ES2183743A1 - Instalacion de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares. - Google Patents
Instalacion de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares.Info
- Publication number
- ES2183743A1 ES2183743A1 ES200101916A ES200101916A ES2183743A1 ES 2183743 A1 ES2183743 A1 ES 2183743A1 ES 200101916 A ES200101916 A ES 200101916A ES 200101916 A ES200101916 A ES 200101916A ES 2183743 A1 ES2183743 A1 ES 2183743A1
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- liquid phase
- reverse osmosis
- liquid
- waste
- microfiltration
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000001471 micro-filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/04—Feed pretreatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/08—Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/18—Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/58—Multistep processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/06—Tubular membrane modules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/06—Tubular membrane modules
- B01D63/062—Tubular membrane modules with membranes on a surface of a support tube
- B01D63/065—Tubular membrane modules with membranes on a surface of a support tube on the outer surface thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/08—Prevention of membrane fouling or of concentration polarisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/04—Specific process operations in the feed stream; Feed pretreatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2315/00—Details relating to the membrane module operation
- B01D2315/06—Submerged-type; Immersion type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/18—Use of gases
- B01D2321/185—Aeration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/20—By influencing the flow
- B01D2321/2066—Pulsated flow
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/32—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the food or foodstuff industry, e.g. brewery waste waters
- C02F2103/322—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the food or foodstuff industry, e.g. brewery waste waters from vegetable oil production, e.g. olive oil production
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
Instalación de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares, que comprende tres operaciones de separación de los residuos y excrementos generados en granjas de cerdos o el alpechín y aguas residuales de las almazaras y molinos de producción de aceite, a fin de obtener agua potable y reutilizable en dichas instalaciones. La instalación comprende en la primera operación de separación de las fases sólida y líquida una pantalla Johnson y un cilindro prensa de contorno perforado. La fase líquida así obtenida es sometida a un proceso de microfiltración/ultrafiltración en un tanque a presión atmosférica con unos difusores inferiores de aire en el seno de las columnas filtrantes, a fin de obtener la separación de las materias fibrosas en suspensión y las sustancias macromoleculares de la fase líquida. La instalación presenta como última operación un tanque presurizado donde se lleva a cabo un proceso de ósmosis inversa en unos elementos de membrana filtrante dispuestos en vertical y completamente sumergidos en el líquido a filtrar, soportados por una estructura tubular y unas placas de soporte y estando dichos elementos sujetos en su parte superior por un acoplamiento al conducto de filtrado forzado por muelle y un cilindro exterior perforado de sujeción lateral de cada uno de dichos elementos. A su vez, los elementos de membrana filtrante presentan en su parte inferior a un colector de agua potable filtrada.
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES200101916A ES2183743B2 (es) | 2001-08-17 | 2001-08-17 | Instalacion de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares. |
AU2002367504A AU2002367504A1 (en) | 2001-08-17 | 2002-08-09 | Installation for recycling agricultural waste and similar waste |
PCT/ES2002/000399 WO2003078035A1 (es) | 2001-08-17 | 2002-08-09 | Instalación de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares |
EP02806711A EP1424122A1 (en) | 2001-08-17 | 2002-08-09 | Installation for recycling agricultural waste and similar waste |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES200101916A ES2183743B2 (es) | 2001-08-17 | 2001-08-17 | Instalacion de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2183743A1 true ES2183743A1 (es) | 2003-03-16 |
ES2183743B2 ES2183743B2 (es) | 2004-03-01 |
Family
ID=8498736
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES200101916A Expired - Fee Related ES2183743B2 (es) | 2001-08-17 | 2001-08-17 | Instalacion de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares. |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1424122A1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU2002367504A1 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2183743B2 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2003078035A1 (es) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2259870A1 (es) * | 2004-04-05 | 2006-10-16 | Treico Medio Ambiente, S.L. | Procedimiento para la depuracion de las aguas residuales producidas en las almazaras, molinos de aceite y productoras de aceitunas de aderezo. |
WO2007110463A1 (es) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-10-04 | Polinox Galicia, S.A. | Máquina para la obtención y depuración de agua contenida en residuos |
CN113648694A (zh) * | 2021-08-11 | 2021-11-16 | 汪隆来 | 一种适用于环保工程对养殖厂排放粪水干湿分离的压滤机 |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8048279B2 (en) | 1998-02-27 | 2011-11-01 | Scott Wade Powell | Method and apparatus for electrocoagulation of liquids |
AU2003901279A0 (en) * | 2003-03-19 | 2003-04-03 | Healey, Arthur Stephen | Water purification system |
CA2650941A1 (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2007-11-15 | Zenon Technology Partnership | Inverted aerated immersed screen, screen assembly and operating process |
US7998225B2 (en) | 2007-02-22 | 2011-08-16 | Powell Scott W | Methods of purifying biodiesel fuels |
KR100881629B1 (ko) | 2008-11-17 | 2009-02-04 | 이명관 | 중공사막을 이용한 오폐수 처리장치 |
US7981293B2 (en) * | 2008-11-21 | 2011-07-19 | Scott W. Powell | Method and apparatus for treatment of contaminated liquid |
US7981301B2 (en) | 2008-11-21 | 2011-07-19 | Scott W. Powell | Method and apparatus for treatment of contaminated liquid |
CN102724888A (zh) * | 2010-01-17 | 2012-10-10 | 安布罗西奥斯·坎布里斯 | 回收水 |
CN101966407B (zh) * | 2010-10-13 | 2012-09-26 | 安徽淮化股份有限公司 | 二甲基甲酰胺生产过程中过滤合成采出液的过滤器及其过滤方法 |
US10358361B2 (en) | 2013-02-22 | 2019-07-23 | Loren L. Losh | System and method for remediation of wastewater including aerobic and electrocoagulation treatment |
US10745299B2 (en) | 2013-02-22 | 2020-08-18 | NiBru Traka, Inc. | Struvite formation by precipitation of ammonia in electrocoagulation process |
CN105921018A (zh) * | 2016-05-19 | 2016-09-07 | 苏州优斯曼环保科技有限公司 | 一种滤芯更换方便的超滤机 |
CN109761311B (zh) * | 2018-10-25 | 2021-11-12 | 江苏东江环境服务有限公司 | 应用于工业浓盐污水的反渗透系统 |
CN110452048B (zh) * | 2019-08-27 | 2021-09-10 | 湖北曲辰农业科技有限公司 | 一种水溶肥料及其加工设备与加工方法 |
WO2023288330A1 (en) * | 2021-07-16 | 2023-01-19 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Urine and wastewater treatment system |
CN113368557B (zh) * | 2021-08-16 | 2021-11-05 | 北京市一滴水环保科技有限公司 | 过滤罐 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0507416A1 (en) * | 1991-04-05 | 1992-10-07 | Haflo Milieutechniek B.V. | Method for concentrating an effluent |
WO1995021140A1 (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1995-08-10 | G.C.M. Geodetics Construction Maintenance | Method for processing semi-liquid manure and the device to be used |
ES2136994T3 (es) * | 1995-05-12 | 1999-12-01 | Henkel Ecolab Gmbh & Co Ohg | Procedimiento para el tratamiento de aguas residuales bajo obtencion de agua potable en altos rendimientos de producto. |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19731177C1 (de) * | 1997-07-10 | 1998-10-15 | Ufi Tec Inst Fuer Membrantechn | Mobile Anlage zur Aufbereitung von Gülle |
-
2001
- 2001-08-17 ES ES200101916A patent/ES2183743B2/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-08-09 WO PCT/ES2002/000399 patent/WO2003078035A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-08-09 AU AU2002367504A patent/AU2002367504A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-08-09 EP EP02806711A patent/EP1424122A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0507416A1 (en) * | 1991-04-05 | 1992-10-07 | Haflo Milieutechniek B.V. | Method for concentrating an effluent |
WO1995021140A1 (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1995-08-10 | G.C.M. Geodetics Construction Maintenance | Method for processing semi-liquid manure and the device to be used |
ES2136994T3 (es) * | 1995-05-12 | 1999-12-01 | Henkel Ecolab Gmbh & Co Ohg | Procedimiento para el tratamiento de aguas residuales bajo obtencion de agua potable en altos rendimientos de producto. |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2259870A1 (es) * | 2004-04-05 | 2006-10-16 | Treico Medio Ambiente, S.L. | Procedimiento para la depuracion de las aguas residuales producidas en las almazaras, molinos de aceite y productoras de aceitunas de aderezo. |
WO2007110463A1 (es) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-10-04 | Polinox Galicia, S.A. | Máquina para la obtención y depuración de agua contenida en residuos |
ES2301346A1 (es) * | 2006-03-24 | 2008-06-16 | Polinox Galicia S.A. | Maquina para la obtencion y depuracion de agua contenida en residuos. |
CN113648694A (zh) * | 2021-08-11 | 2021-11-16 | 汪隆来 | 一种适用于环保工程对养殖厂排放粪水干湿分离的压滤机 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2183743B2 (es) | 2004-03-01 |
EP1424122A1 (en) | 2004-06-02 |
WO2003078035A1 (es) | 2003-09-25 |
AU2002367504A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
ES2183743A1 (es) | Instalacion de reciclaje de residuos agropecuarios y similares. | |
Ahmad et al. | Membrane treatment for palm oil mill effluent: effect of transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity | |
CA2174847C (en) | Method and apparatus for recovering water from a sewer main | |
US4812237A (en) | Water recycle system | |
Parameshwaran et al. | Analysis of microfiltration performance with constant flux processing of secondary effluent | |
CA2200164C (en) | Process and system for treatment of pig and swine manure for environmental enhancement | |
CN201817357U (zh) | 焦化废水的芬顿氧化及双膜法的全回用处理装置 | |
Benitez et al. | Stabilization and dewatering of wastewater using hollow fiber membranes | |
ATE191904T1 (de) | Verfahren zur behandlung von organisch- und mineralstoffe enthaltenden abwässer zum zwecke seiner wiederverwendung | |
Chmiel et al. | Concepts for the treatment of spent process water in the food and beverage industries | |
WO2004064978A1 (en) | A filter system | |
CN211847584U (zh) | 一种对餐厨垃圾和生活垃圾渗滤液进行协同处理的装置 | |
US20180170769A1 (en) | Method for processing waste water | |
KR102100991B1 (ko) | 다공성 세라믹 분리막을 이용한 액비정제장치 | |
CN107651811A (zh) | 一种市政污水处理工艺及装置 | |
Ochando-Pulido et al. | A focus on pressure-driven membrane technology in olive mill wastewater reclamation: State of the art | |
US20160288022A1 (en) | System for processing waste water | |
KR100329318B1 (ko) | 슬러지 탈수 장치 및 이를 사용하는 슬러지 탈수 시스템 | |
Gómez-Caravaca et al. | Recovery of phenolic compounds from olive oil mill wastewaters by physicochemical methodologies | |
KR100245775B1 (ko) | 다중 병렬식 생물막 여과 오폐수 처리장치 | |
Gan | Evaluation of solids reduction and backflush technique in crossflow microfiltration of a primary sewage effluent | |
CN211644970U (zh) | 一种基于电渗析技术的香料废水脱盐系统 | |
US20160288023A1 (en) | Method for processing waste water | |
JPH0760299A (ja) | 発酵性有機液状体の高効率加圧脱水方法 | |
ZA200205320B (en) | Method and device for effluent treatment. |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EC2A | Search report published |
Date of ref document: 20030316 Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
FG2A | Definitive protection |
Ref document number: 2183743B2 Country of ref document: ES |
|
FD1A | Patent lapsed |
Effective date: 20100312 |