EP4519477A1 - Cordon flexible destinée à l'alimentation d'une torche de projection thermique et dispositf de projection thermique - Google Patents
Cordon flexible destinée à l'alimentation d'une torche de projection thermique et dispositf de projection thermiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4519477A1 EP4519477A1 EP23724778.8A EP23724778A EP4519477A1 EP 4519477 A1 EP4519477 A1 EP 4519477A1 EP 23724778 A EP23724778 A EP 23724778A EP 4519477 A1 EP4519477 A1 EP 4519477A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sheath
- cord
- particles
- less
- inorganic particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/123—Spraying molten metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
- B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
- B05B7/20—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion
- B05B7/201—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion downstream of the nozzle
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/10—Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides or silicides; Mixtures thereof
- C23C4/11—Oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/131—Wire arc spraying
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
Definitions
- the invention relates to a flexible cord intended for supplying a thermal spray torch, in order to produce a coating. It also relates to a method of manufacturing said cord and a thermal projection device using said cord.
- the thermal projection technique consists of using a source of thermal and kinetic energy to melt a set of inorganic particles, in the initial form of wire or powder, and projecting the particles at least partially melted onto a substrate. On impact, the at least partially melted particles spread out and cool on the substrate. They can thus adhere effectively to each other and to the substrate when they cool, and form a coating.
- the “enthalpy of combustion” class includes the “detonation gun” “flame-powder” technologies (generating particle speeds ⁇ 80 m/s and can only be powered by powders), “flame-wire” (generating particle speeds > 150 m/s and can be powered using a media chosen from a wire, a cord or a rod) and finally “high speed flame” (generating particle speeds > 500 m/s).
- “high velocity flame” technologies we distinguish “D-Gun detonation”, “HVOF” (High velocity Oxy-Fuel)”, “HVSFS” (High Velocity Suspension Flame Spray) and “HVAF” (High Velocity) technologies.
- Air Fuel which can be supplied by powders, suspensions (case of HVSFS), or even wires.
- the “electric discharge” class includes “electric arc” and “plasma” technologies, the latter category including so-called “atmospheric” processes, or APS (Atmospheric Plasma Spray), processes in controlled atmospheres and temperatures, for example “VPS/LPPS » (Vacuum or Low Pressure Plasma Spray), “VLPPS/PS-PVD” (Very low pressure plasma spray and Plasma Spray enhanced Physical Vapor Deposition), “SPS” (Suspension Plasma Spray), “SPPS” (Solution Precursor Plasma Spray) , “Induction Plasma”, and “WSP” (Water Stabilized Plasma). These systems make it possible to propel the particles at speeds ranging from 150 m/s to 500 m/s depending on the variants and process parameters used.
- plasma systems can be used with dry powders whose particle size is such that the median size D50 is greater than 10 micrometers typically, or liquids (chemical precursors such as salts, or suspensions comprising inorganic particles whose median size D50 is less than 10 micrometers).
- the “momentum density” class includes “Cold Spray” technologies, which includes “low pressure”, “high pressure” and “recycled helium” technologies.
- the invention is particularly interested in the assembly comprising:
- torch a torch or a gun used in these technologies.
- WFS flame-wire type flame gun
- plasma torch system or finally, a “High Speed Flame” projection device such as defined above.
- a recent development in these technologies consists of supplying these devices with suspensions or liquid precursor solutions (the suspensions being made up of a solvent and fine inorganic particles, having a median size D50 of less than 5 micrometers typically).
- JP2016156058A describes a power media made of a composite wire.
- the coating is a dense electrolytic film for the production of fuel cells.
- Such a wire can be difficult to manufacture and does not allow the production of ceramic coatings (oxides for example) with good control of the size of the projected particles.
- this media comprises fine particles embedded in a matrix. Tests have shown that the large quantity of matrix leads, during projection, to detrimental enthalpy variations.
- US 4,593,856 also describes a power media in the form of a wire.
- the fusion of the wire may be incomplete, which affects the quality of the coating.
- Cords comprising a core coated with a sheath are known to power brazing torches to deposit thick layers (“overlay” or “hardfacing” in English) metallurgically bonded on a metal support. They are not suitable for the manufacture of coatings by thermal spraying, which coatings can be deposited without resorting to a brazing step, and can be made of ceramics and deposited on any type of support. These beads intended for brazing are made up of inorganic particles larger than 10 micrometers.
- FR 1 443 142 finally describes a cord which has a core covered with a sheath.
- the set of inorganic particles has a median size D50 incompatible with obtaining a very homogeneous or finely structured coating.
- the present invention aims to at least partially satisfy this need.
- the matrix comprising a polymer binder and optionally a matrix lubricant, for example glycerin, together representing more than 90% of the volume of the matrix, the 100% complement being able to consist of 'impurities;
- the sheath having a thickness of between 50 micrometers and 500 micrometers and comprising a sheath polymer and preferably a sheath lubricant, identical to or different from the optional matrix lubricant, together representing more than 90% of the volume of the sheath, the complement 100% preferably consisting of impurities and a possible coloring pigment, the volume percentages being determined without taking into account the possible presence of residues of a solvent.
- a cord according to the invention allows continuous and reliable power supply to the torch, while leading to a high quality coating, with several advantages compared to the use of particle suspensions. fine:
- a feed media in the form of a cord advantageously contains much less solvent than a suspension.
- the ash content of the matrix and sheath assembly of said cord is less than 5%, preferably less than 3%, as a mass percentage based on the dry mass of said cord;
- the median size D50 of the set of inorganic particles is less than 5 micrometers, preferably less than 4 micrometers, preferably less than 3 micrometers, preferably less than 1 micrometer, in particular to constitute a columnar structure;
- the viscosity of the polymer binder of the core and/or of the sheath polymer and/or of the material constituting the core and/or of the material constituting the sheath is/are between 30 and 300 mPa.s, or between 30 and 300 centipoises at 20°C, said viscosity being measured, with a Hôppler viscometer, on a mixture comprising 2% by mass of a dry powder of the polymer binder of the core and/or of the sheath polymer and/or of the material constituting the core and/or material constituting the sheath, respectively, in demineralized water;
- the sheath and/or the matrix is/are made of a cellulose derivative, that is to say a constituent comprising cellulose molecules, preferably methylhydroxyethylcellulose, a cellulose derivative having a viscosity and a low rate of associated ashes particularly well suited to thermal projection;
- - inorganic particles are:
- - particles made of a refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy, preferably having a melting point greater than 2500 K;
- - particles of a special metal preferably chosen from metallic amorphous, quasi-crystals or approximants, and more generally non-drawable metallic alloys;
- - preferably particles made of a fragile material, preferably of a fragile metal or of a fragile metal alloy;
- the inorganic particles are chosen from particles made of a ceramic, particles made of an intermetallic alloy, particles made of a metallic amorphous, and particles made of a quasi-crystal or an approximating phase;
- the thickness of the sheath is greater than 100 micrometers, preferably greater than 150 micrometers, preferably less than 400 micrometers;
- the thickness of the sheath is between 200 and 400 micrometers
- the thickness of the sheath is between 100 and 250 micrometers
- the ash content of said cord is less than 2.5%, preferably less than 2%, preferably less than 1%, preferably less than 0.7%, preferably less than 0.5% in mass percentage on the base of the dry mass of said cord;
- the polymer binder preferably a cellulose derivative, more preferably a methylhydroxyethylcellulose, represents more than 5%, preferably more than 10% and/or less than 25%, preferably less than 20%, or even less than 15% in volume percentage, based on the volume of the core of the cord, without taking into account any solvent residues;
- the matrix preferably represents more than 25%, preferably more than 30%, preferably more than 40%, or even more than 45%, and/or preferably less than 70%, preferably less than 60%, preferably less than 55%, preferably less than 50%, in volume percentage based on the volume of the core of the cord, without taking into account any solvent residues;
- the matrix comprises a matrix lubricant, the content of said matrix lubricant being greater than 5%, greater than 10% and/or less than 25%, or less than 20%, in percentage by volume on the base of the core volume of the bead, without taking into account any solvent residue;
- the matrix lubricant is chosen from polyols, glycerides, in particular glycerol and its derivatives, stearates, amino alcohols, preferably from glycerin and triethanolamine, more preferably glycerin;
- the residual solvent content, preferably water, in the core is less than 5%, in mass percentage based on the dry mass of the core of the bead;
- the sheath polymer and the optional sheath lubricant together represent more than 95%, preferably more than 97%, preferably more than 99%, preferably substantially 100%, in volume percentage based on the volume of the sheath, without taking into account possible solvent residues;
- the sheath contains a sheath lubricant, identical to or different from the optional die lubricant, the content of which is greater than 10%, preferably greater than 20%, preferably greater than 30%, and/or preferably less than 50% , preferably less than 40%, in volume percentage based on the volume of the sheath, without taking into account any solvent residues;
- the content of the sheath polymer is greater than 45%, preferably greater than 55%, preferably greater than 60%, and/or preferably less than 80%, preferably less than 75%, preferably less than 70% , in percentage by volume based on the volume of the sheath, without taking into account any solvent residues;
- the polymer binder and the sheath polymer contain an identical polymer, preferably only contain, as polymer(s), identical polymers, preferably in the same proportions;
- the impurities of the matrix and/or the sheath consist, for more than 90%, of preferably more than 95%, preferably substantially 100% of organic impurities and/or containing the hydrogen element H, and/or metallic impurities;
- the sheath contains a coloring pigment, which can be any conventionally used dye, which represents less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5%, preferably less than 0.4%, preferably less than 0.1%, or even less than 0.05% of the volume of the sheath;
- the solvent for the sheath is preferably water or a denatured alcohol, preferably water;
- the residual solvent content, preferably water, in the sheath is less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, in mass percentage based on the mass of the cord sheath;
- the sheath is made up, for more than 99%, preferably substantially 100%, of an organic material, in volume percentage;
- the cord is wound on itself, in the form of a roll or a reel, preferably wound on a mandrel with a diameter greater than 50 mm, preferably greater than 100 mm, preferably greater than 150 mm, or even greater than 200 mm, and/or less than
- a cord according to the invention does not include a fluxing agent chosen from fluorspar or calcium fluoride, cryolite which is an alumina and sodium fluoride, and borates.
- a fluxing agent chosen from fluorspar or calcium fluoride, cryolite which is an alumina and sodium fluoride, and borates.
- a torch comprising a plasma or flame generator and an injection device
- the injection device is preferably arranged so as to inject the bead along an injection axis extending in a radial plane, that is to say passing through the axis , and forming with a plane P transverse to the axis being preferably substantially parallel to the axis
- the torch is preferably axially fed.
- An angle 9 close to 90° advantageously promotes homogeneous combustion of the sheath and the matrix, and therefore uniform dispersion of the inorganic particles released in the plasma flow or the flame at high speed. This ensures a centered and optimal trajectory of the particles in the torch nozzle, and reduces the risk of clogging of the nozzle, and therefore the risk of process malfunctions and defects in the coating.
- the injection is carried out upstream of the flow nozzle of the flow, or “jet”, of plasma or the flame in the case of a flame torch.
- the cord is led to the combustion chamber.
- the cord is driven to the confluence zone of the elementary plasma flows coming from the cathodes, upstream of the flow nozzle of the plasma jet resulting from the fusion of these elementary plasma flows.
- a cord according to the invention has sufficient flexibility to be wound and unwound while being sufficiently rigid to allow axial injection, preferably using a conventional drive device located at the rear ( upstream) of the torch.
- the injection device preferably opens inside the torch.
- the torch may in particular be a multi-cathode plasma torch with axial injection or a high speed flame torch of the HVOF or HVAF type or a conventional flame-wire type torch, or of the HVOF-Wire or HVAF-Fil type.
- the invention also relates to a method for coating a surface of a substrate with a coating, method in which a bead according to the invention is injected into a plasma flow or into a flame of a torch so as to project, onto said surface, inorganic particles of the bead at least partly melted in the plasma flow or the flame.
- the invention finally relates to a thermal projection method by means of a thermal projection device according to the invention, process in which the torch is fed with a cord according to the invention so as to create a coating on the surface of a substrate.
- the substrate is preferably a substrate made of a metal, of a ceramic, of a cermet, of a polymer, of an organic material or of a composite material, in particular with a ceramic matrix.
- Another advantage of the present invention is the possibility of producing, by thermal spraying, hybrid coatings, that is to say coatings comprising different materials, from a bead comprising particles of different physicochemical natures.
- the manufacture of a hybrid coating can be carried out using known thermal spraying techniques.
- the invention allows in particular combinations of different materials which it would be difficult to combine by other processes, because of their different density or sizes. This is particularly a major problem for the thermal spraying of suspensions or dry powders to be co-injected in thermal spraying.
- Figure 2 schematically illustrates the section of a cord according to the invention
- the “equivalent outside diameter” of a bead is the diameter of a disk with the same area as its cross section at mid-length of the bead.
- percentiles 10 (noted Dio), 50 (noted D50) and 90 (noted D90) of a set of particles, the particle sizes corresponding to percentages equal respectively to 10%, 50% and 90%, in number , on the cumulative particle size distribution curve of the particle sizes of the set of particles, said particle sizes being classified in increasing order.
- 10% by number of particles in the set of particles thus have a size less than Dio and 90% of the particles, by number, have a size greater than or equal to Dio.
- the particle size curve can be produced using a laser particle size analyzer.
- the SYSMEX FPIA 3000 device advantageously makes it possible to obtain such curves.
- the median size therefore divides the particles of the set of particles, into first and second populations equal in number, these first and second populations comprising only particles having a size greater than or equal to, or less than, respectively, the median size.
- the percentiles relating to the sizes of the inorganic particles of a cord are those measured on the powder of inorganic particles used to make this cord. They can be estimated from the cord by debinding the cord by calcination in order to eliminate the organic constituents and recover said inorganic particles. If the inorganic particles are oxidizable and likely to be damaged by the debinding temperature, the debinding is preferably carried out under a neutral atmosphere, for example under Argon. The size distribution of the inorganic particles extracted by debinding can then be measured in volume, for example by laser particle size analysis. The volume distribution of particles can be easily calculated in relation to the volume of the cord, the core or the sheath whose dimensions can be measured for example using a micrometer or a caliper before and after removing the cord sheath.
- the measurement of a percentage based on the “dry mass” of the cord can be carried out on a sample of 100 g of the cord, after drying at 110°C for one hour.
- the volume of the cord, core or sheath is that delimited by the exterior surface of the cord, core or sheath.
- the volume content of lubricant can be evaluated from the quantity of lubricant introduced into the starting charge during manufacturing.
- the lubricant can be liquid or solid (Graphite, BN, etc.).
- a pigment is a powder which results, during the manufacture of the cord, in a coloring.
- a coloring pigment typically has the form of a powder having a median particle size of less than 1 micrometer.
- a coloring pigment can in particular be an “oxide pigment”, that is to say made up of oxides.
- inorganic particles we mean particles made of a non-organic material, that is to say not comprising carbo-hydrogen chains as one of its main components.
- This family of materials includes metals, glasses and ceramics and composites made of metal, glass or ceramics.
- the inorganic particles do not include carbo-hydrogenated chains.
- Ceramic is a material that is neither metallic nor organic, for example chosen from Oxides, Nitrides, Carbides and Borides. Ceramic materials include in particular glasses, cermets and glass ceramics. In the context of the present invention, diamond, graphite, graphene and carbides of metals or metalloids are considered ceramic materials.
- ceramic is meant a material comprising at least two phases, at least one phase being ceramic and at least one other phase being metallic.
- fragment we qualify a material whose range of plastic deformation under load before rupture represents less than 5%, preferably less than 1% of the range of elastic deformation, preferably is substantially zero.
- the width of the stress range leading to plastic deformation without rupture represents less than 5%, preferably less than 1% of the width of the stress range leading to elastic deformation.
- impurities the constituents of the cord whose presence is not desired, that is to say the constituents other than the inorganic particles, the polymer binder, the sheath polymer and the optional lubricant(s).
- Solvent residues are not considered impurities.
- the impurities may include impurities present in the raw material sources, but also residues of additives used during the manufacture of the cord, for example plasticizer residues.
- the “ash rate” of the bead corresponds to the residue left by the combustion of the sheath and core matrix of the bead.
- the temperature of 450°C allows decomposition of all organic constituents and the temperature of 950°C allows vaporization of residues which are likely to disrupt the fusion of inorganic particles.
- the calcination must therefore be sufficient to extract substantially all the organic constituents of the cord. It is preferably carried out for a sufficient duration so that said extraction is substantially complete. The duration of the calcination is therefore adapted to the dimensions of the sample of the bead analyzed.
- the “volume rate of mineral material” is measured by dividing the volume of mineral material by the volume of the core of the cord. According to techniques well known to those skilled in the art, the core volume of the cord can be measured geometrically. The volume of mineral material is determined according to the Archimedes method, by weighing the mineral material extracted from the core of the cord after debinding.
- a percentage is determined “excluding solvent” when the basis for calculating this percentage does not take into account any solvent present.
- the solvent is preferably water, and the volume percentages, in particular of inorganic particles, of polymer binder, of matrix lubricant, of sheath polymer or of sheath lubricant, are then measured by dividing the volume of the constituent considered by the volume of a dry base, that is to say without taking into account any water.
- the basis can be in particular
- upstream and downstream are used with reference to the direction of flow, along a “flow axis” of the flow of plasma gas or flame gases.
- a “transverse plane” is a plane perpendicular to the X axis.
- a “radial plane” is a plane containing the X axis.
- polymer binder of the core of the cord and the “sheath polymer” of the sheath for clarity purposes.
- the polymer binder and the sheath polymer may be the same or different.
- binders may be identical or different.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a thermal projection device 10 according to the invention, comprising a torch 12 and a cord 15 according to the invention supplying said torch with inorganic particles.
- the torch may in particular be a multi-cathode type torch allowing axial injection, a flame torch, preferably high velocity or high speed air-oxygen (or HVOF) or air-gas (or HVAF) type, or a conventional flame-wire type torch, or HVOF-Fil or HVAF-Fil type.
- a flame torch preferably high velocity or high speed air-oxygen (or HVOF) or air-gas (or HVAF) type
- HVAF air-gas
- the torch 12 conventionally comprises one or more plasma or combustion gas generators 13 in the case of a flame torch, and an injection device 14 for injecting, through an injection orifice 4 and along an axis d injection I, the cord 15 in the flow 16 of plasma or the flame produced in the chamber 17, upstream of the spray nozzle or flow nozzle 21 of the torch.
- the projection of the injection axis I forms, with the axis preferably greater than 60°, greater than 70°, greater than 80°, preferably greater than 85°.
- the X axis is contained in said radial plane, preferably perfectly coincident with the X axis.
- Cord Figure 2 schematically illustrates the section of a cord 15 according to the invention. We distinguish in particular the heart 18 and the sheath 20, surrounding the heart.
- the cord preferably has a constant section over the entire length of the cord. It preferably has a circular section, and preferably has an equivalent external diameter greater than 1.5 mm, preferably greater than 2 mm, and/or less than 3.3 mm, preferably less than 3.2 mm, a equivalent outer diameter of 3 mm being preferred.
- the cord is preferably wound on a mandrel, preferably packaged in the form of a reel that is easily handled and unrolled for supplying the projection device.
- the cord does not include salts or metal hydroxides, for example does not include aluminum hydroxide (boehmite), forming a gel during the preparation of the paste, nor ammonium acetate.
- aluminum hydroxide aluminum hydroxide
- the formation of an inorganic gel leads to an agglomeration of inorganic particles during projection, which does not allow all the individual fine particles to be released. , and therefore harms the obtaining of finely structured layers.
- These constituents also lead to less flexibility for cords whose inorganic particles have a median size of less than 10 micrometers.
- the core contains a set of inorganic particles 22 intended to be melted in the form of droplets in the plasma flow or flame, then projected onto a substrate, in order to form a coating on the substrate.
- the inorganic particles preferably represent more than 40%, preferably more than 50%, preferably more than 55%, and/or less than 80%, preferably less than 75%, preferably less than 70%, preferably less 65% of the volume of the core of the cord.
- a volume content of inorganic particles less than 40% increases the energy consumption necessary, during projection, to decompose the organic components of the matrix binder and sheath.
- a volume content of inorganic particles greater than 80% is unfavorable to the flexibility of the cord.
- the median size of all the inorganic particles is preferably between 1 to 5 micrometers to obtain a dense coating intended for mechanical and/or chemical protection.
- percentile 10 (D10) of the set of inorganic particles is preferably greater than 50 nm, preferably greater than 100 nm, preferably greater than 150 nm, and the percentile 90 (D90) of the set of inorganic particles is preferably less than 1000 nm, preferably less than 900 nm, preferably less than 850 nm.
- the inorganic particles are made of a material consisting, for more than 80%, preferably more than 90%, preferably more than 95%, or even substantially 100% by mass, of one or more of the following oxides, alone or in solid solution: AI2O3, SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Cr 2 O3, and TiO 2 .
- the inorganic particles can be made of a non-oxide material, in particular chosen from:
- - metal oxides preferably being made of alumina, zirconia, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, yttrium oxide, or a combination of several of these oxides, for example mullite or spinel, and/ Or
- carbides possibly being for example carbides of chromium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, zirconium, said carbides being associated with a metallic phase, and/or
- YAG meaning “Yttrium-Aluminium Gamet”, allowing the thermal projection of a SiC-based compound, and/or
- cermets such as nitrides, borides and carbo-nitrides, possibly associated with a metallic phase in the form of cermets, and/or
- refractory metals or refractory metal alloys preferably having a melting temperature greater than 2500 K, and/or
- Special metallic alloys are classically intermetallic alloys, and in particular alloys with fragile mechanical fracture such as metallic amorphs or metallic glasses, quasi-crystals or approximants (i.e. the approximant phases of quasi-crystals), as described for example in https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/quasi-cristaux/4-phases-approximantes-et-defauts/.
- the inorganic particles are chosen from ceramic particles, intermetallic alloy particles, metallic amorphous particles and particles of quasicrystals or approximant phases.
- Inorganic carbide particles are particularly well suited to HVOF technology.
- the inorganic particles are embedded, preferably dispersed in a substantially uniform manner, in a matrix 24 binding said inorganic particles.
- the matrix is substantially made of an organic material, so as to be reduced to ash during projection.
- the volume content of plasticizer may be greater than 1%, preferably greater than 4% and/or less than 10%, preferably less than 8%, in volume percentage based on the volume of the core or matrix, excluding solvent.
- the plasticizer can be any known plasticizer, for example a phthalate, in particular BBP (ButylBenzylPhthalate), or polyvinyl alcohol (or “PVA” for short according to the expression in English).
- the 100% complement of the polymer binder in the matrix comprises, preferably consists, excluding impurities and solvent residues, of a lubricant, preferably glycerin.
- the lubricant can in particular constitute 10% to 20% of the volume of the heart.
- the sheath 20 contributes to the flexibility of the cord by reinforcing its ability to undergo bending without degradation. In particular, it allows the cord to be wound without visible damage, in particular without cracking or separation of its components.
- the sheath also contributes to the tenacity of the bead, necessary due to the small equivalent external diameter of the bead, and provides a surface condition favoring sliding, which facilitates advancement of the bead through the injection orifice of the torch and limits the wear caused on the parts of the torch with which the cord is in contact, and in particular the injection orifice.
- the sheath surrounds the heart along the entire length of the cord. It preferably has a constant thickness in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the length of the cord, preferably in any plane perpendicular to the direction of the length of the cord.
- the ratio of the thickness of the sheath, in micrometers, to the equivalent external diameter of the cord, in micrometers is greater than 0.03 and less than 0.6, preferably greater than 0.05, or even greater at 0.1 and/or less than 0.5, even less than 0.3, or even less than 0.2.
- a ratio of between 0.05 and 0.5 is particularly suitable when the set of inorganic particles has a median size of less than 5 micrometers.
- the main constituent of the sheath is a polymer of the same family, or even of the same chemical composition, or even of the same crude formula, as the polymer binder of the core matrix of the cord.
- the monomer crosslinked to form the sheath polymer is preferably the same as that of the polymer binder.
- the sheath polymer preferably represents between 55% and 75%, preferably approximately 65%, of the volume of the sheath, excluding solvent.
- the sheath comprises a lubricant, called “sheath lubricant”, preferably glycerin, in a content preferably greater than 25%, in percentage by volume based on the sheath, excluding solvent.
- sheath lubricant facilitates co-spinning during its manufacture, limits wear on the parts of the torch on which the cord slides, and, by facilitating sliding, limits the risk of buckling of the cord during its injection into the plasma flow or flame, which contributes to the quality of the coating manufactured.
- the 100% complement of sheath polymer and sheath lubricant preferably consists of organic impurities, particularly resulting from organic additives such as a plasticizer used to shape the cord sheath during its manufacture.
- the compositions of the matrix and the sheath are determined so as to obtain a low ash rate for the cord.
- the ash rate resulting from the presence of the polymer binder, the matrix lubricant, the sheath polymer, the sheath lubricant and the plasticizer used, is preferably less than 2.5%, preferably less than 2%, or even less than 1%, in mass percentage based on the mass of the cord.
- a person skilled in the art knows how to adapt a composition in order to reduce its ash content, possibly by carrying out a few simple tests.
- An ash content greater than 3% implies a high content of organic components and significant pollution of the torch. This results in significant disruptions to the process and a source of defects in the coating obtained by thermal spraying.
- the sheath polymer and/or the polymer binder of the matrix preferably the organic filler consisting of the sheath polymer and the polymer binder of the matrix is/are constituted, for more than 80% , more than 90%, more than 95%, preferably substantially 100% by mass, of a cellulose derivative, in volume percentage based on the sheath or the polymer binder, respectively, excluding solvent.
- a cellulose derivative advantageously allows a very low ash content, typically less than 1%, as a mass percentage based on the mass of the cord.
- the cellulose derivative is chosen from cellulose ethers, preferably from methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), methylethylcellulose (MEC), hydroxymethylcellulose (HMC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), hydroxymethylethylcellulose (HMEC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylethylcellulose (HEPC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and mixtures thereof.
- MC methylcellulose
- EC ethylcellulose
- MEC methylethylcellulose
- HMC hydroxymethylcellulose
- HEC hydroxyethylcellulose
- HEC hydroxyethylcellulose
- MHEC methylhydroxyethylcellulose
- HPMC hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
- HPMC hydroxypropylethylcellulose
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- the cellulose derivative is chosen from hydroxyethylcelluloses, in particular methylhydroxyethylcellulose, because this subfamily of cellulose has rheological properties well suited to the manufacture of a cord of small diameter and of which all the inorganic particles have a median size less than 10 micrometers.
- the alkaline content, in particular Na, in the cellulosic derivative is preferably less than 1%, as a mass percentage based on the mass of said cellulosic derivative. This characteristic advantageously makes it possible to limit the ash content and long-term corrosion of the torches.
- the cellulose derivative has no or few cellulose fibers.
- a process such as described in GB 1 151 091A is particularly suitable.
- the limited amount of liquid phase, and in particular solvent limits the amount of energy consumed and maximizes the energy available to pyrolize the cladding and the matrix and melt the inorganic particles.
- the coating has a thickness of between 10 and 500 micrometers.
- a first dough was manufactured, in accordance with the teaching of GB 1 515 091, from
- the viscosity of methylhydroxyethylcellulose was measured by a Hôppler viscometer at 20°C on the basis of a methylhydroxyethylcellulose powder mixed with demineralized water at a mass loading of 2%.
- a second paste is then prepared to form the sheath.
- the same methylhydroxyethylcellulose as that used for the preparation of the first paste is kneaded, with a quantity of water, glycerin and coloring pigment according to the mass proportions indicated in Table 1 below.
- Co-spinning of the first and second pastes in a press makes it possible to obtain a flexible cord precursor of 3 mm, of approximately circular section, of external diameter of 3 mm and comprising a sheath having a thickness of approximately 350 micrometers.
- Drying the bead precursors results in bead whose residual water content is less than 5%. Residual humidity measurements indicate a value of around 3%.
- the cords are wound on a 70 mm diameter mandrel.
- the outer diameter of the bead and the thickness of the sheath were measured using a Tesa Micromaster® 0-30 mm digital micrometer.
- a sample of at least 0.5 meter of the cord to be tested is wound around a cylindrical bar with a diameter of 25 mm, so as to form contiguous turns, as shown in Figure 3.
- the cord must not break when of this operation;
- a sample of at least 0.5 meter of the cord to be tested is wound around a cylindrical bar with a diameter of 70 mm, so as to form contiguous turns, as shown in Figure 3.
- the sheath of the cord must not not have cracks visible externally, to the naked eye, or internal cracks visible externally, to the naked eye, by a change in color resulting from the semi-transparency of the sheath;
- a sample of at least 0.5 meter of cord is subjected to a training test consisting of rolling, over the sample and at a speed of 1 m/s, a roller of 26 mm in diameter and 2 kg.
- the cord may deform slightly and present a variation in diameter of less than 15%, but it must not have cracks visible externally to the naked eye.
- the ash rate is determined by (mo - mi)/mo, mo and nu being respectively the masses after calcination of a sample of the 3 cm long cord, in an oven at 450°C and 950°C under air, respectively, for a period of 1 hour.
- the ratio R is the ratio of the equivalent outer diameter of the bead, in micrometers, to the median size (D50) of the inorganic particles, in micrometers.
- HVOF type high-velocity flame torch
- the enthalpy variation in a neutral atmosphere is considered particularly advantageous when it is as low as possible, in particular less than or equal, in absolute value, to 1000 kJ/mol of alumina.
- the enthalpy variation in an oxidizing atmosphere is considered particularly advantageous when it is less than + 1000 kJ/mol of alumina.
- Example 1 (comparative) produced according to the teaching of JP2016156058 does not include a sheath.
- Example 3 comparative is carried out according to the teaching of GB 1 151 091, but with finer inorganic particles. Examples 4* and 5* are according to the invention.
- the invention provides a cord which, thanks to its flexibility, can advantageously be introduced, continuously, substantially along the axis of the torch, into the heart of the flame or plasma. Inorganic particles are well dispersed when projected.
- the thermal decomposition properties of the bead in particular its very low enthalpy variation at 2300 K, make it possible to obtain a coating which advantageously has controlled roughness without defects, with limited energy consumption.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Multicomponent Fibers (AREA)
- Harvester Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2204223A FR3135214B1 (fr) | 2022-05-04 | 2022-05-04 | Cordon pour projection thermique |
| PCT/EP2023/061765 WO2023213927A1 (fr) | 2022-05-04 | 2023-05-04 | Cordon flexible destinée à l'alimentation d'une torche de projection thermique et dispositf de projection thermique |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4519477A1 true EP4519477A1 (fr) | 2025-03-12 |
| EP4519477B1 EP4519477B1 (fr) | 2026-04-01 |
Family
ID=83438340
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23724778.8A Active EP4519477B1 (fr) | 2022-05-04 | 2023-05-04 | Cordon flexible destinée à l'alimentation d'une torche de projection thermique et dispositf de projection thermique |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250283204A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4519477B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2025515060A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20250004084A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN119365625A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3251511A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3135214B1 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX2024013476A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023213927A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE677438A (fr) | 1965-03-11 | 1966-08-01 | ||
| FR90379E (fr) | 1965-03-11 | 1968-02-14 | ||
| FR2056072A5 (fr) * | 1969-08-28 | 1971-05-14 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | |
| IT1027310B (it) | 1975-01-17 | 1978-11-20 | Alinari Carlo | Strumento atto ad indicare la durata e la quota delle soste di decompressione nelle immersioni subacquee |
| US4593856A (en) | 1984-04-04 | 1986-06-10 | Browning James A | Method and apparatus for high velocity flame spraying of asymmetrically fed wire rods |
| JPS62284061A (ja) * | 1986-05-31 | 1987-12-09 | Tatsuta Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd | セラミツク溶射線 |
| FR2673871B1 (fr) * | 1991-03-13 | 1995-03-10 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Cordon pour revetement par projection au chalumeau et son utilisation pour deposer sur un substrat une phase quasi cristalline. |
| US6924007B2 (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2005-08-02 | James Browning | HVOF wire spray system |
| EP1911858B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-02 | 2012-07-11 | Sulzer Metco AG | Procédé de fabrication d'un revêtement à structure colonnaire |
| JP2016156058A (ja) | 2015-02-24 | 2016-09-01 | 姫路メタリコン株式会社 | プラズマ溶射装置及びプラズマ溶射方法 |
| JP7331762B2 (ja) * | 2019-04-12 | 2023-08-23 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 溶射材料、その製造方法、及び溶射皮膜の形成方法 |
| CN113292324B (zh) * | 2021-06-18 | 2022-11-18 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | 一种不需要筛分的实心球形at13喷涂喂料的制备方法 |
-
2022
- 2022-05-04 FR FR2204223A patent/FR3135214B1/fr active Active
-
2023
- 2023-05-04 CA CA3251511A patent/CA3251511A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-05-04 KR KR1020247040225A patent/KR20250004084A/ko active Pending
- 2023-05-04 CN CN202380046835.8A patent/CN119365625A/zh active Pending
- 2023-05-04 WO PCT/EP2023/061765 patent/WO2023213927A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-05-04 US US18/862,524 patent/US20250283204A1/en active Pending
- 2023-05-04 EP EP23724778.8A patent/EP4519477B1/fr active Active
- 2023-05-04 JP JP2024564759A patent/JP2025515060A/ja active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-10-31 MX MX2024013476A patent/MX2024013476A/es unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119365625A (zh) | 2025-01-24 |
| WO2023213927A1 (fr) | 2023-11-09 |
| KR20250004084A (ko) | 2025-01-07 |
| JP2025515060A (ja) | 2025-05-13 |
| CA3251511A1 (fr) | 2023-11-09 |
| MX2024013476A (es) | 2025-02-10 |
| US20250283204A1 (en) | 2025-09-11 |
| FR3135214A1 (fr) | 2023-11-10 |
| EP4519477B1 (fr) | 2026-04-01 |
| FR3135214B1 (fr) | 2024-07-12 |
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