ES2355628T3 - PUMPING UNIT ONLINE. - Google Patents
PUMPING UNIT ONLINE. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2355628T3 ES2355628T3 ES05009879T ES05009879T ES2355628T3 ES 2355628 T3 ES2355628 T3 ES 2355628T3 ES 05009879 T ES05009879 T ES 05009879T ES 05009879 T ES05009879 T ES 05009879T ES 2355628 T3 ES2355628 T3 ES 2355628T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- pumping unit
- compressor
- unit
- electric pump
- pump
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D13/00—Pumping installations or systems
- F04D13/02—Units comprising pumps and their driving means
- F04D13/06—Units comprising pumps and their driving means the pump being electrically driven
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B23/00—Pumping installations or systems
- F04B23/02—Pumping installations or systems having reservoirs
- F04B23/021—Pumping installations or systems having reservoirs the pump being immersed in the reservoir
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D13/00—Pumping installations or systems
- F04D13/16—Pumping installations or systems with storage reservoirs
Abstract
Description
La presente invención se refiere a una unidad de bombeo que se puede utilizar en sistemas de distribución de líquidos, tales como sistemas de distribución de agua potable, sistemas de extinción de incendios, sistemas de riego agrícola de jardines o y sistemas de lavado de vehículos. The present invention relates to a pumping unit that can be used in liquid distribution systems, such as drinking water distribution systems, fire extinguishing systems, agricultural garden irrigation systems or vehicle washing systems.
Para las utilizaciones indicadas anteriormente, se emplean actualmente unas electrobombas del tipo 5 denominado superficial. Dichas electrobombas adolecen de diversos inconvenientes. En particular, su motor eléctrico está provisto de un ventilador de refrigeración que resulta particularmente ruidoso y puede molestar a las personas que se encuentren en la proximidad del compartimento en el que se disponen dichas bombas. Además, por motivos evidentes, dicho compartimento se debe airear, por lo que no se pueden utilizar compartimentos sin aireación. Asimismo, dichas bombas requieren una base sobre la cual se fijan. Otro inconveniente adicional comprende el hecho 10 de que el motor eléctrico está provisto de los denominados cojinetes prelubricados que, sin embargo, tras un período de tiempo determinado se han de reemplazar. For the uses indicated above, electro-pumps of the type 5 called surface are currently used. Said electric pumps suffer from various drawbacks. In particular, its electric motor is provided with a cooling fan that is particularly noisy and can annoy people in the vicinity of the compartment in which said pumps are arranged. In addition, for obvious reasons, said compartment must be aerated, so that compartments without aeration cannot be used. Also, said pumps require a base on which they are fixed. Another additional drawback includes the fact that the electric motor is provided with so-called pre-lubricated bearings, which, however, after a certain period of time have to be replaced.
Son conocidas las electrobombas del tipo mencionado anteriormente que presentan un orificio de admisión y un orificio de descarga dispuestos coaxialmente opuestos entre sí (es decir, "dentro de la tubería"), por lo tanto, dichas bombas se pueden introducir directamente en una tubería recta sin utilizar tubos de conexión angulares. 15 Electropumps of the type mentioned above are known which have an inlet port and a discharge port arranged coaxially opposite each other (ie, "inside the pipe"), therefore, said pumps can be introduced directly into a straight pipe without using angular connection tubes. fifteen
Durante cierto tiempo, han resultado conocidas las electrobombas sumergibles en las que el motor no requiere un ventilador de refrigeración. Por este motivo, son considerablemente menos ruidosas que las electrobombas superficiales y no requieren aireación o mantenimiento. Sin embargo, se deben disponer en un sumidero o se deben mantener sumergidas en el líquido que se va a bombear. For some time, submersible electric pumps have been known in which the motor does not require a cooling fan. For this reason, they are considerably less noisy than surface electric pumps and do not require aeration or maintenance. However, they must be disposed in a sump or kept submerged in the liquid to be pumped.
Resulta asimismo conocido alojar una electrobomba sumergida en el denominado compresor, es decir, un 20 elemento de tubería que actúa de recipiente para el líquido en que el que se ha de sumergir la bomba. El compresor es vertical y necesita una base apta. La entrada del líquido se dirige horizontalmente y se encuentra en la parte inferior del compresor, mientras que la descarga se dispone en su extremo superior y se dirige verticalmente. En este caso, evidentemente es imposible disponer el compresor dentro de la tubería con la bomba sumergida correspondiente. It is also known to house an electric pump immersed in the so-called compressor, that is, a pipe element that acts as a container for the liquid in which the pump is to be submerged. The compressor is vertical and needs a suitable base. The liquid inlet is directed horizontally and is located at the bottom of the compressor, while the discharge is arranged at its upper end and is directed vertically. In this case, it is obviously impossible to arrange the compressor inside the pipe with the corresponding submerged pump.
Son conocidas disposiciones, en las que el compresor se dispone horizontalmente, soportadas por asientos o 25 anillos de soporte aptos. La entrada y descarga del líquido están dispuestas coaxiales entre sí en los dos extremos del compresor, de tal modo que en este caso resulta posible un montaje dentro de la tubería. Sin embargo, permanece el inconveniente de la necesidad de proporcionar unos soportes aptos y el hecho de que el compresor presenta un tamaño horizontal equivalente a su longitud. Arrangements are known, in which the compressor is arranged horizontally, supported by seats or 25 suitable support rings. The inlet and discharge of the liquid are arranged coaxial to each other at the two ends of the compressor, so that in this case it is possible to mount inside the pipe. However, the inconvenience of the need to provide suitable supports and the fact that the compressor has a horizontal size equivalent to its length remains.
El documento DE 2336909A da a conocer una unidad de bombeo que comprende una bomba sumergible 30 alojada en un compresor vertical según el preámbulo de la reivindicación 1. Document DE 2336909A discloses a pumping unit comprising a submersible pump 30 housed in a vertical compressor according to the preamble of claim 1.
El objetivo de la presente invención es proporcionar una unidad de bombeo que resulte claramente menos ruidosa que las bombas superficiales convencionales, se pueda disponer en los compartimentos no aireados, no requiera una base o soporte, se pueda disponer "dentro de la tubería" y prácticamente no requiera mantenimiento. The objective of the present invention is to provide a pumping unit that is clearly less noisy than conventional surface pumps, can be arranged in non-aerated compartments, does not require a base or support, can be arranged "inside the pipe" and practically Do not require maintenance.
Dicho objetivo se alcanza mediante la unidad de bombeo según la reivindicación 1. 35 Said objective is achieved by the pumping unit according to claim 1. 35
Si el compresor se dispone verticalmente, su extremo inferior está convenientemente conformado para poder descansar directamente sobre cualquier piso, eliminando, por lo tanto, la necesidad de una base específica u otro tipo de soporte. Sin embargo, el compresor se puede disponer evidentemente horizontalmente si se prefiere de este modo. Dicha disposición requeriría un soporte únicamente en el extremo del compresor opuesto al que presenta los orificios de entrada y descarga. 40 If the compressor is arranged vertically, its lower end is conveniently shaped so that it can rest directly on any floor, thus eliminating the need for a specific base or other type of support. However, the compressor can obviously be arranged horizontally if preferred in this way. Such an arrangement would require a support only at the end of the compressor opposite to the one presenting the inlet and discharge holes. 40
El espacio entre las dos camisas se puede llenar con un material insonorizante. The space between the two shirts can be filled with a soundproofing material.
A partir de lo comentado anteriormente, resulta evidente que la presente invención proporciona una unidad de bombeo que se puede disponer directamente "dentro de la tubería", es extremadamente silenciosa y, si el compresor es vertical, presenta unas dimensiones mínimas en planta. Las unidades de bombeo conocidas no permiten alcanzar todos estos resultados simultáneamente. 45 From the aforementioned, it is evident that the present invention provides a pumping unit that can be arranged directly "inside the pipe", is extremely silent and, if the compressor is vertical, has minimum dimensions in plan. Known pumping units do not allow all these results to be achieved simultaneously. Four. Five
La presente invención se pondrá más claramente de manifiesto a partir de la siguiente descripción de una forma de realización ejemplificativa de la misma. En dicha descripción, se hará referencia a los dibujos adjuntos, en los que: The present invention will become more clearly apparent from the following description of an exemplary embodiment thereof. In said description, reference will be made to the attached drawings, in which:
la figura 1 es una vista en alzado de una unidad de bombeo de la presente invención, representada en una instalación "dentro de la tubería"; 50 Figure 1 is an elevation view of a pumping unit of the present invention, shown in an installation "inside the pipe"; fifty
la figura 2 es una vista en planta superior en sección parcial que representa la unidad de bombeo sola; Figure 2 is a top plan view in partial section showing the pumping unit alone;
la figura 3 es una sección vertical a través de la línea 3 - 3 de la figura 2; Figure 3 is a vertical section through line 3-3 of Figure 2;
la figura 4 es una vista en sección vertical parcial a través de la línea 4 - 4 de la figura 3; Figure 4 is a partial vertical sectional view through line 4-4 of Figure 3;
la figura 5 es una vista en planta de un conjunto de bombeo constituido por un número determinado de unidades de bombeo modulares idénticas a las de las figuras anteriores; Figure 5 is a plan view of a pump assembly consisting of a certain number of modular pumping units identical to those of the previous figures;
la figura 6 es una vista en alzado del conjunto de bombeo en la dirección de la flecha 6 de la figura 5. Figure 6 is an elevational view of the pump assembly in the direction of arrow 6 of Figure 5.
Tal como se puede observar en las figuras 1 a 4, la unidad de bombeo 10 comprende una electrobomba 5 sumergible convencional 12 (figura 3) dispuesta coaxialmente dentro de un compresor 14. Este último presenta una forma general de paralelepípedo con un pie de soporte 16, que cierra su extremo inferior. As can be seen in Figures 1 to 4, the pumping unit 10 comprises a conventional submersible electric pump 5 (Figure 3) coaxially arranged inside a compressor 14. The latter has a general form of parallelepiped with a support foot 16 , which closes its lower end.
Tal como se puede observar en la figura 1, no se requieren soportes específicos o una base para la unidad de bombeo 10, ya que es descansa simplemente en un piso 54, que se mantiene en su posición mediante la tubería 55 en la que se introduce "dentro de la tubería". Incluso en el caso del conjunto de bombeo de las figuras 5 y 6, resulta 10 simplemente suficiente disponer las diversas unidades de bombeo 10 directamente sobre el piso 54, siendo suficientes los conectores 56 y 58 más las tuberías colectoras del sistema 62 y 64 (que se proporcionan con sus soportes 60) para mantener las unidades individuales 10 en su posición. As can be seen in Figure 1, specific supports or a base for the pumping unit 10 are not required, since it is simply resting on a floor 54, which is held in position by the pipe 55 into which it is introduced "inside the pipe". Even in the case of the pumping assembly of Figures 5 and 6, it is simply enough to arrange the various pumping units 10 directly on the floor 54, the connectors 56 and 58 being sufficient plus the collecting pipes of the system 62 and 64 (which they are provided with their brackets 60) to hold the individual units 10 in their position.
La pared lateral del compresor comprende dos camisas, de las cuales la exterior 18 es, por ejemplo, de duraluminio anodizado y la interior 20 es de acero inoxidable. El espacio intermedio entre las dos camisas 18 y 20 se 15 puede llenar con un material insonorizante convencional, aunque ya se alcanzan unos buenos niveles de insonorización incluso si el espacio intermedio está vacío (es decir, que comprende aire). En la figura 3 se puede observar que un anillo antivibratorio 22 se fija a la camisa interior 20 para retener el extremo inferior de la electrobomba 12, cuyo resto se suspende mediante un conector 24 desde un cabezal indicado de un modo general con la referencia numérica 26 y se fija mediante tornillos a un elemento conector 42, fijado el mismo mediante tornillos a la parte superior del compresor 14. 20 El cabezal 26 comprende, formando una pieza con el mismo, el orificio de admisión 30 y el orificio de descarga 28, con los canales de conexión correspondientes. The side wall of the compressor comprises two sleeves, of which the outer 18 is, for example, anodized duralumin and the inner 20 is stainless steel. The intermediate space between the two jackets 18 and 20 can be filled with a conventional soundproofing material, although good soundproofing levels are already reached even if the intermediate space is empty (i.e., it comprises air). In Figure 3 it can be seen that an anti-vibration ring 22 is fixed to the inner jacket 20 to retain the lower end of the electric pump 12, the rest of which is suspended by a connector 24 from a head indicated in a general way with the numerical reference 26 and is fixed by screws to a connector element 42, fixed by screws to the top of the compressor 14. 20 The head 26 comprises, forming a part therewith, the intake hole 30 and the discharge hole 28, with the corresponding connection channels.
Con la electrobomba de 12 en funcionamiento, el líquido que entra desde el orificio de admisión 30 circula a través de la parte del canal de admisión 32 que se desvía en dirección descendente, de tal modo que el líquido circula entre la superficie lateral exterior de la electrobomba 12 y la superficie lateral interior del compresor 14, alcanzando el 25 extremo inferior de la electrobomba 12, para, a continuación, extraerse a través de su orificio de admisión y salir a través de dicho conector de descarga 24, para circular a través el canal de descarga 34 que desvía el líquido en una dirección horizontal hasta que abandona el orificio de descarga 28. Tal como se puede observar, el orificio de admisión 30 y el orificio de descarga 28 se alinean en el mismo eje 36 opuestos entre sí, recorriendo el líquido una trayectoria en forma de T (si se considera que la electrobomba es vertical). Esto permite introducir directamente la unidad de bombeo 10 en 30 una tubería sin tener que disponer unos tubos de conexión angulares. With the electric pump 12 in operation, the liquid entering from the intake port 30 circulates through the part of the intake channel 32 that deflects in a downward direction, such that the liquid circulates between the outer lateral surface of the electric pump 12 and the inner side surface of the compressor 14, reaching the lower end of the electric pump 12, to then be removed through its intake port and exit through said discharge connector 24, to circulate through the discharge channel 34 that deflects the liquid in a horizontal direction until it leaves the discharge orifice 28. As can be seen, the intake orifice 30 and the discharge orifice 28 are aligned on the same axis 36 opposite each other, running the liquid a T-shaped path (if the electric pump is considered vertical). This allows the pumping unit 10 in 30 to be introduced directly into a pipe without having to have angular connection pipes.
En el ejemplo particular ilustrado, la unidad de bombeo 10 comprende asimismo una unidad de control designada generalmente con la referencia numérica 44 dispuesta debajo del cabezal 26. La unidad de control 44 comprende una tarjeta electrónica 46 y una pantalla 48 alojados en una caja 38 provista de una cubierta amovible 50. La caja 38 comprende asimismo un inversor 40 soportado mediante el cabezal 26 y conectado a un transductor de presión 35 41. Este último permite proporcionar al inversor 40 la presión de descarga a determinar y una señal para regular el funcionamiento del motor de la electrobomba 12, lo que permite ahorrar energía eléctrica. In the particular example illustrated, the pumping unit 10 also comprises a control unit generally designated with the numerical reference 44 arranged below the head 26. The control unit 44 comprises an electronic card 46 and a screen 48 housed in a box 38 provided of a removable cover 50. The housing 38 also comprises an inverter 40 supported by the head 26 and connected to a pressure transducer 35 41. The latter allows the inverter 40 to provide the discharge pressure to be determined and a signal to regulate the operation of the electric pump motor 12, which saves electricity.
La unidad 10 comprende asimismo un sensor de nivel 52 que evita que la electrobomba 12 funcione en condiciones secas. The unit 10 also comprises a level sensor 52 that prevents the electric pump 12 from operating in dry conditions.
A partir de las figuras 1 a 4 y de la descripción anterior se pondrá claramente de manifiesto que, además de las 40 ventajas especificadas anteriormente, la unidad de bombeo 10 es muy compacta, presenta unas dimensiones globales en planta muy pequeñas, y presenta un aspecto "limpio", y en cualquier caso un aspecto claramente más aceptable que las unidades de bombeo conocidas con el mismo tipo de utilización. From figures 1 to 4 and the previous description it will be clearly shown that, in addition to the 40 advantages specified above, the pumping unit 10 is very compact, has very small overall dimensions in plan, and has an appearance "clean", and in any case a clearly more acceptable appearance than known pumping units with the same type of use.
La unidad de bombeo 10 puede representar una unidad modular con la cual se puede realizar dicho conjunto de bombeo representado en las figuras 5 y 6 y que, en este ejemplo particular, comprende cinco unidades de bombeo 10 y 45 los conectores correspondientes 56 y 58, con los dos cabezales 62 y 64. Dicha disposición permite proporcionar una unidad auxiliar de bombeo y, si esta último presenta una avería, que otra unidad de bombeo del conjunto tome automáticamente el control como la auxiliar. El número de unidades de bombeo puede ser obviamente distinto, según los requisitos y las opciones de diseño específicos. The pumping unit 10 may represent a modular unit with which said pumping assembly shown in Figures 5 and 6 can be realized and which, in this particular example, comprises five pumping units 10 and 45 the corresponding connectors 56 and 58, with the two heads 62 and 64. Said arrangement allows an auxiliary pumping unit to be provided and, if the latter presents a fault, that another pumping unit in the assembly automatically takes control as the auxiliary. The number of pumping units may obviously be different, depending on the specific requirements and design options.
Claims (14)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05009879A EP1719915B1 (en) | 2005-05-06 | 2005-05-06 | In-line pumping unit |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2355628T3 true ES2355628T3 (en) | 2011-03-29 |
Family
ID=34936200
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES05009879T Active ES2355628T3 (en) | 2005-05-06 | 2005-05-06 | PUMPING UNIT ONLINE. |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060251531A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1719915B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006312939A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100523521C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE488698T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005024769D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2355628T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1098524A1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2403451C2 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI367991B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8545194B2 (en) | 2010-12-10 | 2013-10-01 | Xylem Ip Holdings Llc | Battery operated solar charged pump kit utilizing an inline submersible pump |
CN103121503A (en) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-05-29 | 镇江江大泵业科技有限公司 | Novel long shaft pump anti-swing device used for ship |
US10385859B2 (en) * | 2013-12-10 | 2019-08-20 | Franklin Electric Company, Inc. | In-line pressure boosting system and method |
WO2018122016A1 (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2018-07-05 | Grundfos Holding A/S | Sensor assembly and method for fault detection in pumps and pump assembly comprising such sensor assembly |
IT202000004879A1 (en) * | 2020-03-09 | 2021-09-09 | Dab Pumps Spa | EASY MAINTENANCE VERTICAL ELECTRIC PUMP |
IT202100014816A1 (en) * | 2021-06-08 | 2022-12-08 | Piusi Spa | DEVICE FOR INSTALLING SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS IN LIQUID STORAGE TANKS. |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2839006A (en) * | 1956-07-12 | 1958-06-17 | Kellogg M W Co | Pumps for high vapor pressure liquids |
US3672795A (en) * | 1971-02-04 | 1972-06-27 | Trw Inc | Cable-suspended,linear-supported electric pump installation in well casing |
US3746472A (en) * | 1971-08-06 | 1973-07-17 | Rupp Co Warren | Submersible electric pump having fluid pressure protective means |
DE2336909C2 (en) * | 1973-07-20 | 1982-06-16 | Loewe Pumpenfabrik GmbH, 2120 Lüneburg | Pressure booster system |
BE806614A (en) * | 1973-10-26 | 1974-04-26 | Acec | CUVELAGE PUMP |
CH580756A5 (en) * | 1974-07-03 | 1976-10-15 | Sulzer Ag | |
JPS52103002A (en) * | 1976-02-25 | 1977-08-29 | Ebara Corp | Long-noise vertical pump |
DE3515547C1 (en) * | 1985-04-30 | 1986-01-02 | Klein, Schanzlin & Becker Ag, 6710 Frankenthal | Barrel-type centrifugal-pump unit |
CN1012202B (en) * | 1988-02-06 | 1991-03-27 | 陆逢升 | Full dry submerged pump with synergistic selaing system |
US5443368A (en) * | 1993-07-16 | 1995-08-22 | Helix Technology Corporation | Turbomolecular pump with valves and integrated electronic controls |
US5262065A (en) * | 1991-06-20 | 1993-11-16 | Roy. F. Weston, Inc. | Apparatus and method for decontaminating aquifers |
US5246336A (en) * | 1991-06-21 | 1993-09-21 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Motor driven complex pump apparatus |
GB9222475D0 (en) * | 1992-10-24 | 1992-12-09 | Mangar Aids Ltd | Air pump apparatus |
IT238360Y1 (en) * | 1997-10-13 | 2000-10-16 | Marinox Pompe Di Angoli Marghe | PUMP WITH STORAGE TANK |
DE19855845A1 (en) * | 1998-12-03 | 2000-06-08 | Gep Umwelttechnik Gmbh | Self-priming motor pump unit |
US6412563B1 (en) * | 2000-04-21 | 2002-07-02 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | System and method for enhanced conditioning of well fluids circulating in and around artificial lift assemblies |
US6615926B2 (en) * | 2000-09-20 | 2003-09-09 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Annular flow restrictor for electrical submersible pump |
-
2005
- 2005-05-06 EP EP05009879A patent/EP1719915B1/en active Active
- 2005-05-06 ES ES05009879T patent/ES2355628T3/en active Active
- 2005-05-06 AT AT05009879T patent/ATE488698T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-05-06 DE DE602005024769T patent/DE602005024769D1/en active Active
-
2006
- 2006-04-29 CN CNB2006101054803A patent/CN100523521C/en active Active
- 2006-05-04 TW TW095115861A patent/TWI367991B/en active
- 2006-05-05 RU RU2006115530/06A patent/RU2403451C2/en active
- 2006-05-05 US US11/418,252 patent/US20060251531A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-05-08 JP JP2006129450A patent/JP2006312939A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-05-04 HK HK07104755.0A patent/HK1098524A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2403451C2 (en) | 2010-11-10 |
HK1098524A1 (en) | 2007-07-20 |
RU2006115530A (en) | 2007-11-10 |
JP2006312939A (en) | 2006-11-16 |
EP1719915B1 (en) | 2010-11-17 |
EP1719915A1 (en) | 2006-11-08 |
CN100523521C (en) | 2009-08-05 |
ATE488698T1 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
DE602005024769D1 (en) | 2010-12-30 |
CN1877136A (en) | 2006-12-13 |
TW200706762A (en) | 2007-02-16 |
US20060251531A1 (en) | 2006-11-09 |
TWI367991B (en) | 2012-07-11 |
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