Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/08—Mirrors
  • G02B5/09—Multifaceted or polygonal mirrors, e.g. polygonal scanning mirrors; Fresnel mirrors
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/10—Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry
  • G01J3/108—Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry for measurement in the infrared range
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
  • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
  • G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
  • G02B19/0052—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source the light source comprising a laser diode
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
  • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
  • G02B19/009—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with infrared radiation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
  • G02B27/1006—Beam splitting or combining systems for splitting or combining different wavelengths
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
  • G02B27/1073—Beam splitting or combining systems characterized by manufacturing or alignment methods
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
  • G02B27/1086—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by diffraction only
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
  • G02B5/1861—Reflection gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B7/00—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements
  • G02B7/18—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for prisms; for mirrors
  • G02B7/181—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for prisms; for mirrors with means for compensating for changes in temperature or for controlling the temperature; thermal stabilisation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B7/00—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements
  • G02B7/18—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for prisms; for mirrors
  • G02B7/182—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for prisms; for mirrors for mirrors
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
  • H01S5/022—Mountings; Housings
  • H01S5/0225—Out-coupling of light
  • H01S5/02255—Out-coupling of light using beam deflecting elements
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
  • H01S5/4012—Beam combining, e.g. by the use of fibres, gratings, polarisers, prisms
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
  • H01S5/4025—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar
  • H01S5/4087—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar emitting more than one wavelength
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
  • H01S5/022—Mountings; Housings
  • H01S5/023—Mount members, e.g. sub-mount members
  • H01S5/02315—Support members, e.g. bases or carriers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
  • H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
  • H01S5/022—Mountings; Housings
  • H01S5/023—Mount members, e.g. sub-mount members
  • H01S5/02325—Mechanically integrated components on mount members or optical micro-benches

Definitions

• TITLE Device for producing a polychromatic light beam by combining several individual light beams
• the present invention relates in particular to a device for combining, or, otherwise formulated, for superimposing several light beams with each other, these light beams having different respective average wavelengths.
• Two light beams emitted by two different laser sources can be combined with each other on a semi-reflecting blade, to obtain the same overall light beam. But this is accompanied by a significant loss of power (typically, by a factor of approximately two), unless a "dichroic" semi-reflecting plate is used, having a reflectivity which is highly dependent on wavelength, reflecting for the average wavelength of the first beam, and transparent for that of the second beam. But such a dichroic plate can be difficult to achieve in the mid-infrared range, in particular when the two wavelengths to be reflected or transmitted, respectively, are close to each other because it is then necessary that the filter has a clean cutoff.
• Document US 2013/0292571 also discloses a device comprising several laser sources emitting in the mid-infrared, which emit individual light beams which are reflected in the same common direction thanks to a pivoting mirror system, mounted on a galvanometric actuator. For each laser source, the beam emitted by the source is first of all reflected towards the pivoting mirror by means of a deflection mirror. These deflection mirrors are static, but each mounted on a mount with two degrees of freedom which makes it possible to suitably direct the light beam so that it reaches the pivoting mirror.
• the rotation of the pivoting mirror then makes it possible to alternately direct one then the other of these light beams along a given axis, fixed by two fixed diaphragms of small diameter.
• this device has several disadvantages. First of all, it does not make it possible to simultaneously superimpose these different light beams on each other. Then, a pivoting mirror system makes the device less reliable and less robust with respect to misalignments, over the long term. And the set of mirrors used to direct the light beams towards the pivoting mirror is bulky and tends to get out of adjustment over time.
• Document US 2013/0292571 also indicates that the different light beams emitted by these laser sources could, as a variant, be superimposed on each other thanks to a dispersive element such as a diffraction grating.
• Document US9620933 also discloses a device for combining light beams using a diffraction grating, this device, represented in FIG. 4 of document US9620933, being made from a single block, transparent to the bundles to be combined.
• a device for producing a polychromatic light beam, by combining several individual light beams, the device comprising: several distinct laser sources which each emit an individual light beam, these laser sources having lengths d respective average transmission wave which are different from each other, and a beam combining system comprising: a dispersive element which deflects each of said beams in a different way, depending on the average emission wavelength corresponding to this beam, and a set of deflecting mirrors which, for each laser source, comprises a deflecting mirror associated with this source, this deflection mirror reflecting the light beam emitted by this source towards the dispersive element, this deflection mirror being positioned and oriented so that, after deflection by the dispersive element, said light beam is substantially centered on an axis of common propagation, which is the same for the different light beams, the device comprising a monolithic part which has at least as many facets as there are laser sources and in which, for each of the said deflecting mirror
• the different individual light beams reach the dispersive element (for example a diffraction grating) with different respective angles of incidence.
• the dispersive element then combines these different beams to produce the polychromatic light beam in question, which constitutes an overall light beam, delivered as output by the device.
• This global light beam is polychromatic in the sense that its spectrum has several intense peaks centered on different wavelengths, in this case on the average emission wavelengths of the different laser sources.
• the term “polychromatic” cannot be interpreted as limiting the invention to the visible wavelength range.
• each individual light beam After deflection by the dispersive element, each individual light beam is substantially centered on said common axis of propagation, in the sense that after deflection by the dispersive element, the mean axis of propagation of the individual light beam considered is parallel to this common axis of propagation to better than 3 or 4 degrees, or even less.
• the precision with which this superposition is carried out can for example be such that, at a typical working distance of the dispersive element, for example between 0.1 m and 1 m, the beams are superimposed on each other with better precision. than 10% of the diameter of each of these bundles.
• the deflection mirrors are individual optical components
• the rear face of the mirror is fixed permanently, for example glued, against one of said facets, the mirror thus being integral with the monolithic piece.
• the deflection mirrors are integral with each other. This makes the device much more stable and more compact than a device that would be made from adjustable mirror mounts, reduces its mechanical complexity and improves its reliability.
• This configuration based on the monolithic part in question, also makes it possible to arrange the deflection mirrors, or at least some of them close to each other, or even in contact with each other, which proves particularly useful when the emission wavelengths of some of the sources are close to each other. Indeed, in this case, the light beams emitted by these sources will also be close to each other from an angular point of view, just upstream of the dispersive element, that is to say just before combination.
• each emission wavelength is between 2 microns and 15 microns, or even between 5 and 11 microns (these values correspond to wavelengths of wave in vacuum).
• the light beams in question then have spectra located in the mid-infrared. This range of wavelengths is well suited for detecting different types of molecules, whether they are small molecules like the carbon dioxide molecule CO2, or larger molecules like proteins or other molecules. of biological interest.
• the average emission wavelengths of the different sources are such that: at least two of said emission wavelengths are separated from each other by less than 0.5 microns, and even less than 0.3 micron, or even less than 0.15 micron, while at least two of said emission wavelengths are separated from each other by more than 0.5 micron, or even more than 1.5 microns (or even more than 3 microns).
• the respective wavelengths of the light beams to be combined are then distributed over a fairly wide range of wavelengths, while including close wavelengths to be combined.
• the device may moreover comprise several pairs of sources each grouping together two of said laser sources, the two mean emission wavelengths of the two sources of each pair being separated from each other by less than 0. .3 micron, or even less than 0.15 micron.
• the polychromatic light beam produced by the device then comprises several pairs of close wavelengths.
• This setup is particularly interesting in terms of imaging, spectroscopy or detection of molecules and other compounds. Indeed, for each pair of wavelengths, the first of these wavelengths can be chosen away from an absorption peak of the compound to be detected, while the second of these wavelengths coincides with this peak. .
• the first wavelength is then used to measure the absorption of the sample off peak, to produce a "blank" (ie: to measure a level of absorption of the medium which would correspond to an absence of the substance to be detected), while the second wavelength is used for detection or concentration measurement itself. More generally, such a pair of close wavelengths allows differential detection or differential concentration measurement of the compound in question.
• combining such wavelengths is particularly restrictive from a geometric point of view. Indeed, before the dispersive element, some beams will be very close to each other from an angular point of view (those associated with a pair of close wavelengths), while others will be very far apart. from each other from an angular point of view.
• the set of additional mirrors then comprises, for each laser source, an additional mirror associated with this source, this additional mirror reflecting the light beam emitted by this source towards the deflection mirror associated with the source considered, this deflection mirror then reflecting this beam towards the dispersive element.
• the additional mirrors in question can be fixed to each other, and can also be fixed to the first mirrors.
• the set of additional mirrors thus makes it possible to obtain a beam combination system that is both compact and compatible with a large initial spacing between beams.
• the additional mirrors are separate from each other.
• these mirrors which are for example flat, are oriented differently from each other, and/or are offset (longitudially or laterally) relative to each other, the mirrors then being disjoint.
• the laser sources are small semiconductor laser sources very close to each other (for example 1 or a few mm from each other). Indeed, a collimation of the light beams produced remains desirable. If this collimation is carried out with several individual collimators, one per beam, the laser sources will have to be separated from each other, so that the beams produced will again be offset laterally relative to each other. And if the collimation of the beams is carried out with the same collimator, common to the different beams (see figure 8 for example), the axes of propagation of these beams after the collimator will be very far apart from each other from an angular point of view .
• the set of additional mirrors again proves to be particularly useful, since it also makes it possible to bring the light beams closer together so that they reach the deflecting mirrors, and since it also makes it possible to reduce the difference angular between beams introduced by the common collimator.
• the individual light beams are respectively centered on different axes called axes of propagation before combination.
• at least two of said axes of propagation before combination can be angularly separated from each other by less than 5 degrees, or even less than 2 degrees. This corresponds to a situation in which the average emission wavelengths, corresponding to these two light beams to be combined, are close to each other.
• these two deflection mirrors must be small in size, and located close to each other, in terms of lateral positions. It is also possible to provide that the two deflection mirrors, which reflect the two light beams whose axes of propagation before combination are angularly separated by less than 5 degrees or even less than 2 degrees, each have a transverse dimension between 0, 8 times and 3 times the diameter of the beam considered.
• the device which has just been presented may have one or more of the following additional characteristics, considered individually or according to all the technically possible combinations: said monolithic part also has additional facets and, for each additional mirror, the reflective surface of the additional mirror is formed by one of said additional facets, or by a reflective deposit covering said additional facet, or by a front face of an individual optical component whose rear face is fixed against said additional facet; the device comprises an additional monolithic part which has at least as many facets as there are additional mirrors, and in which, for each additional mirror, the reflecting surface of the additional mirror is formed by one of the facets of the monolithic part additional, or by a reflective deposit covering this facet, or by a front face of an individual optical component whose rear face is fixed against said facet; said dispersive element is a diffraction grating produced on one face of said monolithic part, or fixed permanently against this face; said monolithic part is made of a thermally conductive material and the laser sources are in thermal contact
• Figure 1 schematically represents a device for producing a polychromatic light beam according to a first embodiment implementing the teachings of the invention, seen from above.
• FIG. 2 schematically represents an optical configuration common to a second, third, fourth and fifth embodiment implementing the teachings of the invention.
• Figure 3 is a schematic representation in perspective of the second embodiment of the device for producing such a light beam polychromatic, on which only one of the individual light beams which are combined to obtain the polychromatic light beam has been represented.
• FIG. 4 Figure 4 shows again the device of Figure 3, but showing another of said individual light beams.
• Figure 5 again shows the device of Figure 3 but showing yet another of said individual light beams.
• FIG. 6 Figure 6 again shows the device of Figure 3, but showing the last of the individual light beams in question.
• FIG.7 Figure 7 schematically shows the device for producing a polychromatic light beam according to the third embodiment, seen from above.
• FIG. 8 schematically represents the device for producing a polychromatic light beam according to the fourth embodiment, seen from above.
• FIG. 9 schematically represents the device for producing a polychromatic light beam according to the fifth embodiment, seen from above.
• the invention relates to a device for producing a polychromatic light beam by combining several individual light beams emitted by different laser sources having respective average emission wavelengths different from each other. This combination is achieved through a dispersive element, such as a prism or a diffraction grating.
• a first, second, third, fourth and fifth embodiment of this device are shown respectively in Figures 1, 3, 7, 8 and 9. They are identified in these figures respectively by the reference numbers 1, 2 , 3, 4 and 5.
• the device 2; 3; 4; 5 includes a first and a second set of mirrors, which allow very flexible adjustment of the directions and positions of the light beams F1, F2, F3, F4 produced by the various laser sources 11, 12, 13, 14, before combining them thanks to the dispersive element 30.
• the device 1 comprises a single set of deflecting mirrors, 120.
• the device 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 comprises four laser sources 11, 12, 13 and 14.
• these laser sources 11, 12, 13, 14 are QCLs (according to the English acronym of Quantum Cascade Laser, or quantum cascade laser).
• each source 11, 12, 13, 14 is here a semiconductor laser source, of the laser diode type, comprising an emissive structure (and not several) and emitting a light beam (and not several).
• the source in question 11, 12, 13, 14 is not made in the form of an array of several laser diodes (“laser diode array” or “laser diode bar” or “laser diode stack” in English ).
• These laser sources 11, 12, 13, 14 have average emission wavelengths, l1, l2, l3 and l4, which are different from each other and which are located here in the mid-infrared range. .
• These average emission wavelengths l1, l2, l3, l4 are each between 2 and 15 microns, and even between 5 and 11 microns, here. It will also be noted that the fact that the beams F1 to F4 are called "light beams" cannot be interpreted as meaning that these beams are visible beams.
• the sources 11, 12, 13, 14 are distinct from each other.
• their respective emissive zones are not formed in the same layer of semiconductor material (which would be common to the different sources), and all of these different sources do not form the same bar of laser diodes, but rather form contrary a group of several distinct sources, and even disjoined.
• the average emission wavelength l1, l2, l3, l4 of the source is a wavelength on which the emission spectrum of this source is centered. It can be the average wavelength of this spectrum, or a wavelength identifying the maximum of a main emission peak of the source.
• the sources 11, 12, 13, 14 are substantially monochromatic, in the sense that they each have a narrow spectrum, with for example a spectral width (expressed in wave number) less than 0.1 cm 1 .
• These different laser sources 11, 12, 13 and 14 each emit an individual light beam F1, F2, F3 and F4.
• these light beams F1, F2, F3, F4 are respectively centered on different axes of propagation before combination, denoted X1, X2, X3, X4 (see FIGS. 1 to 6). These axes are angularly offset from each other.
• X1, X2, X3 or X4 By "centered on the axis of propagation before corresponding combination, X1, X2, X3 or X4", it is meant that the average direction of propagation of each of the light beams F1, F2, F3 or F4 and their average lateral position respective (in a plane perpendicular to this direction of propagation), are those of the axis X1, X2, X3, X4 in question.
• each of these light beams, F1, F2, F3 and F4 is substantially centered (and even, here, exactly centered) on a common axis of propagation Xo, which is the same for the different beams F 1 , F2, F3, F4.
• these different beams are superimposed on each other. They thus form a global, polychromatic light beam, Fo.
• the polychromatic light beam Fo propagated in the opposite direction, it would be broken up by the dispersive element 30 to give light beams centered respectively on the axes X1, X2, X3 and X4 and propagating in the opposite direction of the beams F1, F2, F3 and F4 (and having average wavelengths l1, l2, l3 and l4 respectively).
• the dispersive element is a plane diffraction grating, in reflection, 30.
• the angles of incidence on the grating are denoted respectively Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 for the various light beams F1 to F4 (Q1, for example, is therefore the angle between the axis X1 and the direction Xn which is perpendicular to the plane P of the grating).
• Q1 is therefore the angle between the axis X1 and the direction Xn which is perpendicular to the plane P of the grating.
• the axis corresponding to the diffraction order m, for the wavelength l1 would be X1.
• the axes X1, X2, X3 and X4 are chosen so as to meet the grating 30 at the same point O (point of combination of the beams). In other words, on the grating 30, the beams F1 to F4 are superimposed on each other (they occupy the same position, in the plane of the grating).
• the diffraction grating 30 is a blazed grating: the pattern of the grating, repeated periodically with the pitch a, is a facet 31 inclined, with respect to the plane P of the grating, by an angle called the blaze angle g.
• the blaze angle g is chosen so as to maximize the light power which is diffracted in the order m (ie: the grating is blazed in the order m), for a wavelength called the blaze wavelength Xb.
• Using such a blazed network makes it possible to limit the power losses during the combination of the various beams F1 to F4 on the network. Indeed, with such a grating, the diffraction efficiency towards order m, around the blaze wavelength X, can commonly be greater than 70%, or even greater than 90%. This therefore allows, conversely, a combination efficiency greater than 70%, or even 90%.
• the blaze wavelength Xb (and the corresponding blaze angle, g) can for example be chosen between the shortest and the longest of the emission wavelengths l1 to l4, to obtain a good combination efficiency for each of these wavelengths.
• X can be equal to the average of these emission wavelengths I1 to X4.
• the laser sources used here emit linearly polarized beams, all along the same axis. It is possible in this case to obtain very high diffraction (and therefore combination) efficiencies (for example greater than 85 or even 90%), even if the blaze wavelength Xb is slightly offset with respect to the wavelength range [11, X4 ⁇ .
• the different light beams propagate and are contained in the same propagation plane, in this case the plane (x,y), which corresponds to the plane of the figure, on the figures 1, 2, and 7 to 9. Just at the output of the laser sources, the light beams each propagate in this plane.
• the first mirrors, the grating plane, and, when present, the second mirrors, are each perpendicular to this propagation plane, so that the beams remain contained in the plane in question during their propagation in the device (especially since the lines of the network are perpendicular to this plane).
• the device 1 comprises one, and not two sets of mirrors, arranged on the path of the light beams F1, F2, F3, F4, between the sources 11, 12, 13 , 14 and the dispersive element 30 (see FIG. 1).
• each source 11, 12, 13, 14 comprises an individual collimating element, for example an aspherical converging lens or a set of globally converging lenses, which makes it possible to collimate the light beam that it emits.
• the same cylindrical lens common to the different beams can be placed on the paths of these beams, at the output of the sources, to reduce an (individual) divergence presented by each of these beams in a vertical plane, greater than the divergence of this beam in the x,y horizontal plane.
• the respective axes of propagation, on which the various light beams F1, F2, F3, F4 are centered, are parallel to each other. In this case, they are each parallel to the x axis visible in Figure 1.
• the sources 11, 12, 13, 14, they are arranged one after the other, in line, along an axis y perpendicular to the axis x.
• the set of mirrors, 120 comprises, for each source 11 to 14, a mirror 121 associated with this source, which reflects the beam F1, F2, F3, F4 emitted by this source towards the dispersive element 30.
• This mirror 121 is positioned and oriented so that, after reflection on this mirror, the considered beam, F1, F2, F3 or F4, is centered on the axis of propagation before combination X1, X2, X3 or X4 which has been mentioned above.
• the first mirrors 121 are flat.
• the set of mirrors 120 which includes four mirrors 121, is made here monolithically. It includes a monolithic part 105, it is in one piece (one piece, with continuity of material from one part of the part to another). This piece has at least as many facets as there are mirrors 121 , i.e. at least four facets here.
• the mirrors 121 are made here by polishing the facets then by depositing a reflective coating on these facets.
• This reflective coating is for example a reflective metallic deposit in the mid-infrared such as a deposit of gold, silver or aluminum (possibly covered itself with a thin transparent protective layer).
• the reference sign 121 identifies both the mirror considered, and the corresponding facet of the monolithic part 105.
• the monolithic part 105 is formed for example of a metallic material, or of a crystalline semiconductor material such as silicon.
• the facets in question can be obtained by engraving, by molding, or even by machining by removing material (for example by milling).
• the reflection on the mirrors 121 takes place externally, relative to the monolithic part 105 (in other words, the light beams do not pass through this part).
• the monolithic part could be at least partially transparent for the light beams F1 to F4, and be traversed by these light beams (the part absorbing for example less than 10% of the light power of these beams).
• the monolithic part can then be produced in a chalcogenide glass, such as Zinc Selenide ZnSe or Germanium Selenide GeSe.
• the reflection on the mirrors would take place on the internal side of the part, and not on the external side. This reflection can be obtained by depositing reflection produced on the facets in question, or by total internal reflection on these facets.
• the mirrors in question can be produced in the form of individual mirrors (in the form of individual optical components) each comprising a reflective coating (for example metallic) deposited on an individual substrate, this substrate itself being even fixed permanently, for example glued, against one of said facets of the monolithic part.
• the reflection on the mirrors takes place on the external side of the substrates in question, on a front face of the component, the rear face being fixed against one of said facets.
• the mirrors 121 are large enough to each intercept most of the light beam F1 - F4 which is reflected on the mirror in question.
• the degree of overlap between the irradiance profile (power profile per unit area) of the beam considered, and the mirror 121 on which it is reflected is greater than 80%, or even greater than 90%.
• the extension c of the mirror 121 in the plane (x,y) is greater than or equal to 0/cos(a), where the diameter ⁇ of the beam is the total width of the irradiance profile, taken as 1/e 2 of the maximum of this profile .
• This first embodiment is simpler to make than the embodiments described below, since it does not include a second set of deflection mirrors.
• it provides less flexibility in the positioning of the beams and the sources, and generally results in a device that is less compact than the other embodiments, with two sets of mirrors.
• Figure 2 shows an optical configuration of the device 2; 3; 4; 5, common to the second, third, fourth and fifth embodiments.
• the device 2; 3; 4; 5 includes the first set of mirrors 220; 520, as well as a second set of mirrors, 223; 423; 523.
• the first mirror assembly comprises, for each source 11, 12, 13, 14, a first mirror 221; 521 which reflects the light beam F1, F2, F3, F4 emitted by this source towards the dispersive element 30, with a direction and a position adapted so that the various beams F1 - F4 are superimposed on each other, after deflection by the dispersive element 30.
• the second set of mirrors 223; 423; 523 comprises, for each source 11, 12, 13, 14, a second mirror 222; 422; 522 which reflects the light beam F 1 , F2, F3, F4 emitted by this source towards the first mirror 221; 521 associated with this source.
• the second set of mirrors 223; 423; 523 thus makes it possible to adapt the positions, and possibly the directions presented by the light beams at the output of the sources, to the positions and orientations of the first mirrors 221; 521.
• the emission wavelengths l1 to l4 are classified in the following order: l1 > l2 > l3 > l4. As already indicated, they are located in the mid-infrared, between 2 and 15 microns.
• the two wavelengths l1 and l2 form a pair of close wavelengths, and the same applies to the two wavelengths l3 and l4: the difference in wavelength l1 - l2 is less than 0, 5 micron and so is the l3 - l4 difference, which is even less than 0.3 microns (and, in fact, less than 0.2 microns), here.
• the total difference between wavelengths, l1 - l4 it is greater than 0.5 microns, and even greater than 1.5 microns, or even greater than 2 microns, here.
• the first pair of wavelengths l1, l2 is centered on an average wavelength of approximately 8 microns while the second pair of wavelengths l3, l4 is centered on an average wavelength approximately 6 microns.
• the angular deviation Q1-Q2 is of the order of or less than 5 degrees, while the angular deviation Q3-Q4 is of the order of or less than 2 degrees.
• the beams F1 and F2 are therefore slightly angularly separated from each other, and the same applies to the beams F3 and F4.
• Like device 2; 3; 4; 5 is compact (the distance between the grating and the first mirrors is typically around ten cm, or even less), given the small angular difference between the beams F3 and F4, the first mirrors 221; 521 which reflect these two beams are positioned close to each other, from a lateral point of view.
• These mirrors, as well as the first mirrors which reflect the beams F1 and F2 moreover each have a small lateral dimension c, for example just sufficient to intercept the light beam which is reflected on the mirror considered.
• the extension c of each of the primes, in the (x,y) plane can be between 0 ,8 times and 3 times the diameter ⁇ of the beam considered ( ⁇ being the total width of the irradiance profile of the beam, taken at 1/e 2 of the maximum of this profile). Provision can be made more precisely for this extension c to be between 0.8 and 2 times the quantity 0/cos(a), where a is the angle of incidence of the beam on the mirror considered.
• the device 2 according to the second embodiment is represented schematically, in perspective, in FIGS. 3 to 6.
• FIGS. 3 to 6 For greater clarity, on the FIG. 3, only the light beam F4 emitted by the fourth source 14 of device 2 is represented.
• FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, only the beam F3, the beam F2, and the beam F1 have been shown respectively.
• the entire device 2 is made from a single monolithic part 205, which serves as a common support for the various elements of the device.
• the first mirrors 221 as well as the second mirrors 222 are made in the form of different planar facets of this same monolithic part 205. These facets are reflective either because the material which forms the monolithic part 205 is itself reflective and suitably polished (or engraved), or because they are covered with a reflective deposit, for example a metallic deposit.
• the mirrors, and the facets in question are identified by the same references, 221 and 222, in Figure 3.
• the dispersive element 30, which we recall is a diffraction grating in reflection, is fixed permanently, for example glued against a face 206 of the monolithic part 205.
• it is a lateral face of the grating, perpendicular to the plane P of the grating, which is glued against the face 206 of the monolithic part, face 206 which is itself parallel to the plane (x,y) mentioned above (mean plane in which propagate the different light beams).
• it could be a rear face of the network (face parallel to the plane of the network) which is fixed against a face of the monolithic part perpendicular to the plane (x,y).
• each of these sources comprises an individual box which integrates the various components of the source and which comprises a bottom plate 17, flat, which is fixed against a face of the monolithic part 205 (in this case a face parallel to the xy plane)
• the monolithic part 205 is made of a thermally conductive material, that is to say having a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 100 Watts per meter and per Kelvin, or even greater than 200 Watts per meter and per Kelvin.
• the monolithic part 205 acts as a thermal radiator to evacuate the heat given off by the laser sources, this radiator having for example, for the heat transfer in question, a thermal resistance of less than 0.2 Kelvin per Watt.
• it is made of metal, for example aluminum or aluminum alloy.
• the laser sources 11 - 14 are mounted with their base 17 in contact with this part 205, good thermal contact is obtained between these sources and the monolithic conductive part 205, which promotes the evacuation of the heat given off by these sources and can contribute to improving the stability of their operating temperature, and therefore the stability of the average emission wavelength of each of the sources (which, among other things, improves the stability of the direction of the beam considered after the element dispersive).
• each light beam F1 - F4 has a diameter ⁇ of 3 mm.
• each of these beams F1, F2, F3, F4 propagates parallel to the y axis.
• the sources 11, 12, 13, 14 are arranged next to each other, along a line parallel to the x axis.
• Each second mirror 222 is located opposite the output aperture of the corresponding source, and is inclined by 45 degrees with respect to the beam F1, F2, F3, F4 which it reflects. It therefore deviates this beam by approximately 90 degrees. After reflection on these mirrors, the beams F1 - F4 are therefore parallel to the x axis.
• the first two mirrors 221, which respectively reflect the beam F3 and the beam F4 are attached to each other, here (on the side, they are in contact with each other). The same applies to the first two mirrors 221 which respectively reflect the beam F1 and the beam F2.
• the angles of incidence on the first mirrors 221 are here slightly less than 45 degrees. These angles of incidence are chosen so that the beams F1 - F4 then illuminate the grating 30 with the angles of incidence Q1 - Q4 mentioned above, adapted to combine these beams by diffraction.
• the first and second mirrors 221, 222 each have a rectangular reflecting surface, the width of which is for example between 3.5 and 4.5 mm.
• the grating 30 is for example a grating optimized for a blaze wavelength Xb of 10.6 microns, blazed in order -1 (this type of grating, relatively standard, is commercially available and perhaps easily acquired). Its blaze angle g is between 30 and 40 degrees. Here, this grating and its orientation are such that the exit angle qo is approximately 40 degrees. In this configuration, a combination efficiency of 70% is obtained for the beam F4, while it is 95% for the beam F1 (whose average wavelength l1 approaches the wavelength of blaze b). Combination efficiency means the ratio between: the power of the light beam considered, after deflection by the dispersive element, once superimposed on the other beams, and the power of this same beam just upstream of the dispersive element, before combination.
• diffraction grating could be used.
• it could for example be a blazed diffraction grating, whose blaze angle g is chosen to obtain an optimal diffraction efficiency in order -1, in Littrow configuration, at a length blaze wave Xb between CL and l1 (instead of being greater than l1).
• the first and second mirrors could be produced in the form of individual mirrors (individual optical components) each comprising a reflective coating (for example metal) deposited on an individual substrate, this substrate being fixed permanently, for example glued, against a facet of the monolithic part in question.
• the reflective surfaces of these individual mirrors are then positioned at the same place as the reflective facets 221, 222 described above, visible in FIG. 3.
• the part 205 could be produced in the form of several distinct blocks fixed to each other, for example: a first block for the first set of mirrors, a second block for the second set of mirrors, and a third block serving as a support, on which the first and second blocks would be fixed as well as the laser sources and the grating.
• the first block would have at least as many facets as there are first mirrors, and the first mirrors would be made by etching or polishing one of said facets, or by etching or polishing followed by a deposit reflecting on one of said facets, or would be fixed permanently against one of said facets.
• the second set of mirrors would be made in the same way, based on the second block.
• the third embodiment of the device 3 is shown schematically in Figure 7. It is similar to the second embodiment but, in this third embodiment, the polychromatic light beam Fo leaves the device 3 crossing a passage 306 provided between two of the first mirrors 221.
• this passage 306 is located between the pair of first mirrors 221 (close to each other) on which the beams F3 and F4 are reflected, and the pair of first mirrors 221 (close to each other) each other) on which the beams F1 and F2 are reflected.
• the passage 306 can be obtained, as here, by engraving or machining the monolithic part 305 on which the first mirrors 221 are made or fixed. We thus obtain this opening, crossed by the polychromatic light beam Fo, while preserving the monolithic character (in one piece) of part 305.
• the device 3 can be obtained by slightly modifying the device 2 of the second embodiment visible in FIG. 3, as follows: the characteristics and/or the orientation of the diffraction grating 30 are modified so as to modify the orientation of the common axis Xo, and the passage in question is opened, in the monolithic part (by machining), between the two pairs of first mirrors mentioned above. In this case, the first and second mirrors are therefore made directly on the monolithic part 305, which also serves as a support for the laser sources and the grating.
• the passage in question could however be obtained by making the first set of mirrors from two distinct monolithic parts, integral with each other and separated from each other so that the beam Fo can pass between them.
• two of the first mirrors 221 are made (or fixed) on one of these two monolithic parts, while the other two first mirrors 221 are made (or fixed) on the other monolithic part.
• the fourth embodiment of the device 4 is shown schematically in Figure 8. It is similar to the second embodiment but, in this fourth embodiment, the light beams F1 - F4 which come out of the laser sources 11 - 14 are not collimated. Just at the output of the sources, these beams are strongly divergent.
• the device 4 then comprises a collimation element 407 common to the various light beams F1 - F4 placed on the path of these beams, just at the output of the sources 11 - 14. This same collimation element 407 modifies the divergence of each of the light beams, in this case so as to considerably reduce this divergence to put the light beam in the form of a beam of parallel rays.
• the collimation element 407 is globally convergent (positive image focal length). It can be made in the form of a converging lens (for example an aspherical lens), or in the form of a group of lenses, globally converging. As a variant, the collimating element could optionally comprise a convergent mirror, on which the various light beams to be collimated would be reflected.
• the second set of mirrors, 423 makes it possible to correct this large angular difference between the beams F1 - F4, and makes it possible to bring these beams closer from each other, in pairs, so that they reach the first mirrors 221 (which are themselves grouped in pairs of two mirrors close to each other).
• the positions and orientations of the first mirrors 221 can be similar, or even identical to those mentioned above, during the presentation of the second embodiment.
• the positions of the second mirrors 422, imposed mainly by the angular difference between beams caused by the collimating element 407, are clearly different from those of the second mirrors 222 of the second embodiment.
• the device 4 comprises a monolithic part 405, comparable to the monolithic part 205 of the second embodiment: the first and second mirrors 221, 422 are made (or fixed) on facets of this part 405 in one piece , which also serves as a support for the sources 11 - 14, the grating 30, and the collimating element 407.
• first and second sets of mirrors, 220 and 423 could be made respectively from two separate monolithic parts.
• the common collimation element could be omitted, the second mirrors then being convergent mirrors each correcting the inherent divergence of the light beam reflecting on this mirror.
• the monolithic part 505 which serves as a support for the first mirrors 521, is made of a material that is essentially transparent to the light beams F1 - F4 (FIG. 9). This monolithic part also serves as a support for the second mirrors 522.
• the part 505 for example absorbs less than 10% of the light power of the beams F1 - F4 passing through it. It is made here in a chalcogenide glass, such as Selenium Zinc ZnSe or germanium.
• Each first mirror 521 and each second mirror 522 corresponds to a flat facet of this part 505.
• each of these facets is covered with a reflective coating, in this case metallic.
• the reflection on these different mirrors takes place on the internal side of the part, in the material in question.
• this reflecting coating could be omitted, the reflection in question being obtained by total internal reflection on the facets.
• the inclination of the beams relative to the facets serving as a mirror must of course be compatible with total internal reflection in the material in question.
• the diffraction grating could be produced, by etching or by deposition, directly on one face of the monolithic part in question, the grating then being either a transmission grating or a reflection grating.
• the sources could deliver divergent light beams, as in the fourth embodiment.
• the device can be provided with a collimation element common to the different light beams.
• This collimating element can be made in the form of a convex entrance face of the monolithic part.
• the device 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 which has just been described makes it possible to produce a polychromatic light beam Fo making it possible in particular to raise multi-spectral images in the mid-infrared, which is useful in particular in the field of medical imaging, defense and 'food industry.
• this device could be made to this device, in addition to those already mentioned.
• another type of dispersive element such as a prism, could be used instead of the grating mentioned above.
• this network could be of another type. It could for example be a network in transmission, instead of a network in reflection. And instead of being used in the -1 order, it could be used in another diffraction order, for example in the -2 order.
• some of the propagation axes before combination could correspond to a given diffraction order m, while the other propagation axes before combination would correspond to another diffraction order m′.
• the axes X1 and X2 could correspond to the order -1
• the axes X3 and X4 would correspond to the order +1 , or -2.
• Exploiting different orders of diffraction in this way can facilitate the combination of beams having, two by two, close wavelengths, while being distributed over a fairly wide range of wavelengths.
• the array could also be configured and positioned so as to couple each individual light beam to a propagation mode parallel to the plane of the array, the various incident light beams on the array then being combined in the form of the same light wave polychromatic propagating parallel to the grating.
• the laser sources used could be of a type other than those mentioned above (in this case QCLs). It could for example be sources of the ICL type (according to the Anglo-Saxon acronym of "Interband Cascade Laser", that is to say interband cascade laser), other types of laser diodes (with an assembly in external cavity, or not), other types of laser with external or internal cavity or tunable lasers.

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