ES2161585A1 - Sistema activo de accionamiento - Google Patents

Sistema activo de accionamiento

Info

Publication number
ES2161585A1
ES2161585A1 ES009801898A ES9801898A ES2161585A1 ES 2161585 A1 ES2161585 A1 ES 2161585A1 ES 009801898 A ES009801898 A ES 009801898A ES 9801898 A ES9801898 A ES 9801898A ES 2161585 A1 ES2161585 A1 ES 2161585A1
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
piston
control system
cylinder unit
active control
motion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
ES009801898A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
ES2161585B1 (es
Inventor
Andreas Ritter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Stabilus GmbH
Original Assignee
Stabilus GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stabilus GmbH filed Critical Stabilus GmbH
Publication of ES2161585A1 publication Critical patent/ES2161585A1/es
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2161585B1 publication Critical patent/ES2161585B1/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B20/00Safety arrangements for fluid actuator systems; Applications of safety devices in fluid actuator systems; Emergency measures for fluid actuator systems
    • F15B20/002Electrical failure
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05FDEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F15/00Power-operated mechanisms for wings
    • E05F15/40Safety devices, e.g. detection of obstructions or end positions
    • E05F15/49Safety devices, e.g. detection of obstructions or end positions specially adapted for mechanisms operated by fluid pressure, e.g. detection by monitoring transmitted fluid pressure
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B1/00Installations or systems with accumulators; Supply reservoir or sump assemblies
    • F15B1/02Installations or systems with accumulators
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/02Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
    • F15B11/028Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the actuating force
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05YINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/50Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05YINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/50Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles
    • E05Y2900/53Type of wing
    • E05Y2900/546Tailboards, tailgates or sideboards opening upwards
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/20Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
    • F15B2211/205Systems with pumps
    • F15B2211/2053Type of pump
    • F15B2211/20538Type of pump constant capacity
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/20Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
    • F15B2211/21Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge
    • F15B2211/212Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge the pressure sources being accumulators
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30Directional control
    • F15B2211/305Directional control characterised by the type of valves
    • F15B2211/30505Non-return valves, i.e. check valves
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40Flow control
    • F15B2211/405Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
    • F15B2211/40515Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with variable throttles or orifices
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40Flow control
    • F15B2211/41Flow control characterised by the positions of the valve element
    • F15B2211/411Flow control characterised by the positions of the valve element the positions being discrete
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40Flow control
    • F15B2211/415Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit
    • F15B2211/41527Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit being connected to an output member and a directional control valve
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40Flow control
    • F15B2211/46Control of flow in the return line, i.e. meter-out control
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50Pressure control
    • F15B2211/505Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50509Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50536Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using unloading valves controlling the supply pressure by diverting fluid to the return line
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50Pressure control
    • F15B2211/515Pressure control characterised by the connections of the pressure control means in the circuit
    • F15B2211/5153Pressure control characterised by the connections of the pressure control means in the circuit being connected to an output member and a directional control valve
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50Pressure control
    • F15B2211/55Pressure control for limiting a pressure up to a maximum pressure, e.g. by using a pressure relief valve
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/625Accumulators
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/705Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
    • F15B2211/7051Linear output members
    • F15B2211/7052Single-acting output members
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15BSYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/77Control of direction of movement of the output member
    • F15B2211/7716Control of direction of movement of the output member with automatic return

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
  • Actuator (AREA)
  • Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)

Abstract

Sistema activo de accionamiento para un órgano móvil, en especial para una puerta o compuerta basculable, comprendiendo un equipo de bomba que está conectado a un aparato de émbolo y cilindro a través de por lo menos una tubería de conexión, con una válvula de maniobra mediante la cual se controla la dirección del movimiento del aparato de émbolo y cilindro, perteneciendo al sistema de accionamiento una válvula de limitación de presión, que en funcionamiento de emergencia hace posible un movimiento de graduación del vástago de émbolo del aparato de émbolo y cilindro, abriendo una conexión en una cámara de trabajo del aparato de émbolo y cilindro.
ES009801898A 1997-09-11 1998-09-08 Sistema activo de accionamiento Expired - Fee Related ES2161585B1 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19740029A DE19740029C2 (de) 1997-09-11 1997-09-11 Aktives Stellsystem

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2161585A1 true ES2161585A1 (es) 2001-12-01
ES2161585B1 ES2161585B1 (es) 2002-06-01

Family

ID=7842069

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES009801898A Expired - Fee Related ES2161585B1 (es) 1997-09-11 1998-09-08 Sistema activo de accionamiento

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6220026B1 (es)
JP (1) JP3080610B2 (es)
DE (1) DE19740029C2 (es)
ES (1) ES2161585B1 (es)
FR (1) FR2768171A1 (es)
GB (1) GB2330869B (es)

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT408475B (de) 1999-09-10 2001-12-27 Hoerbiger Hydraulik Anordnung zur hydraulischen betätigung eines beweglichen bauteils an einem fahrzeug
AT409112B (de) * 1999-10-04 2002-05-27 Hoerbiger Hydraulik Hydraulische anordnung zur betätigung von beweglichen teilen an fahrzeugen, und vorspannventil für diese anordnung
US6398288B1 (en) * 1999-10-29 2002-06-04 Ohi Seisakusho Co., Ltd. Control device of automotive pivoting door
AT408792B (de) 1999-11-22 2002-03-25 Hoerbiger Hydraulik Hydraulische betätigungsanordnung
KR100461124B1 (ko) * 2001-10-09 2004-12-13 현대자동차주식회사 버스용 스윙 도어 제어 장치
DE10233764A1 (de) * 2002-07-25 2004-02-12 Adam Opel Ag Heckmodul für ein Fahrzeug mit einer mehrteiligen Heckklappeneinheit
AT412112B (de) * 2002-09-30 2004-09-27 Hoerbiger Hydraulik Vorspannventil mit zumindest zwei schaltstufen sowie hydraulische betätigungsanordnung
DE10310930A1 (de) * 2003-03-13 2004-09-30 Daimlerchrysler Ag Aktuatorsystem
DE202005013813U1 (de) * 2005-08-31 2007-01-11 BROSE SCHLIEßSYSTEME GMBH & CO. KG Antriebsanordnung für ein bewegliches Karosserieelement eines Kraftfahrzeugs
US20090189631A1 (en) * 2006-03-02 2009-07-30 Advantest Corporation Movement apparatus and electronic device test apparatus
DE112007002283A5 (de) * 2006-11-23 2009-10-08 Ixetic Bad Homburg Gmbh Gasfedervorrichtung
DE112007002184A5 (de) * 2006-11-23 2009-07-16 Ixetic Bad Homburg Gmbh Gasfedervorrichtung
US8493081B2 (en) * 2009-12-08 2013-07-23 Magna Closures Inc. Wide activation angle pinch sensor section and sensor hook-on attachment principle
US9234979B2 (en) 2009-12-08 2016-01-12 Magna Closures Inc. Wide activation angle pinch sensor section
DE102011116328A1 (de) * 2011-04-23 2012-10-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Pressenblock
US11619311B2 (en) * 2020-06-08 2023-04-04 The Boeing Company Flow control valve, a method of assembly, and a hydraulic system
GB2624254A (en) * 2022-11-14 2024-05-15 Brian Dean Michael Hydraulic systems

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0025101A1 (de) * 1979-08-22 1981-03-18 ALFRED TEVES GmbH Bremskraftregler für ein hydraulisches Motorrad-Bremssystem
US4440068A (en) * 1981-03-19 1984-04-03 Pneumo Corporation Hydraulic cowl door actuator with anti-vibration loading device, and assembly employing same
US5417011A (en) * 1994-02-23 1995-05-23 Keszthelyi; Laszlo Door opening mechanism
DE4411578A1 (de) * 1994-04-02 1995-10-05 Hydraulik Ring Gmbh Antriebseinrichtung zum Öffnen und Schließen von Teilen an Fahrzeugen, vorzugsweise Kraftfahrzeugen
DE19641428C1 (de) * 1996-10-08 1998-02-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Einrichtung zum Verschwenken einer klappbaren Haube eines Kraftfahrzeugs, insbesondere eines Gepäckraumdeckels
US5760695A (en) * 1996-04-24 1998-06-02 Hoerbiger Gmbh Apparatus for hydraulic actuation of a hinged cover

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3113490A (en) * 1961-03-16 1963-12-10 Stanley G Harwood Fluid motor
US4250794A (en) * 1978-03-31 1981-02-17 Caterpillar Tractor Co. High pressure hydraulic system
DE2950888A1 (de) * 1979-12-18 1981-06-25 Stabilus Gmbh Daempfkolben fuer pneumatische, hydraulische und hydropneumatische aggregate
DE3225536A1 (de) * 1982-07-08 1984-01-12 Wabco Westinghouse Fahrzeugbremsen GmbH, 3000 Hannover Pneumatische tuerbetaetigungsanlage
GB2203486A (en) * 1987-04-02 1988-10-19 Alan John Small Gate-operating apparatus
DE9110208U1 (de) * 1991-08-17 1992-12-17 De-Sta-Co Metallerzeugnisse Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Spannvorrichtung
JPH0565782A (ja) 1991-09-09 1993-03-19 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd ドア駆動装置
DE4130832C1 (es) * 1991-09-17 1993-05-13 Deere & Co., Moline, Ill., Us, Niederlassung Deere & Co. European Office, 6800 Mannheim, De
DE4224132C2 (de) * 1992-07-22 2002-11-14 Stabilus Gmbh Türfeststellsystem
US5851050A (en) * 1995-10-06 1998-12-22 Atoma International Inc. Hydraulic closure system for a motor vehicle
US5921604A (en) * 1996-05-16 1999-07-13 Applied Power Inc. Hydraulic door operating system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0025101A1 (de) * 1979-08-22 1981-03-18 ALFRED TEVES GmbH Bremskraftregler für ein hydraulisches Motorrad-Bremssystem
US4440068A (en) * 1981-03-19 1984-04-03 Pneumo Corporation Hydraulic cowl door actuator with anti-vibration loading device, and assembly employing same
US5417011A (en) * 1994-02-23 1995-05-23 Keszthelyi; Laszlo Door opening mechanism
DE4411578A1 (de) * 1994-04-02 1995-10-05 Hydraulik Ring Gmbh Antriebseinrichtung zum Öffnen und Schließen von Teilen an Fahrzeugen, vorzugsweise Kraftfahrzeugen
US5760695A (en) * 1996-04-24 1998-06-02 Hoerbiger Gmbh Apparatus for hydraulic actuation of a hinged cover
DE19641428C1 (de) * 1996-10-08 1998-02-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Einrichtung zum Verschwenken einer klappbaren Haube eines Kraftfahrzeugs, insbesondere eines Gepäckraumdeckels

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2161585B1 (es) 2002-06-01
JPH11166351A (ja) 1999-06-22
DE19740029C2 (de) 1999-07-15
GB9819631D0 (en) 1998-11-04
GB2330869B (en) 2002-01-16
FR2768171A1 (fr) 1999-03-12
US6220026B1 (en) 2001-04-24
DE19740029A1 (de) 1999-04-15
GB2330869A (en) 1999-05-05
JP3080610B2 (ja) 2000-08-28

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