EP4453535A1 - Dispositif et procédé optique de détection de particules sensibles à un champ magnétique dans un échantillon - Google Patents
Dispositif et procédé optique de détection de particules sensibles à un champ magnétique dans un échantillonInfo
- Publication number
- EP4453535A1 EP4453535A1 EP22843834.7A EP22843834A EP4453535A1 EP 4453535 A1 EP4453535 A1 EP 4453535A1 EP 22843834 A EP22843834 A EP 22843834A EP 4453535 A1 EP4453535 A1 EP 4453535A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- image
- particles
- magnetic field
- plane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
- G01N15/0205—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means
- G01N15/0227—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means using imaging; using holography
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16N—LUBRICATING
- F16N29/00—Special means in lubricating arrangements or systems providing for the indication or detection of undesired conditions; Use of devices responsive to conditions in lubricating arrangements or systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
- G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
- G01N15/1429—Signal processing
- G01N15/1433—Signal processing using image recognition
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- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
- G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
- G01N15/1434—Optical arrangements
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- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
- G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
- G01N15/1484—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry microstructural devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
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- G03H1/0443—Digital holography, i.e. recording holograms with digital recording means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
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- G03H1/08—Synthesising holograms, i.e. holograms synthesized from objects or objects from holograms
- G03H1/0866—Digital holographic imaging, i.e. synthesizing holobjects from holograms
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- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/40—Extraction of image or video features
- G06V10/50—Extraction of image or video features by performing operations within image blocks; by using histograms, e.g. histogram of oriented gradients [HoG]; by summing image-intensity values; Projection analysis
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- G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
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- G06V20/52—Surveillance or monitoring of activities, e.g. for recognising suspicious objects
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
- B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
- B03C1/025—High gradient magnetic separators
- B03C1/031—Component parts; Auxiliary operations
- B03C1/033—Component parts; Auxiliary operations characterised by the magnetic circuit
- B03C1/0335—Component parts; Auxiliary operations characterised by the magnetic circuit using coils
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
- B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
- B03C1/28—Magnetic plugs and dipsticks
- B03C1/288—Magnetic plugs and dipsticks disposed at the outer circumference of a recipient
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/18—Magnetic separation whereby the particles are suspended in a liquid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/24—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation for measuring or calculating of parameters, e.g. efficiency
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/26—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation for use in medical or biological applications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16N—LUBRICATING
- F16N2200/00—Condition of lubricant
- F16N2200/04—Detecting debris, chips, swarfs
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16N—LUBRICATING
- F16N2250/00—Measuring
- F16N2250/34—Transparency; Light; Photo sensor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N2015/0042—Investigating dispersion of solids
- G01N2015/0053—Investigating dispersion of solids in liquids, e.g. trouble
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
- G01N15/0205—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means
- G01N15/0227—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means using imaging; using holography
- G01N2015/0233—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means using imaging; using holography using holography
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
- G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
- G01N15/1434—Optical arrangements
- G01N2015/1454—Optical arrangements using phase shift or interference, e.g. for improving contrast
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
- G03H2001/0204—Object characteristics
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
- G03H1/0443—Digital holography, i.e. recording holograms with digital recording means
- G03H2001/0447—In-line recording arrangement
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
- G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique
- G03H1/2645—Multiplexing processes, e.g. aperture, shift, or wavefront multiplexing
- G03H2001/2655—Time multiplexing, i.e. consecutive records wherein the period between records is pertinent per se
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- G03H2210/62—Moving object
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- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H2210/00—Object characteristics
- G03H2210/63—Environment affecting the recording, e.g. underwater
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention relates to the analysis of an industrial fluid, for example a lubricating fluid.
- Certain industrial fluids are analyzed in order to assess the state of aging of machines in contact with said fluids. This is to control the presence of particles in the fluids, in particular metallic particles. The amount of particles in the fluids is an indicator of aging of the fluid or of the machine itself. This type of analysis is commonly referred to as “Oil Condition Monitoring”. It is generally practiced on industrial oils, having a lubricating function.
- Certain types of particles are more informative than others, as far as aging is concerned. These include metal particles, which result from the degradation of the metal parts of the machine, for example sprockets, gears, moving parts or parts subject to friction.
- the inventors have developed a method making it possible to carry out a more selective detection of the particles present in an industrial fluid, by aiming in particular at the metal particles.
- Document WO2019/202132 describes a device allowing identification of magnetic particles deflected by a magnetic field.
- the document EP3584560 makes it possible to form an image allowing a clear observation of particles extending to different distances an image sensor, the latter being configured to form a holographic image of the sample.
- a first object of the invention is a method for analyzing a sample, the sample comprising a fluid and particles immersed in the fluid, certain particles being capable of being metallic particles, sensitive to a magnetic field, the method comprising: a) placing the sample between a light source and an image sensor, the image sensor being configured to acquire a holographic image of the sample; b) illumination of the sample by the light source and acquisition, at an initial acquisition instant, of an initial image of the sample by the image sensor; c) following step b), exposure of the sample to a magnetic field, and, during the exposure, acquisition, by the image sensor, of a series of images of the illuminated sample, at different times of acquisition; d) from each image acquired during steps b) and c), application of a holographic reconstruction algorithm to obtain a reconstructed image in a reconstruction plane extending through the sample, each reconstructed image being associated with a moment of acquisition; e) from each reconstructed image associated with the same instant of acquisition, formation of an observation image, the observation image allowing observation
- - step d) comprises, for each acquired image, obtaining a stack of reconstructed images, respectively in reconstruction planes parallel to each other and spaced from each other, the reconstruction planes extending to through the sample, each reconstructed image being defined according to pixels;
- - step e) comprises, for each image acquired, a combination of the reconstructed images of the stack of images obtained during step d), so as to form the observation image, the value of each pixel of the observation image being the minimum value obtained, for said pixel, among each image of the stack of images, each observation image being associated with an acquisition instant;
- step f) the detection of the mobile particles is carried out from observation images at the different acquisition instants.
- step f) comprises:
- Step g) can comprise a classification of the mobile particles according to their size.
- Step g) may include, from the observation image at the initial instant, and the location of the mobile particles in the sample:
- no magnification optics extend between the sample and the image sensor.
- an optical system extends between the sample and the image sensor, the optical system defining an object plane and an image plane, the method being such that:
- the image sensor defines a detection plane, the detection plane being offset with respect to the image plane;
- the sample defines a sample plane, the sample plane being offset with respect to the object plane.
- each image is acquired according to a defocused configuration.
- a second object of the invention is a device for detecting particles sensitive to a magnetic field present in a sample, the device comprising:
- the device being characterized in that it also comprises:
- a magnetic field generator configured to form a magnetic field through the sample, when the sample is placed on the support;
- processing unit programmed to implement steps c) to f) of a method according to the first object of the invention from images acquired by the image sensor.
- no magnification optics extend between the image sensor and the sample.
- an optical system extends between the sample and the image sensor, the optical system defining an object plane and an image plane, the method being such that:
- the image sensor defines a detection plane, the detection plane being offset with respect to the image plane;
- the sample defines a sample plane, the sample plane being offset with respect to the object plane.
- FIG. 1A represents an example of a device allowing an implementation of the invention.
- Figure IB is a detail of a magnetic field generating means.
- Figure IC schematizes the main components of the device shown in Figure IA.
- Figure 1D is an example of a fluidic chamber that can be used in the device shown in Figure IA.
- FIG. 2 shows the main steps of a method allowing detection of particles sensitive to a magnetic field present in a sample.
- Figure 3 is a representation of the field lines formed by the magnetic field generated by the device shown in Figure 1A.
- Figures 4A and 4B are first and last images acquired from a sample.
- Figure 5A is another acquired image of the sample.
- Figure 5B is a detail of Figure 5A.
- Fig. 6A is an observation image obtained from Fig. 5A.
- Figure 6B is a detail of Figure 6A.
- FIG. 7 is an image resulting from a particle tracking algorithm.
- Fig. 8 is a histogram showing a distribution of the equivalent particle diameter.
- FIG. 9 shows another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 10A schematizes the movement of particles sensitive to the magnetic field.
- FIGS 10B through 10D diagram configurations in which fluid moves through the fluid chamber.
- Figure 11 shows an embodiment of the device.
- FIGS. 1A to 1D show an example of device 1 enabling the invention to be implemented.
- a light source 10 is configured to emit a light wave 12, called an incident light wave, propagating in the direction of a sample 20, parallel to a propagation axis Z.
- the light wave 12 is emitted according to a spectral band of illumination AA.
- Sample 20 is a sample which it is desired to characterize. It comprises a liquid, for example a liquid having a function of lubricating industrial equipment.
- the sample comprises particles 21, some of which may be metallic particles 21 m .
- An objective of the invention is to evaluate a quantity of particles in the sample, by distinguishing the metallic particles 21 m , sensitive to a magnetic field, from non-metallic 21 p particles, or metallic particles and considered as not sensitive to the magnetic field. .
- the term quantity refers to a number or a concentration.
- particle sensitive to a magnetic field is meant in particular ferromagnetic particles. They may for example be particles comprising iron or nickel or cobalt.
- the sample 20 is contained in a fluidic chamber 22.
- the fluidic chamber 22 can have a zero thickness, along the axis of propagation Z, typically varying between 500 ⁇ m and 5 mm, for example 1 mm. The thickness corresponds to the observed fluid thickness.
- the fluidic chamber 22 can comprise a volume of fluid of a few tens of pL, for example 25 pL.
- the fluidic chamber 22 is held by a support 24, at a non-zero distance from an image sensor 30.
- the distance d between the fluidic chamber and the image sensor is preferably less than 5 mm or 1 mm. It is preferably greater than a few tens or hundreds of ⁇ m.
- the image sensor 30 is configured to form an image I 0 of the sample in a detection plane P 30 .
- the image sensor 30 acquires an image in a field of observation preferably slightly greater than the surface of the sample parallel to the detection plane.
- the fluidic chamber 22 comprises fluidic connections 23, each fluidic connection being intended to be connected to a pipe 25 for the admission or the evacuation of fluid in the fluidic chamber.
- the image sensor 30 rests on a plate 50.
- the support 24, holding the fluidic chamber 22, as well as the light source 10 are connected to the plate 50.
- the light source is connected to the stage by an arm 51.10 This makes it possible to adjust the respective distances between the light source 10 and the sample 20, as well as between the sample 20 and the image sensor 30.
- Device 1 includes a magnetic field generator 40.
- the magnetic field generator 40 is a cylindrical electromagnet.
- a soft iron core 41 comprises a first part 41i, inserted in the electromagnet 40 and a second part 412, extending from the electromagnet 40 to the fluidic chamber 22.
- the electromagnet 40 extends around an axis Y parallel to fluidic chamber 22 and passing through the latter.
- the soft iron core 41 makes it possible to deport the magnetic field as close as possible to the fluidic chamber 22.
- FIG. IB shows the electromagnet 40 as well as the soft iron core 41, before the insertion of the latter into the electromagnet.
- the intensity of the magnetic field, at the level of the fluidic chamber 22, is for example a few tens of mT (milli Tesla), for example between 10 mT and 30 mT.
- the distance D between the light source 10 and the fluidic chamber 22 is preferably greater than 1 cm or 2 cm. It is preferably between 2 and 30 cm.
- the light source, seen by the sample is considered to be point-like. This means that its diameter (or its diagonal) is preferably less than a tenth, better still a hundredth of the distance between the fluidic chamber 22 and the light source 10.
- the light source 10 is a light-emitting diode. It can be coupled with an optical fiber or a diaphragm, so as to appear more punctual.
- the light source 10 can be a laser source, such as a laser diode.
- the spectral band of illumination A ⁇ of the incident light wave 12 has a width of less than 100 nm.
- width spectral band means a width at half the height of said spectral band.
- the spectral illumination band AA comprises wavelengths absorbed by the particles to be detected.
- the spectral illumination band AA extends, for example, into the visible range.
- the sample 20 is placed between the light source 10 and the image sensor 30 previously mentioned.
- the detection plane P 30 defined by the image sensor 30 preferably extends parallel, or substantially parallel to the plane P 20 along which the sample 20 extends.
- the term substantially parallel means that the two elements may not be strictly parallel, an angular tolerance of a few degrees, less than 20° or 10° being allowed.
- the sample 20 extends along an XY plane, perpendicular to the axis of propagation Z.
- the image sensor 30 is configured to acquire an image of the sample according to a configuration without a lens. Such a configuration makes it possible to obtain holographic images of the sample while using a compact device.
- the particles 21 present in the sample can generate a diffracted wave 13, capable of producing, at the level of the detection plane P 30 , interference, in particular with part of the 'incident light wave 12' transmitted by the sample. Furthermore, the sample can absorb part of the incident light wave 12.
- the light wave 14, transmitted by the sample, and to which the image sensor 30 is exposed designated by the term "wave exposure" may comprise: a component 13 resulting from the diffraction of the incident light wave 12 by the particles present in the sample; a component 12' resulting from the transmission of the incident light wave 12 by the sample, part of the latter being absorbed by the particles of the sample.
- the image I Q acquired by the image sensor 30 includes interference figures (or diffraction figures).
- This image is called a "holographic image” because it forms a hologram, which is a signature of the content of the sample, and in particular of the particles 21: each particle forms, on the holographic image, a diffraction pattern.
- a processing unit 32 for example a microprocessor, is capable of processing each image I Q acquired by the image sensor 30.
- the processing unit is connected to a programmable memory 34 in which is stored a sequence of instructions for performing the image processing and calculation operations described in this description.
- FIG. 1D represents an example of a fluidic chamber 22.
- the fluidic chamber comprises a glass plate 22i, forming a base of the fluidic chamber.
- a lower adhesive 22 2 is deposited on the base 22i.
- An opening 22 3 is formed through the lower adhesive 22 2 , the opening 22 3 forming a fluid channel when the lower adhesive is applied to the base 22 1 .
- An upper adhesive 22 4 applied to the lower adhesive 22 2 forms a cap covering the fluidic chamber. Openings 22 5 , 22 6 made through the upper adhesive 22 4 allow the admission or the evacuation of the liquid in the fluidic chamber.
- junction plates 22 7 , 22 8 are deposited against the upper adhesive 22 4 .
- the junction plates are intended to receive the fluidic connections 23 described in connection with FIG. IA.
- the fluidic chamber 22 comprises a transparent strip 22 9 , deposited against the upper adhesive 22 4 .
- the transparent slide is affixed against an opening made through the upper adhesive 224 to allow illumination of fluid within the fluidic chamber.
- the transparent strip 229 receives the incident light 12 emitted by the light source 10.
- the holographic image I 0 acquired by the image sensor 30 does not make it possible to obtain a sufficiently precise representation of the sample observed. Indeed, in the configuration without lens, the image acquired by the image sensor 30 is unfocused. In order to obtain a more usable representation of the sample, each image I 0 acquired by the image sensor is processed by a holographic reconstruction algorithm. Several algorithms have been described, making it possible to obtain, by holographic reconstruction, a complex image A z of the light wave 14 propagating between the sample 20 and the image sensor 30.
- the complex image A z is formed in a reconstruction plane P z , generally parallel to the detection plane and located at a distance z from the latter.
- holographic propagation operator h for example a Fresnel Helmoltz operator such that: designating the distance, along the Z axis, between the reconstruction plane P z and sample 20.
- the complex image A z obtained by a holographic reconstruction algorithm is defined in different pixels (x, y) in the reconstruction plane P z .
- the value A z (x,y) of the complex image A z is a complex quantity whose argument and modulus are respectively representative of the phase and the intensity of the exposure light wave 14 detected by the image sensor 30.
- the reconstruction plane P z of the complex image A z is parallel to the detection plane P 30 . It is usual to form a real image A' z of the sample, in which each pixel is a real number obtained from the complex image pixel A z (x, y). Every pixel of real image A' z can for example be obtained from the modulus mod(A z (x,y)) or from the phase ⁇ ( ⁇ z (x,y)) or from the real part or even from the imaginary part of the complex image A z .
- the particles 21 present in the sample can be arranged at different distances from the image sensor, along the axis of propagation Z.
- the complex images A z form a stack of complex images.
- the reconstruction distances z of the different reconstruction planes P z can be regularly distributed along the Z axis, for example in steps of 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- A' z mod(Az) where mod designates the modulus operator.
- a stack of real images A′ z is thus obtained.
- some particles are sharp on some real images A′ z and blurred on other real images, when the reconstruction plane P z does not pass through the position z actually occupied by the particle.
- the various real images A' z . can be combined to form a single observation image I of the sample.
- the observation image I is formed by combining each real image, such that:
- the processing unit 32 is configured to implement the steps schematized in connection with FIG. 2, so as to allow a classification of the particles formed in the sample. This involves in particular distinguishing metallic particles 21 m sensitive to a magnetic field (ie ferromagnetic particles) from particles 21 p not sensitive to the magnetic field: non-metallic particles or metallic particles not or not very sensitive to a magnetic field.
- Step 100 Illumination of the sample using the light source 10.
- the spectral illumination band AA extends for example around 660 nm, the width at mid-height of the spectral illumination band being of 30 nm.
- Step 110 acquisition of an image I 0 (t 0 ) of the fluidic chamber 22 by the image sensor 30, without fluid previously introduced into the latter. This step is optional. We obtain a background image, taking into account the imperfections of the sensor or the fluidic chamber (dust, defective pixels, etc.)
- Step 120 admission of the fluid 20 to be analyzed into the fluidic chamber 22, through an inlet pipe 25.
- Step 130 acquisition of an initial image / 0 (t i ) of the full fluidic chamber by the image sensor 30. This step is performed at an initial acquisition instant t i .
- the sample is not subjected to a magnetic field, or at least not subjected to a magnetic field likely to set any ferromagnetic particles in motion.
- all the particles are considered as static with respect to the fluid. The initial image makes it possible to obtain a representation of all the particles of the sample.
- Step 140 activation of the electromagnet 40, so that the particles of the fluid 21 are subjected to field lines along the detection surface.
- the metallic particles 21 m sensitive to the magnetic field move relative to the fluid to align themselves along the field lines.
- Step 150 acquisition of images of the sample following the activation of the electromagnet, while the particles 21 m sensitive to the magnetic field are moving.
- the image sensor 30 acquires different images / 0 (t 1 ) ... / 0 (t n ) .. / 0 (t N ) of the sample, at different times of acquisition tn .
- the acquisition times t n with 1 ⁇ n ⁇ N can be spaced apart by a time interval of the order of 1 s or a few seconds. For example 3 seconds.
- Step 160 Each image acquired during steps 130 and 150, and during any step 110 is processed by a holographic reconstruction algorithm, as previously described, so as to obtain, at each instant of acquisition, an observation image /(t) sample.
- the observation images /(t 1 ).. /(t n ) ,.. /(t N ) obtained on the basis of images /oCtJ ... / 0 (t n ) ... / 0 (t N ) acquired during step 150 form an observation time series, representative of the movement of the particles 21 m in the sample 20 under the effect of the magnetic field.
- step 110 When step 110 is implemented, a background observation image of the sample I(t 0 ) is obtained.
- This observation image is representative of imperfections of the sensor 30 or of the fluidic chamber 32.
- an initial observation image or observation image at the initial instant is obtained, representative of all the particles of the sample 21, sensitive or not sensitive to the magnetic field.
- the initial observation image is subsequently used to estimate the size of the particles, whether they are mobile particles under the effect of the magnetic field or immobile under the effect of the magnetic field.
- Step 170 Correcting the background During this step, the background observation image /(t 0 ) is subtracted from the images ... I(t N '). It is understood that this step is only implemented if step 110 has been carried out beforehand.
- the background image I 0 (t 0 ) acquired during step 110 is subtracted from each holographic image acquired during step 150, prior to reconstruction step 160.
- Step 180 Motion tracking
- a position tracking algorithm is used to follow the movement of the particles on the observation images. ... I(t N '). advantageously readjusted.
- the tracking algorithm can be, for example, the “Trackmate” platform, described in the publication Tinevez, J. -Y., Perry, N., Schindelin, J., Hoopes, GM, Reynolds, GD, Laplantine, E., ... Eliceiri, KW (2017).
- TrackMate An open and extensible platform for single-particle tracking. Methods, 115, 80-90. This makes it possible to track and count the particles undergoing, during step 150, a displacement considered to be significant parallel to the detection plane. By significant displacement is meant a displacement greater than a predetermined threshold, for example greater than or equal to 35 pixels.
- Step 180 makes it possible to identify each particle 21 m in motion, relative to the fluid, in the field of observation. It thus makes it possible to classify each particle of the sample 21 as a mobile particle 21 m or a static particle 21 p .
- static particle is meant a static particle with respect to the fluid.
- Step 190 Use of the initial observation image to analyze the mobile and/or immobile particles.
- the mobile or static particles, under the effect of the magnetic field are identified.
- the initial observation image /(t i ) is used to analyze the mobile particles, that is to say the metal particles sensitive to the magnetic field. This may involve counting them, determining their size, and carrying out a particle size analysis: counting the particles according to their size.
- the implementation of this step may assume a registration between the initial observation image /(t i ) and one or more observation images /(t 1 ).../(t n )...I( t N ). .
- the initial observation image /(t i ) it is advantageous to determine the number and/or the size of the mobile particles using the initial observation image /(t i ) for several reasons.
- the use of the initial observation image makes it possible to avoid errors in the estimation of the number and size of the particles under the effect of the formation of aggregates.
- Another advantage is that under the effect of the application of the magnetic field, certain mobile particles disappear from the field of observation. The use of the initial observation image makes it possible to take these particles into account.
- the detection of each particle can be performed by contour detection, for example by means of a Laplacian of Gaussian type filter on the initial observation image I(t i ). segmentation of the image, making it possible to detect all the particles present in the sample.
- the particles considered to be mobile following step 180 are then analyzed.
- the segmentation of the image makes it possible to estimate the area of each detected particle, considered as mobile, and to determine an equivalent diameter.
- the equivalent diameter corresponds to the diameter of a disk whose surface corresponds to the surface of the particle parallel to the detection plane.
- Step 190 can also be performed on the particles considered to be static with respect to the fluid following step 180.
- the initial observation image I(t i ) or one of the images of observation to count and determine the size of static particles.
- step 190 can make it possible to obtain a particle size distribution of the static particles relative to the fluid and/or a particle size distribution of the mobile particles under the effect of the magnetic field.
- Step 200 removal of the fluid. During this step, the liquid is evacuated from the fluidic chamber, so that a new liquid sample is admitted into the fluidic chamber.
- the inventors implemented the steps previously described on a sample comprising an industrial oil, using a device 1 such as that described in connection with FIGS. 1A to 1D.
- the oil contained 21 particles, some of which contained iron.
- An image sensor was used, the detection surface of which measured 4 mm ⁇ 6 mm.
- FIG. 3 represents a modeling of the field lines in a plane perpendicular to the Z axis and passing through the central axis of the electromagnet.
- the first and second parts 41i, 412 of the soft iron core 41 have been shown, as well as the sample 20. observes that in a plane perpendicular to the Z axis of propagation of light, the magnetic field generates different field lines, along which the particles sensitive to the magnetic field tend to align.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B respectively represent the first and the last images acquired / 0 (t 1 ), I 0 (t N ).
- arrows show the displacement of certain particles between the instants and tN .
- Figure 5A corresponds to one of the acquired images / 0 (t n ).
- Figure 5B corresponds to a detail of Figure 5A, materialized by a white frame in Figure 5A.
- FIG. 6A is an observation image /(t n ), obtained from the acquired image / 0 (t n ) represented in FIG. 5A.
- FIG. 6B corresponds to the detail of the observation image materialized by a white frame in FIG. 6A.
- FIG. 7 is an image resulting from the implementation of the tracking algorithm.
- the detected movements of particles 21 m are represented by lines.
- FIG. 8 is a histogram of the particle size: of the particles 21 p considered as static, ie not composed of iron, represented in FIG. 7; 21 m particles considered mobile by the tracking algorithm, i.e. containing iron.
- the abscissa axis corresponds to the equivalent diameter (unit ⁇ m) and the ordinate axis corresponds to the number of particles detected static (bars on the left) or containing iron (bars on the right).
- image forming optics are placed between the sample and the image sensor.
- the device comprises an optical system 29, defining an object plane P obj and an image plane P im .
- the image sensor 30 is then arranged according to a so-called defocused configuration, according to which the sample extends along a plane offset with respect to the object plane, and/or the image sensor extends along a plane offset with respect to to the image plane.
- defocused configuration is meant a configuration comprising an offset of the sample and/or of the image sensor with respect to a focusing configuration, according to which the detection plane P 30 is conjugated with a plane P 20 along which the sample extends.
- the offset is preferably less than 500 ⁇ m, or even 200 ⁇ m.
- the detection plane coincides with the image plane and the plane of the sample is offset with respect to the object plane.
- the image plane is offset from the detection plane and the object plane is offset from the sample plane.
- the fluid is considered to be static in the fluidic chamber.
- the fluid can be mobile, being subjected to a drive along a drive direction. This avoids sequential admission of fluid into the fluidic chamber.
- the magnetic field is preferably not parallel to the driving direction. It is advantageously perpendicular to the drive direction. According to one possibility, the magnetic field is parallel to the driving direction. In this case, the particles sensitive to the magnetic field move faster than the other particles when the magnetic field is directed in the same direction as the drive, or slower than the other particles when the magnetic field is directed in the opposite direction. in the sense of training.
- the tracking algorithm can identify:
- the mobile particles relative to the fluid are identified following the application of the tracking algorithm, taking into account the movement of the fluid in the fluidic chamber. These are moving particles: faster than the fluid, therefore faster than static particles; or slower than the fluid, therefore slower than the static particles; or in a different direction than the direction of motion of the static particles.
- the implementation of the tracking algorithm makes it possible to identify the particles moving according to a movement different from the movement of the fluid during the application of the magnetic field.
- the particles thus identified are considered to be mobile under the effect of the magnetic field.
- steps 130 to 190 can be repeated while the fluid flows in the fluidic chamber.
- FIG. 10A diagrams a configuration according to which the fluid is stationary.
- the magnetic field B is oriented parallel to the Y axis, and in a direction opposite to it.
- FIG. 10A as in FIGS. 10A to 10D, the particles sensitive to the magnetic field are represented in black and the other particles are represented by a black outline.
- the solid arrows show the displacement of the particles sensitive to the magnetic field. Dotted arrows show the movement of other particles.
- FIGS. 10A to 10D the direction of the magnetic field is materialized by an arrow marked “B”.
- Figures 10B, 10C and 10D the fluid is moving parallel to the arrow labeled "F".
- the particles sensitive to the magnetic field move according to the joint action of the magnetic field and the movement of the fluid (cf. filled arrows).
- the other particles move parallel to the direction of the fluid (cf. dotted arrows).
- the directions in which the particles respectively sensitive and non-sensitive to the magnetic field move are therefore different.
- the fluid moves in the same direction as the magnetic field.
- the particles sensitive to the magnetic field move according to the joint action of the magnetic field and the movement of the fluid (cf. full arrows), in the same direction, and according to a higher speed, than the other particles, the latter moving parallel to the direction of the fluid (cf. dotted arrows).
- the fluid moves in an opposite direction to the magnetic field.
- the particles sensitive to the magnetic field move according to the joint action of the magnetic field and the movement of the fluid (cf. full arrows), according to a direction opposite to the others particles.
- the magnetic field is weaker, the particles move in the same direction as the other particles, but at a lower speed.
- FIG. 11 an advantageous configuration has been shown in which the magnetic field is generated by an electromagnet 40, applying a magnetic field aligned with the flow of the fluid, comprising the particles, through the fluidic chamber 22.
- the electromagnet s extends around the axis, parallel to the axis X.
- the fluidic chamber 22 extends along the axis of the electromagnet. This figure corresponds to the configurations shown in Figures 10C and 10D.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2114515A FR3131374B1 (fr) | 2021-12-24 | 2021-12-24 | Dispositif et procédé optique de détection de particules sensibles à un champ magnétique dans un échantillon |
| PCT/EP2022/087783 WO2023118590A1 (fr) | 2021-12-24 | 2022-12-23 | Dispositif et procédé optique de détection de particules sensibles à un champ magnétique dans un échantillon |
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| EP4453535A1 true EP4453535A1 (fr) | 2024-10-30 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP22843834.7A Pending EP4453535A1 (fr) | 2021-12-24 | 2022-12-23 | Dispositif et procédé optique de détection de particules sensibles à un champ magnétique dans un échantillon |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4453535A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3131374B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023118590A1 (fr) |
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| US1483720A (en) | 1922-08-05 | 1924-02-12 | U S Ball Bearing Mfg Company | Feeding mechanism for rivet machines |
| FR3036800B1 (fr) | 2015-05-28 | 2020-02-28 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede d’observation d’un echantillon |
| CN104931397B (zh) * | 2015-06-29 | 2018-04-10 | 广州机械科学研究院有限公司 | 基于励磁吸附的三维数字颗粒图像生成装置及方法 |
| FR3049347B1 (fr) | 2016-03-23 | 2018-04-27 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede d’observation d’un echantillon par calcul d’une image complexe |
| GB201806412D0 (en) * | 2018-04-19 | 2018-06-06 | Castrol Ltd | Apparatus and method for fluid analysis |
| FR3082944B1 (fr) * | 2018-06-20 | 2025-03-07 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede d'observation d'un echantillon par imagerie sans lentille, avec prise en compte d'une dispersion spatiale dans l'echantillon |
| CN113092322B (zh) * | 2021-04-13 | 2024-09-27 | 郑州轻工业大学 | 基于电磁层析成像技术的滑油磨粒在线监测装置及方法 |
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2021
- 2021-12-24 FR FR2114515A patent/FR3131374B1/fr active Active
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2022
- 2022-12-23 WO PCT/EP2022/087783 patent/WO2023118590A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-12-23 EP EP22843834.7A patent/EP4453535A1/fr active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| FR3131374A1 (fr) | 2023-06-30 |
| WO2023118590A1 (fr) | 2023-06-29 |
| FR3131374B1 (fr) | 2024-07-05 |
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