ES2249147A1 - Modulo fotovoltaico inteligente. - Google Patents

Modulo fotovoltaico inteligente.

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Publication number
ES2249147A1
ES2249147A1 ES200401597A ES200401597A ES2249147A1 ES 2249147 A1 ES2249147 A1 ES 2249147A1 ES 200401597 A ES200401597 A ES 200401597A ES 200401597 A ES200401597 A ES 200401597A ES 2249147 A1 ES2249147 A1 ES 2249147A1
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
maximum power
power unit
direct current
photovoltaic module
photovoltaic
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Granted
Application number
ES200401597A
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English (en)
Other versions
ES2249147B1 (es
Inventor
Eduardo Roman Medina
Sabino Elorduizapatarietxe Fadrique
Pedro Ibañez Ereño
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Fundacion Tecnalia Research and Innovation
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Fundacion Robotiker
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Priority to ES200401597A priority Critical patent/ES2249147B1/es
Publication of ES2249147A1 publication Critical patent/ES2249147A1/es
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Publication of ES2249147B1 publication Critical patent/ES2249147B1/es
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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Módulo fotovoltaico inteligente. El módulo fotovoltaico está compuesto por un panel fotovoltaico (1) y un circuito electrónico (2), integrado en el propio módulo, que incluye un convertidor DC-DC (3) controlado por un algoritmo de seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia. Este módulo se conecta a otros módulos, a través del convertidor DC-DC (3) y éstos a su vez a un inversor (7) que suministra la corriente alterna a la instalación a alimentar, reduciendo las pérdidas debidas a desadaptaciones entre los distintos módulos de la instalación.

Description

Módulo fotovoltaico inteligente.
Objeto de la invención
La presente invención se refiere a un módulo fotovoltaico que integra medios electrónicos que permiten realizar el seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia individual de cada panel fotovoltaico y conectarse a otros paneles, según una arquitectura distribuida que permite reducir las pérdidas de potencia de la instalación fotovoltaica.
Antecedentes de la invención
Un sistema fotovoltaico para la transformación de energía solar en energía eléctrica se basa en la utilización de múltiples paneles fotovoltaicos que se conectan eléctricamente entre sí, obteniéndose, en condiciones óptimas, una potencia eléctrica total que correspondería a la suma de las potencias máximas de cada panel.
Tradicionalmente, los paneles fotovoltaicos se disponen según una arquitectura centralizada, conectándose todo el conjunto a un inversor que suministra corriente alterna a la red o instalación que se debe alimentar. El inversor realiza un seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia de todo el conjunto.
No obstante, en cualquier sistema fotovoltaico se producen pérdidas eléctricas, cercanas al 25% de la potencia, que se deben principalmente a las desadaptaciones entre los diferentes paneles fotovoltaicos que constituyen el sistema y que están derivadas de la propia arquitectura del sistema que hacen que cuando uno de los paneles no puede suministrar toda su potencia máxima, el resto de paneles se ven afectados y tampoco pueden dar su potencia máxima.
Estas desadaptaciones se originan bien por sombras parciales, bien por las diferentes orientaciones e inclinaciones de los paneles o bien por diferencias en el proceso de fabricación o por envejecimiento de los mismos.
Una alternativa para tratar de solucionar estos problemas se describe en las Patentes alemanas nºs. 19919766 y 4305326 en las cuales se propone, en lugar de la arquitectura centralizada mencionada anteriormente, una arquitectura parcialmente distribuida en la cual los paneles fotovoltaicos se reparten en grupos que se conectan en serie a respectivos convertidores DC-DC, siendo estos convertidores los que se conectan finalmente al inversor. En este caso, cada uno de los convertidores DC-DC realiza su propio seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia de los paneles de su grupo mejorando en parte la eficiencia del sistema.
En cualquier caso, este sistema no evita que se produzcan importantes pérdidas de potencia que dependen, del número de paneles conectados en cada grupo y del número de grupos establecidos.
Además, estas arquitecturas resultan poco apropiadas para realizar modificaciones o ampliaciones futuras de la instalación.
Descripción de la invención
Es objeto de la invención el módulo fotovoltaico que permite resolver la problemática expuesta anteriormente reduciendo todas las pérdidas debidas a las desadaptaciones existentes entre los distintos paneles fotovoltaicos.
Para ello, se propone un módulo fotovoltaico que esta compuesto por un panel fotovoltaico que integra una serie de equipos electrónicos y, en especial, un convertidor DC-DC con su correspondiente algoritmo de seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia del módulo. El circuito electrónico incorpora también elementos que permiten la monitorización del estado del módulo y su comunicación con un sistema de control remoto.
La incorporación de un convertidor DC-DC en cada módulo fotovoltaico permite eliminar las pérdidas debidas a las desadaptaciones entre los distintos módulos del sistema y extraer la máxima potencia disponible en cada uno de ellos, con independencia de la potencia que estén suministrando el resto de módulos.
Con estos módulos, que podríamos denominar inteligentes, se puede configurar un sistema completamente distribuido, en el cual los módulos fotovoltaicos se conectan al inversor, a través de sus correspondientes convertidores DC-DC, lo que permite reducir todas las pérdidas debidas a las desadaptaciones entre los módulos.
Además, resulta muy sencillo dimensionar la instalación y realizar ampliaciones y modificaciones futuras, simplemente añadiendo o eliminando módulos inteligentes.
Adicionalmente, el circuito electrónico del módulo fotovoltaico integra sensores que permiten conocer el estado del módulo, así como un módulo de comunicaciones que envía estos datos a una unidad de control y supervisión.
Con la información recogida de cada uno de los módulos de la planta o instalación fotovoltaica, se facilitan las tareas de monitorización, mantenimiento y detección de fallos.
Descripción de los dibujos
Para complementar la descripción que se está realizando y con objeto de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características de la invención, se acompaña como parte integrante de dicha descripción, un juego de dibujos en donde con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo, se ha representado lo siguiente:
Figura 1.- Muestra un esquema general del módulo fotovoltaico inteligente objeto de la invención.
Figura 2.- Muestra un esquema de arquitectura de una instalación fotovoltaica constituida a partir de módulos inteligentes según objeto de la invención.
Figura 3.- Muestra un esquema de instalación utilizando paneles fotovoltaicos convencionales.
Figura 4.- Muestra la curva de potencia de salida de paneles soleados y en sombra.
Figura 5.- Muestra la curva de potencia de salida para una instalación con 20 paneles convencionales.
Realización preferente de la invención
El módulo fotovoltaico objeto de la invención está constituido por un panel fotovoltaico (1) que integra un circuito electrónico (2) que comprende, entre otros elementos, un convertidor DC-DC (3).
Con el módulo objeto de la invención, tal y como se observa en la figura 2, se pueden configurar sistemas completamente distribuidos compuestos por paneles fotovoltaicos (1), con sus correspondientes convertidores DC-DC (3), conectándose estos últimos, a un inversor (4) que alimenta la instalación correspondiente.
Los convertidores DC-DC (3) integrados en cada panel (1), incorporan un algoritmo de seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia, lo que permite reducir todas las pérdidas de la instalación debidas a desadaptaciones entre los distintos paneles (1).
El circuito electrónico (2) incorpora también unos sensores (4) capaces de determinar el estado del módulo y transmitir estos datos, a través de un módulo de comunicaciones (5), a una unidad de control y supervisión (6) de la instalación completa.
En la unidad de control y supervisión (6) se realizan tareas de monitorización, mantenimiento y detección de fallos de toda la instalación fotovoltaica. Las comunicaciones entre módulos y la unidad (6) se realizan a través del propio cableado de continuo empleando la modulación FSK, por lo que no se requiere un cableado adicional.
El protocolo de comunicación es MODBUS-RTU, con arquitectura maestro-esclavo, siendo el maestro la unidad de control y supervisión (6) y los esclavos cada uno de los módulos que envían a la unidad (6) los valores de tensión y corriente, tanto a la entrada como a la salida de su convertidor DC-DC, así como la temperatura de funcionamiento del equipo.
A continuación, se va a describir un ejemplo de funcionamiento, comparando la potencia obtenida con un sistema centralizado, con módulos convencionales, frente a un sistema distribuido con módulos inteligentes de acuerdo al objeto de la invención. Las figuras 4 y 5 muestran unas gráficas de potencia de salida incluidas para ilustrar este ejemplo de funcionamiento.
Supongamos una instalación fotovoltaica con 20 módulos situados por ejemplo en la azotea de un edificio. En este tipo de aplicación resulta imposible evitar sombras parciales, como por ejemplo, las generadas por la chimenea del edificio.
Supongamos también que de los 20 módulos de la instalación, 5 se encuentran parcialmente en sombra debido a la proximidad de una chimenea.
En la figura 4, se han representado las curvas de potencia de salida para módulos soleados y módulos en sombra. En concreto, muestra la potencia de salida máxima de un módulo soleado tipo BP580F (900 W/m^{2}) y de un módulo sombreado (500 W/m^{2}). Se puede apreciar como, mientras el primero presenta un máximo de potencia de 82 W, el segundo alcanza un máximo de 44 W. Además, se puede observar como las corrientes para las que se obtiene la máxima potencia son diferentes en cada uno de los casos.
En el caso de una instalación compuesta por módulos fotovoltaicos convencionales, conectados en serie a un único convertidor con seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia, al estar conectados en serie todos los módulos, deben conducir la misma corriente, por lo que la potencia de salida del conjunto corresponde a la curva representada en la figura 4.
En esta curva se puede observar cómo esta conexión en serie provoca la aparición de un máximo de potencia relativo y un máximo de potencia absoluto. Por tanto, en el mejor de los casos, se podría alcanzar el máximo de potencia absoluto, que corresponde a una potencia suministrada de 1213 W.
En el caso de una arquitectura compuesta por 20 módulos fotovoltaicos inteligentes, según el objeto de la invención, resulta posible obtener de cada módulo su potencia máxima disponible, es decir, 44 W para los cinco módulos sombreados y 82 W para los quince módulos soleados. De esta forma, la potencia máxima de la instalación sería de 1450 W que representa casi un 20% mas que con la configuración tradicional.

Claims (3)

1. Módulo fotovoltaico, caracterizado porque está compuesto por un panel fotovoltaico (1) y un circuito electrónico (2), integrado en el propio panel (1), que incluye un convertidor DC-DC (3) controlado por un algoritmo de seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia.
2. Módulo fotovoltaico según reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque el circuito electrónico (2) incorpora sensores (4) que permiten conocer el estado del módulo fotovoltaico y, en concreto, los valores de tensión y corriente, a la entrada y salida del convertidor (3), y la temperatura de funcionamiento del equipo; así como un módulo de comunicaciones (5) que envía los datos recogidos por los sensores (4) a una unidad de control y supervisión (6), para la monitorización, mantenimiento y detección de fallos de la instalación completa.
3. Módulo fotovoltaico según reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque se conecta a otros módulos, a través del convertidor DC-DC (3) y éstos a su vez a un inversor (7) que suministra la corriente alterna a la instalación a alimentar, consiguiendo una arquitectura de conexión distribuida entre los distintos módulos.
ES200401597A 2004-07-01 2004-07-01 Modulo fotovoltaico inteligente. Expired - Fee Related ES2249147B1 (es)

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