ES2076367T3 - Composiciones y concentrados de aceite lubricante. - Google Patents
Composiciones y concentrados de aceite lubricante.Info
- Publication number
- ES2076367T3 ES2076367T3 ES90908812T ES90908812T ES2076367T3 ES 2076367 T3 ES2076367 T3 ES 2076367T3 ES 90908812 T ES90908812 T ES 90908812T ES 90908812 T ES90908812 T ES 90908812T ES 2076367 T3 ES2076367 T3 ES 2076367T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- manganese
- oil compositions
- oil
- substituent groups
- groups
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract 6
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- -1 amine compound Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-K dioxido-sulfanylidene-sulfido-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([S-])=S NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000002697 manganese compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
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- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M129/26—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof
- C10M129/28—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M129/38—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms
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- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/86—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M129/92—Carboxylic acids
- C10M129/93—Carboxylic acids having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C10M129/95—Esters
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- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
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- C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
- C10M135/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
- C10M135/10—Sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof
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- C10M135/20—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides
- C10M135/28—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides containing sulfur atoms bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C10M135/30—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides containing sulfur atoms bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof
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- C10M137/04—Phosphate esters
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- C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/26—Amines
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- C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
- C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2219/087—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfurised phenols
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
- C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2219/087—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfurised phenols
- C10M2219/088—Neutral salts
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- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
- C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2219/087—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfurised phenols
- C10M2219/089—Overbased salts
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- C10M2221/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2221/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/042—Metal salts thereof
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- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
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- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
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- C10N2010/02—Groups 1 or 11
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- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
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- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/08—Groups 4 or 14
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/14—Group 7
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/16—Groups 8, 9, or 10
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/251—Alcohol-fuelled engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
- C10N2040/253—Small diesel engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
- C10N2040/28—Rotary engines
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Cephalosporin Compounds (AREA)
- Steroid Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
SE DESCRIBE UNA COMPOSICION DE ACEITE LUBRICANTE UTIL EN MOTORES DE COMBUSTION INTERNA Y QUE EXHIBE UNA OXIDACION Y COMPORTAMIENTO DE DESGASTE MEJORADOS. MAS PARTICULARMENTE, SE DESCRIBEN COMPOSICIONES DE ACEITE LUBRICANTE QUE COMPRENDEN (A) UNA MAYOR CANTIDAD DE ACEITE DE VISCOSIDAD LUBRICANTE; (B) DE ALREDEDOR DE AL MENOS UN 1,0 % DE PESO, UNA COMPOSICION DE DERIVADO CARBOXYLICO PRODUCIDO AL REACCIONAR (B-1) UN AGENTE SUBSTITUIDO DE ACILATICO SUCINICO CON, (B-2) AL MENOS UN COMPUESTO DE AMINA, CARACTERIZADO POR LA PRESENCIA EN EL INTERIOR DE SU ESTRUCTURA DE , UN GRUPO HN<, DONDE DICHOS AGENTES SUBSTITUIDOS DE ACILATO SUCINICO, CONSISTEN EN GRUPOS SUBSTITUYENTES Y GRUPOS SUCINICOS, DONDE LOS GRUPOS SUBSTITUYENTES SON DERIVADOS DE POLIALCAKENO, SIENDO CARACTERIZADO DICHO POLIALKENO POR UN VALOR MN DE 1300 A ALREDEDOR DE 5000 Y UN VALOR MW/MN DE ALREDEDOR DE 1.5 A ALREDEDOR DE 4.5, ESTANDO DICHOS AGENTES ACICLICOS CARACTERIZADOS POR LA PRESENCIA EN EL INTERIOR DE SU ESTRUCTURA, DE UN PROMEDIO DE, AL MENOS 1.3 GRUPOS SUCINICOS PARA CADA PESO EQUIVALENTE DE AGENTES SUBSTITUYENTES; Y (C) UN COMPUESTO AL MENOS DE, MANGANESO, EN UNA CANTIDAD SUFICIENTE, PARA PROVEER DE 1 A ALREDEDOR DE 500 PPM DE MANGANESO COMO METAL, PREVIENDO QUE EL COMPUESTO DE MANGANESO NO ES UN DIHYDROCARBYL PHOSPHORODITHIVATE DE MANGANESO NO NEUTRO. LOS COMPUESTOS DE ACEITE PUEDEN CONTENER TAMBIEN OTROS ADITIVOS DESEABLES INCLUYENDO (D) POR LO MENOS UN DIHYDROCARBYL PHOSPHORODIRHROATE DE METAL; (E) CANTIDADES APRECIABLES DE DETERGENTE DE POR LO MENOS UN METAL ALKALINO BASICO O NEUTRO DE UN ACIDO SULFONICO O CARBOXILICO; Y/O (F) INCLUSO SE DEFINE UN DERIVADO DE ESTER CARBOXILICO POR LO MENOS. EN LA INCORPORACION LOS COMPUESTOS DE ACEITE DE ESTA INVENCION, CONTIENEN LOS ADITIVOS ARRIBA INDICADOS Y OTROS ADITIVOS DESCRITOS EN LAS ESPECIFICACIONES EN UNA CANTIDAD SUFICIENTE PARA PERMITIR AL ACEITE CUMPLIR TODOS LOS REQUERIMIENTOS DEL SERVICIO DE CLASIFICACION API IDENTIFICADO COMO "SG".
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US35959389A | 1989-06-01 | 1989-06-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2076367T3 true ES2076367T3 (es) | 1995-11-01 |
Family
ID=23414490
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES90908812T Expired - Lifetime ES2076367T3 (es) | 1989-06-01 | 1990-05-17 | Composiciones y concentrados de aceite lubricante. |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0433409B1 (es) |
JP (1) | JPH04500234A (es) |
CN (1) | CN1024563C (es) |
AT (1) | ATE124443T1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU636354B2 (es) |
BR (1) | BR9006788A (es) |
CA (1) | CA2017819A1 (es) |
DE (1) | DE69020516T2 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2076367T3 (es) |
FI (1) | FI910472A0 (es) |
HK (1) | HK12896A (es) |
IL (1) | IL94555A0 (es) |
WO (1) | WO1990015124A1 (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA904214B (es) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5232616A (en) * | 1990-08-21 | 1993-08-03 | Chevron Research And Technology Company | Lubricating compositions |
US6235688B1 (en) | 1996-05-14 | 2001-05-22 | Chevron Chemical Company Llc | Detergent containing lithium metal having improved dispersancy and deposit control |
US7341447B2 (en) * | 2002-12-06 | 2008-03-11 | Afton Chemical Intangibles | Delivering manganese from a lubricant source into a fuel combustion system |
JP2010285475A (ja) * | 2009-06-09 | 2010-12-24 | Yushiro Chem Ind Co Ltd | 潤滑油組成物 |
JP5875612B2 (ja) * | 2013-02-28 | 2016-03-02 | ミネベア株式会社 | 樹脂潤滑用グリース組成物を塗布した樹脂歯車装置 |
CN107312031B (zh) * | 2017-06-22 | 2020-03-10 | 新乡市瑞丰新材料股份有限公司 | 一种二异辛基二硫代磷酸锌盐的制备方法 |
SG11202011571UA (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2020-12-30 | Chevron Usa Inc | Method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition in direct injected spark-ignited engines with manganese-containing lubricant |
GB2585388B (en) * | 2019-07-08 | 2023-11-15 | Cataclean Global Ltd | Composition for cleaning combustion engine systems |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4234435A (en) * | 1979-02-23 | 1980-11-18 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Novel carboxylic acid acylating agents, derivatives thereof, concentrate and lubricant compositions containing the same, and processes for their preparation |
FR2469449A1 (fr) * | 1979-11-07 | 1981-05-22 | Lubrizol Corp | Additifs de lubrification comprenant un alkylphenol sulfure et un agent dispersant de haut poids moleculaire |
CA1284145C (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1991-05-14 | David E. Ripple | Diesel lubricants and methods |
CA1290314C (en) * | 1986-01-21 | 1991-10-08 | David E. Ripple | Lubricant composition containing transition metals for viscosity control |
-
1990
- 1990-05-17 JP JP2508523A patent/JPH04500234A/ja active Pending
- 1990-05-17 BR BR909006788A patent/BR9006788A/pt unknown
- 1990-05-17 WO PCT/US1990/002815 patent/WO1990015124A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1990-05-17 AU AU57465/90A patent/AU636354B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-05-17 ES ES90908812T patent/ES2076367T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-05-17 AT AT90908812T patent/ATE124443T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-05-17 DE DE69020516T patent/DE69020516T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-05-17 EP EP90908812A patent/EP0433409B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-05-29 IL IL94555A patent/IL94555A0/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-05-30 CA CA002017819A patent/CA2017819A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-06-01 ZA ZA904214A patent/ZA904214B/xx unknown
- 1990-06-01 CN CN90104063A patent/CN1024563C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-01-31 FI FI910472A patent/FI910472A0/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1996
- 1996-01-25 HK HK12896A patent/HK12896A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU5746590A (en) | 1991-01-07 |
DE69020516D1 (de) | 1995-08-03 |
EP0433409B1 (en) | 1995-06-28 |
CA2017819A1 (en) | 1990-12-01 |
AU636354B2 (en) | 1993-04-29 |
BR9006788A (pt) | 1991-08-06 |
IL94555A0 (en) | 1991-03-10 |
ZA904214B (en) | 1991-05-29 |
DE69020516T2 (de) | 1995-11-30 |
ATE124443T1 (de) | 1995-07-15 |
CN1049679A (zh) | 1991-03-06 |
WO1990015124A1 (en) | 1990-12-13 |
JPH04500234A (ja) | 1992-01-16 |
CN1024563C (zh) | 1994-05-18 |
EP0433409A1 (en) | 1991-06-26 |
HK12896A (en) | 1996-02-02 |
FI910472A0 (fi) | 1991-01-31 |
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