EP4388351A1 - Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerät - Google Patents
Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerätInfo
- Publication number
- EP4388351A1 EP4388351A1 EP22764707.0A EP22764707A EP4388351A1 EP 4388351 A1 EP4388351 A1 EP 4388351A1 EP 22764707 A EP22764707 A EP 22764707A EP 4388351 A1 EP4388351 A1 EP 4388351A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- manipulator
- wavefront
- optical element
- free
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/0081—Simple or compound lenses having one or more elements with analytic function to create variable power
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/02—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B2003/0093—Simple or compound lenses characterised by the shape
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a wavefront manipulator having at least a first optical component and a second optical component which are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis, the first optical component and the second optical component being arranged to be movable relative to one another perpendicular to the reference axis.
- the invention relates to a use of the wavefront manipulator and an optical device with a wavefront manipulator.
- Alvarez describes optical elements with at least a first optical component and a second optical component, which are arranged one behind the other along an optical axis, each have a refractive free-form surface and are mutually displaceable perpendicular to the optical axis .
- the refractive power effect of an optical element made up of the two components can be varied by lateral displacement of the optical components with the free-form surfaces.
- Such optical elements are therefore also called Alvarez elements or vario lenses.
- a variable refractive power corresponds to a variable focal position, which can be described by a change in the parabolic component of the wave front of a beam bundle that is incident parallel to the axis. In this sense, a varifocal lens can be viewed as a special wavefront manipulator.
- the monochromatic wavefront manipulator according to reference [1] generates a wavefront deformation W a , ⁇ (x, y) for polychromatic optical systems in the wavelength range ⁇ min ⁇ ⁇ max , which depends on the displacement path ⁇ and the wavelength ⁇ , with the dependence of of the wavelength ⁇ is predetermined by the refractive index curve n( ⁇ ) of the plate material. In most spectrally broadband applications, this dependency leads to undesired color errors, so that the wavefront manipulator cannot be used there.
- a wavefront manipulator which comprises at least two optical components which are arranged to be displaceable in opposite directions perpendicular to the optical axis of the objective and each have at least one free-form surface.
- the optical components can have free-form surfaces and an immersion medium can be located between them.
- a polychromatic wavefront manipulator is described which has the same basic structure as the wavefront manipulator from reference [1], but a liquid is used between the plates instead of air.
- the course of the refractive index of this liquid is adapted in one variant to the course of the refractive index of the plate material n( ⁇ ) in such a way that the dependence of the Wavefront deformation W a , ⁇ (x, y) is compensated by the refractive index n( ⁇ ) and thus by the wavelength X of the liquid.
- the course of the refractive index of the immersion liquid is adapted in such a way that it corresponds as exactly as possible to that of the plate material for the fundamental wavelength and only has a defined deviation for the secondary wavelengths.
- the polychromatic wavefront manipulator according to DE 10 2014 118 383 A1 and WO 2013/120800 A1 has the disadvantage that there is a liquid between the plates.
- the course of the refractive index of the liquid and its transparency should not change during the product's service life, so that corresponding requirements must be made of the liquid.
- the manipulator should only be operated in a temperature range in which the liquid remains in the liquid state. In order to prevent the liquid from leaking out during the service life of the product, a great deal of design effort is required, which leads to costs and increased installation space requirements. For these reasons, the use of polychromatic wavefront manipulators is restricted according to WO 2013/120800 A1.
- the document DE 10 2011 055 777 B4 describes an optical element with at least a first component and a second optical component, which are arranged one behind the other along an optical axis, the first optical component and the second optical component each being perpendicular in a direction of movement are arranged to be movable relative to one another in relation to the optical axis and, over the first optical component and the second optical component, each have at least one free-form surface.
- a first diffractive structure (DOE—diffractive optical element) is assigned to the refractive free-form surface of the first component and a second diffractive structure is assigned to the refractive free-form surface of the second component.
- the associated diffractive structures influence a wavelength-dependent effect of the respective refractive freeform surface and are matched to the respective freeform surface in such a way that influencing the wavelength-dependent effect is a compensation of the wavelength-dependent effect of the respective effect of the refractive freeform surface.
- a disadvantage is the difficult production of the hybrid elements with a free-form base area and an additionally impressed diffractive structure therein.
- diffractive structures even if they are designed as so-called efficiency-achromatized DOEs, always have scattered light from undesired diffraction orders, which is unavoidable, especially if the DOE profiles are not produced perfectly, and represents an exclusion criterion for all applications where scattered light is critical.
- the wavefront manipulators used consist of plates made of only one material, which has a wavelength-dependent refractive index n( ⁇ ). It is thus clear that the wave front deformations Wa , ⁇ (x, y) have a strong dependence on the wavelength, which is noticeable in the zoom optics as longitudinal chromatic aberration and lateral chromatic aberration. Thus, the imaging quality of these zoom optics highly limited.
- the use of only one material on one plate of the wavefront manipulator thus severely limits the applicability of the zoom concept for cameras that require good imaging performance over an entire spectrum.
- lenses with a variable refractive power effect are increasingly being used for a variety of applications, for example in photographic or film lenses to implement a zoom functionality, but also in connection with microscopes or other optical applications. It is desirable here that a nearly wavelength-independent (achromatic) refractive power effect is provided over the entire adjustment range of the refractive power effect.
- diffractive structures has turned out to be unfavorable in connection with applications that are critical of scattered light.
- a first object of the present invention to provide an advantageous wavefront manipulator with at least a first optical component and a second optical component which are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis and can be moved relative to one another perpendicularly to the optical axis. It is a second object of the present invention to provide an advantageous optical device.
- a third object of the present invention is to specify an advantageous use for the wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- a wavefront manipulator according to the invention comprises at least a first optical component and a second optical component.
- the first optical component and the second optical component are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis.
- the first optical component and the second optical component are arranged to be movable relative to one another in a movement direction perpendicular to the reference axis.
- either the first optical component or the second optical component can be arranged so as to be movable in relation to the other optical component in each case.
- Both optical components are preferably arranged to be movable in at least one direction of movement in a plane perpendicular to the reference axis.
- Optical components within the meaning of the present invention are separate components delimited by a defined outer surface, which preferably have a solid state of aggregation.
- the reference axis is understood to mean an axis, for example a z-axis of a Cartesian or cylindrical coordinate system, with respect to which the deformation of the wavefront profiles caused by the wavefront manipulator is defined.
- the reference axis is the axis with respect to which the wavefront profile is deformed by the wavefront manipulator.
- the reference axis can run parallel to a normal of a plane in which the first optical component and the second optical component can be moved relative to one another.
- the reference axis can run parallel to an optical axis or coincide with it, which is defined by a rotationally symmetrical optics comprising the wavefront manipulator.
- the reference axis may also be oriented relative to a reference axis of an optics assembly in which the wavefront manipulator is used.
- a reference axis of the optics structure can be selected in such a way that it corresponds to an optical axis.
- the first optical component and the second optical component each comprise a first and at least one further optical element, ie at least two optical elements.
- the first optical component and the second optical component each comprise a first optical element with at least one free-form surface, a refractive index m and an Abbe number v 1 and a second optical element with at least one free-form surface, a refractive index n 2 and an Abbe number v 2 .
- the first optical element and the second optical element are arranged one behind the other along the reference axis.
- the Abbe numbers v 1 and v 2 differ from each other
- the configuration described has the advantage that no immersion medium is required to achieve the effects mentioned in DE 10 2014 118 383 A1 and consequently the restrictions described at the outset in connection with the use of an immersion medium are avoided.
- the absolute value of the difference between the quotient of the refractive index m reduced by 1 and the Abbe number v 1 of the first optical element and the quotient of the refractive index n 2 reduced by 1 and the Abbe number v 2 des second optical element less than a specified limit
- the limit value G is at most 0.01, in particular at most 0.005 and preferably at most 0.001. In this way, individually achromatized optical components can be usefully used within the scope of the wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- the wavefront manipulator according to the invention of this variant has the advantage that no diffractive structures and also no immersion media, liquids, etc. are required to achieve a wavelength-independent, ie achromatic, refractive power effect.
- the individual optical components used are each achromatized, so that the wavefront manipulator can be used wherever a wavelength-independent manipulator is provided for any but fixed linear combination of Zernike terms of a wavefront shall be.
- lenses with variably adjustable refractive power are required for a large spectral range, for example in photo or film lenses to implement a zoom functionality.
- zoom lenses for smartphones with the requirement of a particularly flat design come into consideration here, since the invention enables particularly flat embodiments of an achromatic vario lens in the direction of the optical axis.
- Advantageous applications are also possible in connection with achromatic varifocal lenses in fast z-scan and three-dimensional image stabilization arrangements.
- An achromatic wavefront manipulator according to the invention can be used wherever a basic optic with at least one variably adjustable degree of freedom has variable values of an image error over the adjustment range. This image error can then be counter-compensated for in a targeted manner by the wavefront manipulator according to the invention over the entire adjustment range, without color errors occurring as an undesirable side effect.
- Application examples are zoom lenses of all kinds, as well as in the field of microscopy for the correction of all variable influencing variables of the separating layer system (e.g. cover glass in the oblique passage).
- the absolute value of the difference between the Abbe numbers v 1 and v 2 does not exceed a specified limit value V,
- the limit of the absolute value of the difference in the Abbe number V can be at least 5, preferably at least 10, particularly advantageously at least 15.
- the refractive indices differ as little as possible (ideally not at all).
- the present invention solves the problem of providing a wavefront manipulator with variably adjustable chromatic variations of one or more wavefront errors.
- Chromatic errors due to vario lenses when they are used, manifest themselves in an optical one
- the system is either primarily as a longitudinal color error (in the case of an arrangement close to the pupil) or as a chromatic magnification difference or transverse color error (in the case of an arrangement close to the field) of the image.
- other image errors such as coma or astigmatism, can also be influenced in a wavelength-dependent manner, so that, for example, chromatic variation of astigmatism or chromatic coma can result as image errors.
- a wavefront manipulator according to the invention can be used, for example, for the targeted compensation of wavelength-dependent focus errors (longitudinal chromatic aberrations) in optical systems.
- wavelength-dependent focus errors longitudinal chromatic aberrations
- thermally induced or otherwise caused refractive index fluctuations in optical media often produce changes in the system refractive power that have a strong wavelength dependence.
- the change in refractive power at a mean wavelength can usually be sufficiently well compensated for by a known defocus compensator (sliding lens, change in air space, etc.)
- the wavelength dependency of the defocusing remains as a residual error that cannot be compensated for in any other way.
- a wavefront manipulator according to the invention can be designed here in such a way that precisely the amounts of spherical aberration required for compensation at the fundamental wavelength and precisely the required wavelength-dependent change in spherical aberration across the wavelength range are provided.
- the invention can be used as an additional compensation element for zoom lenses. Compensation for certain image errors that occur as a function of the zoom setting and cannot be conventionally corrected with other optical means can be effected by a wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- the absolute value of the refractive indices of the first optical element m and of the second optical element n 2 preferably does not exceed a specified limit value N, i.e.
- the limit value of the absolute value of the difference in the refractive indices N is at most 0 .05, in particular 0.01 and preferably 0.002.
- the limit value of the amount of the difference in the Abbe number V is advantageously at least 5, preferably at least 10, particularly advantageously at least 15.
- the limit N can be at most 0.05 (
- the limit value N is preferably at most 0.01 (
- the first optical element and the second optical element are preferably designed to be optically transparent and have a solid state of aggregation.
- liquid or viscoelastic materials such as transparent optocutes can initially be used, but these are solid in the final cured state.
- the optical elements of the individual optical components of the wavefront manipulator according to the invention are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis, preferably directly connected to one another, that is to say without a spacing or gap between them.
- the first and the second optical element have a contact surface which is preferably designed as a free-form surface.
- the first and the second optical element can also have an outer surface which is designed as a free-form surface but does not form a contact surface with another optical element.
- a free-form surface is to be understood in the broader sense as a complex surface that can be represented in particular by means of functions defined in certain areas, in particular functions defined in different areas that can be continuously differentiated twice.
- suitable area-wise defined functions are (particularly piecewise) polynomial functions (particularly polynomial splines, such as bicubic splines, higher-degree splines of fourth degree or higher, or polynomial non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS)).
- NURBS polynomial non-uniform rational B-splines
- a distinction must be made between simple surfaces such as e.g. B. spherical surfaces, aspherical surfaces, cylindrical surfaces, toric Areas that are described as a circle at least along a main meridian.
- a free-form surface does not need to have axial symmetry and point symmetry and can have different values for the mean surface refractive index in different areas of the surface.
- the wavefront manipulator according to the invention comprises a first and/or second optical component with a first optical element made of a first optically transparent material which is flat on one side and has a free-form profile on the second side, and a precisely complementary element second optical element made of a second optically transparent material which, together with the first optical element, forms a plane-parallel plate, the first and the second optically transparent material satisfying the following condition equation for achromatism.
- Both materials can now be solid materials such as glass or optopolymers in the final state, so that no handling of liquids such as immersion oils etc. is required. It is particularly advantageous with regard to production if the first material is a glass and the second material is an initially liquid medium which is hardened in a subsequent process step. In this case, only a single profile-forming manufacturing process for the first optical element, such as precision molding, or grinding and polishing, or, in the case of plastic, also injection molding, is required.
- the second, complementary optical element can be formed by filling the free-form profile with a material that is initially liquid and later hardens. Then only the planar outer surface of the second element needs to be smoothed or polished.
- the flat and smooth outer end surface of the second free-form element can also be achieved by applying an optically neutral, thin, plane-parallel glass plate, such as a section of a microscope coverslip, are formed.
- an optically neutral, thin, plane-parallel glass plate such as a section of a microscope coverslip
- the second material which is initially liquid during the manufacturing process, can later harden, resulting in a compact, inherently stable and, above all, inherently achromatized free-form element as a component.
- the curing material can include, for example, reaction resins based on polyene (acrylic, methacrylic, vinyl), which are cured thermally or by UV radiation.
- reaction resins based on polyene acrylic, methacrylic, vinyl
- nanoparticles can also be used in a matrix made of epoxy resin or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- the required refractive indices and Abbe numbers can then be continuously adjusted within specific ranges.
- the hardening material can also be glass that can be pressed blank.
- first and the second optical element have two parallel planar boundary surfaces towards the outside, two (or more) such elements can be brought extremely close to one another without colliding with one another during the lateral displacement.
- the size of the air gap between the plates which usually has to be a few hundredths to a few tenths of a millimeter to avoid collisions, is critical for additional parasitic image errors of a wavefront manipulator. The smaller the air spacing between elements can be made, the smaller the parasitic errors will be and the larger the amounts of wavefront effects (e.g. powers) can be before spurious effects occur.
- the solution according to the invention represents a further development of the solution from DE 10 2014 118 383 A1.
- the immersion medium between each two free-form plates is replaced by a solid optical material and a narrow, small enough air gap is produced by a plane cut in the middle of this material , in order to be optically ineffective in a first approximation.
- This allows you to place a liquid or an elastic Optokittes now also use a solid, optically transparent medium, such as a second glass or an optopolymer, which meets the achromatic conditions already described in DE 10 2014 118 383 A1 with regard to refractive index and Abbe number.
- an achromatic wave front manipulator for example an achromatic varifocal lens, can be provided, which consists of two (generally also 3 or more) outwardly plane-parallel components with free-form surfaces between the optical elements, which are intrinsically dimensionally stable and particularly easy to grasp and attach are coated.
- the free-form surface can preferably be described by a polynomial in the case of explicit surface representation in the form z(x,y) which has only even powers of x in a direction x orthogonal to the direction of movement of the optical components and only odd powers in a direction y parallel to the direction of movement of y.
- the free-form surface z(x,y) can initially be general, for example, by a polynomial expansion of the form be described, where C m,n represents the expansion coefficient of the polynomial expansion of the free-form surface in order m with respect to the x-direction and order n with respect to the y-direction.
- x, y and z denote the three Cartesian coordinates of a point lying on the surface in the local surface-related coordinate system.
- the coordinates x and y are to be used in the formula as dimensionless numbers in so-called lens units.
- Lens units here means that all lengths are initially specified as dimensionless numbers and later interpreted in such a way that they are continuously multiplied by the same unit of measurement (nm, ⁇ m, mm, m).
- the background is that geometric optics is scale-invariant, and In contrast to wave optics, it does not have a natural unit of length.
- the coefficients for terms that are even in the direction of displacement can also have small values other than zero to correct parasitic beam offset errors caused by the finite spacing of the free-form profiles.
- the coefficients on odd terms perpendicular to the shift direction are always zero.
- exactly two elements are shifted transversely to the optical system axis (one element by the distance ⁇ y in +y, the other simultaneously by the same distance in -y direction, i.e. both in opposite directions and by the same amounts).
- the free-form surfaces of the elements of a wavefront manipulator are often identical, so that the two free-form elements complement each other exactly to form a plane-parallel plate in a zero position.
- the two free-form surface profiles can also differ slightly from one another in a targeted manner. However, it is difficult to give a general technical teaching for this.
- the change in the parabolic wavefront component corresponds to a change in the focus position.
- phase term that is independent of the pupil coordinates and can usually be neglected for the imaging properties. Exactly, this term does not affect the imaging properties at all if the element is in the infinite beam path.
- ⁇ y is the lateral displacement path of an optical component along the y-direction
- k is the scaling factor of the profile depth
- two free-form elements can also be designed to influence other wavefront errors ⁇ W(x,y) of a higher order.
- a wavefront change ⁇ W(x,y) is provided precisely when the profile function z(x,y) in the direction parallel to the displacement direction is proportional to the antiderivative of the function ⁇ W(x,y) and perpendicular to the direction of displacement is proportional to the function ⁇ W(x,y) itself.
- the condition for the selection of the optical materials for providing a wavefront manipulator in the form of an achromatic vario lens can be derived as follows:
- the wavefront manipulator (vario lens) according to the invention consists of at least two optical components described, which in turn each consist of two optical elements with the refractive indices n 1 ( ⁇ ) and n 2 ( ⁇ ) are composed. If one summarizes the refractive power of all partial elements of the vario lens with the refractive index n 1 ( ⁇ ) as ⁇ 1 and the refractive power of all optical elements with the refractive index n 2 ( ⁇ ) as ⁇ 2, then the following applies to these two partial refractive powers:
- k is the freely selectable scaling factor of the free-form profile function
- ⁇ y is the displacement path of the optical components
- m or n 2 are the refractive indices of the materials of the two optical elements at a mean wavelength of the spectral range under consideration.
- condition for achromatism for two closely spaced lenses is generally: The following condition can therefore be established for the respective achromatic optical components used within the scope of the wavefront manipulator according to the invention
- a manipulator with which the longitudinal chromatic aberration can be variably adjusted is referred to as a CHL manipulator.
- Suitable material combinations are easy to find and widely used, since the dispersion of optical polymers and epoxy resins is consistently significantly higher than that of glass with typical refractive indices of glass. But it is also easy to find combinations of two polymers or epoxides that meet the condition.
- it is known from the prior art how optical resins or optocites can be adapted to a predetermined refractive index in a certain range by suitable changes in the chemical composition, without the Abbe number changing significantly as a result.
- a longitudinal chromatic aberration CHL can not only be set to zero in a targeted manner, but the optical elements can also do so be trained that specifically defined amounts of CHL are generated.
- a change in refractive power in the middle wavelength i.e. a defocus
- a longitudinal chromatic aberration for the edge or side wavelengths there are applications where such a superimposition makes sense, such as when the mid-wavelength defocus can be compensated for by other optical means.
- a clear separation between a change in a mean focal position and a change in the longitudinal chromatic aberration is desirable.
- the case described above relates to the situation in which the wavefront term to be manipulated is just the defocus term. The same procedure can be followed for every other wavefront term.
- This chromatic change in spherical aberration is also known as "Gaussian aberration" and is an otherwise difficult to control aberration in many optical devices.
- the first optical element and the second optical element preferably each have at least one free-form surface.
- the first optical element and the second optical element preferably a common contact surface in the form of a free-form surface. In other words, it is a common boundary surface or surface between the two optical elements, so that the free-form surfaces of the first optical element and of the second optical element correspond to one another.
- the freeform surface can be designed to generate a wavefront change ⁇ W(x,y) at a fundamental wavelength by using the freeform profile function z(x,y) in the direction of movement of the elements relative to each other proportional to the antiderivative of ⁇ W(x,y) and perpendicular to the direction of movement is proportional to the function ⁇ W(x,y) itself, where x, y and z are coordinates of a Cartesian coordinate system and the z-axis is parallel to the reference axis.
- the wavefront effect parallel to the direction of displacement is proportional to the derivative of the profile function.
- the freeform surface can have a shape according to the freeform profile function have, where x, y and z are coordinates of a Cartesian coordinate system and the z-axis is parallel to the reference axis.
- a free-form profile function would primarily influence the spherical aberration and could thus help to correct the spherical aberration that occurs when focusing into a different sample depth, for example for applications in the field of microscopy. Partial or complete compensation of the spherical aberration caused by the change in thickness of the element (piston term) in the convergent beam path can also take place in this way.
- a wavefront manipulator for influencing the so-called Gaussian error, the chromatic variation of the 3rd order spherical aberration, can be controlled by two free-form elements with a profile function according to the aforementioned term with simultaneous compliance with the above conditions
- ⁇ V can be provided for the optical materials.
- a material with an Abbe number v d has an anomalous relative partial dispersion if the absolute value of the difference from the relative partial dispersion P g,F des material and a normal relative partial dispersion in the Abbe-
- the normal relative partial dispersion is through 0.6438 — 0.001682 v d , i.e. by a straight line in a diagram that depicts a dependency between the normal relative partial dispersion and the Abbe number v d .
- the relative Partial dispersion describes a difference between the refractive indices of two specific wavelengths in relation to a reference wavelength interval and represents a measure of the relative strength of the dispersion in the spectral range between these two wavelengths.
- the three wavelengths required for this are the wavelength of the g-line of mercury (435.83 nm), the wavelength of the F-line of hydrogen (486.13 nm) and the C-line of hydrogen (656.21 nm) so that the relative partial dispersion P g,F by is given, where nF and nc are the same as for v d .
- a different definition can also be used for the relative partial dispersion, in which, for example, the F and C lines of hydrogen are replaced by the F' and C' lines of cadmium.
- At least one, preferably two, of the optical components comprises at least two optical elements 1 and 2, which have a relative partial dispersion P ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2.2 which differ by less than a specified limit value T (P ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2,1 — P ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2,2 ⁇ T).
- the specified limit value can be a value of less than or equal to 0.1 (T ⁇ 0.1), in particular less than or equal to 0.05 (T ⁇ 0.05), for example less than or equal to 0.02 (T ⁇ 0.02), act.
- the wavefront manipulator can be designed as an apochromatic wavefront manipulator, that is to say correct color errors as far as possible. With an achromat or dichromat, the longitudinal chromatic aberration is initially corrected for exactly two wavelengths.
- the axial chromatic aberration remaining at a third wavelength that deviates from this is called the secondary spectrum of the longitudinal chromatic aberration (at this third wavelength). If this is then also corrected, one speaks of an apochromat or trichromat.
- An aprochromat (or "trichromat") produces a wavefront deformation W a , ⁇ (x,.y). at which the spherical
- the condition for a trichromat is that the relative partial dispersions of the two media are the same at this third wavelength.
- two glasses can only have the same relative partial dispersion and at the same time differ in the Abbe number (necessary for the dichromatic condition) if at least one of the two glasses deviates from a normal line of the relative partial dispersion, i.e. has an anomalous relative partial dispersion.
- Such glasses with anomalous relative partial dispersion are also referred to as long-crown or short-flint glasses, depending on the sign of the deviation of the partial dispersion from the normal line.
- At least one, preferably two, of the optical components can have an optical element which has an abnormal relative partial dispersion.
- This configuration has the advantage that the wavefront manipulator can be used as an apochromatic wavefront manipulator for focusing.
- the secondary chromatic aberrations can also be corrected.
- the well-known mineral glasses with abnormal partial dispersion such as the short flint special glasses NKZFSxy or the long-crown glasses FKxy containing fluoride ions
- NKZFSxy or the long-crown glasses FKxy containing fluoride ions
- the at least two optical components can be designed to be identical in terms of their optical characteristics, in particular the optical characteristics of the optical elements used. This has the advantage that inexpensive production is possible. In addition, the Alvarez principle can be usefully applied.
- At least one of the optical components can have at least one planar outer surface, which extends perpendicular to the reference axis.
- at least one optical component of the Wave front manipulator be designed as a plate, in particular plane-parallel plate. All existing optical components of the wavefront manipulator are preferably designed as plates, in particular plane-parallel plates. This has the advantage that the distance between the optical components can be minimized.
- the optical components can be arranged to be movable relative to one another by translation in at least one direction perpendicular to the optical axis, ie in the x and/or y direction, in other words can be arranged to be displaceable.
- the optical components can be arranged so as to be movable relative to one another by rotation about an axis running parallel to the optical axis (z-direction), that is to say can be arranged to be rotatable.
- the variants mentioned allow the use of a plurality of degrees of freedom to correct aberrations or to implement focusing, for example in the form of a zoom function, in a very small space.
- the wavefront deformation then contains a rotation angle a instead of the displacement path a and the spatial coordinates (x, y) are to be replaced by polar coordinates, so that the wavefront deformation is given by W a,x (r, ⁇ ) instead of
- the wavefront manipulator can include at least one sensor for detecting a position and/or a movement of the optical components relative to one another.
- At least one optical element of at least one optical component can comprise glass or an optopolymer or plastic or a monomer or a hardening material.
- an optical device is provided.
- the optical device according to the invention can, for example, be a lens, in particular a zoom lens, an optical Observation device such as a microscope, in particular a surgical microscope, a telescope, a camera, etc.
- it can also be another optical device, such as an optical measuring device.
- It is equipped with at least one wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- the effects and advantages described with reference to the wavefront manipulator according to the invention can therefore be achieved in the optical device according to the invention.
- the wave front manipulator according to the invention can be equipped with a sensor so that the respective displacement ⁇ y or rotation ⁇ is known. This is particularly important when the optical device represents a measuring device, for example a color confocal sensor.
- At least one wavefront manipulator according to the invention is provided.
- at least one wavefront manipulator according to the invention is used to bring about an adjustable change in a wavefront, for example any arbitrary but fixed linear combination of Zernike terms, and/or to bring about one or more of the corrections or reductions mentioned below: coma, astigmatism, dichromatic correction , trichromatic correction, reduction of the secondary spectrum, reduction of the tertiary spectrum.
- a wavefront manipulator in a further use of a wavefront manipulator according to the invention, it can be used to bring about focusing, in particular for focusing in any optical system (camera lens, microscope lens, etc.), and/or a position-dependent correction of at least one wavefront error in a zoom lens or a microscope, in particular a Objective for a surgical microscope, for an arrangement for a fast Z-scan or for a three-dimensional image stabilization.
- the wavefront manipulator can be arranged in particular in the area of an (approximately) collimated beam path of the respective optical device and can be laterally deflected in this way depending on the position of the zoom lens be that it compensates for a wavefront error (e.g. a longitudinal chromatic aberration, a spherical aberration, etc.) of the respective optical device.
- a wavefront error e.g. a longitudinal chromatic aberration, a spherical aberration, etc.
- the term "and/or" when used in a series of two or more items means that each of the listed items can be used alone, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be used.
- composition A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination when describing a composition containing components A, B and/or C, composition A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a wavefront manipulator according to the invention in a longitudinally sectioned view.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows the beam path of an initial arrangement for the development of an optical device according to the invention.
- 3 shows the image error curves associated with an initial arrangement at an object distance of -500 mm.
- FIG. 6 shows the design data associated with the initial arrangement shown schematically in FIG.
- FIG. 7-9 show schematically the optical path of an initial arrangement for the development of an optical device according to the invention with a prior art non-achromatized Alvarez lens for focusing on different object distances.
- FIG. 10 shows the image error curves associated with FIG. 7 for an object distance of -500 mm.
- FIG. 11 shows the image error curves associated with FIG.
- FIG. 12 shows the image error curves associated with FIG
- Figure 13 shows the design data associated with the arrangement shown schematically in Figures 7-9.
- FIG. 14-16 schematically show the beam path of an optical device according to the invention with a wavefront manipulator according to the invention for focusing on different object distances.
- FIG. 17 shows the image error curves associated with FIG. 14 for an object distance of -500 mm.
- FIG. 18 shows the image error curves associated with FIG.
- FIG. 19 shows the image error curves associated with FIG.
- Fig. 20 shows those associated with the arrangement according to the invention shown schematically in Figs. 14-16
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- the wavefront manipulator 1 comprises a first optical component 2 and a second optical component 3.
- the first optical component 2 and the second optical component 3 are arranged one behind the other along an optical axis 9.
- the optical axis 9 runs parallel to the z-direction of a Cartesian coordinate system.
- the optical components 2, 3 each have a central axis 8, which preferably runs parallel to the optical axis 9.
- the first optical component 2 and the second optical component 3 are arranged to be movable relative to one another in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis 9, ie in an x-y plane.
- the first optical component 2 and the second optical component 3 can thus be arranged to be movable in relation to one another in an x-y plane by translation and/or rotation.
- the first component 2 and the second component 3 each comprise a first optical element 4 with a refractive index m and an Abbe number v 1 and a second optical element 5 with a refractive index n 2 and an Abbe number v 1 .
- the first optical element 4 and the second optical element 5 are each arranged one behind the other along the optical axis.
- the Refractive indices m and n 2 and the Abbe numbers v 1 and v 1 are chosen such that the amount of the difference between the quotient of the refractive index m reduced by 1 and the Abbe number v 1 of the first optical element and the quotient of the refractive index n 2 reduced by 1 and Abbe number v 2 of the second optical
- the limit value G is preferably at most 0.01.
- the first optical element 4 and the second optical element 5 form a contact surface 6 which is preferably designed as a free-form surface.
- the two optical components 2 and 3 are configured identically, with corresponding optical elements 4, 5 being arranged facing one another; in the variant shown, the second optical elements 5 are arranged facing one another.
- the optical components 2 and 3 preferably comprise a planar outer surface 7, the planar outer surfaces being arranged facing away from one another and being formed by the first optical element 4 in each case.
- a different surface geometry can also be used.
- a planar outer surface 7 is favorable, however, because the distance between the surfaces of the wavefront manipulator 1 that have a curvature is thereby reduced and fewer aberrations arise.
- the mutually facing outer surfaces 13 of the respective optical component 2, 3 can have a curvature. In this case, the distance between the refracting surfaces of the wavefront manipulator 1 is again reduced, so that fewer aberrations arise.
- x, y and z denote the three Cartesian coordinates of a point lying on the surface in the local surface-related coordinate system.
- the coefficients of the polynomial expansion are given in the corresponding lines with the associated surface numbers, the polynomial coefficients being marked with the powers of the associated expansion terms.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows the beam path of an initial arrangement for the development of an optical device according to the invention.
- a wavefront manipulator 1 according to the invention i.e. an achromatic vario lens
- the diameter of the aperture stop 11 is 14mm.
- the beam path is identified by the reference number 14 and the focus is identified by the reference number 12 .
- a non-achromatized vario lens as is to be regarded as known from the prior art, is added to vary the system refractive power and thus to adapt to the changed focal length of the object.
- the result shows that an unavoidable longitudinal chromatic aberration occurs in the deflected positions of the manipulator.
- This consists of an aspheric converging lens 21 on the front side made of the material FK5 from the manufacturer SCHOTT AG and a spherical diverging lens 22 made of the material SF1 from the manufacturer SCHOTT AG cemented thereto.
- An asphere is understood to mean a lens with a rotationally symmetrical surface, the surface of which can have surface areas with radii of curvature that differ from one another.
- the negative lens 22 is provided on the back 23 with a DOE structure, ie a number of diffractive optical elements.
- the fixed focal length group is designed in such a way that it images an object that is 250mm in front of the vertex of the leftmost glass surface (left glass plate or first optical component 2) on an image plane at a distance of 50mm from the last lens vertex on the right .
- a lens for a surgical microscope is suitable as an application for the example described here.
- FIG. 2 shows this basic optical system, which occurs unchanged in the systems for steps 2 and 3.
- Figures 3 to 5 show the associated image error curves (transverse aberrations) for the three object distances -500mm ( Figure 3), -250mm ( Figure 4) and -166.67mm (Figure 5).
- the vertical axis corresponds to the geometric-optical transverse aberrations in the receiver plane in millimeters and ranges up to ⁇ 0.05mm.
- the horizontal axis corresponds to the relative pupil coordinates of the penetration point of the rays through the plane of the aperture diaphragm, normalized to values from -1 to +1.
- the curves 31 refer to a wavelength of 656 nm, the curves 32 to a wavelength of 546 nm and the curves 33 to a wavelength of 435 nm.
- the surface 10 comprises a diffractive optical element which is used for a construction wavelength of 546.00 nm in the +1st order of diffraction.
- the grating is designed as an ideal blaze grating (100% of the light is diffracted into a specific diffraction order for all wavelengths).
- FIG. 6 shows the associated design data of the exemplary embodiment in the nomenclature of the CodeV optics design program from Synopsys.
- the optics in the 3 positions are shown in a sectional view in FIGS. 7 to 9:
- the two elements 2 and 3 which each have a free-form surface 26 on the inside, are moved laterally in opposite directions to one another, so that a variable air lens results in the inside area (Principle of the vario lens according to Alvarez).
- the 3 positions correspond to the three object distances S 0 mentioned.
- the position of the image plane relative to the fixed focal length group remains constant (50mm free focal length).
- higher orders of the Alvarez free-form surface are also used in order to be able to adjust the spherical aberration accordingly when the object back focus changes.
- the DOEs of the basic optical system are each in the +1. diffraction order operated.
- the displacement paths of the first laterally moved free-form element are +2.0 mm (FIG. 7), 0.0 mm (FIG. 8), -2.0 mm (FIG. 9) in the 3 positions.
- the second element is shifted by the same amount in the opposite direction.
- Figures 10 to 12 show the associated image error curves for the three object distances -500mm (Figure 7), -250mm ( Figure 8) and -166.67mm (Figure 9).
- the basic design data of the arrangement shown schematically in FIGS. 7 to 9 and further developed according to step 2 are given in Table 2 below.
- Areas 1 through 14 designate the individual surfaces of the lenses and optical elements in Figures 7 through 9 from left to right.
- the areas 12 to 14 correspond to the areas 8 to 8
- the areas 1 and 9 have a decentering in the y-direction of 1.966888.
- the areas 4 and 6 have a decentering in the y-direction of -1.966888.
- the surface 14 comprises a diffractive optical element which is used for a construction wavelength of 546.00 nm in the +1st order of diffraction.
- the grating is designed as an ideal blaze grating (100% of the light is diffracted into a specific diffraction order for all wavelengths).
- FIG. 13 shows the associated design data of the exemplary embodiment in the nomenclature of the CodeV optics design program from Synopsys.
- Step 3 now shows an embodiment of the achromatic variable lens according to the invention with two optical components 2 and 3 that are moved laterally to one another.
- FIGS. 14, 15 and 16 show schematically the beam path of an optical device 20 according to the invention with a wavefront manipulator 1 according to the invention for focusing on different object distances. The position of the image plane is again constant and unchanged compared to the example in the previous step.
- FIGS. 14 to 16 The basic design data of the arrangement shown schematically in FIGS. 14 to 16 and further developed according to step 3 are given in Table 3 below.
- Areas 1 to 16 denote the individual surfaces of the lenses and the optical elements in Figures 14 to 16 left to right.
- the areas 14 to 16 correspond to the areas 8 to 10 of FIG. 2 or Table 1.
- Faces 1 and 11 have a decentering in the y-direction of 2.000000. Areas 5 and 7 have a decentering in the y-direction of -2.000000.
- FIG. 20 shows the associated design data of the exemplary embodiment in the nomenclature of the CodeV optics design program from Synopsys.
- Figures 17 to 19 show the associated image error curves for the three object distances -500mm (Figure 14), -250mm ( Figure 15) and -166.67mm (Figure 16). From the course of the transverse aberration curves shown for the different wavelengths in FIGS. 17 to 19 it can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration CHL has now been corrected, which is precisely the aim of the wavefront manipulator used according to the invention in this exemplary embodiment.
- the optical media of the first optical elements 4 and the second optical elements 5 fulfill the conditional equation or the inequality to a very good approximation
- the material of the first optical element 4 is 1 2
- the condition to be met according to the invention for the choice of material is therefore with the above information very well fulfilled.
- the displacement paths of the first laterally moved optical component 2 are again +2.0 mm (FIG. 14), 0.0 mm (FIG. 15), -2.0 mm (FIG. 16) in the three positions.
- the second optical component 3 shifted by the same amount in the opposite direction.
- higher orders of the Alvarez free-form surface 6, 26 are also used.
- this is done in order to be able to correct the spherical aberration when the object back focus changes, and on the other hand, other coefficients of the free-form profile are used to minimize the maximum profile depth.
- a smaller distance between the free-form boundary surfaces 26 helps to keep the image errors resulting from the beam offset, which does not correspond to the paraxial view of the TEA, small.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021121562.5A DE102021121562A1 (de) | 2021-08-19 | 2021-08-19 | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches Gerät |
| PCT/EP2022/072432 WO2023020911A1 (de) | 2021-08-19 | 2022-08-10 | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerät |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4388351A1 true EP4388351A1 (de) | 2024-06-26 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22764707.0A Pending EP4388351A1 (de) | 2021-08-19 | 2022-08-10 | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerät |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240361500A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4388351A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN117546056A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021121562A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023020911A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116774436A (zh) * | 2023-08-03 | 2023-09-19 | 常州市瑞泰光电有限公司 | 光学系统 |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3305294A (en) | 1964-12-03 | 1967-02-21 | Optical Res & Dev Corp | Two-element variable-power spherical lens |
| JP4266732B2 (ja) | 2002-08-30 | 2009-05-20 | キヤノン株式会社 | 積層型回折光学素子 |
| JP4612810B2 (ja) | 2004-06-11 | 2011-01-12 | キヤノン株式会社 | 光学系 |
| DE102007051887B4 (de) | 2007-10-31 | 2023-07-20 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Diffraktives optisches Element sowie Verwendung eines optischen Klebstoffs zur Herstellung eines solchen |
| EP2764393A4 (de) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-09-30 | Univ Singapore | Mems-basiertes zoomobjektivsystem |
| DE102011055777B4 (de) | 2011-11-28 | 2015-02-26 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Optisches Gerät, optisches Element und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
| DE102012101262B3 (de) | 2012-02-16 | 2013-04-04 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches Gerät |
| DE102013100680B4 (de) | 2013-01-23 | 2015-02-05 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Wellenfrontmanipulator und Optisches System mit einem Wellenfrontmanipulator |
| DE102013101711B4 (de) | 2013-02-21 | 2026-06-18 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Mikroskopobjektiv und Mikroskop |
| CN113960702A (zh) * | 2014-01-08 | 2022-01-21 | 威动光有限公司 | 光学系统的透镜组件和致动器及其方法 |
| DE102014118383B4 (de) * | 2014-12-11 | 2018-09-13 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Objektiv für eine Foto- oder Filmkamera und Verfahren zum gezielten Dämpfen bestimmter Raumfrequenzbereiche der Modulations-Transfer-Funktion eines derartigen Objektivs |
| DE102015119255A1 (de) | 2015-11-09 | 2017-05-11 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Einstellbare Phasenmaske, Mikroskop und Verfahren zur Phasenkontrastmikroskopie |
-
2021
- 2021-08-19 DE DE102021121562.5A patent/DE102021121562A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-08-10 EP EP22764707.0A patent/EP4388351A1/de active Pending
- 2022-08-10 US US18/684,170 patent/US20240361500A1/en active Pending
- 2022-08-10 CN CN202280044824.1A patent/CN117546056A/zh active Pending
- 2022-08-10 WO PCT/EP2022/072432 patent/WO2023020911A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2023020911A1 (de) | 2023-02-23 |
| US20240361500A1 (en) | 2024-10-31 |
| CN117546056A (zh) | 2024-02-09 |
| DE102021121562A1 (de) | 2023-02-23 |
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