ES2660867T3 - Projectile with a multispectral marking plume - Google Patents

Abstract

Training ammunition projectile comprising a hollow projectile body with a projectile head, designed to withstand the applied forces when the projectile is fired from a weapon and that has a frangible warhead designed to explode when the projectile body hits a target, said projectile further comprising: (a) a multispectral marking agent disposed on the head to mark the position of the target when released when the warhead has exploded upon impacting the target, said marking agent comprising: (1) a plurality of first components liquid chemicals received, each, in a first independent frangible compartment in the head, said first components being mixed and chemically reacting with each other when the compartments are broken, causing the mixed components to show luminescence, said compartments being designed to be broken by the minus one of the acceleration forces initial and centrifugal forces acting on the projectile when the projectile is fired from a weapon, while retaining the first chemical components in the warhead so that such components are mixed at the moment when the projectile is fired from a weapon and show luminescence at the moment when the projectile hits the target; and (2) a dry, fine, low density powder material disposed on the head and designed to create a plume for visible marking of the target upon impact; and (b) a dry, thermal material, disposed in a second compartment in the projectile body having a frangible barrier wall designed to break due to at least one of the initial acceleration forces and centrifugal forces acting on the projectile. when the projectile is fired from a weapon, exposing the thermal material to oxygen and air in the projectile body and producing an exothermic reaction that emits heat during the flight of the projectile, thereby increasing the temperature of said marking agent during the flight and to create a plume for infrared marking of the target upon impact; and (3) a thermal engine comprising a thermal transfer boundary.

Description

5

10

fifteen

twenty

25

30

35

40

Four. Five

fifty

55

60

65

DESCRIPTION

Projectile with a multispectral marking plume Background of the invention

The present invention relates to the field of practice ammunition and, more specifically, to a munition projectile that can mark its point of impact both day and night.

The armed forces currently use a wide range of technologies to detect and identify targets and adjust firing. Traditionally, the armed forces have used pyrotechnic devices in training ammunition that allow shooters to mark targets, but these pyrotechnic devices naturally result in an unexploded device (UXO) that is expensive to clean. Pyrotechnic devices can also start grassland fires that destroy the environment and often cause the cessation of training exercises. The current US Army M918 40mm cartridge is an example of commonly used pyrotechnic training ammunition.

To avoid the generation of UXO and grassland fires during training, it is useful to develop inert ammunition shells that do not use energy pyrotechnics.

However, good military training devices should simulate the effects of highly explosive detonations of real fire. Highly explosive detonations in combat generate heat and visible and near-infrared light, forming a multispectral signal. Highly explosive detonations also produce plumes of smoke. Light and heat resulting from highly explosive detonations can be detected by a range of firing control devices used by the armed forces. Smoke plumes can be seen with the naked eye.

The armed forces often use target tracking devices with optical cameras and cameras that operate in the near and / or far IR spectrum. Therefore, it is desired that the practice ammunition simulates the effects observed in combat and that the practice ammunition generates multispectral marking signals, upon impact, that can be seen by these cameras.

Chemiluminescent technology, as taught in U.S. Patent No. 6,619,211 to Haeselich, has been used to transmit visible energy to mark the trail and the impact of practice ammunition. However, there are certain disadvantages to this technology as currently implemented: (1) Chemiluminescent materials do not work well at low temperatures and (2) chemiluminescent materials currently available do not generate enough heat to provide a good signal for thermal sensors ballistics

In the past, pyrotechnic devices have generally produced a plume of smoke and heat as a result of the combustion of pyrotechnic compounds. Likewise, artifact designers have packaged visible marking materials, such as a simple floating marking material, inside frangible warheads, to create visible marking plumes. This technology has been used, for example, in the old design of the US Army M781. Rheinmetall GmbH & Co. (Germany) has developed ammunition such as the MK281 MOD 0 that was introduced for the US forces in 2003. These designs of M781 and MK281 have packaged a unique floating marking material that generates a simple optical plume upon impact .

It is important to recognize that military shooters often fire their long-range weapons in military training areas that include grass, vegetation and low trees. Thus, although it has some value to package and shoot materials that directly mark an objective (as commented, for example, in US Patent No. 7,055,438), the morphology and terrain of a military field often prevents the shooters have a direct visibility of the actual point of impact.

Summary of the invention

Therefore, an objective of the present invention is to provide a device that creates and optimizes marking plumes for practice ammunition that can be detected by military night vision and thermal sensors.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a multispectral plume device for practice ammunition that creates a marking plume both in the vicinity of, and above, the point of impact and is composed of materials that produce (1) a visible marking compound, (2) light in the range of the visible spectrum and the near IR and (3) a heat signal in the range of the (thermal) spectrum of the far IR.

A further objective of the present invention is to provide a device for practice ammunition that creates heat when fired to heat the marking materials and optimize light emission, upon impact, on the

5

10

fifteen

twenty

25

30

35

40

Four. Five

fifty

55

60

65

visible spectral field and near IR.

These objectives, as well as additional objectives that will become apparent from the following exposition, are achieved, in accordance with the present invention, by providing a multispectral plume device that works as follows: When backing, low density marking materials The contents of a projectile are heated quickly by means of a new thermal engine during the short flight of the projectile. The materials remain housed in a frangible warhead and the temperature of the marking materials increases during the flight. The phase change material absorbs the excess heat that can be produced at higher ambient temperatures. The marking materials are arranged in a layered configuration that optimizes ejection upwards and the flow of these materials when hitting a hard surface, sand or soil. Upon impact, the warhead is broken and the marking materials are ejected efficiently and rise in the air creating a plume of floating material that momentarily creates an envelope on a target. The materials include (1) reflective material coated with a dye that reflects light in daytime conditions, (2) visible and chemiluminescent materials that, when mixed, emit light in the visible spectral field and near IR so that the plume is visible at a glance and with night vision devices. Plume materials, heated during the flight above room temperature, provide a thermal signal. The temperature difference produces a plume of heat that contrasts with the ambient background (sky or terrain) visible above the point of impact.

Plume materials, which may appear as an envelope with night or thermal vision equipment, include a high contrast dye and emits both light (visible and near IR) and heat over the point of impact. The heat emitted by the marking materials provides an effective contrast to the ambient temperature background when viewed using thermal vision devices. Chemiluminescent light provides a near night and IR signal. Dye materials provide a visible plume during the day when viewed with cameras or with the human eye. By raising a multispectral plume on a target, shooters can better assess the accuracy of their aim with such practice ammunition, and shooters and other participants in military training can easily observe the points of impact.

Therefore, the present invention configures low density layered marking materials in a frangible warhead so that, at high speed impacts, the materials are ejected and raised in the air creating a visible floating plume in imaging devices. multispectral (optical cameras, image intensification devices and thermal assemblies). Some or all marking materials remain high for several seconds above the point of impact providing a good visual simulation of a highly explosive detonation. Plume material gradually descends to the ground after impact, but remains high for a sufficient amount of time to allow shooters to observe and evaluate the distance and location of a target, even a target that may not be observed directly from a position. Shooting Therefore, the multispectral plume clearly identifies the point of impact of the projectile.

Next, a series of terms used in this specification are presented, together with an explanation of the meaning of each term in the context of the present invention.

Diurnal marking material: This material is a thin, low density and lightweight material with good fluid flow properties that creates a plume of material upon impact at high speed.

Dyes: Dyes are colored substances that have an affinity with respect to the substrate to which they are applied. In the context of this invention, dyes can be used both in the chemiluminescent marker and in the visible (daytime) marker to provide a good visible signal, contrast and visibility of a plume material when viewed in a firing zone.

Chemiluminescent or near infrared marker: A substance similar to that used in commercially available "bright rods" consists of two or more chemical agents that, when mixed, undergo a chemical reaction, emitting visible light that can be seen with the naked eye or through imaging devices in night or low light conditions. Suitable chemiluminescent agents are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,348,790. These materials can cover a luminous medium with good fluid flow properties, thereby allowing the formation of the plume and effective dispersion after the impact of the projectile.

Frangible Warhead: The practice ammunition has a casing or cover over an ogive that, when struck at high speed, explodes to release marking materials. The housing or cover maintains structural integrity during handling and flight of the projectile.

Heated plume materials: Daytime dye and night chemiluminescent materials (near IR), when heated during the flight, provide a thermal signal (i.e. contrast with the sky / background atmosphere) that can be easily distinguished in thermal chambers of the surrounding ambient air and ground temperature. Heat radiates into the atmosphere and increases the relative flotation of plume materials suspended in colder air.

5

10

fifteen

twenty

25

30

35

40

Four. Five

fifty

55

60

65

Recoil: The instant in which a propellant of an ammunition cartridge ignites, and expanding gases accelerate the projectile forward through the barrel, this initial acceleration (recoil) breaks the seals between an oxygen-containing compartment and a dry material. surrounding that experiences a termite reaction when exposed to oxygen creating heat. Simultaneously, the recoil (and also the rotation of the projectile) allows the mixing and activation of chemiluminescent materials.

Mixing: After the recoil, the projectile may experience rotation and deceleration (due to the resistance of the air) which can also mix the chemiluminescent liquids in a material medium.

Thermal engine: In the context of the present invention, a "thermal engine" comprises a solid oxidizing thermal fuel located in the projectile adjacent to a breakable barrier with a container or gap containing air or oxygen. The thermal engine works to create heat due to a termite reaction when the barrier breaks.

Termite reaction: A termite reaction is an exothermic reaction caused by the exposure of a known family of materials to oxygen or air. Examples of liquid chemical components that, when mixed, create heat include: (1) hydration of anhydrous salts, for example, water and anhydrous calcium chloride or copper sulfate; and (2) liquid components that create polymerization reactions, such as catalyzed monomethacrylate polymerization.

Atomization: Atomization refers to the conversion of liquid into a spray or mist (ie, a collection of drops). The term does not imply that the particles are reduced to atomic sizes. The process occurs when a chemiluminescent liquid, a chemiluminescent liquid that coats a dry light medium (marker material), and / or fine marking materials (with optical dye) experience a high-speed impact that ejects the low density material into the atmosphere, retaining some relative flotation and being carried by the prevailing wind and slowly falling to the earth's surface.

Phase change material: A material that undergoes a phase transformation from solid to liquid, or liquid to gas, at a desired temperature with predictable physical attributes is called "phase change material." In the context of this invention, the phase change material (a) stores heat and (b) ensures that the absolute temperature of plume material does not burn the dyes or exceeds the effective outlet temperature of chemiluminescent marking materials. The phase change material has another safety purpose by ensuring that the maximum temperature of the projectile does not exceed a temperature that would severely burn human skin (for example, when handling a cartridge after a firing failure), or turn it on. involuntary a grassland fire.

Plume: In the context of hydrodynamics and the present invention, a plume is a column of one or more floating marking materials and / or an atomized chemiluminescent spray that moves through the atmosphere in the vicinity of a target. Various effects control the movement of these materials: initial velocity, ejection and impact geometry, surface conditions, material timing, diffusion of materials, heat difference of fluids (which varies with the flight time of the projectile) and relative flotation of the material ejected in a plume. These factors affect the height, visibility and duration of the plume. Winds at the point of impact can move the plume to simulate smoke and burnt energy materials resulting from the detonation of real ammunition.

For a complete understanding of the present invention, reference should now be made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

Brief description of the drawings

Figure 1 is a time / temperature diagram showing the temperature increase, during the flight, of plume materials caused by a "thermal engine" in a practice ammunition projectile according to the present invention.

Figure 2 is a representative diagram of a practice ammunition projectile according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 3 is a representative diagram of the practice ammunition projectile of Figure 2, immediately after recoil.

Figure 4 is a representative diagram of the practice ammunition projectile of Figure 2, during the flight towards a target.

Figure 5 is a representative diagram of the practice ammunition projectile of Figure 2, when hitting a target.

Fig. 6 is a representative diagram of a practice ammunition projectile according to a second embodiment.

5

10

fifteen

twenty

25

30

35

40

Four. Five

fifty

55

60

65

preference of the present invention.

Figure 7 is a representative diagram of a practice ammunition projectile according to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Description of the preferred embodiments

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to Figures 1-7 of the drawings. Identical elements in the various figures are designated with the same reference numbers.

The present invention combines novel and known methods of deployment of practice ammunition that generates a tuft of near-infrared and far-infrared marking visible on the location of a projectile impact. In addition to combining these marking technologies, this invention provides a thermal engine to create optimized performance characteristics that exceed the independent performance of the individual constituents.

This disclosure assumes prior knowledge and use of some means and methods described in U.S. Patent No. 6,619,211 to Haeselich and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0119329 A1. Both the chemiluminescent reaction and the thermal reaction of the materials used in the projectile according to the present invention are activated by recoil.

All projectiles shed some heat when firing from the barrel of a firearm providing visibility during the flight of a projectile body; however, the body does not normally transfer heat quickly or effectively to the marking materials. To provide a good marking signal with oblique angle impacts on military firing ranges, the materials, housed in a frangible warhead of the practice ammunition, must be configured for ejection and good hydrodynamic flow. An appropriate configuration allows the immediate deployment of a plume of material over the point of impact after projectile impact against a target. The plume after impact, resulting from the present invention, provides a multispectral envelope, which remains suspended in the atmosphere moments after impact. A good realistic impact signal for military training ammunition typically includes a plume that replicates a highly explosive detonation of operational ammunition.

Multispectral signal and plume that simulate a real detonation: The plume resulting from the use of a practice projectile according to the present invention has characteristics that simulate with great similarity the signal of a highly explosive detonation. In order to create a multispectral marking signal visible from a firing position, it is desirable to incorporate multiple low density marking materials that flow and easily atomic into a projectile. These marking materials, upon impact, are ejected from an exploded warhead at the tip of the projectile. Materials flow from the warhead, but subsequently slow down due to the effect of air resistance. The effective flow of materials generates a plume of materials. The materials suspended in the plume (1) provide a reflective signal in the optical conditions (day), (2) generate chemiluminescent light at night (both in the visible spectrum and in the near IR), (3) additionally heat material suspended and (4) emit heat in a way that has a good thermal contrast to the coldest atmosphere and terrain in the vicinity of an impact. It is desirable to optimize laminar flow and minimize turbulence to ensure that a plume reaches an optimum altitude above an impact point to provide good visibility from a firing point.

Impact, ejection, laminar flow of marking materials and use of low density material to optimize the suspension of the plume in the air: To create an effective plume, a practice projectile must allow laminar flow of the ejected materials and minimal turbulence After the impact. To optimize a plume and a flow of laminar material, a practice projectile design should preferably be configured with projectile warhead marking materials arranged in layers stored in separate compartments. This layered packaging technique allows materials to be atomic and flow effectively when they experience high-speed impact and ejection. To maintain the suspension in the air, ejected marking materials are composed of low-density materials that retain relative flotation in the air. This relative flotation of the marking material allows the marking materials to remain suspended in the atmosphere and transported by the winds at the target location. The technique of maximizing a suspension of a multi-material plume provides thermal IR and visual signals. A plume and marking signals from such a projectile strictly replicate the thermal, IR and visible impact signals, as well as smoke clouds resulting from highly explosive detonations on the targets. A real impact detonation occurs in a few milliseconds, while the plume created by the high speed impact occurs in a much longer time interval (tens of milliseconds). The difference in the creation of a visible signal is imperceptible, however, except in the most unusual circumstances.

Enhanced chemiluminescent effect: It is possible to heat all marking materials (optical daytime, and near IR chemiluminescent) by transmitting heat by means of a conductive heat sink from a

5

10

fifteen

twenty

25

30

35

40

Four. Five

fifty

55

compartment, in which oxygen and a termite-type powder react, to other compartments so that the heat sink rapidly provides heat to all the marking compounds contained in the projectile. The magnitude of light emission of a chemiluminescent reaction increases in intensity when chemiluminescent materials are exposed to heat. The brighter luminescence provides greater contrast to the surrounding areas and can be more easily identified over a longer distance. In addition, accelerated chemiluminescent reactions expedite the dissipation of a chemiluminescent signal so that the optical signal better replicates the signal of a highly explosive detonation. Therefore, the shorter duration allows the signal to be closer to the real ammunition signal. At temperatures approaching -20 ° C, the luminescence reaction rate slows down or stops, rendering it ineffective. The use of this technique increases the operating range of chemiluminescent materials, allowing the use of chemiluminescent daytime and nighttime markers in low temperature conditions.

Heated marking plume: Far infrared (thermal) marking is created by heating a marking material to temperatures greater than its surrounding areas. A large temperature difference between a plume of diurnal (dry powder) and nocturnal (chemiluminescent) marking materials provides both a "brighter" signal seen by optical and / or near IR devices and provides, in parallel, a thermal contrast between Plume material and ambient air when viewed using thermal vision devices. A temperature differential of 20 ° C between the thermal marker and its surrounding areas provides an effective contrast.

Rapid transmission of heating during projectile flight: It is important that heat is rapidly added to the marking materials of a projectile so that the temperature of the marking materials increases rapidly during the short flight time. This is necessary, since projectiles can be fired at close range during training. To provide a good thermal signal in a material plume, a device in the projectile (the thermal engine) must transfer heat quickly to the marking materials so that, after impact, the plume provides a visible contrast to the atmosphere or background ambient terrain. It is also useful that the temperature of the marking materials increases during the flight to counteract the reduced transmission of a (thermal) heat signal to an observer at the firing point when shooting over longer distances. A plume of warmer material is particularly visible (in contrast to the colder ambient sky) when shooting at greater distances.

Maximum temperature limitation: The thermal motor device preferably includes a phase change material that ensures that the additional thermal energy does not increase beyond a given maximum temperature of a projectile. It is desirable to limit the maximum temperature of the marking materials so that, in the case of an involuntary activation of the thermal engine during gun handling, a shooter can empty the gun without suffering serious burns. The inclusion of a phase change material can also provide a more uniform heat distribution within the marking materials.

Figure 1 is a graph showing the increase in the temperature of the material during the flight of a 40 mm ammo of type HV. This temperature increase is shown for three cases: case 1 representing the lowest temperature increase in the plume material; case 2 representing a medium temperature characteristic; and case 3 representing the temperature increase of more aggressive material. In case 3, a phase change material allows a rapid initial increase in temperature and after it, due to a phase change, maintains a substantially stable temperature. These characteristics are summarized in the following table:

TABLE

 Reach or distance (meters) to impact Time (seconds)

 0 m 0 s 550 m 3 s 1450 m 16 s

 (Plume) Material temperature-Case 1

 o o O CM 0 ° C O o 00 co

 Material temperature-Case 2

 o o O CM O o 00 CM o o CM CO

 Material temperature-Case 3 / Phase change materials

 o o O CM o o LO (O -M OO or O

Desired operating temperatures: The desired ambient temperature for the operation of the thermal motor device is considered to be in the range of -20 ° C to 50 ° C. The ideal device would reach the optimum temperature range of the near infrared marker material immediately after recoil, maintain this temperature during the entire flight time of the projectile and transfer all its thermal energy through the marking materials before reaching the point of impact. The ideal performance is further limited by the maximum near infrared marker temperature along with a desirable low manufacturing cost.

Manole's patent: Manole's U.S. Patent No. 7,055,438 teaches the use of liquids (water and salts) to create a heat reaction to heat projectiles during flight and mark an impact point (on a solid surface) . Manole also discloses projectile materials that directly mark a target upon impact. However, it is important to note that marking a target (which clashes with a vertical target visible from a

5

10

fifteen

twenty

25

30

35

40

Four. Five

fifty

55

60

65

observation point) with a marking dye is not the same as providing a vertical plume signal when hitting targets at oblique angles. Often, military machine gun training camps do not provide vertical targets and, when such targets are available, they may be impossible to see from an observation point.

It should also be noted that it is almost impossible to keep a good ballistics of projectile flight when liquids are used in a projectile. The military requirements of the United States highlight the need for a ballistic match for training and operational ammunition.

Therefore, the present invention provides a training projectile that:

it uses a dry termite type material that, when exposed to oxygen encapsulated in the projectile, quickly heats a metal surface (heat sink) which, in turn, quickly conducts (transmits) heat to marking materials that create a plume to the impact in the vicinity of a target.

The use of a phase change material that ensures that heat transmission (in a warmer environment) does not burn, destroy or otherwise render labeling compounds, chemiluminescent materials and dyes ineffective.

It results in an intense, fast and short temperature rise.

A reaction of liquid chemicals is not used to heat a projectile. By minimizing the liquids carried by the training projectile, the projectile offers ballistic characteristics similar to those of conventional operational ammunition.

Effectively, it provides heat transfer to marking materials that subsequently create a plume upon impact.

Optimized ejection (laminar flow of marking materials) is provided to create and optimize the creation of a plume after impact on a target.

First preferred embodiment of the invention: The practice ammunition projectile according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, as depicted in Figure 2, is composed of the following elements:

A projectile body.

A frangible housing or warhead (as described, for example, in US Patent No. 6,619,211) containing a plurality of marking agents, such as the following:

A marker of visible dry dust.

A chemiluminescent optical and / or near infrared marker.

A thermal or far infrared marker.

According to the invention, the projectile body incorporates a "thermal engine" comprising:

A border of thermal transfer.

A solid oxidizing thermal fuel, normally formed from metals or metal powders that, when exposed to air or oxygen, creates an exothermic thermite or similar reaction.

An oxygen barrier or breakable air.

A hole that contains oxygen or air.

Additional elements contained in the projectile body are shown in Figures 6 and 7:

A phase change material.

A heat sink or other means for thermal management and distribution in the projectile.

Operation of the training projectile:

Stage 1. As shown in Figure 3, the barrier 8 breaks in the recoil shock or due to vertical acceleration or rotation forces that allow oxygen or air to react with the fuel material 7

5

10

fifteen

twenty

25

30

35

thermal initiating an exothermic reaction. The volume and composition of the fuel material are selected to provide the desired heat profile.

Step 2. As shown in Figure 4, heat is transferred through the barrier to the marking materials at a rate dependent on the temperature of the exothermic reaction, the heat capacity of the fuel material, the geometric configuration of the thermal barrier and thermal properties of marker materials.

Step 3. As indicated in Figure 4, heat is transferred during the flight to the marking materials, increasing its temperature. The increased temperature of the near infrared marking materials results in an increased brightness of a chemiluminescent mixture and improved performance at lower initial ambient temperatures.

Stage 4. As shown in Figure 5, the frangible warhead explodes and the marking materials form a plume in the air and also cover the surface area of the material, the vegetation and the surrounding grass at the point of impact. The resulting plume and coating provide simultaneous marking on a multiple spectrum (visible, near infrared and far infrared).

Two alternative embodiments can be used to enhance overall performance, making the device more effective in a wider range of ambient conditions. These embodiments can be used independently or together, as required, to balance the performance and cost limitations of training ammunition.

Second preferred embodiment. Figure 6 shows one of the many alternative geometries configured to enhance the thermal characteristics of the device. In this geometry, improved thermal characteristics and a more uniform heat distribution are achieved by creating a more uniform heat distribution by creating a custom heat generation profile by forming the thermal engine and optionally inserting heat sinks 11. The rate of increase Temperature, peak temperature and sensitivity to external ambient conditions can be adjusted using such techniques.

Third preferred embodiment. The thermal characteristics can be further enhanced by the introduction of a phase change material. The phase 10 change material can be introduced either as an additional layer on the surface of the thermal transfer boundary, on the internal surface of the frangible warhead or directly in the bulk mixture of the marking materials. Figure 7 illustrates a possible option in the form of a thin film covering the thermal transfer border. Once the phase change material reaches its melting temperature, it will absorb large amounts of heat while maintaining a constant temperature at its melting point. This allows a rapid transfer of thermal energy to create a liquid thermal marking material while avoiding excess temperature of the other marking constituents.

Claims (7)

5 10 fifteen twenty 25 30 35 40 Four. Five fifty 55 1. Training ammunition projectile comprising a hollow projectile body with a projectile head, designed to withstand the applied forces when the projectile is fired from a weapon and that has a frangible warhead designed to explode when the projectile body hits a objective, also comprising said projectile: (a) a multispectral marking agent disposed on the head to mark the position of the target when released when the warhead has exploded upon impacting the target, said marking agent comprising: (1) a plurality of first liquid chemical components received, each, in a first independent frangible compartment in the head, said first components being chemically mixed and reacting when the compartments are broken, causing the mixed components to show luminescence, said said components being compartments designed to break through at least one of the initial acceleration forces and centrifugal forces acting on the projectile when the projectile is fired from a weapon, while retaining the first chemical components in the warhead so that such components are they mix at the moment in which the projectile is fired from a weapon and show luminescence at the moment in which the projectile hits the target; Y (2) a dry, fine, low density powder material arranged on the head and designed to create a plume for a visible marking of the target upon impact; Y (b) a thermal, dry material, disposed in a second compartment in the projectile body that has a frangible barrier wall designed to break due to at least one of the initial acceleration forces and centrifugal forces acting on the projectile when The projectile is fired from a weapon, exposing the thermal material to oxygen and air in the projectile body and producing an exothermic reaction that emits heat during the flight of the projectile, thereby increasing the temperature of said marking agent during the flight and to create a plume for infrared marking of the target upon impact; Y (3) a thermal engine comprising a thermal transfer boundary. 2. Training projectile according to claim 1, wherein the marking agent includes both (1) the first liquid chemical components and (2) the dry powder material to mark the target. 3. Training projectile according to claim 1, wherein said marking agent further includes a plurality of second chemical components received, each, in a second independent compartment in the head, said second components being chemically mixed and reacting, due to at least one of the initial acceleration forces and centrifugal forces acting on the projectile, when the projectile is fired from a weapon, causing the second mixed components to create heat for the thermal marking of the target when the projectile hits the target. 4. Training projectile according to claim 1, further comprising a carrier medium containing oxygen disposed in an additional independent compartment in the head that is designed to open, and allowing the carrier medium to mix with the thermal material, by acting on the minus one of the initial acceleration forces and centrifugal forces on the projectile when the projectile fires from a weapon, thereby causing the thermal material to react and create heat. 5. Training projectile according to claim 4, wherein said carrier medium is a gas that includes oxygen. 6. Training projectile according to claim 4, further comprising a third component of material, arranged in a third compartment in the head, designed to undergo a phase change at a prescribed temperature, said third component serving to absorb heat at said temperature prescribed and thereby prevent overheating of the marking projectile and marking agent. 7. Training projectile according to claim 1, wherein said dry powder material and dry thermal material are layered on said head.