EP4329752A1 - Cardioprotection par induction d'autophagie et reprogrammation metabolique - Google Patents
Cardioprotection par induction d'autophagie et reprogrammation metaboliqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4329752A1 EP4329752A1 EP22726494.2A EP22726494A EP4329752A1 EP 4329752 A1 EP4329752 A1 EP 4329752A1 EP 22726494 A EP22726494 A EP 22726494A EP 4329752 A1 EP4329752 A1 EP 4329752A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- cells
- sg6163f
- compounds
- cancer
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
- A61K31/4174—Arylalkylimidazoles, e.g. oxymetazolin, naphazoline, miconazole
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/13—Amines
- A61K31/15—Oximes (>C=N—O—); Hydrazines (>N—N<); Hydrazones (>N—N=) ; Imines (C—N=C)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
- A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/14—Vasoprotectives; Antihaemorrhoidals; Drugs for varicose therapy; Capillary stabilisers
Definitions
- the invention relates to compounds capable of inducing autophagy and metabolic reprogramming and their use as cardioprotectors, in particular in the context of anti-cancer therapy.
- the inventors have developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify inhibitors of the main cardiac cell death modalities, i.e. H2O2-induced necrosis and camptothecin-induced apoptosis among libraries chemicals composed of 1600 molecules on a line of H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. This test has thus made it possible to identify cardioprotective molecules capable of compensating for the cardiotoxic effects of anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
- the inventors have been able to show that the molecules identified in the context of the present invention act by inhibiting the death of cardiomyocytes by the induction of autophagy and metabolic reprogramming resulting in an inhibition of the phenomena of apoptosis and necrosis.
- the molecules identified can in particular be used in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy to protect heart cells and reduce the side effects of cancer treatments.
- the invention relates to such cardioprotective molecules capable of inducing autophagy and metabolic reprogramming, for their use in the prevention of cardiac side effects of an anti-cancer treatment.
- the invention relates more particularly to a compound chosen from the group consisting of SG6163F, LOPA87, VP331 and their analogues, for their use as a cardioprotector.
- the compound is chosen from SG6163F, LOPA87, and their analogues, more particularly from SG6163F and LOPA87.
- the compound is used in the treatment of a heart disease chosen from myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion or heart failure.
- the compound is used in the cardioprotection against the cardiotoxic side effects of a therapy inducing cardiotoxic side effects, in particular an anti-cancer therapy.
- the invention relates in particular to a compound chosen from the group consisting of SG6163F, LOPA87, VP331 and their analogues, combined with a therapeutic agent such as an anticancer agent, for its use in cardioprotection against the cardiotoxic side effects of a therapy, such as cancer therapy, inducing cardiotoxic side effects.
- the compound can be administered before, during or after the therapy inducing cardiotoxic side effects.
- the invention relates to a set of components comprising:
- component (b) a therapeutic agent useful for treating a patient, said agent however inducing cardiotoxic side effects; wherein component (a) is for use for its cardioprotective effect against the cardiotoxic side effects of component (b).
- components (a) and (b) are suitable for sequential, separate and/or simultaneous administration.
- the assembly according to the invention is used in the context of the treatment of cancer, component (b) being a chemotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic anticancer agent, and component (a) being used for its cardioprotective effect against the cardiotoxic side effects of component (b).
- the invention relates to a method for screening compounds possessing a cardioprotective activity, or capable of possessing a cardioprotective activity, said method comprising the following steps: a) the culture of cardiac cells in a culture medium containing a compound test; b) culturing the heart cells in a culture medium containing a cell death inducer; and c) measuring cell viability.
- the compounds used are compounds capable of inducing autophagy, metabolic reprogramming and of inhibiting the death of cardiomyocytes by inhibiting the phenomena of apoptosis and necrosis.
- the inventors were able demonstrate that such compounds are cardioprotective, with no effect of inducing proliferation of cancerous cells.
- the invention therefore relates to a compound capable of inducing autophagy and metabolic reprogramming, for its use as a cardioprotector.
- the invention relates more particularly to a compound capable of inducing autophagy and metabolic reprogramming and of inhibiting the death of cardiomocytes by inhibition of apoptosis and/or necrosis, for its use as a cardioprotector.
- a person skilled in the art is familiar with the autophagy mechanism and the means enabling him to identify compounds capable of inducing this mechanism. Furthermore, he may use the method presented in the experimental part of the present application to identify other compounds possessing such properties.
- the compound capable of inducing autophagy is a compound chosen from digitoxigenin, digoxin, minaprine, SG6163F, VP331 and LOPA87, and their analogues.
- digitoxigenin digoxin
- minaprine SG6163F
- VP331 VP331 and LOPA87
- analogues The ability of these compounds to induce autophagy in cardiac cells and metabolic reprogramming by modulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involving an effect on the mitochondrial network had never been reported in the state of the art.
- These properties newly identified in the context of the present invention can advantageously be implemented in order to induce a cardioprotective effect in patients requiring such cardioprotection.
- the formulas of the compounds digitoxigenin, digoxin, minaprine, SG6163F, VP331 and LOPA87 are given below:
- the compound is chosen from the compounds SG6163F, VP331 and LOPA87, and their analogues. More preferably, the compound is chosen from the compounds SG6163F, LOPA87 and their analogues.
- the analog of compound SG6163F is a compound of formula (I):
- Ar is a C6-14 aryl group or a C5-C10 heteroaryl group, said aryl or heteroaryl group being optionally substituted by 1 to 5 groups chosen from C6-C14 aryl groups, C5-C10 heteroaryl groups, halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl groups, hydroxyl group, C1-C6 alkoxyl groups, NH2 group, NO2 group, mono-(C1-C6)-alkylamino groups and di- ( C1-C6)-alkylamino; and
- R is chosen from C6-C14 aryl groups, C5-C10 heteroaryl groups, halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl groups, the hydroxyl group, the C1-C6 alkoxyl groups, the NH2 group, the N02 group, the mono-(C1-C6)-alkylamino groups and the di-(C1-C6)-alkylamino groups.
- the Ar group is a C6-C10 aryl group.
- C10 is chosen from phenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl or naphthyl groups.
- Ar is an unsubstituted aryl group, in particular an unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl group, more particularly an unsubstituted phenyl group.
- Ar is a C6-C10 aryl group substituted by 1 to 5 groups as defined above.
- Ar is a C6-C10 aryl group substituted by a group chosen from C6-C14 aryl groups, C5-C10 heteroaryl groups, halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl groups, the hydroxyl group, the C1-C6 alkoxyl groups, the NH2 group, the NO2 group, the mono-(C1-C6)-alkylamino groups and the di-(C1-C6)-alkylamino groups .
- Ar is a C6-C10 aryl group substituted by a group chosen from C6-C14 aryl groups, in particular phenyl, halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl groups and alkoxyl groups in C1-C6.
- Ar is a C6-C10 aryl group substituted by a group chosen from C6-C14 aryl groups, in particular phenyl, halogen atoms and C1-C6 alkoxyl groups.
- Ar is a phenyl group monosubstituted by a phenyl group, a halogen atom, in particular a fluorine atom, or a methoxyl group.
- Ar is a naphthyl group monosubstituted by a halogen atom or a methoxyl group. According to a variant, Ar is a naphthyl group monosubstituted by a methoxyl group.
- the Ar group is a C5-C10 heteroaryl group.
- Ar is an unsubstituted heteroaryl group.
- Ar is a heteroaryl group substituted by 1 to 5 groups as defined above.
- Ar is a heteroaryl group substituted by a group chosen from C6-C14 aryl groups, C5-C10 heteroaryl groups, halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl groups, the hydroxyl group , C1-C6 alkoxyl groups, the NH2 group, the NO2 group, the mono-(C1-C6)-alkylamino groups and the di-(C1-C6)-alkylamino groups.
- Ar is a heteroaryl group, in particular imidazolyl, substituted by a group chosen from halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl groups and C1-C6 alkoxyl groups.
- Ar is a heteroaryl group, in particular imidazolyl, substituted by a C1-C6 alkyl group.
- Ar is a heteroaryl group, in particular imidazolyl, substituted by a methyl group.
- R is chosen from halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl groups, C1-C6 alkoxyl groups and the group N02.
- R is chosen from halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkoxyl groups and the N02 group. More particularly, R is chosen from halogen atoms, more particularly the chlorine atom, the methoxyl group and the N02 group.
- the analog of the compound LOPA87 is a compound of formula (II): in which:
- R1 and R2 are chosen from the following groups: hydrogen atom, halogen atom, C6-C14 aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxyl, NH2, NO2, mono -(C1-C6)-alkylamino and di-(C1-C6)-alkylamino.
- R1 is chosen from hydrogen and a halogen atom.
- R1 is a hydrogen atom.
- R2 is a C6-C14 aryl, more particularly a phenyl group.
- the analog of the compound LOPA87 is the compound LOPA86:
- LOPA86 Those skilled in the art may refer to the article by Gabillet et al. for the synthesis of compounds SG6163F, LOPA87 and their analogues (Gabillet et al., J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, p. 9894-9898).
- the compound is chosen from compound VP331 and its analogues.
- the analog of compound VP331 is a compound of formula (III): in which R is chosen from a C6-C14, in particular C6-C10, aryl group, more particularly a phenyl group; a halogen atom; C1-C6 alkyl; OH; C1-C6 alkoxyl; NH2; NO2, mono-(C1-C6)-alkylamino and di-(C1-C6)-alkylamino.
- R is chosen from a C6-C14, in particular C6-C10, aryl group, more particularly a phenyl group; a halogen atom; C1-C6 alkyl; OH; C1-C6 alkoxyl; NH2; NO2, mono-(C1-C6)-alkylamino and di-(C1-C6)-alkylamino.
- the compound used is minaprine or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, more particularly minaprine dihydrochloride.
- the compounds according to the invention can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in particular the salts of inorganic and organic acids.
- inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, phosphoric acid, etc.
- organic acids include formic, acetic, trichloroacetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, benzoic, cinnamic, citric, fumaric, maleic, methanesulfonic acid, etc.
- Other organic or inorganic acid addition salts include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts described in J. Pharm. Science. 1977, 66, 2, and in the "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use" edited by P. Heinrich Stahl and Camille G. Wermuth 2002.
- the compounds used according to the present invention can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition, comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, at least one compound according to the invention as described above, optionally in combination with another therapeutic active ingredient.
- compositions according to the invention advantageously comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or vehicles. Mention may be made, for example, of saline, physiological, isotonic, buffered solutions, etc., compatible with pharmaceutical use and known to those skilled in the art.
- the compositions can contain one or more agents or vehicles chosen from dispersants, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, solvents, etc.
- the compounds or compositions according to the invention can be administered in different ways and in different forms.
- they can be administered by oral or systemic route, such as for example by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intra-arterial, intracerebral route, etc.
- the compounds are usually packaged as liquid suspensions, which can be injected by means of syringes or infusions, for example. It is understood that the flow rate and/or the dose injected can be adapted by those skilled in the art according to the patient, the pathology, the mode of administration, etc.
- the compounds are administered at doses which can vary between 1 pg and 2 g/administration, preferentially from 0.1 mg to 1 g/administration.
- the administrations can be daily or repeated several times a day, if necessary.
- composition according to the invention may additionally comprise at least one other agent or therapeutic active principle.
- the compounds according to the invention can be advantageously used in the treatment of a heart disease.
- the heart disease can be myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion or heart failure.
- treatment or “treating”, according to the invention is meant an improvement, a prophylaxis of the disorder or disease, or of at least one of its symptoms. This includes the improvement or prevention of at least one measurable physical parameter of the disease to be treated, which is not necessarily discernible in the subject.
- treatment or “treating” also refer to inhibiting or slowing the progression of the disease, or stabilizing one of the symptoms of the disease. It can also be a delay in the onset of at least one symptom of the disease.
- the compounds of the invention are administered as a preventive measure.
- the terms “treatment” or “treating” refer to reducing the risk of developing the disease.
- the compounds according to the invention are particularly suitable for preventing the cardiototoxic effects of certain therapeutic strategies.
- the invention therefore also relates to a compound according to the invention, for its use as a cardioprotector against the cardiotoxic side effects of a therapy administered to the patient, said therapy being capable of inducing said cardiotoxic effects.
- the invention also relates to a compound according to the invention, for its use in a method for preventing the cardiotoxic effects of a treatment administered to a patient.
- the compounds of the invention can in particular be used in a combined treatment, to advantageously exploit their cardioprotective properties.
- a combined treatment comprises the administration of a compound according to the invention in combination with a therapeutic strategy aimed at treating a pathology with which the patient is suffering, said therapeutic strategy being capable of having cardiotoxic effects.
- the compound according to the invention is administered to a patient suffering from cancer, to whom an anti-cancer treatment is administered.
- anti-cancer treatment refers to a treatment used to slow the growth or destroy cancer cells.
- Cancer treatment can be drug or non-drug.
- medicinal anti-cancer treatments mention may be made in particular of chemotherapies and immunotherapies.
- chemotherapy refers to a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ("chemotherapeutic agents"). Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent or may be intended to prolong life or reduce the symptoms of a patient's cancer.
- the chemotherapeutic agents are, for example, selected from anti-cancer alkylating agents, anti-cancer antimetabolites, anti-cancer antibiotics, anti-cancer agents derived from plants, anti-cancer platinum coordination compounds and any combination thereof.
- chemotherapeutic agents that can be used in the context of the invention, the cardiotoxic effect of which can be advantageously prevented by means of the compounds of the invention, we can cite the anthracyclines, in particular doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, more particularly doxorubicin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, taxanes (eg docetaxel, paclitaxel), anthracenediones (eg mitoxantrone (MTX), PARP inhibitors, anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and anti-HER2 such as trastuzumab.
- anthracyclines in particular doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, more particularly doxorubicin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, taxanes (eg docetaxel, paclitaxel
- immunotherapy refers to a therapy aimed at inducing and/or improving an immune response towards a specific target, for example towards cancerous cells. Immunotherapy may involve the use of checkpoint inhibitors, checkpoint agonists (also called T cell agonists), IDO inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, receptor blockers adenosine, inhibitors of adenosine-producing enzymes, adoptive transfer, therapeutic vaccines, and combinations thereof.
- checkpoint inhibitors also called T cell agonists
- IDO inhibitors also called T cell agonists
- PI3K inhibitors receptor blockers adenosine, inhibitors of adenosine-producing enzymes, adoptive transfer, therapeutic vaccines, and combinations thereof.
- the immunotherapeutic agents that can be used in the context of the invention, the cardiotoxic effect of which can advantageously be prevented by means of the compounds of the invention, we can cite the anti-PD-1 antibodies and the anti-CTLA-4 antibodies.
- the immunotherapeutic treatment is a combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody
- Radiotherapy can be cited, in a non-limiting manner, among the non-drug treatments.
- radiation therapy refers to locoregional treatment of cancers using radiation, including x-rays, gamma rays, neutron radiation, electron beam, proton beam and radiation sources, to destroy cancer cells by blocking their ability to multiply.
- Any form of radiotherapy can be used in the context of the present invention, in particular external radiotherapy, internal radiotherapy (or "brachytherapy"), radio-immunotherapy, or even metabolic radiotherapy involving administration by the oral route or by intravascular injection. (notably intravenously), of a radioactive substance which binds preferentially to cancerous cells to destroy them.
- the compounds according to the invention are administered to any patient who will benefit or who is likely to benefit from their cardioprotective effect.
- the patient can have cancer at any stage, including early non-invasive cancer or late-stage cancer that has already progressed to form metastases in the body.
- cancer any form of cancer or tumors.
- Non-limiting examples of cancers include brain cancer (eg, glioma), gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the non-small cell lung, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, sarcoma, testicular cancer, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and breast cancer.
- the brain cancer is an astrocytoma, and more particularly glioblastoma multiforme;
- the lung cancer is either small cell lung carcinoma or small cell lung carcinoma; and head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
- the cancer is a pediatric cancer.
- a pediatric cancer By way of illustration, mention may be made, among these pediatric cancers, of neuroblastomas, Ewing's cancer, osteosarcomas, medulloblastomas, rabdomyosarcomas and glioblastomas in children.
- the compounds can be administered before, at the same time, or after the anti-cancer treatment.
- the compound or the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is more specifically for simultaneous, separate or sequential use or administration of the compound according to the invention and at least one other therapeutic agent or active principle or any other non-drug therapeutic strategy.
- the invention also relates to a set of components comprising:
- component (b) a chemotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic agent; wherein component (a) is used for its cardioprotective effect against the cardiotoxic side effects of component (b).
- component (a) is chosen from SG6163F, LOPA87, VP331 and their analogues, more particularly from SG6163F, LOPA87 and their analogues, preferentially from SG6163F and LOPA87.
- component (a) is the compound SG6163F.
- the set of components according to the invention comprises in particular components (a) and (b) suitable for sequential, separate and/or simultaneous administration.
- the set of components according to the invention can be used in the treatment of cancer, component (a) being used for its cardioprotective effect against the cardiotoxic side effects of component (b).
- the invention relates to a method for screening compounds capable of possessing cardioprotective activity, said method comprising the following steps: a) culturing cardiac cells in a culture medium containing a test compound; b) culturing the heart cells in a culture medium containing a cell death inducer; and c) measuring cell viability.
- the cells used are chosen from cardiac cells known to those skilled in the art, in particular from primary cardiac cells or cardiac cell lines.
- the cardiac cells are rodent, in particular rat or mouse, more particularly rat, cells.
- the cells are H9C2 cells.
- the cells are cultured in a medium suitable for their culture. Mention may in particular be made of the DMEM medium supplemented with suitable additives. Among the additives that can be used, mention may be made of fetal calf serum, glutamine and antibiotics, in particular for the culture of H9C2 cells.
- the culture medium is also supplemented with a test compound.
- the culture medium containing the test compound does not contain fetal calf serum and/or antibiotic.
- the culture medium containing the test compound does not contain fetal calf serum and does not contain any antibiotic.
- test compound is meant a compound for which it is desired to determine whether it possesses cardioprotective activity. The test compound will be used at a concentration likely to make it possible to identify said activity. Of course, those skilled in the art may choose to use a concentration range during the method according to the invention to identify the activity of the compound and the effective concentration.
- the cells are cultured in the presence of the test compound for a sufficient time to allow said test compound to act on the cells.
- the culture of the cells in the presence of the test compound can be carried out for a time of between 1 minute and 24 hours, for example between 15 minutes and 10 hours, in particular between 1 hour and 3 hours, more particularly for 2 hours.
- step b) the cells are cultured in a complete medium comprising serum and the antibiotics, which also comprises a cell death inducer.
- the cell death inducer is introduced into the culture medium of step a).
- the culture medium from step a) is replaced by a culture medium containing a cell death inducer and the test compound.
- the culture medium of step a) is replaced by a culture medium containing a cell death inducer but not containing the test compound.
- the cell death inducers mention may be made of apoptosis inducers or necrosis inducers.
- camptothecin among the apoptosis inducers that can be used in the context of the method according to the invention.
- Hydrogen peroxide (H202) can be used as a necrosis inducer.
- the cells are cultured in the presence of the cell death inducer at a concentration and for a time suitable to allow the observation of cell death in the cells not treated with a test compound, and the observation of an absence or reduction in cell death in cells treated with a test compound found to have cardioprotective activity.
- camptothecin can be used at a concentration of between 1 and 100 mM, in particular between 5 and 15 pM, more particularly 10 pM, for a period ranging from 10 h to 14 h, in particular 12 h to 36 h, more particularly 24 h.
- hydrogen peroxide is used for 30 minutes to 5 h, more particularly for 1 h to 3 h, in particular for 2 h, at a concentration of between 100 and 600 pM, in particular between 200 and 400 pM, in particular of 300 ⁇ M.
- Step c) is implemented to determine cell viability.
- Techniques for determining cell viability are well known to those skilled in the art. Mention may in particular be made of the technique of staining with methylene blue, staining with propidium iodide, or else the test for the release of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
- LDH lactate dehydrogenase
- the method according to the invention can advantageously be implemented to carry out high-throughput screening of several test compounds.
- the cells can in particular be cultured in devices suitable for such high-throughput screening, in particular in multiwell plates, for example plates of at least 6 wells, at least 12 wells, at least 24 wells or at least 96 well.
- the screening method according to the invention is implemented on a 96-well plate.
- test compounds selected according to the screening method described above can then be tested for their ability to induce autophagy and/or metabolic reprogramming.
- the evaluation of the capacity of the test compounds to induce autophagy can in particular be carried out according to the method described in the examples. Briefly, the steps of the screening method described above are implemented on cardiac cells in which the expression or the activity of proteins involved in the autophagy mechanism is inhibited. If the selected compounds are no longer able to inhibit cell death under these conditions, it can be concluded that their cardioprotective activity depends on an induction of autophagy.
- the inhibition of the expression or the activity of proteins involved in the autophagy mechanism can be carried out by any means known in the art, in particular by transfection of an inhibitory nucleic acid, in particular an siRNA, targeting the mRNA encoding one or more proteins involved in the autophagy mechanism. Mention may in particular be made of the inhibition of the Atg5 protein or of the Beclin-1 protein, in particular by inhibition of their expression.
- the method includes inhibiting Atg5 and Beclin-1.
- the method comprises the inhibition of the expression of Atg5 and of Beclin-1.
- the method comprises the inhibition of Atg5 and Beclin-1 by siRNA transfection.
- the ability of compounds to induce autophagy can also be assessed by measuring the conversation of LC3 I and II in cells treated with the test compound selected using the screening method according to the invention.
- An increase in the conversion of LC3 I to LC3 II shows an induction of autophagy.
- the ability of the compounds selected to induce the formation of the autophagosome can be determined in order to evaluate the ability of said compounds to induce autophagy.
- the ability of the selected compounds to reprogram energy metabolism can be determined by techniques known to those skilled in the art. It may thus be envisaged in particular to evaluate the capacity of the compounds selected to raise the local level of reactive oxygen species in cardiac cells treated with the compound selected following the screening according to the invention.
- a person skilled in the art can advantageously use techniques for detecting the level of anion superoxide, in particular those based on the use of the fluorescent probe MitoSOX in confocal microscopy.
- the energy metabolism can also be analyzed in real time, in particular by measuring the oxygen consumption proportional to mitochondrial respiration and measuring the production and secretion of protons in the culture medium proportional to glycolysis.
- Those skilled in the art have methods allowing such an analysis, in particular by means of the Seahorse technology used in the part used below and the measurement of the two ATR synthesis routes set out above and called: oxygen consumption rate (OCR ) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). These two parameters can be dynamically determined in the cells after sequential treatment with reference inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (eg rotenone, antimycin, oligomycin).
- the absence of toxic effects of the selected compounds can also be assessed.
- the absence of proliferative effects can be evaluated according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- the cardioprotective capacities of the compounds selected by means of the screening method according to the invention can also be verified in animals.
- test compounds can be compared with compounds whose cardioprotective effects and the properties of inducing autophagy and metabolic reprogramming are already known.
- the person skilled in the art can advantageously use one or more compounds chosen from SG6163F, VP331, LOPA87 and their analogs as a reference in the screening method of the invention.
- FIG. 1 High-throughput screening of cardiac cell death inhibitors for hit identification.
- Figure 1A shows a flowchart of the screening.
- Figure 1B shows the ranking of the hits on the percentage of survival revealed by labeling with methylene blue.
- the molecules were used at 10 mM as a pretreatment before induction of cell death.
- Figure 1C shows the confirmation of the top 6 hits on H9C2 cell viability as measured by an LDH release assay.
- FIG. 1 Cellular effects of hits on primary rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (RNVC) and the lung cancer cell line (A549).
- RNVC primary rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes
- A549 lung cancer cell line
- Figure 2A shows that hits protect RNVC viability against 300 pM H2O2.
- Figure 2B shows that hits protect RNVC viability against 10 pM camptothecin.
- Figure 2C shows the influence of hits on the viability of H9C2 cells.
- the cells were cultured in the presence of the hits at 10 pM for 48 h. Finally, cells were lysed in lysis buffer and the amount of LDH was measured to assess total cell growth.
- Figure 2D shows the influence of hits on the viability of A549 cancer cells.
- the cells were cultured for 6 h in the presence or in the absence of the hits, then for 42 h. Finally, cells were lysed with lysis buffer and the amount of LDH was measured to assess total cell growth.
- Protein expression levels of BCL-2 (Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B), BXL-XL (Fig. 3C) and BAX (Fig. 3C), in RNVCs after 6h of treatment (Fig. 3A, Fig. 3C, Fig. 3D) or 24h (Fig. 3B). Co., control of untreated cells. Each experiment was replicated at least three times. Representative Western-blot images and quantification of three independent experiments are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, with multiple Sidak comparisons. * , p ⁇ 0.05 vs. DMSO.
- Figure 4A Inhibition of RNVC cell death by hits requires Atg5 and Beclin-1
- Figure 4A RNVCs were transfected with siRNAs targeting Atg5 and Beclin-1 and the expression levels of both proteins were assessed by Western blot.
- FIG. 4B and Figure 4C After transfection of siRNA Atg5 and Beclin-1 respectively, LDFI release was measured in RNVCs treated with 300 mM FI2O2, 2h. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. ns., not significant compared to the cells treated with FI2O2 and transfected with the siRNAs.
- FIG. 4D After transfection of the GFP-LC3 plasmid, GFP-LC3 green fluorescent dots were visualized by fluorescence microscopy and quantified with Image J to monitor autophagosome formation. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. *** , p ⁇ 0.001 vs. 0.01% DMSO.
- Figure 4E Protein levels of LC3-I/II in RNVCs. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01 vs. DMSO.
- Figure 5A LC3-I/Il and p62 protein levels in RNVCs treated with 3-methyladenine (3MA), chloroquine (CQ), and SG6163F for 6 h. 3 mM rapamycin was used as a positive control. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01, ns., not significant.
- Figure 5B After treatment with SG6163F, rapamycin, 3-methyl adenine (MA), chloroquine (CQ), GFP-LC3 green fluorescent dots were visualized by fluorescence microscopy and quantified with Image J. Data are shown as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons, * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01. The experiments were replicated three times.
- FIG. 6A Effects on mitochondrial dynamics by fluorescence microscopy RNVCs were treated with 1 mM (Figure 6A) and 10 pM (Figure 6B) hits for 6 h and the mitochondrial network was labeled with 200 nM Mitotracker. The mitochondrial network and individual mitochondria were then analyzed using the Leica confocal microscope and IMARIS software. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01, *** , p ⁇ 0.001 vs. DMSO.
- Figure 6C MFN1 and MFN2 protein levels in RNVC analyzed by western-blot.
- Figure 6D Drp-1 and p-Drp-1 protein levels in RNVCs analyzed by western-blot. * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01, *** , p ⁇ 0.001 vs. DMSO. The experiments were replicated 3 times. Representative Western-blot images and quantification of three independent experiments are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons.
- Cells were treated with vehicle (0.01% DMSO), 1 mM digoxin, 1 ⁇ M SG6163F, 10 ⁇ M SG6163F, fixed with glutaraldehyde and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy.
- Cells treated with digoxin and 10 ⁇ M SG6163F show many shorter round mitochondria compared to the control which shows long and thin mitochondria ( Figure 7B, Figure 7D versus Figure 7A).
- Treatment with 1 ⁇ M SG6163F did not affect mitochondrial morphology (Figure 7D versus Figure 7C).
- the right inset in Figure 7D shows a mitochondrial fission figure.
- Figure 8A H9c2 cells were treated with the compounds for 6 h, then glycolytic function was measured by glycolytic stress assay on XFe96 extracellular flux analyzer (Agilent, USA), data are presented as average ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and multiple comparisons from Sidak test. * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01, *** , p ⁇ 0.001 vs. DMSO.
- FIG. 8B FI9c2 cells were treated with the compounds for 6 h, then a mitochondrial respiration stress test was performed.
- Figure 8C Exogenous fatty acid oxidation was measured simultaneously using the XF Palmitate-BSA FAO substrate kit with the XF cell mito stress assay. Before starting the assay, 30 ⁇ L of XF Palmitate-BSA FAO substrate or BSA control was added to the appropriate wells.
- Figure 8D AMPK alpha2 and phospho-AMPK protein levels in RNVCs. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01, *** , p ⁇ 0.001 vs. DMSO.
- FIG. 10 Cellular effects of analogous compounds on RNVCs.
- the protection of RNVC cells against FI2O2 by analog compounds of SG6163F and LOPA87 was measured by an LDFI release assay and an absorbance measurement at 490 nm.
- Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. *** , p ⁇ 0.001 vs. DMSO.
- Figure 11 Effects of compounds on total cell volume.
- Figure 11 Following treatment of the RNVCs with the compounds as indicated, the cell volume is labeled with 4 mM calcein-AM. Cell volume was then analyzed using IMARIS software. Figure 12. Effects of compounds on mitochondrial ROS production.
- Figure 12 RNVCs were treated with 0.1% DMSO, 3 mM rapamycin, 1 ⁇ M digitoxigenin, 1 ⁇ M digoxin, 1 ⁇ M minaprin, 1 ⁇ M VP331, 1 ⁇ M LOPA87, 10 ⁇ M SG6163F for 6 h, then ROS production was labeled with the MitoSOX fluorescent probe.
- Figure 12A Fluorescence was captured with a Leica confocal microscope.
- Figure 12B Quantification of mitochondrial fluorescence intensity was performed with Image J software. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM with one-way ANOVA, and Sidak's multiple comparisons. * , p ⁇ 0.05, ** , p ⁇ 0.01, *** , p ⁇ 0.001 vs. DMSO.
- the compounds were obtained from two chemical libraries: the Prestwick library (1,200 molecules) and the CEA Saclay library (400 molecules). All compounds were supplied at 10 mM in 100% DMSO.
- H9C2 cells were cultured in DMEM medium (ATCC® 30-2002TM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (BSA; BioWhittaker DE14-801 F) and penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco® #15070063). H9C2 cells were seeded in 96-well plates (5000 cells/well), adhered for 48 hours (h), and treated with 10 mM library compounds for 2 h at 37°C. were eliminated and replaced by a cell death inducer: treatment for 24 h with 10 ⁇ M camptothecin (Sigma C9911) for apoptosis or treatment for 2 h with 300 ⁇ M H2O2 (Sigma 216763) for necrosis.
- BSA fetal bovine serum
- Gibco® #15070063 penicillin-streptomycin
- Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were isolated as previously described (Wang et al., Cell Death Dis, 2016, 7:e2198).
- LDH lactate dehydrogenase
- RNVC rat neonatal ventricular myocytes
- LB lysis buffer
- Propidium iodide a non-permeable fluorescent DNA marker, was used to measure membrane integrity. 10 mM propidium iodide was added to the culture medium and a fluorescence reading was taken (ex: 530 nm; em: 620 nm), LB was used as a positive control for total cell lysis .
- RNVCs were treated with 0.01% DMSO, 3 mM rapamycin, 1 mM digitoxigenin, 1 mM digoxin, 1 mM minaprine, 1 mM VP331, 1 mM LOPA87, 10 mM SG6163F in medium cell culture without serum for 6 hours.
- MitoSOXTM (ThermoFisher, M36008) was dissolved in 13 ⁇ L of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution of 5 mM MitoSOXTM reagent. Next, the 5 mM MitoSOXTM Reagent stock solution in PBS was diluted to prepare a 5 ⁇ M MitoSOXTM Reagent working solution. After treatment, cells were rinsed 2 times with warm PBS, then incubated with MitoSOX reagent working solution for 10 minutes at 37°C. Cells were gently rinsed three times with warm PBS. The red fluorescence was detected under the Leica confocal microscope. Nuclear fluorescence was suppressed and mitochondrial fluorescence intensity was measured using ImageJ software.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- the XFe96 extracellular flux analyzer (Seahorse Biosciences, North Billerica, MA, USA) was used to measure the bioenergetic function of FI9C2 cardiomyocytes.
- FI9C2 cells were seeded at 20,000 cells per well in XF96 cell culture microplates, all pretreatments were performed with serum-free cell culture medium.
- the Agilent Seahorse XF glycolysis stress assay was performed to measure glycolytic function in FI9C2 cells, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was measured sequentially by 3 injections, 10 mM glucose, 2 pM oligomycin and 50 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose
- the Agilent Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test measured key parameters of mitochondrial function by directly measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of FI9C2 cells.
- OCR oxygen consumption rate
- the assay utilized the built-in injection ports on the XF sensor cartridges to add respiration modulators into the cell well during the assay to reveal key parameters of mitochondrial function.
- 2 ⁇ M oligomycin was injected first after basal measurements. Then 1 mM carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) was injected. The third injection corresponds to 0.5 mM of antimycin A, to stop mitochondrial respiration.
- the oxidation of exogenous fatty acids has been measured simultaneously using the XF Palmitate-BSA FAO Substrate Kit with the XF Cell Mitochondrial Stress Assay.
- the substrate-limited medium is DMEM with 0.5 mM glucose, 1 mM GlutaMAX, 0.5 mM carnitine and 1% fetal bovine serum. Carnitine was added fresh on the day of medium change.
- FAO test medium contains 111 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KOI, 1.25 mM CaC, 2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM NaFl2PO4, supplemented with 2.5 mM glucose, 0.5 mM carnitine and 5 mM FIEPES on the day of the test, adjusted to pH 7.4 at 37°C.
- FI9C2 cells were seeded at 20,000 cells per well in XF96 cell culture microplates. All pretreatments were performed with serum-free cell culture medium. 24 hours prior to assay, the growth medium was replaced with substrate-limited medium. 45 min before assay, cells were washed twice with FAO assay medium, 150 ⁇ L/well FAO assay medium was added to the cells.
- XF Cell Mito Stress Test compounds final concentrations: 2 mM oligomycin, 1 ⁇ M FCCP, 0.5 ⁇ M antimycin A).
- 30 ⁇ L of XF Palmitate-BSA FAO or BSA substrate was added to the appropriate wells, then the XF cell culture microplate was immediately inserted into the XFe96 analyzer for analysis.
- FI9C2 cells and RNVCs were detached in LB containing: 50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% deoxycholate, 1% Triton X 100, 0.1% SDS (pH 8.0) .
- Cells were collected and placed on ice for 30 minutes. Then the cells were centrifuged at 2000 g for 20 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube and stored on ice. Protein concentration was determined by BCA assay. Protein samples were diluted with sample buffer (2x Laemmli, Sigma), mixed, and heated for 5 minutes at 95 0 C. Then the samples were loaded into a 4–20% gradient precast gel and migrated for 15 minutes at 300 V.
- the membrane and the gel were placed on the base of a Trans Blot Turbo cassette (Bio Rad) and the proteins were transferred for 3 minutes at 2.5 V. After transfer, the membrane was blocked with 5% milk in PBS-Tween and incubated with primary antibody diluted in PBS-Tween at 5% w/v milk at 4°C under gentle agitation, overnight. The following day, the membrane was washed with PBS-Tween for 6 x 5 min and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was washed again with PBS-Tween for 6 x 5 minutes after the secondary antibody.
- the membrane was incubated with an improved ultra-sensitive chemiluminescent substrate for 5 minutes. Images were recorded with a gel imaging system (Bio Rad).
- the following antibodies were used: anti-Mitofusin 1 (ab126575, Abcam, USA), anti-Mitofusin 2 (ab124773, Abcam, USA), BCL-2 (C-2) ( sc-7382, Santa Cruz, USA), BAX (B-9) (sc-7480, Santa Cruz, USA), BCL-XL (#2764, Cell Signaling, USA), AMPK alpha2 (# 2757, Cell Signaling, USA), LC3B (D11) (#3868, Cell Signaling, USA), b-Actin (C4) (sc-47778, Santa Cruz, USA), phospho-DRP1 (Ser616 ) (D9A1) (#4494, Cell Signaling, USA), DLP1 (#611112, BD Biosciences, USA).
- results are expressed as mean ⁇ standard error of the mean (sem). Origin software and Graphpad Prism 6 were used for statistical analysis. The differences between 2 groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the differences between the groups of two genotypes were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, with Sidak multiple comparisons. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P ⁇ 0.05, ** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001, **** P ⁇ 0.0001. The number of cells and independent experiments performed are indicated in the figure legends.
- H9C2 cardiomyoblasts were pretreated with the compounds at 10 mM for 2 h with 0.01% DMSO as vehicle, washed and incubated with a cell death inducer (ie H2O2 or camptothecin) for the indicated period (Figure 1A). Then, the percentage of viable cells was assessed by methylene blue staining, and the hits were ranked according to their effectiveness in protecting against cell death, revealing 21 statistically significant hits (Figure 1B).
- VP331, LOPA87, and minaprine had no effect on mitochondrial network and mitochondrial number except for 10 pM minaprine and 3 pM rapamycin, which decreased mitochondrial mass ( Figures 6A,B). Accordingly, digitoxigenin and digoxin decreased expression of the fusion proteins, MFN1 and MNF2 ( Figure 6C) and digoxin and SG 6163F stimulated fission through phosphorylation of Drp-1 at Ser616 as shown by measuring the ratio (DRP1-P)/(DRP-1 total) by western-blot ( Figure 6D).
- ROS are produced or accumulated as a metabolic by-product of mitochondrial activity.
- ROS may be a consequence of mitochondrial function or reflect a defect in the mitochondrial antioxidant system.
- anion superoxide labeling in RVNCs by the fluorescent probe MitoSOX after cell treatment with the compounds for 6h we were able to show that rapamycin, digitoxigenin, VP331, LOPA87 and Minaprine induced an elevation of the level local mitochondrial anion superoxide, but not digoxin and SG6163F ( Figure 12).
- SG6163F was found to boost OXPHOS although rapamycin decreased it, independent of substrates as expected (Schieke et al., 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry 281(37):27643-27652) (Figs 8B,C).
- AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
- the identified molecules can be used in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, in particular, to protect heart cells and reduce the side effects of anti-cancer treatments.
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