EP4448621A1 - Electrolyte solide réticulé - Google Patents
Electrolyte solide réticuléInfo
- Publication number
- EP4448621A1 EP4448621A1 EP22830523.1A EP22830523A EP4448621A1 EP 4448621 A1 EP4448621 A1 EP 4448621A1 EP 22830523 A EP22830523 A EP 22830523A EP 4448621 A1 EP4448621 A1 EP 4448621A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- formulation
- electrolyte
- crosslinkable
- meth
- acrylate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/02—Polythioethers
- C08G75/04—Polythioethers from mercapto compounds or metallic derivatives thereof
- C08G75/045—Polythioethers from mercapto compounds or metallic derivatives thereof from mercapto compounds and unsaturated compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/12—Polythioether-ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
- C08K5/43—Compounds containing sulfur bound to nitrogen
- C08K5/435—Sulfonamides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L81/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of polysulfones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L81/02—Polythioethers; Polythioether-ethers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to the preparation of cross-linked solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries based on thiol-ene reactions.
- the reaction used in the invention (thiol-ene reaction) has applications in many fields including batteries.
- Thiol-ene reaction (also alkene hydrothiolation) is a reaction between a thiol and an alkene to form a thioether. This reaction was first reported in 1905, but gained prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000s for its feasibility and wide range of applications, especially for electrolytes.
- Thiols are excellent nucleophiles through the formation of thiolate anions (RS-) and are also electrophiles via thiyl radicals (RS*).
- the reaction is the addition of Michael on a double bond substituted by an electron-withdrawing group, such as (meth)acrylates (monomers containing an active double bond), and a nucleophilic base is used as catalyst.
- an electron-withdrawing group such as (meth)acrylates (monomers containing an active double bond)
- the ACS Macro Lett. 2020, 9, 500-506 describes a (2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol) combined with an allyl ethylene glycol, in combination with pentaerythritol tetrakis mercaptopropionate as crosslinker.
- the measured conductivity values nevertheless remain low.
- Patent applications US2019237803 AA and US2020411906 AA describe networks formed from the thiol-ene reaction in an aqueous medium.
- the electrolyte obtained is a polymer gel (that is to say a material trapping a large quantity of liquid), necessarily comprising water.
- the examples relate only to gels containing solvents. Faradic efficiencies (battery charge-discharge) described are very low (around 80%).
- Patent application US2021057753 AA describes an anode for an electrochemical cell comprising an electroactive material comprising lithium and a porous protective layer comprising a polymer based on thiols.
- the polymer is used as an additive or protective layer of an electrode, but not as an electrolyte.
- the crosslinkable electrolyte formulation according to the invention comprises at least:
- the amount of lithium salt(s) can represent between 2 and 40% by mass relative to the total formulation mass, preferably between 10 and 30% by mass relative to the total formulation mass.
- the quantity of crosslinking agent can be between 0.5 and 20% by mass, preferably between 1 and 5% by mass relative to the total mass of formulation.
- the crosslinkable electrolyte formulation according to the invention may comprise a radical or anionic initiator, in an amount of between 0.01 and 0.05 times the total weight of formulation excluding lithium salt(s).
- the crosslinker can be chosen from 1,2,4-trivinylcyclohexane, diallylmaleate, 1,3,5-triallyl-l,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(lH,3H,5H)-trione, 2,4 ,6-triallyloxy-l,3,5-triazine, pentaerythritol allyl ether, pentaerythritol triallyl ether, trimethylolpropane allyl ether, glyoxal bis(diallyl ether), trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane ethoxylate tri( meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, glycerol propoxylate (1PO/OH) tri(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane propoxylate tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythr
- the hydrocarbon molecule comprising two thiol functions can be 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol.
- the crosslinkable electrolyte formulation according to the invention may comprise a plasticizer of the oligo-ethylene glycol type, non-aqueous solvent of low volatility or ionic liquid, said plasticizer representing less than 15% by mass relative to the total mass of formulation.
- the invention also relates to a method for preparing a crosslinked solid electrolyte in which: a) the crosslinkable electrolyte formulation is crosslinked according to any one of the variants described, in the optional presence of a non-aqueous solvent, by means of a free-radical or anionic initiator added or already present in the formulation and by thermal or photoinduced activation to form a conductive polymer for lithium ions, b) any solvent present in said polymer is evaporated in order to obtain a crosslinked solid electrolyte.
- the photo-induced activation can be carried out by UV lamp or stereolithography.
- the invention also relates to the use of the crosslinked electrolyte obtained by crosslinking the formulation according to any one of the variants described or obtained by the process for preparing a crosslinked electrolyte according to any one of the variants described as solid electrolyte solid-state Li-ion battery or as a component of the positive (posolyte or catholyte) or negative (negolyte or anolyte) electrode of an electrochemical system.
- Figure 1 represents the conductivity (S/cm) as a function of the temperature (1000/T with T in
- Figure 3 represents the conductivity (S/cm) as a function of temperature (1000/T with T in K) of Cl (according to the invention) and PI (comparative) in example 3.
- the invention relates to a crosslinkable electrolyte formulation comprising:
- plasticizer of the oligo-ethylene glycol type, non-aqueous solvent of low volatility (vapor pressure less than 8 kPa at 20°C) or ionic liquid, said plasticizer representing less than 15% by mass relative to the total mass of formulation .
- the crosslinked electrolyte formulation according to the invention may contain a radical or anionic initiator in order to subsequently initiate the polymerization/crosslinking reaction.
- the radical or anionic initiator can be added to the formulation according to the invention during the polymerization/crosslinking reaction.
- the formulation obtained can be crosslinked by any technique known to those skilled in the art.
- the invention can implement the combination of three organic molecules: 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol, triethylene glycol divinyl ether and trivinyl cyclohexane as crosslinking agent, in the presence of a lithium salt or of a mixture of lithium salts.
- the electrolyte obtained by crosslinking can be used as a solid electrolyte for an all-solid Li-battery or as a component of the positive or negative electrode (posolyte or catholyte, negolyte or anolyte), and including a lithium salt to ensure good transport of the lithium ions in the electrolyte and catholyte/anolyte.
- a compound of chain terminator type can also be added to the crosslinkable electrolyte formulation according to the invention to create pendant chains during crosslinking.
- the crosslinking reaction can be initiated in particular by thermal or photo-induced activation.
- this polymer can contain an imprisoned solvent if a solvent is present in the formulation, which can then be evaporated in order to obtain a solid material.
- composition of the formulation can be modified by varying the amount of crosslinker and, if necessary, of monomer forming the pendant chains.
- amount of lithium salt as well as radical or anionic initiator can also be modified and a plasticizer can be added.
- divinyls such as triethylene glycol divinyl ether which is the most commercially available molecule, diallyl ethers, diacrylates or dimethacrylates.
- LiPFe LiPFe LiFSI Lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl)imide, LiCIC, etc.
- LiFSi Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide
- LiTFSI Lithiumbis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
- the quantity of lithium salt or mixture of lithium salts preferably varies between 2 and 40% by mass relative to the total mass of formulation, for example a content of 20% by mass can be used.
- the ratios between the various components are chosen according to precise criteria making it possible to obtain the improved rheological and conductivity properties.
- the initiator can be activated thermally (for example compound of the diazo or peroxide type) or by UV radiation. Any initiator known to those skilled in the art, in particular any commercial initiator, can be chosen.
- the quantity of initiator to be used advantageously represents between 0.01 and 0.05 times the mass of the mixture of crosslinkable reagents (that is to say the mass of the formulation without the lithium salt(s), without plasticizer, and without optional solvent), the choice of the exact quantity is adjusted by those skilled in the art.
- Any molecule bearing at least three carbon-carbon double bonds can serve as a crosslinker.
- crosslinker that can be used in the formulations according to the invention can in particular be chosen from the following list:
- Preferred compounds meet the following criteria:
- the crosslinker can also be a multivalent, at least trivalent, thiol.
- the activation of the crosslinking can be done after addition of the radical or anionic initiator, or by implementing the radical or anionic initiator already present in the formulation by photo-induction or by thermal activation.
- Photo-induction can be done using a UV lamp or stereolithography techniques, including laser, LCD screen, 3D printing (also called additive manufacturing).
- the invention can in particular be applied to the 3D printing of batteries, in particular of batteries for vehicles.
- the crosslinkable formulation according to the invention in the liquid state can be coated on a positive electrode already prepared according to the protocols of those skilled in the art so that the liquid formulation wets electrode porosity. Finally, the crosslinking is obtained after thermal initiation or photoinitiation (UV).
- the formulations according to the invention can be used to formulate a positive electrode ink (cathode), in particular by adding the active material to the formulation (for example a lithiated nickel-manganese-cobalt mixed oxide or a lithium iron phosphate) and the electronic percolant.
- a positive electrode ink for example a lithiated nickel-manganese-cobalt mixed oxide or a lithium iron phosphate
- the active material for example a lithiated nickel-manganese-cobalt mixed oxide or a lithium iron phosphate
- the ionic conductivity of an electrolyte is measured in S/cm and characterizes the capacity of the electrolyte to transport ions.
- the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a Biologie® CESH cell. The measurement is carried out at several temperatures using a Biologie® ITS thermostated chamber. The impedance spectrum is acquired using a Biologie® MTZ 35 potentiostat between 30 MHz and 0.1 Hz around 0 V and with an amplitude of ⁇ 10 mV. The conductivity value can be determined by fitting the curve with an equivalent circuit of the type (RI + R2//CPE1 + CPE2) or visually by taking the value of the real part of the impedance Re(Z) at the minimum reached by the curve between the half-circle and the half-line corresponding to the capacitive part on the Nyquist diagram.
- the cationic transport number (t+) corresponds to the fraction of the total conductivity linked to the transport of charges by the cations and is characterized by impedance spectroscopy on a sample mounted between two non-blocking electrodes (in lithium metal) at 60°C with a Biology VMP3 potentiostat between 1 MHz and 0.1 mHz around 0V with an amplitude of 10 mV.
- This measurement method corresponds to the so-called “Watanabe” method (Solid State Ionics 28-30 (1988) 911-917).
- the crosslinkable electrolyte formulation according to the invention has the advantage, in particular compared to already polymerized polymers, of being liquid at the start, which makes it possible to obtain good cohesion at the interfaces with the electrodes, in particular due to an easier filling of the porosity of the materials.
- the use of controlled cross-linking on a mixture of particular monomers and the particular morphology of the three-dimensional network also confers increased mobility of the chains and consequently improved ionic conduction.
- the performance of the solid electrolyte according to the invention is based in particular on the specific choice of certain very flexible monomers and good solvents for lithium ions and on controlled crosslinking.
- the rheological behavior obtained for the crosslinked electrolyte samples according to the invention advantageously corresponds to that of a crosslinked polymer.
- a crosslinked electrolyte precursor is prepared according to the crosslinkable electrolyte formulation of Table 1. Three formulations of identical composition are prepared and are denoted A1, A2 and A3.
- the composition of the mixture in table 1 (Composition of samples Al-3) is expressed in mass percentages.
- the mixture is then cross-linked between a Teflon® plate and a glass plate by UV lighting with a Delolux A2 365 nm lamp, with a power of 300 to 600 mW/cm 2 until a solid product is obtained. , typically 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
- the electrolyte is elastic and sticks to the glass.
- a sample is also prepared by impregnating a Celgard® Battery Separator with the liquid precursor, then by cross-linking the mixture under UV radiation, this sample is used to measure the transport number.
- Chart 1 of the crosslinkable mixture (excluding LiTFSI), it is not included in the mass % of the other components
- the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is measured by impedance spectroscopy in a Biologie® CESH cell.
- the measurement is carried out at several temperatures using a Biologie® ITS thermostated chamber.
- the impedance spectrum is acquired using a Biologie® MTZ 35 potentiostat between 30 MHz and 0.1 Hz around 0 V and with an amplitude of 10 mV.
- Sample PI is characterized in the same way and serves as a reference.
- the conductivity data are compared with those of the PI sample and presented in Figure 1. It can be seen in this figure that the conductivity of the samples Al, A2 and A3 is greater than the conductivity of the samples PI over the entire temperature range.
- the transport number of the samples is measured by impedance spectroscopy.
- the electrolytes are placed between two metallic lithium electrodes and characterized at 60°C.
- the impedance spectrum is acquired via a Biologie® VMP3 potentiostat at 0 V with a amplitude of 10 mV between 1 MHz and 0.1 mHz.
- the impedance spectrum is adjusted by an equivalent circuit and the electrolyte and diffusion resistances can then be extracted.
- the transport number is calculated from these resistors.
- the transport number is measured on sample Al and the value obtained is 0.14.
- the conductivity and transport number measurements show that the electrolyte formulation according to the invention is superior to a reference polymer of the PEO-LiTFSI type in terms of ionic conductivity while having a transport number similar to that of a PEO in the literature (0.1-0.2 in general, see K. Po_zyczka et al.; Electrochimica Acta 227 (2017) 127-135).
- Formulation B1 (see Table 2 which presents the composition of the sample) is prepared in the same way as the formulation of Example 1, the main difference being the use of a diazide radical initiator for the crosslinking.
- the chosen initiator is AIBN and the reaction is initiated by heating at 80°C for several hours, the mixture being placed in a Teflon® mold for crosslinking.
- the conductivity, swelling and transport number results are obtained in the same way as in Example 1.
- the conductivity data are compared with those of the PI reference and presented in figure 2. It is noted that the electrolyte obtained has a slightly better conductivity than the PI reference at high temperature and significantly better at low temperature (T ⁇ 50°C) which is an advantage in the field of application of Li-ion batteries.
- the network has a swelling rate of 14.97 (ie 1497%) and an insolubles rate of 69%. These values are similar to those obtained in example 1.
- Formulation Cl (Table 3, Composition of Sample Cl) is prepared as described in Example 1. This formulation has the particularity of containing ethyl-vinyl ether which acts as a chain terminator (chain terminator ) upon polymerization to generate pendant chains in the structure.
- the samples are characterized in the same way as described in example 1. They are still elastic, but less sticky than the films containing only trivinyl cyclohexane. The characterizations (ionic conductivity, transport number and swelling) are carried out by the method described in example 1. Chart 3
- the ionic conductivity observed (FIG. 3) is slightly lower than that of the Al-3 formulations but it remains greater than or equal to that of the reference sample PI, in particular at low temperature.
- the transport number is evaluated at 0.135 and 0.14 on two measurements taken on the material. The measured swelling is 12.21 and the insoluble content 65.2%. The introduction of chain ends leads to the presence of “free” polymer chains which are soluble during the swelling test.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2113908A FR3130803B1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2021-12-17 | Electrolyte solide réticulé |
| PCT/EP2022/084547 WO2023110530A1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2022-12-06 | Electrolyte solide réticulé |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4448621A1 true EP4448621A1 (fr) | 2024-10-23 |
Family
ID=80595557
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22830523.1A Pending EP4448621A1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2022-12-06 | Electrolyte solide réticulé |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250055029A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4448621A1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20240121222A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3130803B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023110530A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3162753A1 (fr) * | 2024-05-29 | 2025-12-05 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Electrolyte solide à conduction anionique |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007068822A2 (fr) * | 2005-12-12 | 2007-06-21 | Phostech Lithium Inc. | Sels de sulfonyl-1, 2, 4-triazole |
| CN106463678B (zh) * | 2014-05-30 | 2020-01-03 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 在电化学电池中用作保护层和其它组分的聚合物 |
| US11387488B2 (en) | 2018-01-26 | 2022-07-12 | The Johns Hopkins University | Gel polymer electrolyte compositions and electrochemical cells including the same |
| US11894515B2 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2024-02-06 | The Johns Hopkins University | Electrochemical cells and electrolytes contained therein |
| CN114270562A (zh) | 2019-08-21 | 2022-04-01 | 赛昂能源有限公司 | 包含含硫醇基的物质的电化学电池和组件 |
-
2021
- 2021-12-17 FR FR2113908A patent/FR3130803B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-12-06 EP EP22830523.1A patent/EP4448621A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-12-06 KR KR1020247017193A patent/KR20240121222A/ko active Pending
- 2022-12-06 US US18/720,293 patent/US20250055029A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-06 WO PCT/EP2022/084547 patent/WO2023110530A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20240121222A (ko) | 2024-08-08 |
| US20250055029A1 (en) | 2025-02-13 |
| FR3130803B1 (fr) | 2023-11-24 |
| WO2023110530A1 (fr) | 2023-06-22 |
| FR3130803A1 (fr) | 2023-06-23 |
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