EP4433218B1 - Vorrichtung zum trennen der komponenten einer mischung von fasern und granulaten mit einem gitterrost zur selektiven einschliessung dieser komponenten - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zum trennen der komponenten einer mischung von fasern und granulaten mit einem gitterrost zur selektiven einschliessung dieser komponenten

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Publication number
EP4433218B1
EP4433218B1 EP22814117.2A EP22814117A EP4433218B1 EP 4433218 B1 EP4433218 B1 EP 4433218B1 EP 22814117 A EP22814117 A EP 22814117A EP 4433218 B1 EP4433218 B1 EP 4433218B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
components
altitude
electrode
family
mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP22814117.2A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP4433218A1 (de
Inventor
Lucien Dascalescu
Thami ZEGHLOUL
Karim MEDLES
Thomas SIMONELLI
Christophe Le Clerc
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ecole Nationale Superieure De Mecanique Et D'aerotechnique
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
Universite de Poitiers
Original Assignee
Ecole Nationale Superieure De Mecanique Et D'aerotechnique
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
Universite de Poitiers
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR2112031A external-priority patent/FR3129092B1/fr
Application filed by Ecole Nationale Superieure De Mecanique Et D'aerotechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA, Universite de Poitiers filed Critical Ecole Nationale Superieure De Mecanique Et D'aerotechnique
Publication of EP4433218A1 publication Critical patent/EP4433218A1/de
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Publication of EP4433218B1 publication Critical patent/EP4433218B1/de
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C7/00—Separating solids from solids by electrostatic effect
    • B03C7/006—Charging without electricity supply, e.g. by tribo-electricity or pyroelectricity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C7/00—Separating solids from solids by electrostatic effect
    • B03C7/02—Separators
    • B03C7/06—Separators with cylindrical material carriers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C7/00—Separating solids from solids by electrostatic effect
    • B03C7/02—Separators
    • B03C7/10—Separators with material falling in cascades
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C7/00—Separating solids from solids by electrostatic effect
    • B03C7/02—Separators
    • B03C7/12—Separators with material falling free

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the general field of separation installations and processes intended to separate the different components of a mixture containing at least a first family of components and a second family of components.
  • the present invention finds particular application in the treatment of industrial waste which is in the form of a mixture containing at least two families of components, and in particular in the treatment of a mixture containing on the one hand fibers and on the other hand granules, with a view to recycling the materials constituting these components.
  • the invention finds particular application in the treatment of mixtures which are obtained from the grinding of pneumatic tires and which contain textile fibers, in particular polyethylene terephthalate, and granules of rubber-based material.
  • the present invention is particularly applicable to the processing of mixtures whose components are millimeter and sub-millimeter in size, that is to say in particular to the processing of mixtures which contain fibers whose diameter is between 10 ⁇ m and 1 mm for a length between 1 mm and 10 mm, and granules whose equivalent diameter is between 125 ⁇ m and 5 mm.
  • the lighter fibers which exhibit relatively high aerodynamic drag, tend to float above the granules, so the number of impacts between the fibers and the granules may not be sufficient to impart to the fibers an electrostatic charge level sufficient for effective separation by the electric field.
  • the conveyor belts that form the electrodes can be relatively expensive to manufacture.
  • Such a conveyor belt arrangement is also relatively vulnerable to fouling, since charged components, or even dust, can sometimes get trapped between a conveyor belt and the rollers that drive it, and where applicable, apply the necessary bias voltage to the belt.
  • Such an incident can cause damage to the conveyor belt through deformation, which is potentially detrimental to the control of the electric field.
  • damage is likely to increase the wear rate of the affected conveyor belt and thus reduce its lifespan.
  • the objects assigned to the invention therefore aim to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks and to propose a new separation installation which has increased efficiency and reliability, in particular for the processing of mixtures composed of fibers and granules, while having a robust, simple and compact structure.
  • a separation installation designed to receive a mixture containing at least one first family of components, preferably fibers, and a second family of components, preferably granules.
  • This installation comprises a triboelectric loading device, referred to as a "tribocharger,” which is arranged to receive the mixture and impart to the components of said mixture, by triboelectric action, electrostatic charges of opposite polarities depending on whether the components belong to the first or second family.
  • the installation further comprises at least one first electrode and one second electrode, separated from each other by an air gap and connected to a generator that applies a potential difference between the first and second electrodes to generate an electric field in the air gap, referred to as the "separating electric field.”
  • This field directs the charged components, according to their polarity, either to a first collector designed to collect components of the first family, or to a second collector, separate from the first collector and designed to collect components of the second family.
  • the installation being characterized in that the tribocharger receives the mixture inside a chamber which is delimited by a containment wall which separates said chamber from the first and second electrodes and the first and second collectors, said containment wall being arranged in such a way that the mixture which is contained in the chamber is subjected to the action of tribo-electric loading and, simultaneously, exposed to the separating electric field, and said containment wall being provided with a grid which is arranged so as to retain components of the mixture inside the chamber until said components have reached, under the action of the tribocharger, an electrostatic charge which is sufficient for said components to escape from the chamber, by passing through the containment wall through the grid, under the action of the separating electric field, and can thus reach the collector which corresponds to them, according to their polarity.
  • interposing a containment wall according to the invention between the enclosure and the collectors creates a buffer zone, formed by the enclosure, in which the mixture is maintained for just the necessary and sufficient time to impart to the components, prior to their release into the air gap, a level of electrostatic charge sufficient to ensure that... ensured that the components can be transported to the collectors and captured by said collectors, under the effect of the separating electric field.
  • the grid like a sieve, fulfills a selection function by retaining uncharged or insufficiently charged components inside the enclosure, thus preventing these components from being prematurely released into the air gap, and in particular from falling into the air gap under the simple effect of gravity, while this same grid will be able to let these same components pass through once they are charged.
  • the tribocharger can reinforce the electrostatic charge of said components by continuing the tribo-electric action on them for the necessary duration, while the permanent immersion of the enclosure in the separating electric field allows said separating electric field to exert immediately and permanently an attractive force on the components, as soon as said components acquire an electrostatic charge.
  • the permanent immersion of the enclosure, and therefore of the components being loaded contained within said enclosure, in the separating electric field advantageously allows said separating electric field to automatically extract the components, by facilitating or even forcing the passage of said components through the grid, as soon as the components have reached a sufficiently high electrostatic charge with regard to their size and shape.
  • the invention is particularly well suited to the treatment of heterogeneous mixtures containing fibers and granules, and in particular mixtures containing highly variable proportions of fibers relative to granules.
  • the inventors have indeed observed that many fibers, due to their length, typically a length greater than the mesh of the sieve formed by the grid, can only leave the enclosure when they are sufficiently charged so that, pressed against the grid under the action of the separating electric field, the said fibers deform, in particular bend, and thus manage to pass through the grid.
  • the inventors observed that the granules, when not loaded, generally form agglomerates by adhering to fibers that hinder said granules are trapped and thus prevented from passing through the grid, even when an individual granule is smaller than the mesh size of the grid. Conversely, when the granules acquire a sufficient electrostatic charge, the electric field will be able to detach them from the fibers and help them to pass through the containment wall, via the grid.
  • the invention presents increased efficiency, since it allows for an almost systematic effective separation of the components, then an effective recovery of said components by the collectors according to the family to which said components belong, and this almost without generating residues or losses in the form of components that would remain trapped in the enclosure or respectively that, released into the gap, would escape capture by the collectors and fall to the bottom of the installation.
  • the present invention relates to a separation installation 100 intended to receive a mixture 1 containing at least a first family of components 2, preferably fibers 2, and a second family of components 3, preferably granules 3.
  • the components of the first family will be fibers 2, which will have a thin and elongated shape, preferably substantially cylindrical.
  • the components of the first family may therefore be referred to as fibers 2 in what follows.
  • the majority of said fibers 2 present in mixture 1 i.e., more than 50% of the total number of fibers present
  • the fibers present in mixture 1 will have a length between 1 mm and 10 mm, while their largest transverse dimension, i.e., the largest dimension considered perpendicular to their length, typically the diameter in the case of a cylindrical fiber, will be between 10 ⁇ m and 1 mm.
  • Installation 100 will preferably be designed to be able to separate and recover (at least) fibers of such dimensions.
  • the fibers 2 will have a dimension, called length, which is significantly greater than the other two dimensions, called transverse dimensions, and more particularly will have a length at least 5 times, preferably at least 10 times, at least 20 times, or even at least 50 times or even 100 times greater than the largest of these two transverse dimensions, that is to say, typically, in the case of a cylindrical fiber 2, a length at least 5 times, preferably at least 10 times, at least 20 times, or even at least 50 times or even 100 times greater than the diameter of the fiber 2 concerned.
  • Fibres 2 may be made from a natural or synthetic textile material, and more preferably from a polymer or a combination of polymers from among (non-exhaustive list): polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS).
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • PE polyethylene
  • PP polypropylene
  • PVC polyvinyl chloride
  • PS polystyrene
  • the components of the second family will be granules 3.
  • the components of the second family can therefore be considered as granules 3 in what follows.
  • At least part of the granules 3 present in mixture 1, preferably the majority of the granules 3 present in mixture 1 (more than 50% of the total number of granules present), and more preferably all (100% of the total number of granules present) of said granules 3 present in mixture 1 shall preferably have an equivalent diameter between 125 ⁇ m and 5 mm, and a shape factor between 1 and 2.
  • equivalent diameter we mean the diameter that a fictitious sphere would have if it occupied the same volume as the volume occupied by the granule 3 under consideration.
  • shape factor refers to the ratio between, on the one hand, the maximum Feret diameter (i.e., the maximum observable distance for the given granule 3 between two parallel lines tangent to opposite sides of that granule 3), and, on the other hand, the minimum Feret diameter (i.e., the minimum observable distance for the given granule 3 between two parallel lines tangent to opposite sides of that granule 3).
  • This shape factor provides a good indication of the slenderness of the granules. For reference, a shape factor of 1 corresponds to a sphere, and a shape factor equal to the square root of 2 corresponds to a cube.
  • the installation 100 will preferably be designed to be able to separate and recover (at least) granules 3 having the aforementioned dimensions, and more particularly to be able to sort, by separating them, on the one hand granules 3 of such dimensions and on the other hand fibers 2 having the dimensions mentioned above, which are initially mixed together in the mixture 1.
  • the installation 100 will allow in particular the processing of mixtures 1 in which the proportion by weight of the fibers 2, in relation to the total weight of the mixture 1, represents between 5% and 75%, while the proportion by weight of the granules 3, in relation to the total weight of the mixture 1, represents between 25% and 95%.
  • the installation 100 includes a tribo-electric loading device 4, called a "tribo-loader" 4, which is arranged to receive the mixture 1 and to impart to the components 2, 3 of said mixture 1, by tribo-electric action, electrostatic charges which are of opposite polarities depending on whether the components 2, 3 belong to the first family (here the fibers 2) or to the second family (here the granules 3).
  • a tribo-electric loading device 4 called a "tribo-loader” 4 which is arranged to receive the mixture 1 and to impart to the components 2, 3 of said mixture 1, by tribo-electric action, electrostatic charges which are of opposite polarities depending on whether the components 2, 3 belong to the first family (here the fibers 2) or to the second family (here the granules 3).
  • the tribocharger 4 ensures a mixing of components 2, 3, so that said components rub against each other and/or against a wall of the tribocharger 4, which creates transfers of electrons on their surface and thus gives said components 2, 3 electrostatic charges.
  • the installation 100 further comprises at least one first electrode 5 and a second electrode 6 which are separated from each other by an air gap 7 and connected to a generator 8 which allows a potential difference to be applied between the first electrode 5 and the second electrode 6 in order to generate in the air gap 7 an electric field, called the "separating electric field".
  • This separating electric field is intended to direct the charged components 2, 3, according to their polarity, either towards a first collector 10 which is intended to collect components 2 of the first family, here fibers 2, or respectively towards a second collector 11 which is distinct from the first collector 10 and which is intended to collect components 3 of the second family, here granules 3.
  • the first electrode 5 is arranged to attract towards it, by the effect of Coulomb forces, the charged components of a family, here by convention the charged components of the first family, that is to say the charged fibers 2.
  • Said first electrode 5 could be distinct from the first collector 10 and placed in retreat from the first collector 10, relative to the area where the charged fibers 2 are released into the air gap 7, so that the fibers 2 which move towards the first electrode 5 under the effect of the separating electric field are intercepted and captured by the first collector 10 before reaching said first electrode 5.
  • the first electrode 5 is an integral part of the first collector 10, and is arranged to receive and capture the fibers 2 on its surface, as is the case on the embodiment variants of the Figures 1 , 2 , 3 And 5 .
  • the second electrode 6 is arranged to attract towards it, by the effect of Coulomb forces, the charged components of the other family, here by convention the charged components of the second family, that is to say the charged granules 3.
  • Said second electrode 6 could be separate from the second collector 11 and placed behind the second collector 11, relative to the area where the charged granules 3 are released into the air gap 7, so that the granules 3 which move towards the second electrode 6 under the effect of the separating electric field are intercepted and captured by the second collector 11 before reaching said second electrode 6.
  • the second electrode 6 is an integral part of the second collector 11, and is arranged to receive and capture the granules 2 on its surface, as is the case in the embodiment variants of Figures 1 , 2 , 3 And 5 .
  • the tribocharger 4 is located directly above the air gap 7 and such that at least a part of said air gap 7 extends below the tribocharger 4, which advantageously allows the charged components 2, 3 from the tribocharger 4 to be discharged into the upper part of the air gap 7, and thus to be able to take advantage of a certain vertical amplitude of travel, or "free flight", during which said components 2, 3 are subjected, simultaneously to gravity, to the Coulomb forces due to the combination of their electrostatic charge and the separating electric field, so that said separating electric field is able to deflect said components 2, 3 and convey them to the collectors 10, 11 where said components are captured.
  • the first and second electrodes 5, 6 are preferably located on different sides of a vertical reference plane P0, which preferably forms a sagittal plane of the air gap 7 and more generally of the installation 100 and which preferably passes through the middle of the tribocharger 4, and said electrodes 5, 6 are preferably located at an altitude lower than that of the tribocharger 4.
  • a vertical reference plane P0 which preferably forms a sagittal plane of the air gap 7 and more generally of the installation 100 and which preferably passes through the middle of the tribocharger 4
  • said electrodes 5, 6 are preferably located at an altitude lower than that of the tribocharger 4.
  • the corresponding collectors 10, 11, which laterally delimit the air gap 7, and which are located at an altitude lower than that of the tribocharger 4 and each on a different side of the reference plane P0 are preferably true for the corresponding collectors 10, 11, which laterally delimit the air gap 7, and which are located at an altitude lower than that of the trib
  • the tribocharger 4 receives the mixture 1 inside a chamber 12 which is delimited by a containment wall 13 which separates said chamber 12 from the first and second electrodes 5, 6 and from the first and second collectors 10, 11.
  • the components 2, 3 introduced into the tribocharger 4 are initially captive within the enclosure 12 of the tribocharger 4, so that said components 2, 3 cannot directly reach the collectors 10, 11, or even the electrodes 5, 6, without first passing through the containment wall 13 which forms an obstacle between the inside of the enclosure 12 and said collectors 10, 11.
  • the path which leads a component 2, 3 placed in the enclosure 12 to the collector 10, 11 dedicated to said component 2, 3 necessarily passes through, and through, the containment wall 13.
  • the containment wall 13 is arranged in such a way that the mixture 1 which is contained in the enclosure 12 is subjected to the tribo-electric loading action and, simultaneously, exposed to the separating electric field.
  • the enclosure 12, and therefore the components 2, 3 which said enclosure 12 holds captive, are immersed in the separating electric field, while the tribocharger 4 stirs said components 2, 3 inside the enclosure 12, in order to electrically charge said components 2, 3 by friction.
  • the containment wall 13 is provided with a grid 14 which is arranged so as to retain components 2, 3 of the mixture 1 inside the enclosure 12 until said components 2, 3 have reached, under the action of the tribocharger 4, an electrostatic charge which is sufficient for said components 2, 3 to escape from the enclosure 12, by passing through the containment wall 13 through the grid 14, under the action of the separating electric field, and can thus reach the collector 10, 11 which corresponds to them, according to their polarity.
  • the containment wall 13, and more particularly the grid 14, advantageously form a physical barrier which prevents the components 2, 3 of the mixture which are not yet charged, or which are insufficiently charged to be sure of reaching the collectors 10, 11, from escaping from the enclosure 12, which allows the tribocharger 4 to begin the action of charging said components 2, 3 and to continue the action of charging said components 2, 3 for as long as necessary, that is to say until said components 2, 3 are sufficiently charged to be released into the air gap 7, and carried by the separating electric field towards the collectors 10, 11.
  • the containment wall 13 thus defines, in a way, the boundary between two sub-chambers within the installation 100, namely, on the one hand, a first buffer sub-chamber, which is formed by the enclosure 12 closed by the containment wall 13 and its grid 14, and within which components 2, 3 are introduced and can be held while said components 2, 3 acquire a sufficient electrostatic charge, and on the other hand, a second sub-chamber, in which the collectors 10, 11 are located, and which communicates with the enclosure 12 through the grid 14, here only through the grid 14, so that the collectors 10, 11 are not accessible to components 2, 3 as long as said components 2, 3 are confined in the enclosure 12, but become accessible to said components as soon as said components 2, 3 have passed through the grid 14 to find themselves in the second sub-chamber, in "free flight" in the air gap 7, and therefore free to reach the collectors 10, 11 under the action of the separating electric field.
  • the second sub-chamber can, in practice, correspond to the main enclosure of the installation 100, delimited by a casing which covers the frame of said installation.
  • the segregation operated by the grid 14 between sufficiently charged components 2, 3 and insufficiently charged components 2, 3 makes it possible to guarantee the quality and purity of the filtered products, i.e. the fibers 2 on the one hand and the granules 3 on the other hand which are collected separately by the collectors 10, 11, since only the components 2, 3 sufficiently charged to reach the collectors 10, 11, and to allow a differentiation of their family of belonging according to the sign of their charge, are actually extracted from the enclosure 12, and more particularly pulled from the enclosure 12 through the grid 14, then collected by the collectors 10, 11, while the insufficiently charged components 2, 3 cannot leave the triboloading zone.
  • the grid 14 may have any shape allowing the containment wall 13 to be perforated by defining a network of several through openings which will form as many passages for the components 2, 3, by connecting the interior of the enclosure 12 with the part of the air gap 7 located outside said enclosure 12, and whose dimensions will define a mesh adapted to the segregation function operated by the grid 14 against the components 2, 3.
  • This mesh chosen to block uncharged components but to allow sufficiently charged components to pass through, will be defined according to the expected combination of the charge of components 2, 3 (and therefore the Coulomb force exerted on them by the separating electric field), the shape and dimensions of said components, and the mechanical properties of stiffness and elasticity of their constituent material.
  • the grid 14 will thus form a kind of sieve, which occupies all or part of the containment wall 13, and may be referred to as a "sieve" in what follows.
  • the grid 14 forms a sieve whose M14 mesh is between 1 mm and 10 mm, and more preferably between 2 mm and 5 mm.
  • the mixture 1 may contain a certain quantity of components 2, 3 whose size would either be too large so as to prevent the components concerned, even carrying a high electrostatic charge and therefore subjected to a high Coulomb force, from passing through the mesh M14 of the grid 14, or on the contrary too small for the grid 14 to be able to effectively retain said components 2, 3, even uncharged, inside the enclosure 12, against gravity.
  • the fibers 2 will preferably have a length greater than the M14 mesh, a diameter strictly less than the M14 mesh, and will be formed in a material sufficiently flexible to be able, once electrically charged, to bend under the action of the Coulomb force exerted by the separating electric field, typically bend in a U-shape, and thus pass through the M14 mesh of the grid 14.
  • the granules 3 will preferably have an equivalent diameter substantially equal to the M14 mesh, or slightly less than the M14 mesh, for example between 80% and 100% of the M14 mesh, so as to be retained by the grid 14 when agglomerated with fibers 2, and to be able to pass through the meshes of the grid 14, either spontaneously or with a certain elastic restriction, when they are loaded and subjected to the attractive force of the separating electric field.
  • the size of the M14 mesh of the grid 14 can be adjusted to obtain the best possible yield. of installation 100, and in particular optimize the selective retention capacity of grid 14, that is to say optimize the compromise between the capacity of grid 14 to retain insufficiently charged components 2, 3, and its capacity to let sufficiently charged components 2, 3 pass through.
  • a mixture 1 will be prepared in which the components of the same family have relatively homogeneous properties from one component of the family to another, in that at least 50% by number of components 2 of the first family, and/or at least 50% by number of components 3 of the second family, or even at least 80% by number of components 2 of the first family and/or at least 80% by number of components 3 of the second family, will have properties, and in particular sizes, enabling them to meet the selectivity criterion, that is to say, to be sensitive to the segregation operated by the grid 14, which is blocking for said components 2, 3 (that is to say retains said components) when these are uncharged or insufficiently charged, and which becomes passing (that is to say lets said components pass) when these same components have acquired a sufficient charge.
  • the homogeneity of the components of the same family can for example be obtained by appropriately choosing the conditions for obtaining mixture 1, in particular when the mixture is obtained by grinding, and/or by possibly subjecting mixture 1 to a first sieving, possibly quite coarse, in order to calibrate said mixture 1 before introducing mixture 1 into the triboloader 4.
  • the triboloader 4 will be arranged so that it is the enclosure 12 which is set in motion, relative to the frame of the installation 100, preferably in rotational motion, so as to cause a mixing of the mixture 1 which causes friction of the components 2, 3 between them and with the containment wall 13 of the enclosure 12.
  • the triboloader 4 comprises a cylindrical containment drum 15, preferably with a circular base, which is delimited by a tubular side wall 16 extending along and around a central axis X15 forming with the horizontal an angle of less than 30 degrees.
  • Said tubular side wall 16 forms the containment wall 13, and at least a portion of said tubular side wall 16 forms the grid 14.
  • the implementation of a 4-cylinder triboloader gives the installation a simple, compact, and robust structure.
  • a tribocharger 4 and more particularly in a containment drum 15, which is horizontal and has a cylindrical shape, preferably a shape of revolution, one can advantageously use the rotation R15 of the drum 15 on itself, around its central axis X15, to carry out the mixing of the components 2, 3, and thus create or increase the electrostatic charge of said components 2, 3.
  • This rotation R15 is preferably ensured by a motor 17, such as an electric motor 17, controlled by a control unit 18.
  • the rotation R15 of the containment drum 15 about itself, around its central axis X15, is preferably continuous and monotonic, that is to say, carried out uninterrupted and always in the same direction. This advantageously results in efficient agitation of the mixture 1, without jerking or risk of compaction of the mixture 1, and moreover without jolts or vibrations of the triboloader 4, or excessive noise, which improves the service life, reliability, and ease of use of the installation 100.
  • the rotation speed R15 is moderate, so as on the one hand to allow a natural mixing of the mixture 1, by self-collapse and permanent turning of the mixture on itself, under the joint action of the rotation R15 (which allows the lateral wall 16 to carry and raise a part of the mixture along said lateral wall, in the direction of the rotation R15, seen in a section normal to the axis of rotation X15) and of gravity (which makes this part of the mixture raised by the rotation fall back onto the rest of the mixture), and on the other hand to avoid a centrifugal effect of the mixture 1 which would tend to compact said mixture 1 or even to prematurely eject, due to the centrifugal force, uncharged components 2, 3.
  • the rotational speed R15 will preferably be chosen, depending on the internal diameter of the containment drum 15, so that the centrifugal acceleration to which said rotation R15 subjects the mixture 1 remains less than 125 m/ s2 , that is, less than 12.75 times the acceleration due to gravity.
  • the centrifugal acceleration to which said rotation R15 subjects the mixture 1 remains less than 125 m/ s2 , that is, less than 12.75 times the acceleration due to gravity.
  • a centrifugal force of approximately 0.018 Newtons.
  • the rotation speed R15 will preferably be between 10 rpm and 150 rpm, more preferably between 30 rpm and 90 rpm.
  • the side wall 16 of the containment drum 15 may include a rigid openwork frame 20, which serves as a support for wire mesh panels 21, here curved panels which follow substantially or exactly the curvature of the side wall 16 of the containment drum 15, which wire mesh panels 21 fit the windows of the frame 20 so as to form as many portions of the grid 14.
  • the supply of enclosure 12 of the triboloader 4 can be carried out by any suitable feeding system, for example by means of a screw conveyor, of the Archimedes screw type, which takes the mixture 1 from a nearby silo to transfer it into enclosure 12, or by means of a hopper which pours the mixture 1 into said enclosure 12 of the triboloader 4.
  • the radially internal face of the lateral wall 16 of the containment drum 15 may be provided with protrusions, such as blades, which contribute to breaking up and stirring the mixture 1 during the rotation R15, in order to accentuate the friction phenomena and thus improve the efficiency of the triboloading.
  • the central axis X15 of the containment drum 15 will preferably form a non-zero angle with the horizontal.
  • the central axis X15, and therefore the containment drum 15, is thus given an inclination which places the inlet of the containment drum, corresponding here to the base of the cylinder located at one of the two axial ends of said containment drum 15, considered along the central axis X15, at an altitude greater than the altitude of the outlet of the containment drum 15, which corresponds to the base of the cylinder forming the other axial end, opposite, of said containment drum 15.
  • this inclination of the containment drum 15, and more precisely of the lateral wall 16 of said containment drum 15, makes it possible to ensure a progressive and continuous transport of the mixture 1 from the inlet to the outlet of the containment drum, along the central axis X15.
  • the enclosure 12 when the enclosure 12 is formed by a containment drum 15, care will be taken not to fill said containment drum 15 over its entire height, i.e. over the entire extent of its cross-section, in order to preserve in the upper part of the cylinder a sufficient vacuum to allow the mixture 1 to be effectively stirred during the rotation R15 of the containment drum 15.
  • the filling rate will be such that the mixture 1 occupies in the lower part of the cylinder a height less than or equal to 40% of the internal diameter of the containment drum 15, for example a height between 25% and 30% of said internal diameter.
  • the first electrode 5 is formed by a cylindrical electrode 5, preferably with a circular base, mounted in rotation R5 around a first horizontal central axis X5 and whose surface forms a portion of the first collector 10, being able to collect the components 2 of the first family and to evacuate said components 2 out of the air gap 7 by its rotational movement R5.
  • the second electrode 6 is formed by a second cylindrical electrode 6, preferably with a circular base, which is mounted in rotation R6 about a second horizontal central axis X6, radially offset with respect to the first central axis X5, preferably parallel to the first central axis X5, and more preferably located at the same altitude as that of the first central axis X5.
  • the surface of the second cylindrical electrode 6 then advantageously forms a portion of the second collector 11 by being able to collect the components 3 of the second family and to evacuate said components 3 out of the air gap 7 by its rotational movement R6.
  • the central axes X5, X6 are substantially horizontal, that is to say they form an angle of less than 10 degrees with the horizontal, preferably less than 5 degrees, and more preferably will be exactly horizontal.
  • central axes X5 and X6 extend along the same vector direction; that is, the first central axis X5 and the second central axis X6 are each normal to the same reference plane, here more preferably to the same vertical reference plane, as is the case with the projection plane of the figure 2 .
  • the first and second electrodes 5, 6 are preferably counter-rotating. More preferably, the directions of rotation R5, R6 are such that the tangential velocity of the surface of electrode 5, 6, considered at the narrowest point of the air gap 7 (here, the point on the surface of said electrode that is closest to the sagittal reference plane P0), rises vertically towards the tribocharger 4 located above the air gap 7, in the opposite direction to the natural fall of components 2, 3 under the effect of gravity. This notably ensures the safe transfer of components 2, 3 out of the air gap 7, preventing components 2, 3 captured by electrodes 5, 6 from accidentally detaching and falling towards the bottom of the installation 100.
  • the first and second electrodes 5, 6 overlap axially at least partially, and more preferably overlap axially in total, in that said electrodes 5, 6 each occupy the same axial range considered, in the common direction of their central axes X5, X6.
  • the tribocharger 4, and more particularly the containment drum 15 extends axially at least partially, preferably entirely, within the axial range common to the first electrode 5 and the second electrode 6.
  • the central axis X15 of the containment drum 15 is preferably contained in a vertical plane, here the sagittal reference plane P0, which is parallel to the central axes X5, X6 of electrodes 5, 6 (and therefore which is here perpendicular to the vertical projection plane of the figure 2 ).
  • the first and second electrodes 5, 6 will preferably be driven in rotation R5, R6 by motors 22, 23, preferably electric motors 22, 23, controlled by the control unit 18.
  • the first electrode 5 and the second electrode 6 form, at the minimum distance separating them, a first constriction 24 of the air gap 7, this first constriction 24 being located at a first altitude H24.
  • the installation 100 includes a third electrode 30 and a fourth electrode 31, also subjected to a potential difference, which form, at the minimum distance separating them, a second constriction 32 of the air gap 7 located at a second altitude H32 lower than the first altitude H24.
  • the separating electric field successively exhibits, vertically, a first peak of intensity 50 in the first constriction 24, at the first altitude H24, then an intensity which, between the first altitude H24 and the second altitude H32, first decreases and then increases again to form a trough of intensity 51 and then to reach a second peak of intensity 52 in the second constriction 32, at the second altitude H32, as illustrated on the figure 4 or on the figure 7 .
  • the width of the first constriction 24 corresponds here to the difference between on the one hand the center distance which separates the central axes X5, X6 of the first and second electrodes 5, 6 and on the other hand the sum of the radius of the first electrode 5 and the radius of the second electrode 6.
  • the width of the second constriction 32 corresponds here to the difference between on the one hand the center distance which separates the central axes X30, X31 of the third and fourth electrodes 30, 31 and on the other hand the sum of the radius of the third electrode 30 and the radius of the fourth electrode 31.
  • the installation 100 thus presents, according to a preferred feature which may constitute an invention in its own right, a structure comprising (at least) two capture stages 35, 36, namely a first, upper capture stage 35, corresponding to the first pair of electrodes formed by the first and second electrodes 5, 6 which define a part of the separating electric field whose intensity peaks at the first tightening 24, then a second capture stage 36, lower, corresponding to the second pair of electrodes formed by the third and fourth electrodes 30, 31 which define another part of the separating electric field whose intensity peaks at the second tightening 32.
  • enclosure 12 of tribocharger 4 is located at an altitude, called "drop altitude" H12, which is higher than the first altitude H24 of the first narrowing 24.
  • a component 2, 3 that exits the enclosure 12 through the containment wall 13 and falls under the effect of gravity can, if necessary, successively pass through the first capture stage 35 and then the second capture stage 36, and therefore, in particular, the first intensity peak 50, by passing through the first constriction 24, then the second intensity peak 52, by passing through the second constriction 32. Therefore, if said component 2, 3 is too heavy and/or insufficiently charged, relative to its weight or relative to the initial distance separating said component from its corresponding collector 10, 11, to be captured by the upper first capture stage 35, then it is possible that said component 2, 3 may be captured, as a backup, by the lower second capture stage 36. In this way, a high recovery rate of components 2, 3 will be ensured.
  • the enclosure 12 of the triboloader 4 is located at an altitude, called “drop altitude” H12, which is intermediate, that is to say which is this time lower than the first altitude H24 of the first constriction 24 and higher than the second altitude H32 of the second constriction 32.
  • the enclosure 12 of the triboloader 4, and more particularly the grid 14 is here, at least in part, or even in total, contained vertically between the first constriction 24 and the second constriction 32, so that the enclosure 12, and more particularly the grid 14, extends at least in part, and preferably in total, below the first constriction 24 and above the second constriction 32.
  • the inventors have indeed found that it was possible to obtain, using such a configuration in which the triboloader 4 is placed vertically in an intermediate position between the first and second constrictions 24, 32, an extraction of fibers 2 with a high degree of purity, higher than that observed in the previous configuration in which the triboloader 4 is placed above both the first constriction 24 and the second constriction 32. During the tests carried out by the inventors, this improvement in purity was observed at each of the two capture stages 35, 36.
  • the central axis X15 of the containment drum 15 will be located at an intermediate altitude, strictly between the first altitude H24 of the first tightening 24 and the second altitude H32 of the second tightening 32.
  • the central axis X15 of the containment drum 15 may be located at an altitude which is on the one hand lower than the altitude of the central axis X5 of the first electrode 5, and more preferably lower than both the altitude of the central axis X5 of the first electrode 5 and the altitude of the central axis X6 of the second electrode 6, and on the other hand higher than the altitude of the central axis X30 of the third electrode 30, and more preferably higher than both the altitude of the central axis X30 of the third electrode 30 and the altitude of the central axis X31 of the fourth electrode 31.
  • the third electrode 30 will be located on the same side of the sagittal reference plane P0 as the first electrode 5, here on the left on the Figures 1 And 2 , and will exhibit the same polarity as the first electrode 5.
  • the third electrode 30 will preferably be associated with a third collector 33, separate from the first and second collectors 10 and 11, and is intended to collect the components 2 of the first family. More preferably, the third electrode 30 will be part of said third collector 33, arranged so as to be able to capture the components 2 on its surface.
  • the fourth electrode 31 will preferably be located on the same side of the sagittal reference plane P0 as the second electrode 6, here on the right of the Figures 1 And 2 , and will exhibit the same polarity as the second electrode 6.
  • the fourth electrode 31 will preferably be associated with a fourth collector 34, separate from the first, second, and third collectors 10, 11, 33, and intended to collect the components 3 of the second family. More preferably, the fourth electrode 31 will be part of said fourth collector 34, arranged so as to be able to capture the components 3 on its surface.
  • the third and fourth electrodes 30, 31 are, just like the first and second electrodes 5, 6, each formed by a cylindrical electrode 30, 31, preferably with a circular base, mounted in rotation R30, R31 around its horizontal central axis X30, X31.
  • each of the first, second, third, and fourth electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31 is associated with, or more preferably belongs to, a distinct collector 10, 11, 33, 34, so that each of said first, second, third and fourth electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31 can evacuate out of the air gap 7, independently of the other electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31, the components 2, 3 captured on its surface.
  • Installation 100 thus presents a simple and inexpensive structure, which ensures separate evacuation, by capture stage 35, 36 and by polarity, of the different components 2, 3. This allows for easy and reliable sorting, even with a high flow rate.
  • the collectors 10, 11, 33, 34 may be provided with scrapers 38, located outside the air gap 7, which rub against the corresponding electrode 5, 6, 30, 31 to detach the components 2, 3 captured by said electrode, which components 2, 3 may then be either temporarily stored in a container provided for this purpose, or evacuated by means of a suitable conveyor.
  • the potential difference applied between the third electrode 30 and the fourth electrode 31 can be identical to the potential difference applied between the first and second electrodes 5, 6.
  • the first and third electrodes 5, 30 can both be connected to the same terminal of the generator 8, while the second and fourth electrodes 6, 31 are both connected to the same other terminal of the generator 8.
  • the installation 100 may include position adjustment devices 40, 41 allowing the position of one and/or the other of the central axes X15 of the containment drum and/or X5, X6, X30, X31 of one or the other of the electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31 to be changed.
  • a system of vertical rails 40 can be provided allowing modification, preferably independently of each other, of the altitude of the containment drum 15, respectively one and/or the other of the altitudes of the electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31.
  • horizontal rails 41 can be provided, preferably perpendicular to the central axes X15, X5, X6, X30, X31, to modify the horizontal position of the electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31, preferably independently of each other, so as to be able in particular to adjust and modify as needed the center distances of each pair of electrodes 5, 6, respectively 30, 31, and/or the distance of one and/or the other of the electrodes from the vertical plumb of the tribocharger (here therefore the distance from the reference plane P0).
  • the surface, preferably cylindrical, of electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31 is covered with a layer made of an electrically insulating material to prevent an exchange of charges of the electrode 5, 6, 30, 31 with the components 2, 3 which adhere to its surface.
  • electrically insulating material we mean here a material which has a resistivity equal to or greater than 10 10 ⁇ .m at a temperature of 300 Kelvin.
  • This insulating layer could, for example, take the form of a coating, for example in PTFE or PET, preferably with a thickness between 10 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, which will be deposited on the core of the electrode, itself made of metal, for example in copper alloy, aluminum alloy or stainless steel.
  • the electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31 which define the separating electric field occupy, as a whole, an altitude range H7 called the "air gap altitude range" H7 which extends from the altitude of the lowest point of all said electrodes, here the bottom line of the third or fourth electrode 30, 31, to the highest point of all said electrodes, here the crest line of the first or second electrode 5, 6, and the tribocharger 4, called the “first tribocharger" 4, is located in a high part of the installation 100 so that at least a part, preferably at least half, and more preferably the whole, of the air gap altitude range H7 extends below the altitude H12 of the lowest point of the enclosure 12 receiving the mixture 1, that is, below the H12 drop altitude mentioned above.
  • the enclosure 12, and more particularly the grid 14 is located in the upper part of the air gap 7, so that the components 2, 3 which exit the enclosure 12, at the drop altitude H12, benefit from a significant drop height, which leaves space and time for the electrodes 5, 6, 30, 31 to deflect the trajectory of said components towards the collectors 10, 11, 33, 34.
  • the tribocharger 4, and more particularly the enclosure 12 and its grid 14, remain placed in the area of influence of the separating electric field, so that the components 2, 3 are caught by said separating electric field and pulled out of the enclosure 12, through the grid 14, immediately charged.
  • Installation 100 can then also include, in a lower part, directly below the first triboloader 4 and at an altitude H45 strictly lower than the altitude of said first triboloader 4, here therefore strictly lower than the release altitude H12, a fluidized bed 45, schematically represented by dotted lines on the figure 2 , which forms a second tribocharger 45 capable of electrically recharging and returning in suspension in the air gap 7 the components 2, 3 of the mixture 1 which would have fallen from the first tribocharger 4 and would have crossed vertically through the air gap 7 without being captured by the collectors 10, 11, 33, 34.
  • this further improves the efficiency of installation 100, by reducing the losses that would correspond to a residue formed by components that fell from the enclosure but were not captured and therefore not sorted after passing through installation 100.
  • the installation 100 comprises, at an intermediate altitude located between the upper first capture stage 35, formed by the first electrode 5 and the second electrode 6 and the lower second capture stage 36, formed by the third electrode 30 and the fourth electrode 31, a non-return baffle 46 which is arranged to allow the passage to the second capture stage 36 of the components 2, 3 not captured by the first capture stage 35, while preventing the components 2, 3 resuspended in the second capture stage 36 by the fluidized bed 45 from rising beyond said non-return baffle 46, and in particular from rising back to the first capture stage 35.
  • the said anti-return baffle 46 preferably comprises firstly, as can be seen on the figure 5 , a hopper 47 with converging walls which is suitable for collecting the components 2, 3 falling from the first capture stage 35 and for directing said components 2, 3, through a lower opening 48, towards the second capture stage 36, then a diverging deflector 49, which is placed under the hopper 47 in line with the lower opening 48 so as to allow the components 2, 3 from the hopper 47 to fall into the second capture stage 36, while preventing the components 2, 3 resuspended in the second capture stage 36 by the fluidized bed 45 from rising through the lower opening 48 towards the first capture stage 35, and therefore from rising beyond said non-return baffle 46, and in particular from rising up to the first capture stage 35.
  • the components 2, 3 which were not captured during their first fall and which are put back into suspension, by the fluidized bed 45, in the lower part of the air gap 7, are thus confined in the second capture stage 36, in the air gap delimited by the third and fourth electrodes 30, 31.
  • the width covered horizontally by the deflector 49 preferably represents at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 85%, or even at least 95% of the horizontal distance separating the third electrode 30 from the fourth electrode 31.
  • the deflector 49 forms a kind of cap which covers the majority, or even all, of the lower area of the air gap 7 which is between the third and fourth electrodes 30, 31, and constitutes an obstacle which prevents the components 2, 3 present in this lower area of the air gap 7 from leaving said lower area of the air gap.
  • the deflector 49 is preferably arranged so as to fully overlap and cover, in projection in a horizontal plane, the lower opening 48 of the hopper 47, and even to extend beyond the lower opening 48, so that the components 2, 3 present in the lower area of the air gap, under the deflector 49, cannot rise vertically through said lower opening 48.
  • the non-return baffle 46 also prevents the gas flow, here upward, emitted by the fluidized bed 45 from disturbing the operation of the first capture stage 35, in the upper part of the air gap 7.
  • the walls of the hopper 47 may be formed by inclined plates which extend lengthwise parallel to the axes X5, X6, X30, X31 of the electrodes 30, 31.
  • These walls, and more generally the anti-return baffle 46, may be animated by vibrations, to prevent components 2, 3 from adhering to said walls.
  • the generator 8 and the electrodes 5, 6, and where applicable 30, 31, are arranged so that the intensity of the separating electric field, at the level of the inner face of the grid 14 which retains the components, here in particular in the immediate vicinity of the altitude the H12 drop altitude or even at the H12 drop altitude, is equal to or greater than 100 kV/m, preferably between 100 kV/m and 600 kV/m, and more preferably between 200 kV/m and 400 kV/m.
  • a moderate intensity for example equal to or less than 400 kV/m, will advantageously allow the separating electric field to be created by means of generators 8 with a maximum voltage of less than 100 kV, and which are therefore relatively inexpensive and not very restrictive to implement, especially in view of the safety standards applicable to such generators 8 with regard to isolation distances.
  • the required intensity can in particular be obtained by creating a potential difference of 50 kV, here in direct voltage, for example between a first and a second electrode 5, 6 which are spaced at a center distance of 80 cm, which each have a diameter of 30 cm, and which are associated with a confinement drum 15 having, at the level of the grid 14, an internal diameter of 30 cm, whose central axis X15 is located horizontally in the middle of the center distance separating the central axis X5 of the first electrode 5 from the central axis X6 of the second electrode, and vertically at an altitude between 0 cm and 40 cm above the common altitude of the two central axes X5, X6 of the said first and second electrodes.
  • a potential difference of 50 kV here in direct voltage
  • the intensity of the separating electric field may be between 100 kV/m and 400 kV/m.
  • the intensity of the separating electric field may be between 200 kV/m and 600 kV/m.
  • the electric field strength values given above for the first altitude H24 and the second altitude H32 may correspond, in particular, to a situation in which, as illustrated on the figures 3 And 5 , the shortest distance separating the first electrode 5 from the second electrode 6 is greater than the shortest distance separating the third electrode 30 from the fourth electrode 31.
  • the distances separating electrodes 5, 6, respectively 30, 31 of the same pair can of course be adjusted, as well as the potential difference applied between these electrodes, depending on the desired intensity of the separating electric field.
  • the first electrode 5 and the second electrode 6 may be closer to each other than are the third and fourth electrodes 30, 31 to each other, that is to say that the shortest distance separating the first electrode 5 from the second electrode 6 may be chosen smaller than the shortest distance separating the third electrode 30 from the fourth electrode 31, instead of being chosen larger.
  • the intensity of the separating electric field may then be higher in the first constriction 24 than in the second constriction 32, as illustrated in the figure 7 .
  • the intensity of the separating electric field may this time be between 200 kV/m and 600 kV/m at the first altitude H24 of the upper constriction 24, while it will be between 100 kV/m and 400 kV/m at the second altitude H32 of the lower constriction 32.
  • the invention relates as such to a separation process allowing, from a mixture 1 which contains at least a first family of components 2, preferably fibers 2, and a second family of components 3, preferably granules 3, to separate the components 2 belonging to the first family from the components 3 belonging to the second family.
  • Such a process can preferably be implemented using an installation 100 as described above.
  • the process according to the invention is preferably and advantageously a dry separation process, which does not require the use of solvent or the treatment of components 2, 3 with any liquid solution.
  • the separation process comprises a step (S1) of creating a separating electric field, during which a potential difference is applied between at least a first electrode 5 and a second electrode 6 defining between them an air gap 7 so as to generate in said air gap 7 an electric field called "separating electric field", a step (S2) of electrostatic charging of the mixture 1, during which components 2, 3 of the mixture are given, by tribo-electric action, electrostatic charges which are of opposite polarities depending on whether the components 2, 3 belong to the first family or the second family, then a sorting step (S3) during which the separating electric field is used to direct the charged components 2 of the first family towards a first collector 10 which captures said components 2 of the first family, and to direct the charged components 3 of the second family towards a second collector 11 which is distinct from the first collector 10 and which captures said components 3 of the second family.
  • S1 of creating a separating electric field, during which a potential difference is applied between at least a first electrode 5 and a second electrode 6 defining between them an air gap 7 so
  • the electrostatic charging step (S2) comprises a selective retention phase (S201), during which the mixture 1 is placed inside a chamber 12 which is separated from the first and second electrodes 5, 6 and the first and second collectors 10, 11 by a containment wall 13, and said mixture 1 present in the chamber is subjected to triboelectric action, in the presence of the separating electric field, and, depending on whether the level of electrostatic charge reached by certain components 2, 3 corresponds or not to a charge level deemed sufficient, said components 2, 3 are allowed to leave the chamber 12 so that said components 2, 3 can reach the collectors 10, 11 under the action of the separating electric field, or on the contrary, said components 2, 3 are temporarily prevented from leaving the chamber, by retaining them by means of the containment wall 13, and by continuing the tribo-electric action on said components 2, 3, until these same components 2, 3 have acquired an electrostatic charge of a charge level deemed sufficient to be released from enclosure 12, towards collectors 10, 11.
  • S201 selective retention phase
  • the sorting step (S3) is preceded by a selective retention step (S201) which allows the components 2, 3, initially uncharged or slightly charged, to be held, here by means of the grid 14, in the buffer zone formed by the enclosure 12, until these same components have acquired a charge sufficient to trigger their extraction from the enclosure 12, through the grid 14, and their release into the gap 7, from where the charged components 2, 3 then travel to the collectors 10, 11.
  • S201 selective retention step
  • the grid 14, and more particularly the sizing of the mesh M14 of the sieve formed by said grid 14, advantageously ensures automatically, for each component 2, 3 considered individually, that the release of said component in the air gap 7 occurs only, and as soon as, the conditions, in particular the electrostatic charge threshold adapted to the component considered, are met for the separating electric field to carry said component to the collector 10, 11 which corresponds to it.
  • a separating electric field is created which extends at least partly below the enclosure 12, and which has at least two intensity peaks 50, 52 vertically staged and separated by an intensity trough 51, so as to form a first upper capture stage 35, with which at least part of the components 2, 3 from the enclosure 12 are captured, then a second lower capture stage 36 with which at least part of the components 2, 3 from the enclosure 12 and not captured by the first upper capture stage 35 are captured.
  • Each stage 35, 36 preferably corresponds to a different pair of electrodes 5, 6, respectively 30, 31.
  • such a tiered structure considerably limits the fall of components 2, 3 into the bottom of the installation, and promotes efficient evacuation of each family of components, with a good flow rate, because said evacuation is distributed over two tiers 35, 36, and thus two tiers 35, 36 of capture are allocated to the capture and evacuation of the same family of components, and therefore several collectors working simultaneously.
  • the separation process is applied to a mixture 1 which comprises as a first component family fibers 2, preferably based on polyethylene terephthalate, and as a second component family granules 3, preferably based on rubber.
  • a grid 14 integrated into the containment wall 13 can then be used, forming a sieve whose mesh size M14 is between the first reference value L2 and the second reference value L3, i.e.: L3 ⁇ M14 ⁇ L2
  • the invention relates to a method for recycling a pneumatic tire comprising a grinding step, during which at least a portion of said pneumatic tire, for example the tread of said tire, is reduced into a mixture containing textile fibers 2 and granules 3 of rubber-based material and then a separation step during which said mixture is subjected to a separation process according to any one of the characteristics described above.

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  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Anlage (100) zur Trennung, die dazu bestimmt ist, ein Gemisch (1) aufzunehmen, das mindestens eine erste Familie von Komponenten (2), bevorzugt Fasern (2), und eine zweite Familie von Komponenten (3), bevorzugt Granulate (3), enthält, wobei die Anlage (100) eine Vorrichtung (4) zur triboelektrischen Aufladung, "Tribo-Aufladeeinheit" (4) genannt, umfasst, die dazu ausgebildet ist, das Gemisch (1) aufzunehmen und den Komponenten (2, 3) des Gemisches durch triboelektrische Wirkung elektrostatische Ladungen zu verleihen, die entgegengesetzte Polaritäten haben, je nachdem, ob die Komponenten (2, 3) zu der ersten Familie oder zu der zweiten Familie gehören, wobei die Anlage (100) ferner mindestens eine erste Elektrode (5) und eine zweite Elektrode (6) umfasst, die voneinander durch einen Luftspalt (7) getrennt sind und an einen Generator (8) angeschlossen sind, der es ermöglicht, eine Potentialdifferenz zwischen der ersten Elektrode (5) und der zweiten Elektrode (6) anzulegen, um in dem Luftspalt ein elektrisches Feld, "trennendes elektrisches Feld" genannt, zu erzeugen, das dazu bestimmt ist, die geladenen Komponenten (2, 3) je nach ihrer Polarität entweder zu einem ersten Sammler (10), der zum Auffangen der Komponenten (2) der ersten Familie bestimmt ist, oder zu einem zweiten Sammler (11), der von dem ersten Sammler (10) verschieden ist und zum Auffangen der Komponenten (3) der zweiten Familie bestimmt ist, zu führen, wobei die Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) dazu ausgestaltet ist, das Gemisch (1) im Inneren einer Kammer (12) aufzunehmen, die durch eine Begrenzungswand (13) begrenzt wird, welche die Kammer (12) von der ersten und der zweiten Elektrode (5, 6) und von dem ersten und dem zweiten Sammler (10, 11) trennt, wobei die Begrenzungswand (13) so ausgebildet ist, dass das Gemisch (1), das in der Kammer (12) enthalten ist, der Wirkung der triboelektrischen Aufladung unterzogen wird und gleichzeitig dem trennenden elektrischen Feld ausgesetzt ist, und wobei die Begrenzungswand (13) mit einem Gitter (14) versehen ist, das so ausgebildet ist, dass es Komponenten (2, 3) des Gemisches im Inneren der Kammer (12) zurückhält, bis die Komponenten (2, 3) unter der Wirkung der Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) eine elektrostatische Ladung erreicht haben, die dazu ausreicht, dass die Komponenten (2, 3) aus der Kammer (12) entweichen, indem sie die Begrenzungswand (13) durch das Gitter (14) hindurch unter der Wirkung des trennenden elektrischen Felds überwinden und in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Polarität in den ihnen entsprechenden Sammler (10, 11) gelangen können.
  2. Anlage nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) eine zylindrische Begrenzungstrommel (15) umfasst, die durch eine röhrenförmige Seitenwand (16) begrenzt wird, die sich entlang einer und um eine zentrale Achse (X15) erstreckt, die mit der Horizontalen einen Winkel von weniger als 30 Grad, bevorzugt ungleich null, bildet, wobei die röhrenförmige Seitenwand (16) die Begrenzungswand (13) bildet und mindestens ein Abschnitt davon das Gitter (14) bildet.
  3. Anlage nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Elektrode (5) durch eine zylindrische Elektrode gebildet wird, die um eine erste horizontale zentrale Achse (X5) drehend (R5) gelagert ist und deren Oberfläche einen Abschnitt des ersten Sammlers (10) bildet, wobei sie in der Lage ist, die Komponenten (2) der ersten Familie aufzufangen und die Komponenten (2) durch ihre Drehbewegung (R5) aus dem Luftspalt (7) auszutragen, und dass die zweite Elektrode (6) durch eine zweite zylindrische Elektrode (6) gebildet wird, die um eine zweite horizontale zentrale Achse (X6) drehend (R6) gelagert ist, die in Bezug auf die erste zentrale Achse (X5) radial versetzt ist, bevorzugt parallel zu der ersten zentralen Achse (X5) ist und noch stärker bevorzugt auf der gleichen Höhe wie die erste zentrale Achse (X5) gelegen ist, wobei die Oberfläche der zweiten zylindrischen Elektrode (6) einen Abschnitt des zweiten Sammlers (11) bildet, wobei sie in der Lage ist, die Komponenten (3) der zweiten Familie aufzufangen und die Komponenten (3) durch ihre Drehbewegung (R6) aus dem Luftspalt (7) auszutragen.
  4. Anlage nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Elektrode (5) und die zweite Elektrode (6) untereinander bei dem kleinsten sie trennenden Abstand eine erste Verengung (24) des Luftspalts (7) bilden, die auf einer ersten Höhe (H24) gelegen ist, dass die Anlage (100) eine dritte Elektrode (30) und eine vierte Elektrode (31) umfasst, die ebenfalls einer Potentialdifferenz unterzogen werden und die untereinander bei dem kleinsten sie trennenden Abstand eine zweite Verengung (32) des Luftspalts (7) bilden, die auf einer zweiten Höhe (H32) gelegen ist, die geringer als die erste Höhe (H24) ist, so dass das trennende elektrische Feld entlang der Vertikalen nacheinander eine erste Intensitätsspitze (50) in der ersten Verengung (24), auf der ersten Höhe (H24), aufweist, dann eine Intensität, die zwischen der ersten Höhe (H24) und der zweiten Höhe (H32) zunächst abnimmt, dann anschließend wieder steigt, um einen Intensitätseinbruch (51) zu bilden, um dann eine zweite Intensitätsspitze (52) in der zweiten Verengung (32), auf der zweiten Höhe (H32), zu erreichen, und dass die Kammer (12) der Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) auf einer Höhe, "Abwurfhöhe" (H12) genannt, gelegen ist, die größer als die erste Höhe (H24) der ersten Verengung (24) ist.
  5. Anlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Elektrode (5) und die zweite Elektrode (6) untereinander bei dem kleinsten sie trennenden Abstand eine erste Verengung (24) des Luftspalts (7) bilden, die auf einer ersten Höhe (H24) gelegen ist, dass die Anlage (100) eine dritte Elektrode (30) und eine vierte Elektrode (31) umfasst, die ebenfalls einer Potentialdifferenz unterzogen werden und die untereinander bei dem kleinsten sie trennenden Abstand eine zweite Verengung (32) des Luftspalts (7) bilden, die auf einer zweiten Höhe (H32) gelegen ist, die geringer als die erste Höhe (H24) ist, so dass das trennende elektrische Feld entlang der Vertikalen nacheinander eine erste Intensitätsspitze (50) in der ersten Verengung (24), auf der ersten Höhe (H24), aufweist, dann eine Intensität, die zwischen der ersten Höhe (H24) und der zweiten Höhe (H32) zunächst abnimmt, dann anschließend wieder steigt, um einen Intensitätseinbruch (51) zu bilden, um dann eine zweite Intensitätsspitze (52) in der zweiten Verengung (32), auf der zweiten Höhe (H32), zu erreichen, und dass die Kammer (12) der Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) auf einer Zwischenhöhe, "Abwurfhöhe" (H12) genannt, gelegen ist, die geringer als die erste Höhe (H24) der ersten Verengung (24) und größer als die zweite Höhe (H32) der zweiten Verengung (32) ist.
  6. Anlage nach Anspruch 3 und einem der Ansprüche 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die dritte und die vierte Elektrode (30, 31) ebenfalls jeweils durch eine zylindrische Elektrode (30, 31) gebildet werden, die um ihre horizontale zentrale Achse (X30, X31) drehend (R30, R31) gelagert ist, und dass jede der ersten, zweiten, dritten und vierten Elektroden (5, 6, 30, 31) zu einem anderen Sammler (10, 11, 33, 34) gehört, so dass jede der ersten, zweiten, dritten und vierten Elektroden (5, 6, 30, 31) die an ihrer Oberfläche abgeschiedenen Komponenten (2, 3) unabhängig von den anderen Elektroden (5, 6, 30, 31) aus dem Luftspalt (7) austragen kann.
  7. Anlage nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die, bevorzugt zylindrische, Oberfläche der Elektroden (5, 6, 30, 31) mit einer Schicht bedeckt ist, die aus einem elektrisch isolierenden Material ausgeführt ist, um einen Austausch von Ladungen der Elektrode (5, 6, 30, 31) mit den an ihrer Oberfläche haftenden Komponenten (2, 3) zu verhindern.
  8. Anlage nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektroden (5, 6, 30, 31), die das trennende elektrische Feld definieren, insgesamt einen Höhenbereich (H7), "Höhenbereich des Luftspalts" (H7) genannt, einnehmen, der sich von der Höhe des niedrigsten Punkts aller Elektroden bis zu dem höchsten Punkt aller Elektroden erstreckt, dass die Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4), "erste Tribo-Aufladeeinheit" (4) genannt, in einem oberen Teil der Anlage (100) gelegen ist, so dass sich mindestens ein Teil, bevorzugt mindestens die Hälfte und noch stärker bevorzugt die Gesamtheit des Höhenbereichs des Luftspalts (H7) unterhalb der Höhe (H12) des niedrigsten Punkts der Kammer (12) erstreckt, die das Gemisch (1) aufnimmt, und dass die Anlage (100) in einem unteren Teil, lotrecht zu der ersten Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) und auf einer Höhe (H45), die strikt kleiner als die Höhe der ersten Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) ist, ein Wirbelbett (45) umfasst, das eine zweite Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (45) bildet, die in der Lage ist, die Komponenten (2, 3) des Gemisches (1), die von der ersten Tribo-Aufladeeinheit (4) gefallen sein sollten und den Luftspalt (7) vertikal durchquert haben sollten, ohne von den Sammlern (10, 11, 33, 34) abgeschieden worden zu sein, elektrisch wieder aufzuladen und in Schwebe in den Luftspalt (7) zurückzuleiten.
  9. Anlage nach Anspruch 8 und einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie auf einer Zwischenhöhe, die zwischen einer ersten, oberen, Abscheidungsstufe (35), die durch die erste Elektrode (5) und die zweite Elektrode (6) gebildet wird, und einer zweiten, unteren, Abscheidungsstufe (36), die durch die dritte Elektrode (30) und die vierte Elektrode (31) gebildet wird, gelegen ist, eine Rücklaufsperre (46) umfasst, die dazu ausgebildet ist, den Durchgang der von der ersten Abscheidungsstufe (35) nicht abgeschiedenen Komponenten (2, 3) zu der zweiten Abscheidungsstufe (36), zuzulassen und dabei die durch das Wirbelbett (45) in Schwebe in die zweite Abscheidungsstufe (36) zurückgeführten Komponenten (2, 3) daran zu hindern, über die Rücklaufsperre (46) hinaus aufzusteigen, wobei die Rücklaufsperre (46) bevorzugt zu diesem Zweck zunächst einen Trichter (47) mit konvergenten Wänden umfasst, der in der Lage ist, die von der ersten Abscheidungsstufe (35) fallenden Komponenten (2, 3) aufzufangen und die Komponenten (2, 3) durch eine untere Öffnung (48) zu der zweiten Abscheidungsstufe (36) zu führen, dann einen divergenten Deflektor (49), der unter dem Trichter (47) lotrecht zu der unteren Öffnung (48) angeordnet ist, so dass das Fallen der von dem Trichter (47) kommenden Komponenten (2, 3) in die zweite Abscheidungsstufe (36) zugelassen wird und dabei die durch das Wirbelbett (45) in Schwebe in die zweite Abscheidungsstufe (36) zurückgeführten Komponenten (2, 3) daran gehindert werden, durch die untere Öffnung (48) in Richtung der ersten Abscheidungsstufe (35) aufzusteigen.
  10. Anlage nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Generator (8) und die Elektroden (5, 6, 30, 31) so ausgebildet sind, dass die Intensität des trennenden elektrischen Feldes an der Innenseite des Gitters (14), das die Komponenten (2, 3) zurückhält, 100 kV/m oder mehr beträgt, bevorzugt zwischen 100 kV/m und 600 kV/m liegt und noch stärker bevorzugt zwischen 200 kV/m und 400 kV/m liegt.
  11. Anlage nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gitter (14) ein Sieb bildet, dessen Maschenweite (M14) zwischen 1 mm und 10 mm und noch stärker bevorzugt zwischen 2 mm und 5 mm liegt.
  12. Verfahren zur Trennung, das es ermöglicht, ausgehend von einem Gemisch (1), das mindestens eine erste Familie von Komponenten (2), bevorzugt Fasern (2), und eine zweite Familie von Komponenten (3), bevorzugt Granulate (3), enthält, die zu der ersten Familie gehörenden Komponenten (2) von den zu der zweite Familie gehörenden Komponenten (3) zu trennen, wobei das Verfahren zu diesem Zweck einen Schritt (S1) des Schaffens eines trennenden elektrischen Feldes umfasst, während dessen eine Potentialdifferenz zwischen mindestens einer ersten Elektrode (5) und einer zweiten Elektrode (6) angelegt wird, die zwischen sich einen Luftspalt (7) bilden, so dass in dem Luftspalt ein elektrisches Feld, "trennendes elektrisches Feld" genannt, erzeugt wird, einen Schritt (S2) des elektrostatischen Aufladens des Gemisches (1), während dessen Komponenten (2, 3) des Gemisches durch triboelektrische Wirkung elektrostatische Ladungen verliehen werden, die entgegengesetzte Polaritäten haben, je nachdem, ob die Komponenten zu der ersten Familie oder zu der zweiten Familie gehören, dann einen Schritt (S3) des Sortierens, während dessen das trennende elektrische Feld dazu verwendet wird, die geladenen Komponenten (2) der ersten Familie zu einem ersten Sammler (10) zu führen, der die Komponenten (2) der ersten Familie abscheidet, und die geladenen Komponenten (3) der zweiten Familie zu einem zweiten Sammler (11) zu führen, der verschieden von dem ersten Sammler (10) ist und der die Komponenten (3) der zweiten Familie abscheidet, wobei das Verfahren dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass der Schritt des elektrostatischen Aufladens eine Phase (S201) des selektiven Zurückhaltens umfasst, während der das Gemisch (1) im Inneren einer Kammer (12) angeordnet wird, die von den ersten und zweiten Elektroden (5, 6) und von den ersten und zweiten Sammlern (10, 11) durch eine Begrenzungswand (13) getrennt ist, und das in der Kammer (12) befindliche Gemisch (1) der triboelektrischen Wirkung in Gegenwart des trennenden elektrischen Feldes unterzogen wird und je nachdem, ob das von einigen Komponenten (2, 3) erreichte elektrostatische Aufladungsniveau einem als ausreichend erachteten Aufladungsniveau entspricht oder nicht, zugelassen wird, dass die Komponenten (2, 3) aus der Kammer (12) austreten, damit die Komponenten unter der Wirkung des trennenden elektrischen Feldes in die Sammler (10, 11) gelangen können, oder die Komponenten (2, 3) im Gegenteil vorübergehend daran gehindert werden, aus der Kammer (12) auszutreten, indem sie mittels der Begrenzungswand (13) zurückgehalten werden und indem die triboelektrische Wirkung auf die Komponenten (2, 3) fortgesetzt wird, bis eben diese Komponenten (2, 3) eine elektrostatische Aufladung mit einem als ausreichend erachteten Aufladungsniveau erworben haben, um von der Kammer (12) an die Sammler (10, 11) freigegeben zu werden.
  13. Verfahren zur Trennung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein trennendes elektrostatisches Feld geschaffen wird, das sich mindestens teilweise unterhalb der Kammer (12) erstreckt und das mindestens zwei vertikal abgestufte und durch einen Intensitätseinbruch (51) getrennte Intensitätsspitzen (50, 52) aufweist, so dass eine erste obere Abscheidungsstufe (35) gebildet wird, mit der mindestens ein Teil der aus der Kammer (12) hervorgegangenen Komponenten (2, 3) abgeschieden wird, dann eine zweite untere Abscheidungsstufe (36), mit der mindestens ein Teil der aus der Kammer (12) hervorgegangenen und von der ersten oberen Erfassungsstufe (35) nicht abgeschiedenen Komponenten (2, 3) abgeschieden wird.
  14. Verfahren zur Trennung nach Anspruch 12 oder 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es auf ein Gemisch angewandt wird, das als erste Familie von Komponenten Fasern (2), bevorzugt auf Basis von Polyethylenterephthalat, und als zweite Familie von Komponenten Granulate (3), bevorzugt auf Basis von Kautschuk, umfasst, dass mindestens ein Teil der Fasern (2) eine Länge größer oder gleich einem ersten vorbestimmten Referenzwert (L2) aufweist, dass mindestens ein Teil der Granulate (3) einen äquivalenten Durchmesser aufweist, der kleiner oder gleich einem zweiten vorbestimmten Referenzwert (L3) ist, der strikt kleiner als der erste Referenzwert (L2) ist, und dass zum Durchführen der Phase (S201) des selektiven Zurückhaltens ein Gitter (14) verwendet wird, das in die Begrenzungswand (13) integriert ist und das ein Sieb bildet, dessen Maschenweite (M14) zwischen dem ersten Referenzwert (L2) und dem zweiten Referenzwert (L3) liegt.
  15. Verfahren zum Recyceln eines Luftreifens, umfassend einen Zerkleinerungsschritt, während dessen mindestens ein Abschnitt des Luftreifens zu einem Gemisch zerkleinert wird, das textile Fasern (2) und Granulate (3) aus Material auf Kautschukbasis enthält, dann einen Trennschritt, während dessen auf das Gemisch ein Verfahren zur Trennung nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 14 angewandt wird.
EP22814117.2A 2021-11-15 2022-11-10 Vorrichtung zum trennen der komponenten einer mischung von fasern und granulaten mit einem gitterrost zur selektiven einschliessung dieser komponenten Active EP4433218B1 (de)

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FR2201098A FR3129093B1 (fr) 2021-11-15 2022-02-08 Installation destinée à séparer dans un champ électrique les composants d’un mélange de fibres et de granules à l’aide d’un tribochargeur pourvu d’une grille de confinement sélectif desdits composants
PCT/EP2022/081533 WO2023083988A1 (fr) 2021-11-15 2022-11-10 Installation destinée à séparer dans un champ électrique les composants d'un mélange de fibres et de granules à l'aide d'un tribochargeur pourvu d'une grille de confinement sélectif desdits composants

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JP3103812B2 (ja) * 1994-06-10 2000-10-30 センコー工業株式会社 摩擦帯電型静電選別装置
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US6452126B1 (en) * 1999-03-12 2002-09-17 Mba Polymers, Inc. Electrostatic separation enhanced by media addition
KR100503171B1 (ko) * 1999-09-20 2005-07-22 히다치 조센 가부시키가이샤 플라스틱 선별장치
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WO2009028217A1 (ja) 2007-08-27 2009-03-05 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 静電選別装置および静電選別方法ならびに再生プラスチック製造方法
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