EP4327443A1 - Verfahren zum aufstarten einer elektrolyseanlage und elektrolyseanlage zur durchführung des verfahrens - Google Patents
Verfahren zum aufstarten einer elektrolyseanlage und elektrolyseanlage zur durchführung des verfahrensInfo
- Publication number
- EP4327443A1 EP4327443A1 EP22737808.0A EP22737808A EP4327443A1 EP 4327443 A1 EP4327443 A1 EP 4327443A1 EP 22737808 A EP22737808 A EP 22737808A EP 4327443 A1 EP4327443 A1 EP 4327443A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- converter
- connection
- electrolyzer
- voltage
- unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/06—Detection or inhibition of short circuits in the cell
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
- C25B9/65—Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
- H01M8/186—Regeneration by electrochemical means by electrolytic decomposition of the electrolytic solution or the formed water product
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/02—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/04—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/12—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/21—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/217—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M7/219—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a bridge configuration
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for starting up an electrolysis system and an electrolysis system designed and set up for carrying out the method.
- the electrolyser is connected to an alternating voltage network (AC network) via a supply unit operating as a rectifier, which supplies the electrolyser with a direct voltage (DC voltage) and also controls its hydrogen generation rate by changing the DC voltage transferred to the electrolyser .
- the hydrogen generation rate usually increases with an increasing DC voltage present at the DC input of the electrolyzer and an associated power draw from the AC network, at least in a certain operating range for the DC voltage.
- a conventional supply unit operating as a rectifier contains an AC/DC converter whose bridge circuit has transistors each with a diode connected in antiparallel thereto as a freewheeling diode.
- the diodes can be a separate diode or an intrinsic diode—a so-called body diode—of the transistor.
- the supply unit has both an AC-side and a DC-side pre-charging unit.
- the pre-charging unit typically comprises a series circuit of a pre-charging resistor and a pre-charging switch and a switch connected in parallel with the series circuit.
- the output capacitance connected to a DC converter connection of the AC/DC converter is first precharged using a current drawn from the AC network and conducted via the precharging resistor of the AC-side precharging unit.
- the pre-charging resistor serves to limit the current in the uncharged output capacity.
- the switch becomes the AC-side Pre-charging unit closed, creating a low-impedance electrical connection between the AC/DC converter and the AC grid.
- the supply unit is electrically connected to the electrolyser via the DC-side pre-charging unit.
- the electrolyser Since the electrolyser has a predominantly capacitive behavior at low input voltages, which only changes to ohmic behavior after reaching and exceeding a critical DC voltage UDC.C P - often also referred to as no-load voltage - here too the connection is initially made by closing the pre-charging switch when the switch of the DC-side pre-charging unit is initially open. A current flowing from the charged output capacitance to the electrolyzer is conducted via the pre-charging resistor of the DC-side pre-charging unit and its current intensity is limited by this.
- the publication DE 102004048703 A1 discloses a device and a method for starting and operating a fuel cell system that can be connected to an AC network.
- a bidirectional converter is provided, via which, during normal operation, a direct current generated by the fuel cell stack of the fuel cell system is converted into alternating current for feeding into the alternating current network.
- an alternating current of the fuel cell system made available via the alternating current network is converted into a direct current intermediate circuit for feeding.
- Document EP 3334003 A1 discloses a charging system and a method for its operation.
- the charging system includes a power supply device, a battery module, and a charging module.
- the charging module is detachably connected to the power supply device and to the battery module and includes a power conversion unit.
- the power conversion unit of the charging module is reversely operated and electric power of the battery module is used to precharge a bus capacitor. If the voltage of the bus capacitor is greater than or equal to a first threshold value due to its pre-charging, the voltage at an adjustment terminal of the charging module is adjusted and the charging system is in a normal operating mode.
- Document US 2017/0005357 A1 discloses a system comprising a Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (RSOFC) unit, a bidirectional AC/DC converter coupled to the RSOFC unit and a common bus connected to the bidirectional AC/DC DC converter and coupled to a power grid.
- the RSOFC unit has fuel cell mode and electrolytic operation.
- the bidirectional AC/DC converter is configured to convert DC power generated by the RSOFC unit into AC power, and convert AC power into DC power for consumption of the RSOFC unit in electrolysis operation.
- Document JP 2006156066 A discloses a fuel cell system with a main contactor that switches a connection state of a fuel cell with a load and an energy storage device, a pre-charge contactor connected in parallel with the main contactor, a sub-contactor that is arranged between the energy storage device and the load, a sub-contactor connection device that the sub-contactor closes when a start command is received, a comparison means that compares the voltage Ves on the load side with the voltage Vf C of the fuel cell after the sub-contactor is connected, and a main contactor connection means that closes the main contactor without the pre-charge contactor to close when it is decided that the voltage V es applied to the load is greater than the voltage Vf C applied to the fuel cell.
- the invention is based on the object of specifying a method for starting up an electrolysis system that can be implemented with significantly less effort.
- the method is intended to enable the electrolysis system to be started up with only one pre-charging unit, if possible, even without a pre-charging unit. It is also the object of the invention to provide an electrolysis system suitable for carrying out the method.
- the electrolysis system includes an electrolyzer and a supply unit operating as a rectifier.
- the supply unit has an AC connection connected to an AC network, a DC connection connected to the electrolyzer and an AC/DC converter arranged between the AC connection and the DC connection.
- the procedure includes the steps:
- the output capacitance may exist as a separate component relative to the AC/DC converter, but connected to the DC converter terminal of the AC/DC converter. In this case it is not, not even partially, integrated into the AC/DC converter. Alternatively, however, it is also possible for the output capacitance to be partially or fully integrated into the AC/DC converter and thus partially or fully encompassed by the AC/DC converter.
- the AC/DC converter in particular its AC converter output, can be connected to the AC grid by closing an AC disconnecting unit that is arranged between the AC/DC converter and the AC output.
- the disconnection of the AC/DC converter in particular its DC converter output and the output capacity connected to it, can be brought about by the electrolyser by opening a DC disconnecting unit which is arranged between the output capacity and the DC output of the supply unit.
- the AC/DC converter it is possible for the AC/DC converter to be connected to the AC network before, at the same time as or after the disconnection of the AC/DC converter from the electrolyzer.
- the charging of the output capacitance can already be fully completed by the time the AC converter input is connected to the AC grid. However, this is not necessarily required. Rather, it is also possible within the scope of the invention for the output capacitance to be charged via the electrolyzer working in reverse mode even if the AC converter input is already galvanically connected to the AC network.
- the complete or at least extensive suppression of the power flow between the AC network and the electrolyzer ensures that when the electrolyzer is reversed from its reverse operation to its normal operation, there is no uncontrolled power flow from the AC network via the supply unit into the electrolyzer . This is because, as will be described in detail later, such a power flow can adversely affect the reversal of operation and possibly also damage the electrodes of the electrolyzer. It doesn't matter where the power flow is suppressed between the AC grid and the electrolyser. Specifically, it can be suppressed between the AC connection of the supply unit and the output capacitance, for example. As an alternative to this, the extensive or complete suppression of the power flow can also take place between the AC/DC converter and the DC connection of the supply unit. A combination of several points at which the power flow is completely or at least largely suppressed is also possible.
- connection of the AC converter connection to the AC network can be carried out largely without current, but at least with a significantly reduced current.
- the output capacitance can be charged up to a voltage threshold value which corresponds at least approximately to an amplitude of an AC voltage present at the AC input of the supply unit. In this way, the diodes of the transistor-based bridge circuit of the AC/DC converter are in their blocking state and a current surge from the AC mains into the output capacitance is largely suppressed.
- An electrolysis system includes an electrolysis unit that includes an electrolyzer and a supply unit that feeds the electrolyzer from an AC network.
- the supply unit includes an AC connection for connecting an AC network, a DC connection for connecting the electrolyzer and an AC/DC converter arranged between the AC connection and the DC connection.
- the supply unit also includes an AC disconnection unit for connecting an AC converter connection of the AC/DC converter to the AC connection of the supply unit and a DC disconnection unit for connecting a DC converter connection of the AC/DC converter to the DC connection supply unit.
- the electrolysis system according to the invention is characterized in that it also contains a control unit for the purpose of controlling it and is designed and set up to carry out the method according to the invention.
- the AC connection of the supply unit is usually multi-phase and contains a number of phase conductor connections.
- the supply unit can be designed to to operate improperly.
- the AC connection or the AC converter connection can also each have a neutral conductor connection.
- the supply unit it is also possible for the supply unit to be a supply unit that is not capable of unbalanced loads.
- the AC connection of the supply unit and the AC converter connection of the AC/DC converter only have several phase conductor connections but no neutral conductor connection.
- the supply unit to have a single-phase design and for the AC connection and the AC converter connection to each have a phase conductor connection and a neutral conductor connection.
- the invention uses the fact that certain types of electrolyzers can also operate in what is known as reverse operation in addition to their normal operation.
- the electrolyser is operated as a DC load, which in turn requires a DC source providing a DC voltage as an energy supply.
- the electrolysis reaction takes place, in which water (H2O) is broken down into its elementary components, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), using electrical power.
- the electrical power is taken from the AC network via the supply unit, rectified, and supplied as rectified electrical power to the electrolyser to supply it.
- the electrolyser itself operates as a DC source and in turn provides electrical energy in the form of a DC voltage for another DC load.
- Electrolysers that have such a reverse operation are, for example, electrolysers with solid oxide electrolytic cells (Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells, SOEC), or so-called proton exchange membranes (proton exchange membranes, PEM) electrolysers.
- SOEC Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
- PEM proton exchange membranes
- the electrolyzer now operates in its reverse mode, the charging of the output capacity of the supply unit is now not possible within the scope of the invention by means of electrical power drawn from the AC network, but by means of electrical power drawn from the electrolyzer. This applies at least to an initial part of the charging from the voltage-free state of the output capacitance, but possibly also to the complete charging of the output capacitance.
- the output capacity is—at least initially—galvanically connected only to the electrolyzer and—together with the AC/DC converter connected to the output capacity—galvanically isolated from the AC network.
- the galvanic isolation can be brought about via the open AC isolation unit between the AC input and the AC/DC converter.
- the electrolyzer can be separated from the output capacity and thus from the AC/DC converter. By separating the electrolyser and the AC/DC converter from each other, power flow between the AC/DC converter and the electrolyser is completely suppressed. If the electrolyzer can be connected to the AC/DC converter both via a low-impedance connection and via a high-impedance connection, it is sufficient if only the low-impedance connection but not the high-impedance connection is disconnected when the operation is reversed. In this case, the power flow between the AC/DC converter and the electrolyzer is not completely, but at least largely suppressed. Furthermore, the AC/DC converter can be connected to the AC grid.
- connection to the AC grid by closing the AC disconnection unit can take place without a current flow, at least without a current flow worth mentioning, from the AC grid into the output capacitance.
- power can flow from the AC grid into the output capacitance.
- Components of the supply unit that are supplied from the output capacity and previously received their supply power from the electrolyser operating in reverse mode can now be supplied from the AC grid.
- Such components that are supplied from the output capacity are, for example, the control unit of the supply unit or other small consumers, such as fans, etc.
- the operational reversal of the electrolyser from its reverse operation to its normal operation is usually always with a more or less pronounced drop connected to the DC voltage present at the connection of the electrolyser.
- the operation of the electrolyzer can now be reversed from its reverse operation to its normal operation in a state in which both the AC converter connection of the AC/DC converter is connected to the AC grid and the DC converter connection of the AC/DC converter is connected to the electrolyser.
- both the AC disconnecting unit and the DC disconnecting unit can therefore be in their respective closed states.
- the diodes of the AC/DC converter are in their blocking state and on such an uncontrollable flow of current from the AC network via the diodes of the AC/DC converter cannot take place due to the blocking effect of the diodes, especially not if the AC/DC converter is connected to the electrolyser via a closed DC separation unit, in particular even remains connected in a low-impedance manner.
- An alternative variant of the method can be used if it is foreseeable that the operational reversal of the electrolyzer will fall below or threaten to fall below the rectified value of the AC/DC converter.
- the AC/DC converter can be separated from the electrolyzer for the reversal of operation, in particular before or also during the reversal of operation.
- the operational reversal of the electrolyser from reverse operation to normal operation can then take place partially or completely in a state of the electrolyser that is separated from the AC/DC converter.
- the AC/DC converter can be reconnected to the electrolyzer, in particular with a low-impedance connection.
- the electrolyser can be separated from the AC/DC converter via the DC separation unit of the supply unit. Depending on the design of the DC disconnection unit, the disconnection can be carried out on all poles or only on one pole. In both cases, the power flow between the AC/DC converter and the electrolyser is completely suppressed when the DC separation unit is disconnected.
- a further variant of the method can be used if the AC/DC converter can be connected to the electrolyser (22) via two connections, namely both via a low-impedance connection and via a high-impedance connection.
- the pre-charging unit can comprise a first path with a series connection of a pre-charging resistor and a pre-charging switch and a second path with a further switch.
- the second path is arranged parallel to the first path.
- the first path represents the high-impedance connection and the second path represents the low-impedance connection.
- the operational reversal of the electrolyzer from its reverse operation to its normal operation can take place via a change in the starting materials (educts) that are supplied to the electrodes (anode and cathode) of the electrolytic cells.
- the electrolytic cells of the electrolyzer After the reversal of operation, the electrolytic cells of the electrolyzer have an open-circuit voltage that depends on the number of electrolytic cells connected in series and is typically in a range of 0.8V-1.2V per cell.
- electrolysis has not yet taken place since the electrolyser is still separated from the DC converter connection of the AC/DC converter and thus from the electrical power supply driving the electrolysis reaction when the DC separation unit is open.
- the electrolyser is finally galvanically connected to the DC converter output and the output capacitance connected to it.
- the no-load voltage of the electrolyzer can be adjusted beforehand to the DC voltage that is present at the output capacitance of the supply unit, in order to reduce an equalizing current that would otherwise flow. In the case of the electrolyzer, this can be done, for example, by changing the composition of the reactants supplied to the electrodes.
- the electrolyser After the connection, in particular the low-impedance connection, of the electrolyser to the AC/DC converter of the supply unit, the electrolyser is operated in normal operation and the electrolytic reaction of the electrolyser is activated by a DC voltage applied to the electrolyser and generated by the supply unit in a known manner way controlled. Since the output capacity is largely charged via the electrolyser and not from the AC network, there is no need for an AC-side pre-charging unit with a corresponding pre-charging resistor within the AC separation unit. However, if an AC-side pre-charging unit is still desired, it can be designed simply and cost-effectively with regard to its current carrying capacity. For example, a nominal power of an AC-side pre-charging resistor can be significantly reduced. In certain cases it is even possible to do without a DC-side pre-charging unit with a corresponding pre-charging resistor. Overall, the effort for the supply unit, as well as for the electrolysis system can be minimized with the supply unit.
- the output capacitance can be charged to a DC voltage UDC,4 whose value corresponds at least to a rectified value or at least to a simple amplitude of the AC voltage (AC voltage) UAC present at the AC connection.
- the AC voltage can be a differential voltage of the phase conductors of the AC grid or a voltage between each phase conductor and the neutral conductor. The former is the case when the AC connection of the supply unit and the AC converter connection only have phase conductor connections but no neutral conductor connection. The latter is the case when the AC connection and the AC converter connection also have a neutral conductor connection in addition to the phase conductor connections.
- charging the output capacitance in this way ensures that the diodes of the AC/DC converter are in their blocking state or are quickly converted into this state.
- an LC filter can be arranged between the AC separation unit and the AC converter output, the capacitors of which are still uncharged and charge when the AC separation unit is closed.
- the compensating current that flows for the filter capacitors is also so low that it can be tolerated even without additional current-limiting means. Overall, a power flow from the AC network can be significantly reduced when the AC disconnecting unit is closed.
- the output capacitance can be charged to a DC voltage UDC,4, the value of which corresponds to at least twice the amplitude of the AC voltage UAC present at the AC connection.
- this can also be a differential voltage between two phase conductors or a voltage of one of the phase conductors relative to the neutral conductor.
- a passive filter for example an LC filter or an LCL filter
- filter capacitors of the passive filter can be charged by the AC/DC converter in a controlled manner even before the AC separation unit is closed.
- the connection of the AC/DC converter to the AC network by closing the AC disconnecting unit can thus be carried out with virtually no power or current.
- the AC/DC converter During the generation of the AC voltage by the AC/DC converter for the purpose of synchronization, power loss is generated by the AC/DC converter, which - if the AC separation unit is still open - is taken from the output capacitance. If the DC separation unit were also open, the DC voltage present at the output capacitance would drop.
- the AC/DC converter it is possible for the AC/DC converter to be separated from the electrolyzer or for the low-impedance connection between the AC/DC converter and the electrolyzer to be separated only when the AC/DC converter is connected to the AC grid, i.e. the AC disconnect unit is closed.
- the electrolyzer can be connected to the output capacitance of the supply unit when its connection is at least largely voltage-free - i.e. at approximately 0V and even before the electrolyzer is switched to reverse operation - and in a state connected to the supply unit to its reverse - operation to be shifted.
- the supply unit usually has both an open AC disconnection unit and an open DC disconnection unit before the electrolysis system is started up, the output capacitance is also initially voltage-free. Therefore, there is no, but at least only a negligible, voltage difference between the DC voltages that are present at the connection of the electrolyzer and the output capacity. Thus, the connection between the two does not generate any compensating current, if necessary only a negligible one.
- the electrolyser can then be disconnected from the charged output capacity to perform the reverse operation.
- the reversal to normal operation is associated with a significant reduction in the DC voltage present at the connection of the electrolyzer, so that this has a rectified value of the AC/DC connected to the AC network -converter falls below. If the DC voltage at the connection of the electrolyser falls below the rectified value of the AC/DC converter, this would result in a current flow from the AC network when the DC separation unit is closed and the AC separation unit is closed adversely affect the reversal of operation and possibly damage the electrodes of the electrolyser. After the reversal of operation, the electrolyzer is in a state prepared for its normal operation.
- the no-load voltage is present at its connection.
- the no-load voltage of the electrolyzer can be varied within certain limits as a function of the media supplied, in particular as a function of their partial pressure and their temperature, possibly also of a temperature of the electrolytic cells.
- the DC voltage at the connection of the The electrolyser can be adjusted to the DC voltage present at the output capacity, which is why a DC-side pre-charging unit can also be dispensed with in certain cases.
- the operational reversal can also be carried out in one State occur in which the DC separation unit is closed and thus the DC converter connection and the output capacity are connected to the connection of the electrolyser.
- the electrolyzer can have been switched to its reverse operation in a state that is separated from the output capacity, and the output capacity is still largely voltage-free.
- the electrolyser was put into reverse operation in a state connected to the output capacity, but an adjustment of the DC voltages between the connection of the electrolyser and the output capacity after the operation reversal is not sufficiently possible.
- a DC voltage other than 0V can be present at the connection of the electrolyser, which is particularly close to an open-circuit voltage that is characteristic of its no-load operation (UDC.EI > 0V), while the output capacity is charged (UDC,4 > 0) or largely voltage-free ( UDC,4 « 0V) may be present.
- UDC.EI > 0V open-circuit voltage that is characteristic of its no-load operation
- UDC,4 « 0V largely voltage-free
- the connection of the electrolyzer can be connected to the output capacity via a current-limiting pre-charging resistor.
- the DC separation unit of the supply unit can have a series connection made up of a pre-charging resistor and a pre-charging switch, as well as a switch arranged in parallel with the series connection.
- the connection of the electrolyser it is possible for the connection of the electrolyser to be connected to the output capacitance via a DC voltage converter when a DC voltage other than 0V is applied to it.
- the The electrolysis system in particular the DC separation unit of the supply unit, has a DC-DC converter which is designed to step down a DC voltage present at the connection of the electrolyzer in the direction of the output capacity.
- a compensating current from the electrolyser that is generated in the uncharged or not yet sufficiently charged output capacity is safely limited to a value that is not critical for the components concerned.
- the supply unit can have voltage sensors.
- the voltage sensors can be designed to detect an AC voltage dropping across the AC separation unit and/or a DC voltage dropping across the DC separation unit. It is possible for the voltage sensors to directly detect the voltage drop across the respective separation unit. Alternatively, it is also possible for a voltage measurement relative to a reference potential to be carried out on each contact side of the isolating units and then for the voltages to be subtracted from one another.
- the voltage sensors can interact with the control unit of the electrolysis system, the control unit of the supply unit and/or the control unit of the electrolysis unit in such a way that the DC disconnection unit is closed depending on the detected DC voltage. Similarly, the AC disconnection unit can also be closed depending on the detected AC voltage.
- its control unit can be designed as a separate and central control unit, which is designed both to control the supply unit and to control the electrolysis unit.
- the control unit of the electrolysis system can be integrated at least partially, possibly also completely, into an already existing control unit of the supply unit and/or a control unit of the electrolysis unit. All the control units (those of the supply unit, those of the electrolysis unit and optionally those of the electrolysis system) can be connected to one another in terms of control technology and communication.
- the AC/DC converter of the supply unit can be designed for a bidirectional power flow that can exchange active electrical power with the AC grid in both directions. In addition, it can be designed to exchange capacitive reactive power as well as inductive reactive power with the AC grid.
- the AC/DC converter can have a transistor-based bridge circuit, that is to say a bridge circuit with a plurality of transistors, each with a diode connected antiparallel thereto. It is possible for the supply unit to have means for damping interference currents.
- the supply unit can include a passive filter with inductances and filter capacitances for filtering clock-frequency interference currents.
- the filter can in particular be an LC filter or an LCL filter.
- electrolyser In order to be used as an electrolyser within the electrolysis system, it must have certain properties. Specifically, on the one hand, it must be designed to operate in normal operation, in which an electrolysis reaction, in particular an electrolysis reaction of water into hydrogen and oxygen, takes place. In addition, the electrolyser must be designed to provide electrical energy from a chemical energy carrier in reverse operation and thus to operate as a DC source. Types of electrolyzers that implement these operating modes are, for example, electrolyzers based on solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOEC electrolyzer) or proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEM electrolyzer). Therefore, the electrolyzer of the electrolysis plant can advantageously be designed as an electrolyzer with solid oxide electrolytic cells, ie as a solid oxide electrolyzer. Alternatively, it is also possible for the electrolyzer to be designed as a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEM electrolyzer).
- SOEC electrolyzer solid oxide electrolytic cells
- PEM electrolyzer proton exchange membrane electrolyzer
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an electrolysis system according to the invention
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of reverse operation using the example of a solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOEC);
- SOEC solid oxide electrolytic cell
- FIG. 3b shows a schematic representation of normal operation using the example of the solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOEC) from FIG. 3a
- the electrolysis system 50 includes an electrolysis unit 20, a supply unit 10 and a separate control unit 40 which is designed for the coordinated control of the electrolysis unit 20 and the supply unit 10.
- the control unit 40 is connected in terms of control technology to the electrolysis unit 20 and the supply unit 10, in particular to their control units 8, 25.
- the AC connection 11 of the supply unit 10 is connected to an AC network 30 via a transformer 32 and a network connection point 31 .
- the AC network 30 is a three-phase medium-voltage network which provides an AC voltage with the amplitude ÜNetz on a primary side 32.P of the transformer 32.
- the transformer 32 converts the AC voltage present on the primary side into a three-phase AC voltage with the amplitude Ün, which is present on a secondary side 32.S of the transformer 32 and on the AC connection 11 of the supply unit 10.
- the DC separation unit 5 includes a pre-charging path with a series connection of a pre-charging resistor 5.1 and a pre-charging switch 5.2.
- a further switch 5.3 is arranged in parallel with the series connection of precharging resistor 5.1 and template switch 5.2.
- the DC separation unit 5 it is also possible for the DC separation unit 5 to include a DC voltage converter.
- the supply unit 10 includes a first voltage sensor 6 which is designed to detect a DC voltage dropping across the DC separation unit 5 . It also includes a second voltage sensor 7 for detecting a voltage across the AC disconnecting unit 2 falling AC voltage. Both voltage sensors 6, 7 are connected to the control unit 8 of the supply unit 10.
- the control unit 8 of the supply unit 10 is connected to the AC disconnecting unit 2 and the DC disconnecting unit 5 in terms of control technology. The technical control connections are symbolized in FIG. 1 by dashed lines.
- the control unit 8 is designed to control the AC separation unit 2 and the DC separation unit 5 depending on the voltages detected by the voltage sensors 6.7. Furthermore, it is also designed to control the AC/DC converter 3 .
- the AC/DC converter 3 has a transistor-based bridge circuit and can be operated bidirectionally with respect to a direction of the power flow. Specifically, it is designed to operate on the one hand as a rectifier and to convert an AC voltage present at its AC converter connection 3.1 into a DC voltage UDC,4 ZU present at its DC converter connection 3.2 and the output capacitance 4 connected thereto. On the other hand, it is designed to operate as an inverter and to convert a DC voltage UDC,4 present at the output capacitance 4 and at its DC converter connection 3.2 into an AC voltage present at its AC converter connection 3.1. It is also able to exchange capacitive and inductive reactive power with the AC grid 30 .
- the electrolysis unit 20 includes an electrolyzer 22, auxiliary devices for operating the electrolyzer 23, 24, and a control unit 25 for controlling the auxiliary devices and optionally the electrolyzer 22.
- the auxiliary devices can be controlled in such a way that during any operating state of the electrolyzer 22 (in particular during the reverse -Operation, operation reversal and normal operation), the respectively required media and environmental conditions for the course of the electrochemical reaction within the electrolysis unit 20 are available or present.
- the electrolyzer 22 is exemplified as a solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOEC) based electrolyzer having solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOEC).
- a gas supply device 23 for supplying and/or removing the media required for the chemical reaction (educts and products) and a heating device 23 for heating the electrolytic cells of the electrolyzer 22 and/or the supplied ones are shown as auxiliary devices of the SOEC electrolyzer in FIG Media illustrated.
- the gas supply device 23 and the heating device 24 are supplied via the AC voltage of the amplitude Ün generated on the secondary side by the transformer 32, which also at the AC connection 11 of the supply unit 10 is present.
- the electrolysis unit 20 or the electrolyzer 22 is electrically connected to the DC connection 12 of the supply unit 10 via a connection 21 .
- the electrolysis system 50 can contain other components that are not shown explicitly in FIG. 1 and may not be necessary for an explanation of the present invention.
- the supply unit 10 can contain a filter for damping undesired interference currents in the AC network 30 .
- the filter can have inductances and associated filter capacitances and can be arranged, for example, between the AC separator unit 2 and the AC/DC converter 3 .
- the supply unit 10 in FIG. 1 is embodied as a three-phase supply unit, it can also have a different number of phase conductors or phase conductor connections. It is also possible that it is designed as a single-phase supply unit.
- the AC network 30 does not necessarily have to be a medium-voltage network. Rather, it is also possible for the AC network 30 to correspond to a low-voltage network. In such a case, the transformer 32 can also be omitted and the supply unit 10 can be connected directly to the AC grid 30 .
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the method for operating the electrolysis system, for example the electrolysis system 50 from FIG. 1 , in the form of a flowchart.
- the method starts with a step S1.
- the AC converter connection 3.1 of the AC/DC converter 3 is separated from the AC connection 11 of the supply unit 10—and thus from the AC network 30—via the open AC separation unit 2 .
- the DC converter connection 3.2 and the output capacitance 4 are also separated from the DC connection 12 of the supply unit 10 and thus from the connection 21 of the electrolyser 22 via the open DC separation unit 5 (both the pre-charging switch 5.2 and another switch 5.3 are open).
- the electrolyzer 22 is switched to its reverse mode via the control unit of the electrolysis system 40 and the control unit of the electrolysis unit 25 connected thereto.
- the electrolyzer 22 operates as a fuel cell and thus as a DC source when suitable media are supplied.
- the electrolytic cells, possibly also the supplied media, are heated via the heating device 24 and the media are fed to the electrolytic cells of the electrolyzer 22 via the gas supply device 23 fed.
- the auxiliary devices, here: the gas supply device 23 and the heating device 24 are supplied via the AC voltage present on the secondary side of the transformer 32.S.
- a DC voltage is generated at the connection 21 of the electrolyzer 22 and is also present at the DC connection 12 of the supply unit 10 .
- a third step S3 the pre-charging switch 5.2 of the DC separation unit 5 is closed, as a result of which, in a fourth step S4, the output capacitance 4 is charged via a current limited by the pre-charging resistor 5.1.
- the charging of the output capacitance 4 takes place here at least to a value which is twice the amplitude Ün of the AC voltage present at the AC connection 11 .
- the further switch 5.3 of the DC separation unit 5 can be closed and the electrolyzer 22 can be connected at low resistance to the DC converter connection 3.2 and the output capacitance 4.
- a fifth step S5 an AC voltage with an amplitude that at least approximately corresponds to the amplitude Ün is generated by appropriate clocking of the AC/DC converter 3, which is controlled by the control unit 8. Furthermore, the AC voltage generated by the AC/DC converter 3 is synchronized with the AC voltage present at the AC connection 11 both in terms of its amplitude and in terms of its phase position. The course of the synchronization can be observed using the first voltage sensor 7 , which detects the AC voltages present at both connections of the AC disconnecting unit 2 and transfers them to the control unit 8 .
- the DC separation unit 5 is closed, so that a power loss of the AC/DC converter 3, which is taken from the output capacitance 4, continues to flow on the part of the electrolyzer operating in reverse operation and can thus be compensated.
- the DC voltage UDC,4 present at the output capacitance 4 can thus be kept constant.
- the AC disconnecting unit 2 is closed in a sixth step S6, which, due to the synchronization, can take place with virtually no current and is therefore gentle on the AC disconnecting unit 2. Since the AC separation unit 2 is closed, recharging of the output capacity 4 from the AC grid 30 is guaranteed the DC converter connection 3.2 and the Output capacity 4 is galvanically isolated.
- the seventh step S7 is merely an optional step, which is symbolized in FIG. 2 by a frame represented by dashed lines. It is particularly advantageous when it is foreseeable that the reversal of operation will be associated with a significant reduction in the DC voltage UDC.EL present at the connection of the electrolyzer 22, so that it falls below a rectified value of the AC/DC connected to the AC network 30. DC converter 3 can fall.
- the operation of the electrolyzer 22 is reversed, which is controlled via the central control unit 40 of the electrolysis system 50 in conjunction with the control unit 25 of the electrolysis unit 20.
- the operational reversal of the electrolyzer 22 from its reverse operation as a fuel cell BZ to its normal operation as an electrolyzer EL can take place in a state in which the electrolyzer 22 is electrically isolated from the DC converter connection 3.2 and the output capacitance 4.
- an open-circuit voltage forming at the connection 21 of the electrolyzer 22 can be approximated (synchronized) as a DC voltage UDC.EL to the DC voltage UDC,4 present at the output capacitance 4.
- the DC disconnecting unit 5 can then be closed in an optional tenth step S10, as a result of which the DC converter connection 3.2 of the AC/DC converter has a low impedance with the electrolyzer 22 is connected.
- the DC separation unit 5 is closed, depending on the type of synchronization that has taken place, initially only the pre-charging switch 5.2 can be closed and only then the further switch 5.3. If the voltage difference between the DC voltages is sufficiently small, however, sequential closing of the precharging switch 5.1 and the further switch 5.3 can be dispensed with and the further switch 5.3 can be closed directly.
- the electrolyzer 22 controlled by the central control unit 40 in conjunction with the control units 8, 25 of the supply unit 10 and electrolysis unit 20, starts its normal operation, in which the electrolytic decomposition of water H2O into its components oxygen O2 and hydrogen H2 takes place.
- the flow chart in FIG. 2 was explained using the example of the electrolysis system 50 from FIG. 1 , in which the DC separation unit 5 comprises a pre-charging unit having a pre-charging resistor 5.1. However, the flow chart can also be transferred in a slightly modified form to a DC separation unit which, as a pre-charging unit for the output capacitance 4 , has a DC/DC converter stepping down from the electrolyzer 22 in the direction of the output capacitance 4 .
- the previously deactivated DC/DC converter would then be activated in the third step S3, deactivated in the seventh step S7 and activated again in the tenth step S10 and possibly bridged at low resistance via a switch bridging the DC/DC converter in parallel.
- the electrolyser operates as a DC source and generates a DC voltage at its terminals 304, 305, which correspond to those of terminal 21 of FIG.
- a DC load 310 which is shown in broken lines in FIG. 3a, can be supplied with the DC voltage.
- the DC load 310 is mainly formed by the output capacitance 4 to be charged and/or the pre-charging resistor 5.1 of the DC isolating unit 5 .
- an oxygen-containing gas for example filtered air taken from the environment
- hydrogen H2 is provided as fuel gas at the anodes 301 of the electrolysis cells.
- the hydrogen molecules H2 are first oxidized at the anodes 301 with electrons being released to the anodes 301 to form positively charged hydrogen ions FT.
- the electrons flow to the cathodes via the externally connected DC load 310 .
- the oxygen molecules O2 provided there and provided from the air are reduced to oxygen ions O2 with a double negative charge, each taking up two electrons e-.
- the negatively charged oxygen ions O 2 diffuse through an electrolyte 302 of the electrolytic cells in the direction of the anodes 301, where they react with the positively charged hydrogen ions FT present there to form molecular water FI2O.
- the water is in the form of water vapor together with the FI2O.
- the residual gases present on the anodes 301 eg unused fuel gas
- the cathode 303 side the used, oxygen-depleted air is swept away from the cathodes 303 by the supplied air. This results in the chemical partial reactions shown in the table in Fig. 3a at the anodes 301 and cathodes 303:
- FIG. 3b shows the normal operation of the SOEC electrolyzer 22 together with the processes taking place in the electrolytic cells.
- the electrolyzer 22 is connected at low resistance to the DC converter connection 3.2 and the output capacitance 4 via the closed DC separation unit 5.
- the AC separation unit 2 of the supply unit 10 is also closed and the AC/DC converter 3 operates as a rectifier which draws electrical power from the AC grid 30 and makes the rectified electrical power available to the electrolyser 22 for carrying out the electrolysis reaction.
- the electrolyzer 22 operates as a DC load, which is electrically supplied by the supply unit 10, in particular its AC/DC converter 3.
- the combination of AC network 30, AC/DC converter 3 and output capacitance 4 in FIG. 3c is symbolized by the DC source 311 connected to the connections 304, 305 and represented by dashed lines.
- water H2O is provided in the form of water vapor at the cathodes 303.
- the water molecules are split there into positively charged hydrogen ions H+ and oxygen ions O 2 that are doubly negatively charged.
- the positively charged hydrogen ions H+ are reduced by taking up electrons to form molecular hydrogen H2, the doubly negatively charged oxygen ions O 2 diffuse - driven by a concentration gradient and the electric field imposed in the electrolytic cells via the DC source 311 - in the direction of the Anodes 301. Arrived at the anodes 301, they are oxidized there to form molecular oxygen O2 with the release of electrons.
- the deposited at the anode oxygen can by supplying For example, air taken from the environment and filtered can be flushed out of the system. Water vapor that is not consumed on the cathode side is flushed away from the cathode together with the hydrogen produced by the water vapor that is fed in and can be thermally and/or materially recycled in a subsequent step. Instead of hydrogen as fuel gas in reverse operation, water vapor is supplied as "fuel gas" in normal operation. Air can also be brought in on the air side in order to adjust the oxygen concentration on the surface of the electrolyte 302 . In normal operation, the partial reactions shown in the table in Fig. 3c result:
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21183299.3A EP4113809A1 (de) | 2021-07-01 | 2021-07-01 | Verfahren zum aufstarten einer elektrolyseanlage und elektrolyseanlage zur durchführung des verfahrens |
| PCT/EP2022/066781 WO2023274776A1 (de) | 2021-07-01 | 2022-06-21 | Verfahren zum aufstarten einer elektrolyseanlage und elektrolyseanlage zur durchführung des verfahrens |
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| EP4327443A1 true EP4327443A1 (de) | 2024-02-28 |
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| EP21183299.3A Pending EP4113809A1 (de) | 2021-07-01 | 2021-07-01 | Verfahren zum aufstarten einer elektrolyseanlage und elektrolyseanlage zur durchführung des verfahrens |
| EP22737808.0A Pending EP4327443A1 (de) | 2021-07-01 | 2022-06-21 | Verfahren zum aufstarten einer elektrolyseanlage und elektrolyseanlage zur durchführung des verfahrens |
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| EP21183299.3A Pending EP4113809A1 (de) | 2021-07-01 | 2021-07-01 | Verfahren zum aufstarten einer elektrolyseanlage und elektrolyseanlage zur durchführung des verfahrens |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240128857A1 (de) |
| EP (2) | EP4113809A1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2022302293A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023274776A1 (de) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2024253648A1 (en) * | 2023-06-07 | 2024-12-12 | Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG | Electrolysis circuit and system startup mode |
| DE102023127916A1 (de) | 2023-10-12 | 2025-04-17 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Verfahren zum starten einer elektrischen versorgungseinheit, elektrische versorgungseinheit und elektrolyseversorgungsanlage |
| WO2025252290A1 (en) * | 2024-06-03 | 2025-12-11 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | Control of ac grid connected dc loads |
| WO2025252289A1 (en) * | 2024-06-03 | 2025-12-11 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | A power supply system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4173356B2 (ja) * | 2002-11-19 | 2008-10-29 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 燃料電池システムの起動方法 |
| DE102004048703A1 (de) | 2004-10-06 | 2006-04-13 | Siemens Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Starten und Betreiben einer Brennstoffzellenanlage |
| JP4332101B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-29 | 2009-09-16 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 燃料電池システムおよびその制御方法 |
| US9917322B2 (en) * | 2015-07-01 | 2018-03-13 | The Boeing Company | Electrical power distribution system and method for a grid-tied reversible solid oxide fuel cell system |
| JP6702132B2 (ja) * | 2016-10-19 | 2020-05-27 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池車の電源システム |
| CN108233495B (zh) * | 2016-12-09 | 2021-05-14 | 泰达电子股份有限公司 | 充电系统及其控制方法 |
-
2021
- 2021-07-01 EP EP21183299.3A patent/EP4113809A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-06-21 AU AU2022302293A patent/AU2022302293A1/en active Pending
- 2022-06-21 EP EP22737808.0A patent/EP4327443A1/de active Pending
- 2022-06-21 WO PCT/EP2022/066781 patent/WO2023274776A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2023
- 2023-12-27 US US18/396,810 patent/US20240128857A1/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| MARIO CACCIATO ET AL: "A Multi-stage Converter for Domestic Generation Systems Based on Fuel Cells", THE 2006 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE FORTY-FIRST IAS ANNUAL MEETING, CONFERENCE RECORD OF, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, US, 1 October 2006 (2006-10-01), pages 230 - 235, XP031026039, ISBN: 978-1-4244-0364-6 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2023274776A1 (de) | 2023-01-05 |
| US20240128857A1 (en) | 2024-04-18 |
| EP4113809A1 (de) | 2023-01-04 |
| AU2022302293A1 (en) | 2023-12-07 |
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