide surfaces, they inhibit the signals of wireless communication devices by strongly attenuating electromagnetic waves. Coatings are added to glasses with so-called "coatings". on-line and off-line.

The purpose of low-activity surfaces is generally to allow the short-wave solar radiation of the sun to enter the room and, accordingly, to prevent the long-range radiation of the interior from escaping from the building. On the other hand, the low-emitting spokes aim to influence the amount of sunlight and heating effect. Sunscreen is the commonly used generic name for such glasses.

In addition, insulating glass elements may be provided with fire-retardant layers, such as laminated silicate layers, or with fire-retardant gels between the glasses.

In a typical manufacturing process for an insulating glass element, a low-emissivity coating 103 is removed from the peripheral areas of the glass sheet 102, usually by mechanical means. This step enhances the adhesion of the sealant 107 to the surface of the glass sheet 102 in the uncoated regions 108 to create a substantially airtight spacer 105.

In addition, Icon illustrates a window frame 101 that is part of a window, glass facade, or wall structure to which insulating glass element 100 is intended to be mounted. Figure 1d shows one alternative embodiment, in which the insulating glass element 100 comprises two intermediate spaces 105, three glass sheets 102, and a low-emptying surface 103 formed on the surface of the middle glass sheet.

Definition of plane wave

An electromagnetic wave propagating far enough from the transmitter, or more precisely, the discrete frequency components contained therein, may be treated as a plane wave. In a propagating plane wave, the electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to one another, and they oscillate in a direction determined by a so-called. In a plane perpendicular to the poynting vector. The relationship between electric and magnetic field intensities is described by wave impedance. Usually, an electromagnetic signal entering a building envelope from a base station can be thought of as a plane wave 301, although reflections from the surrounding area outside the wall may modify the characteristics of the signal. The plane of polarization of the plane wave 301 is defined according to the electric field vector 308 it comprises. Electromagnetic diffraction from aperture (narrow vs. wide aperture)

Fig. 2a shows the diffraction of an electromagnetic wave from a wide aperture, and Fig. 2c shows a diffraction of an electromagnetic wave in a narrow aperture according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2a illustrates the arrival of planar wave 301 on a glass plate 102 comprising a low emptying surface 103 in a situation where a wide aperture is provided. A wide aperture means an aperture having a width greater than 309. The wide aperture may be realized in this context, for example, by a planar frequency-selective filter 109, or by leaving the glass plate 102 uncoated. Figure 2b illustrates, by way of example, a known planar frequency-selective filter 109 having a physical width 305 of an electromagnetic signal-transmitting aperture of several wavelengths. In the case of the example of Figure 2a, wireless communication devices 40T, 401 ", and 401", located in an unfamiliar area of the room, receive signal coverage only in random situations where the incoming electromagnetic plane wave 301 does not experience significant shading as it advances. In the case of the example, the wireless communication device 40T 'receives obliquely incoming electromagnetic plane wave 301, but the out-of-range wireless communication devices 401' and 401 'are unable to establish a reliable wireless connection to the base station due to the narrow transmit sector 307.

Figure 2c illustrates an arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which the electromagnetic energy received from plane wave 301 is re-emitted and effectively applied to the shaded area of the room in a wide transmission sector 307 utilizing narrow aperture diffraction. The glass plate 102 to cover matalaemissiviteettipintaan 103 is formed narrow, preferably a width of less than half a wavelength long radio signal transmitting aperture 201 of a plurality of focused radiation source 303 function in a slot radiator 207, which are arranged rakosäteilijäryhmäksi 202, which is activated by the received electromagnetic plane wave 301 range of the electromagnetic influence of energy radiation source.

Fig. 2d illustrates how a radio-transmissive aperture 201 implemented with slit radiators 207 can be implemented in a structure such as a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The radio signal to cross the aperture 201 of the physical width 305 is preferably less than half a wavelength long. In order to obtain a narrow aperture diffraction pattern and to minimize radiation zeroes in the transmission sector 307, the incoming planar wave 301 must illuminate the entire radio signal aperture 201 as it advances at most one To illustrate this, a non-limiting example is the 800 MHz frequency range with narrow apertures such as widths of 5mm, 10mm, 30mm, 50mm, 100mm, and 150mm. For clarity, it is noted that the physical width 305 of the radio-transmitting aperture 201 shown in Fig. 2d is defined parallel to the X-axis shown in the figure, and the height of the radio-transmitting aperture 201 is defined in the Y-axis. In order to achieve sufficient directivity, the height of the aperture 201 transmitting the radio signal must be at least one wavelength 309 of the operating frequency.

The narrow aperture diffraction pattern of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2c by the wide transmission sector 307. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2c, the wireless communication devices 40T, 401 ", and 40T" are now more likely 307 based on narrow aperture diffraction.

a radio signal transmitting aperture according to the present invention, 201 to take advantage of the narrow aperture diffraction, and is preferably less than half the wave length to width 305. Refinements physical state that the aperture can also be a multi-band structure, or it can operate broadband speeds. The preferred maximum aperture width is then determined by the lowest operating frequency wavelength 309.

The radio-transmitting aperture 201 of the present invention may comprise a plurality of focused radiation sources 303 adjacent to each other in the direction defined by the physical width 305 of the aperture. Thereby, the electromagnetic wave passing through the low ejection surface 103 forms an interference pattern that determines the behavior of the transmission sector 307. Two from the radiation source 303 by an interference pattern determined by the lähetyssekto-ester 307 the beam width can be kept uniform in width and the distance between the focusing of radiation sources, the aperture width in the direction X is preferably maintained at less than half the wave length lengths. When the two from the radiation source a distance from each other to increase the distance of half a wavelength greater, the interference pattern begins to form a plurality of zero points and maximum points, and the number of these increases with the distance between the radiation sources increases. Multiple zero angles in the transmission sector 307 would cause possible disconnection in the shadows. In addition, in the transmission sector 307 determined by the plurality of zero and maximum patterns, the wireless communication device 401, when moving, could switch between base stations more frequently than in the state determined by the wide and flat transmission sector 307.

As one essential difference between the wide aperture and the present narrow aperture, the following may be mentioned. Advantageously, the wavefront of electromagnetic planar wave 301 emitted by the base station from the horizon illuminates the area of the aperture 201 transmitting the entire radio signal as it passes through the aperture of up to one wavelength 309, whether or not the electromagnetic plane

Plane wave excitation at low ejection surface

When the electromagnetic plane wave 301 encounters an electrically conductive low emissivity surface 103, some of the energy of the wave is reflected back to its upstream or other directions, where reflected wave front 306 continues to propagate, and some of the wave energy is converted to resistive losses of the conductive surface.

Fig. 3 and Figs. 4a and 4b show the encounter of a wavefront of an electric field vector 308 with a plane wave 301 with a low ejection surface 103. The oscillation period of the propagating wavefront electric field vector 308 is one wavelength 309. During one oscillation period, the phase angle of the electric field vector changes by 360 degrees. In a situation such as that of the example, the electromagnetic plane wave 301 arriving from the horizon preferably arrives at a random azimuth angle 311.

The oscillating electric field of the incoming plane wave 301 causes the electron to oscillate at the same frequency in the conductive surface. The motion of the electrons is compressed on the outer surfaces of the conductor surface, forming a surface current pattern oscillating on the conductor surface. The local surface current vector 214 comprised in the surface current is always perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field parallel to the surface. On the surface of a complete conductor, the electric field parallel to the surface disappears completely. The surface resistance of the non-ideal conductor surface converts part of the energy contained in the signal to heat due to resistive losses. This surface resistance depends on the low-ejection surface 103. In use, for the sake of clarity, the azimuth angle is parallel to the XZ plane, and the elution angle is parallel to the YZ plane. incoming azimuth 311 plane wave 301 induced pintavirtavektorit of electromagnetic energy 214 to form matalaemissiviteettipinnalla 103 flowing into the wide a wave propagating electrons flow movement, which measure the flow pattern of oscillation is detected the incoming plane wave of wavelength 309 projection 310 matalaemissiviteettipinnassa 103. The incoming plane wave 301 sähkökenttävek-rotor 308 determined by the polarization level also determines the priority matalaemissiviteettipinnassa 103, the direction of oscillation of the formed surface current vectors 214. The polarization plane can be a vertical oscillation plane, a horizontal oscillation plane, or anything in between. The primary direction of travel of the wave pattern propagating as the oscillating surface current mat on the low ejection surface 103 is determined by the incident direction of the incoming planar wave 301 which is excited. The excitation caused by the electromagnetic energy of the incoming planar wave 301 causes the vibration of the surface current vectors 214 in the low-emitting surface 103 to be polarized by the incoming wave electric field vector 308. In addition to this polarization and direction of flow, the low-emitting surface 103 exhibits a secondary surface current movement primarily caused by the electron flux motion induced by the surface-induced surface current vectors 214. This is typically manifested as eddy currents, which mainly flow in areas that are not primarily illuminated by the electric field vector 308 of the incoming plane wave 301. Surface flow return current conventionally produces loop-like flow patterns.

The slit beam openings 203 formed by narrow radial apertures 203 of the radio transmitting aperture 201 of the present invention are based on appropriate interference with the flow paths of the surface current vectors 214.

The narrow linear opening 203 of the present invention is arranged to effect an interference with the flow of the surface current vector 214 induced by the electric field vector 308 such that the first positive charge distribution 208 is formed at the first edge of the narrow line opening 203 and the second negative charge distribution 203 is formed. and an electromotive force 204 acting in the non-conductive region of the narrow linear opening 203 acting between them. The present electromotive force 204 acts as a central radiation source 303 for re-irradiating electromagnetic energy into the shadow area caused by the insulating glass element 100.

When the flow of the surface current vector 214 on the low-emptying surface 103 is suitably disrupted by narrow linear openings 203, either by interruption or redirection, a set of electromotive forces 204 are provided which are induced by interfering with the propagation of electromagnetic radiation fronts. This set of electromotive forces forms a gap radiator array 202 consisting of concentrated radiation sources 303.

Examining the effect of a single narrow linear opening 203 on the surface current vector 214, as the surface current induced electric field vector 308 continues to influence the electron motion of the conductor surface, the path of the surface current vector 214 curves and forms an opening circulating current loop 210. FIG. an embodiment wherein the narrow linear opening 203 is orthogonal to the direction of the electric field vector 308 of the incoming planar wave 301. Such an opening provides two symmetrical current loops 210 rotating the opening 203 which rotate the narrow linear opening 203 on both sides thereof.

The current loop 210 circulating the narrow linear opening 203, together with the electromotive force 204, forms a resonant circuit which enables the narrow linear opening to function as an efficient radiator. The dimensions of the narrow linear aperture 203 are resonated at the operating frequency of the incoming electromagnetic energy carrier plane 301, whereby the narrow linear aperture 203 effectively forms a radiating gap radiator 207 which re-radiates electromagnetic energy received from the electromagnetic plane wave 301.

The narrow linear opening in the low-emptying surface 203 may be defined as an opening in the low-conductivity surface of the electrically conductive surface, wherein the opening in the electrically conductive surface causes a substantial loss of electrical conductivity the other two curve sections selected in the other direction. It is mentioned by way of example, but not exclusively, that the narrow linear opening can be, for example, 10 to 100 µm wide and 20 to 50 mm long, for example. The width of the narrow linear opening may also be, for example, 0.5 to 2 mm. In addition, some mechanical means may have a narrow linear opening width of 5 to 10 mm.

The narrow linear opening can be accomplished by any method suitable for the purpose, but conventional methods include mechanical machining, such as grinding. Other methods include, for example, laser treatment, or a chemical method such as etching that substantially weakens the electrical conductivity of the electrically conductive coating. By way of example, there is mentioned a method in which the electrical conductivity of a coating is reduced by printing a desired pattern on a low-relief surface and then burning the pattern at a high temperature.

A narrow aperture of concentrated radiation sources emitting a cohesive wavefront

202 comprising a radio signal transmitting aperture Rakosäteilijäryhmän 201 emits a narrow aperture based on the diffraction of the wave-front lähetyssekto its Rx 307. The radio signal to cross the physical width of the aperture 305 is preferably less than half a wavelength long. In this case, preferably arriving at the horizon transmitted by the base station electromagnetic plane wave 301 of the wave front illuminating the whole of a radio signal as it passes permeable aperture 201 of the surface area of not more than one, preferably a half-wave length distance of the aperture of the face regardless of whether or not an electromagnetic plane wave 301 Mata-laemissiviteettipinnan 103 normal direction or in substantially differing from the azimuthal angle.

The condition described above achieves a situation in which the electric field vector 308 of the incoming plane wave 301 illuminates the aperture through the radio signal almost simultaneously and in phase. This provides within the aperture 201 that transmits the radio signal, a gap radiator array 202 which each individual gap radiator 207 comprises an oscillating electromotive force 204 in the same phase, and a narrow radius of the radiator emitted by the gap radiators 307. energy to the shadow area on the opposite side of the insulating glass element 100.

In the case of a wide aperture, single, concentrated radiation sources are formed which do not oscillate in the same phase and whose emitted electromagnetic radiation does not form a coherent wavefront in the blind spot. The individual slit radiators of the wide aperture oscillate at different stages with respect to each other, and for this reason the reflection and radiation pattern produced by the wide aperture is strongly dependent on the incident angle of the electromagnetic plane wave that illuminates it. This is a typical technical feature, for example, with flat frequency-selective surfaces forming a wide aperture.

The present invention utilizes surface currents generated by planar waves on the low-emitting surface 103 to form new concentrated radiation sources 303 such that the electromagnetic wavefront emitted by the radiation sources is coherently summed on the opposite side of the low-emitting surface to at least The present invention thus permits the passage of an electromagnetic signal through an insulating glass element having a low surface area by creating a virtual aperture with an effective surface area greater than the physical openings formed on the earth surface. Further, the insulating glass element 100 of the present invention is capable of receiving electromagnetic energy from a maximum wide horizontal beam in space comprised by a plane wave.

Figures 4a and 4b show an example of a coherent wavefront caused by a plurality of concentrated radiation sources comprising a narrow aperture. Figure 4a is a top view of a coherent wavefront 301 arriving at the surface of an outer glass pane 102 of insulating glass element 100 having a low-emitting surface 103 on its outer surface formed by linear openings 203. These openings of which electromagnetic energy is emitted as a coherent wavefront 302 formed on the side of the room. Figure 4b shows the situation of figure 4a viewed from the side. From this it can be seen that in the vertical direction the wavefront 302 spreads at least at the height of the window, but in practice also in this direction is very wide and covers substantially the entire room in height, especially away from the insulating glass element 100.

The redirected wave 304 emitted by the central radiation source 303 forms a mesh over the shadow area created by the insulating glass element 100.

The energy reception of the incoming electromagnetic wave by radiation through multiple concentrated radiation sources 303 is accomplished by carefully positioned narrow linear openings in the low emitting surface. As described above, the incoming electromagnetic wave generates surface currents in the electrically conductive coating. The direction of the surface currents in the conductor is determined in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field vector of the incoming wave. When the direction of the formed surface currents is disturbed by the narrow linear openings 203 in the low-emptying surface, the surface current circulates the formed opening along its edges and creates a resonant circuit along with an electromotive force 204 acting over the narrow linear opening 203.

Coherent receptions broadcast from multiple gap radiators

Figures 5a and 5b show a slit radiator array 202 arranged in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein a plurality of concentrated radiation sources 303 formed by individual slit radiators 207 form an incoming plane 301 for a coherent wavefront element 302 formed by electromagnetic energy.

The incoming plane wave electric field vector 308 illuminates each of a plurality of slot emitter 202s comprised of a radio-transmitting aperture 201, preferably in the vertical direction, below a frequency of wavelength spaced apart by a concentrated radiation source 303 during the same oscillation period. This condition is fulfilled when the incoming plane wave 301 preferably arrives from a horizontal direction and the insulating glass element 102 having a narrow radio-transmitting aperture 201 is preferably positioned in the vertical direction. In this case, rakosäteilijäryhmän 202 comprised by the individual slot radiator 207 of the induced electromotive force 204 oscillates almost at the same stage in each slot radiator 207. The electromotive force 204 induced by the electric field is an electromagnetic radiation source concen- radiation source 303. In the same step of vibrating the lumped sources of radiation 303 generated by the electromagnetic radiation aaltorin-Tamat summed coherently in-building shadow area . The redirected wave 304 emitted by the central radiation source 303 forms a mesh over the shadow area created by the insulating glass element 100. The constructive interference of the redirected waves 304 forms a coherent wavefront 302.

Fig. 5b shows a slit radiator array 202 arranged in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein a narrow low-emitting surface linear opening 203 is arranged as a slit radiator 207 operating at the operating frequency of incoming planar 301.

When encountering a narrow linear opening 203 formed on a conductive surface, the incoming wave electric field vector 308 provides an electromotive force 204 that acts on the narrow linear opening between the edge curves and over the non-conducting region. This generated electric motor force 204 is enhanced when the incoming wave electric field vector acts in the direction perpendicular to the edge curve opening of the narrow linear opening 203 and in the high impedance region comprising the narrow linear opening 203. This electric field generated by the electromotive force 204 acting over the opening acts as a concentrated radiation source 303, the emitting electromagnetic wave of which continues to propagate to the opposite side of the plane of dominance of the low emitting surface.

Fig. 5a shows a narrow linear aperture 203 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention arranged as a gap radiator 207 and comprising an open end 206. Preferably, the highest pedantic area of the gap radiator 207 is defined by the open end 206 of the resonant tuned opening 203. 203 is arranged in resonance at the operating frequency of the plane wave 301, and the resonant measure 215 of the narrow linear opening 203 is preferably arranged at a quarter of the operating frequency. In an arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the edge curve of the narrow linear opening 203 communicates with the edge curve surrounding the low ejection surface 103.

The narrow linear opening 203 is resonated at the operating frequency of the plane wave 301 by providing the opening with a shorted end 205 whose distance from the high impedance region of the operating frequency of the slot radiator 207 is preferably a quarter of the operating frequency. The short-circuit end 205 of the narrow linear aperture 203 comprises a low-impedance region at operating frequency which, together with a high impedance region at a quarter-wave distance, forms the first resonant dimension 215. The resonant narrow-sided aperture 203 acts as an effective radiator 30.

The resonant measure 215 comprises at least one electric field maximum, and at least one surface current maximum.

The concentrated radiation source 303 formed by the narrow linear opening 203 of the radio-transmitting aperture 201 of the present invention is based on appropriate interference with the flow paths of the surface current vectors 214. When the flow of the surface current vector 214 at the low emptying surface 103 is suitably disrupted by the narrow linear openings 203, either by interruption or redirection, an electric motor force 204 is applied which acts over the electrically non-conducting region of the narrow linear opening 203. The generation of the electric-cog motor force 204 over the narrow linear region 203 is based on the compression of the electrical charge at the edges of the narrow linear opening 203 by an external force moving the electrons. The external force is the electric field vector oscillating at the operating frequency of the incoming plane wave 301.

In the arrangement according to Fig. 5a, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, narrow linear openings 203 of resonant dimension 215 are depicted on the low-emptying surface 103. Narrow linear opening 203 is arranged to effect a disturbance to the current field vector 214. This interference causes the formation of the first positive charge distribution 208 at the edge of the narrow linear opening 203, and the formation of the first negative charge distribution 209 at the edge of the narrow linear opening 203. The orientation of the first positive charge distribution 208 and the first negative charge distribution 209 with respect to the narrow linear opening is determined by the direction of travel of the surface current vector 214. The generated electric motor force is at its strongest in the high impedance region comprising the narrow linear opening 203.

The newly generated electromotive force 204 acts as the cause of a closed, narrow linear opening 203 formed by a low-slip opening 103, wherein the current loop 210 is formed between the first positive charge distribution 208 and the first negative charge distribution 209 so as to rotate the narrow linear opening 203. Current loop 210 reaches its maximum value in the low-impedance region of the narrow linear opening 203 brought to resonance. The newly formed current loop 210 can also flow in the lowest pedal surface 103 in the direction orthogonal to the direction of the electric field generator 308 generating the external electromotive force, as in an arrangement such as a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Operation of a single narrow linear opening as a concentrated radiation source

An arrangement such as a preferred embodiment of the device of the present invention comprises a slot radiator array 202 formed by narrow linear apertures on a low emptying surface 203, wherein a current loop 210 rotating with a narrow linear aperture 203 as a source of radiation 303.

Fig. 5a shows a slit radiator array 202 arranged in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the resonant dimension 215 of the individual slit radiators 207, narrow resonant opening 203, is preferably arranged at a quarter-wave operating frequency of the incoming planar wave 301. The narrow linear aperture 203 forming the gap radiator 207 comprises at least one low frequency impedance region defined at short-circuit end 205, and at least one high frequency impedance region defined at open end 206 as well as a transverse opening region 210 comprised by an electric motor force 204 and whose current maximum is determined at the short-circuit end 205 of the opening.

Fig. 6a illustrates a preferred embodiment of the slot radiator 207 of the present invention, wherein the narrow linear opening 203 is arranged to provide a first positive charge distribution 208, and a first negative charge distribution 209 at the edges of the narrow linear opening 203 bounded by an edge in a non-conductive region. An arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the gap radiator 207 disclosed herein further comprises a short-circuit end 205 formed by a narrow linear opening 203, and a current loop 210 circulating this short-circuit end 205. The present narrow linear opening 203 also comprises a second short-circuit end 205, and a second current loop 210 circulating therethrough.

6a, the, the opening 203 formed by a narrow line-shaped slot radiator such as a preferred embodiment according to the present invention 207 comprised in the resonant dimension 215 is preferably arranged on the incoming side of the wave length of a plane wave 301 of the frequency of vibration.

Fig. 6b illustrates a preferred embodiment of the slot radiator 207 of the present invention, wherein a narrow linear opening 203 is arranged to provide a first positive charge distribution 208, and a first negative charge distribution 209 at the edges of a narrow linear opening, and wherein the an opening 203 in an area of non-conductive bounded by an edge curve. The arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the slit radiator 207 according to the present invention further comprises a short-circuit end 205 formed by a narrow linear opening 203, and a current loop 210 circulating this short-circuit end 205. The electric motor The present narrow linear opening 203 further comprises a second short-circuited end 205 and a second current loop 210 circulating therewith. The arrangement shown in Fig. 6b further comprises a region defined by a low-emptying surface 103 within a region delimited by an edge curve. to form a second positive charge distribution 211 and a second negative charge distribution 212, wherein the arrangement shown is arranged to generate two electric motor forces 204 which individually function as concentrated radiation sources 303 and whose induced electromagnetic radiation forms a coherent wavefront 302 propagating in the shadow region.

The 6b illustrated, the present invention is a narrow linear feature according to a preferred embodiment, the opening 203 formed by an artist-rakosä 207 comprised in the resonant dimension 215 is preferably provided with an incoming half-wave length of a plane wave 301 of the frequency of vibration.

Fig. 6c illustrates a preferred embodiment of the slot radiator 207 of the present invention, wherein a narrow linear opening 203 is arranged to provide a first positive charge distribution 208, and a first negative charge distribution 209 at the edges of a narrow linear opening, and wherein the an opening 203 in an area of non-conductive bounded by an edge curve. The arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the slot radiator 207 further comprises a short-circuit end 205 formed by a narrow linear opening 203 and a current loop 210 circulating this short-circuit end 205. The electric motor force 204 and The present narrow narrow opening 203 also comprises a second short-circuited end 205 and a second current loop 210 circulating therewith. The arrangement shown in Fig. 6c further comprises a narrow low region surface 103 located within a region defined by an edge curve defined by an edge curve. a positive charge distribution 211 and a second negative charge distribution 212, wherein the arrangement illustrated comprises two electric motor forces 204 which individually function as concentrated radiation sources 303 and whose induced electromagnetic radiation forms a coherent wavefront 302 propagating in the shadow region. between the charge distribution 211 and the second negative voltage charge 212.

The 6c illustrated, the present invention is a narrow linear feature according to a preferred embodiment, the opening 203 formed by the slot radiator 207 comprised in the resonant dimension 215 is preferably arranged in a half-wave length 301 of the incoming plane wave oscillation frequency.

Fig. 6d illustrates a preferred embodiment of the slot radiator 207 of the present invention, wherein a narrow linear opening 203 is arranged to provide a first positive charge distribution 208 and a first negative charge distribution 209 at the edges of a narrow linear opening and the boundary curve delimiting the conductive region. The arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the slot radiator 207 further comprises a short-circuit end 205 formed by a narrow linear opening 203 and a current loop 210 circulating this short-circuit end 205. The electric motor force 204 and The present narrow linear opening 203 also further comprises an open end 206 which is preferably connected to the edge of the low ejection surface 103. In an arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the edge curve of the narrow linear opening 203 forms an integral edge curve with the edge curve 103 of the low edge surface. The arrangement according to a preferred embodiment shown in Fig. 6d further comprises an area within the low curvature surface 103 within a region delimited by an edge curve of a narrow linear region 203 arranged to form a second positive charge distribution 211 and a second negative charge distribution 212. which individually function as a concentrated radiation source 303 and whose induced electromagnetic radiation forms a coherent wavefront 302 propagating in the blind area.

The 6d illustrated, the present invention is a narrow linear feature according to a preferred embodiment, the opening 203 formed by the slot radiator 207 comprised in the resonant dimension 215 is preferably arranged in a half-wave length 301 of the incoming plane wave oscillation frequency.

Bandwidth of a single, narrow, slot-like opening

The present invention may also be practiced by forming adjacent resonators of different lengths on the surface of the insulating glass element 102, whereby the resonances at different frequencies provided by them act in the same way as parallel resonances, increasing the bandwidth. Another alternative to increasing the bandwidth is to increase the width of a single narrow aperture, whereby the impedance of the gap radiator 207 formed by the aperture 203 can be matched broadband to the free space wave impedance.

Special case: Vertical-polarized slot radiators with metal blinds

The narrow linear opening 203 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be used to enhance the passage of the electromagnetic energy of the plane wave 301 through the electrically conductive lattice structure 220. The electrically conductive lattice structure 220 may comprise metal venetian blinds. The electrically conductive lattice structure may also comprise a frequency selective surface provided on the second low ejection surface 103. Figures 7a-7c show an example of such a structure.

Usually, the horizontal blinds comprise a plurality of thin metal strips 216 whose position 217 can be rotated to adjust the amount of light transmitted through the window. Metal blinds are known to interfere with the passage of electromagnetic energy through a window. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,685A to Central Glass Company discloses permeation damping of an electrically conductive lattice structure implemented on a selective surface of glass. The patent states by measurements that when the polarization of the incoming wave is parallel to the strips of the lattice structure, the attenuation is significant, while the polarization is orthogonal to the strip direction, the transmission is more efficient. For metal venetian blinds, this means a strong interference with the transmission of horizontal polarization when the metal venetian blinds are oriented horizontally. In addition to transmitting wave attenuation, the metal strips can significantly interfere with the frequency-selective surface applied to the selective membrane. The proximity of the metal strips can interfere with the function of the frequency-selective surfaces in at least two ways. The first disturbance to the surface function is due to the near-field loading caused by the adjacent metal. This means that the metal parts of the metal venetian blinds are uncontrollably coupled to the filter elements of the frequency selective surface and unwantedly tuned to their operating frequency and transmission impedance. Another interference with the function of the frequency selective surface is due to unwanted reflections of the uncontrolled metal strip. In other words, part of the signal from the electromagnetic wave is reflected from the metal parts of the metal venetian blinds back into its upstream direction.

Figures 7a, 7b and 7c show slit radiators 207 formed by a slit beam aperture 201 transmitting a radio signal through an aperture 201 of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein slit linear apertures 203 are arranged to receive or emit a plane wave 301, 220, preferably vertically polarized. The electrically conductive lattice structure 220 comprises a plurality of, preferably horizontal, electrically conductive strips 216 disposed at an angle 217 adjacent to the present low ejection surface 103. The orientation 217 of the electrically conductive strip 216 defines the projection 218 of the grid structure of the conductive strips on the low emptying surface. Correspondingly, the orientation 217 of the electrically conductive strip 216 also defines the projection 219 of the grid structure on the low emptying surface of the non-conductive regions.

In a preferred embodiment of the slit radiator 207 of the radio-transmitting aperture 201 of the present invention, the narrow linear opening 203 is arranged to provide a first positive charge distribution 208 and a first negative charge distribution 209 of 204 acts on a narrow linear opening 203 delimited by an edge in a non-conductive region and wherein the electromotive force 204 is preferably arranged vertically. The arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the gap radiator 207 disclosed herein further comprises a short-circuit end 205 formed by a narrow linear opening 203 and a current loop 210 circulating this short-circuit end 205. The electr polarized. The present narrow linear aperture 203 further comprises a second short-circuited end 205 and a second current loop 210 circulating therethrough. A vertically polarized slit radiator 207, as disclosed herein, enables wireless transmission of a signal through a window of metallic blinds. The metal venetian blinds comprise a plurality of metal strips oriented horizontally, but there is no electrically conductive metal contact between them. A current loop 210 circulating a short-circuit end 205 of a narrow linear opening 203 as shown herein comprises a current maximum having a vertical flow direction. Any electric current flowing in the conductor switches the opposite conductive current to the surrounding conductors, but in this case, the vertically oriented current loop 210 does not connect the opposite electric current to the metal strips of the metal venetian blinds since the vertical current passage is interrupted. A vertically polarized slit radiator 207, as shown herein, is arranged to provide an electromotive force 204 that is vertically oriented. This electromotive force does not connect a uniform surface current mat in the direction of the electric field to the metal strips of the metal venetian blinds because the vertical flow path between the venetian metal strips is interrupted. A vertically polarized slit radiator 207, as disclosed herein, allows the reception and re-emitting of electromagnetic energy through an insulating glass element 100 comprising a radio-transmitting aperture 201 when the insulating glass element 100 is provided in a window comprising metal blinds.

An embodiment such as a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises an insulating glass element 100 in which a radio-transmissive aperture 201 is provided on a first low-emptivity surface 103, and a second low-emptivity surface 103 provided with a tabs 216. The first and second low-emptiness surface 103 may be arranged in the same insulating glass element 100. The first and second low-emptiness surface 103 may also be arranged in the same window, each arranged in a separate frame.

Claims (9)

Protective Requirements: 1. Isoleringsglaselement (100) som omfattar minst två glasrutor (102), lufttätt mellanrum (105) som begränsas av glasrutornas (102) Kantförband, och varvid minst en glasruta (102) omfattar en lågemissivitetsetsar (103), och varvid isoleringsglas radiosignaler transmitterande apertur (201) anordnad på minst en lågemissivitetsyta (103), kännetecknat av att: - aperturens (201) bredd vid den flashing functions, och aperturens (201) flashing functions, - Aperturen omfattar en grupp slitsstrålare (202) som et anordnad att Motta electromagnetic energi från en inkommande planvåg (308) och att återstråla den mottagna electromagnetic Energom genom minå focuserade strålningskällor (303). An insulating glass element (100) comprising at least two glass sheets (102), an air-tight space (105) delimited by the edge joints of the glass sheets (102), and at least one glass sheet (102) comprising a low-emptying surface (103) 103) an arranged aperture (201) for transmitting a radio signal, characterized in that: - the aperture (201) has a width at its lowest operating frequency of not more than one wavelength and a height of the aperture (201) at its lowest operating frequency is at least one wavelength 202; , arranged to receive the incoming plane wave (308) electromagnetic energy and to irradiate the received electromagnetic energy through at least two concentrated radiation sources (303) 2. Isoleringsglaselement (100) enligt skyddskrav 1, kännetecknat av att minst två focus focus strålningskällor (303) omfattar en smal streckformad öppning (203) på lemgemissivitetsytan (103), colors den smala streckformade öppningen (203) ytströmvector (214) som induceras av en Vector (308) av et electriskt Fält så att denna störning inducerar bildning av första positiv laddningsfördelning (208) på den första kanten sm den streckformade öppningen (203) och bildning v första. 209) på den andra kanten av den smala streckformade öppningen (203), samt en electromotorisk kraft (204) som verkermann på el electric motors området av den smala streckformade öppningen (203) mellan dessa kanter, fåterstrålning av electromagnetisk Energie som isoleringsglaselementet (100) medför. An insulating glass element (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least two focused radiation sources (303) comprise a narrow linear opening (203) on a low emptying surface (103), wherein the narrow linear opening (203) is arranged to generate interference in the electric field vector (308). (214) for the flow such that this interference causes the formation of a first positive charge distribution (208) on the first edge of a narrow linear opening (203), and a first negative charge distribution (209) on a second edge of a narrow linear opening (203); 203) for re-irradiating electromagnetic energy applied by an electric motor force (204) acting in the non-conductive region to the shadow area caused by the insulating glass element (100). The isoleringsglaselement (100) of the insulating panel (100), the rotation deck (203) of the decommissioning path (103) of the rotating shaft (205). Insulating glass element (100) according to claim 2, characterized in that the narrow linear opening (203) in the low-emptying surface (103) comprises at least one short-circuited end (205). 4. Isoleringsglaselement (100) enligt skyddskrav 3, kännetecknat av att den smala streckformade öppningen (203) anordnad att åstadkomma en circulerande ström (210) som tillsammans med den över den smala streckformade öppningen (203) kåverkande electric. resonance krets som fungerar som den focuserade strålningskällan (303). An insulating glass element (100) according to claim 3, characterized in that the narrow linear opening (203) is arranged to provide a circulating current (210) which, together with an electromotive force (204) acting over the narrow linear opening (203), forms a resonant circuit serves as a concentrated radiation source (303). The isoleringsglaselement (100) enligt skyddskrav 4, the rotation cantilever (203) utgör en enhetlig cantilever med lågemissivitetsytans (103). An insulating glass element (100) according to claim 4, characterized in that the edge curve of the narrow linear opening (203) forms an integral edge curve with the edge curve of the low edge surface (103). The isoleringsglaselement (100) of the insulating panel element (100), the tilt deck of the attic band (303), and the parallelogram resonance panel of the olive dimensioner. Insulating glass element (100) according to protection claims 4 or 5, characterized in that the bandwidth of at least two central radiation sources (303) is increased by parallel resonance of at least two resonant circuits of different lengths. 7. The isoleringsglaselement (100) is mounted on the screen 4-6, the tilt deck is depicted from the focus frame (303) and the rotor is vertically polarized planar. Insulating glass element (100) according to one of the claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the at least two central radiation sources (303) are arranged to receive a vertically polarized plane wave. 8. Isoleringsglaselement (100) enligt skyddskrav 7, the tiltecknat av att isoleringsglaselementet (100) and the metal med persienn i metal. Insulating glass element (100) according to claim 7, characterized in that the insulating glass element (100) is arranged in a window comprising metal venetian blinds. Insulating glass element (100) according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the insulating glass element (100) is arranged in a window which further comprises a planar frequency-selective filter 109 in at least one low-emptying surface (103). Skyddskrav: The isoleringsglaselement (100) of the insulating panel element (100) and the isolating ringgate element (100) of the insulating ring element (100) and the filter (109) of the plant selector filter (109).