EP4282047A1 - Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions et utilisation d'un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions - Google Patents

Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions et utilisation d'un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions

Info

Publication number
EP4282047A1
EP4282047A1 EP22702654.9A EP22702654A EP4282047A1 EP 4282047 A1 EP4282047 A1 EP 4282047A1 EP 22702654 A EP22702654 A EP 22702654A EP 4282047 A1 EP4282047 A1 EP 4282047A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
voltage
overvoltage protection
switching
protection device
protective component
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22702654.9A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Zahlmann
Ralph Brocke
Helmut Hirschmann
Edmund ZÄUNER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dehn SE and Co KG
Original Assignee
Dehn and Soehne GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dehn and Soehne GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Dehn and Soehne GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP4282047A1 publication Critical patent/EP4282047A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • H02H9/06—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage using spark-gap arresters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/005—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection avoiding undesired transient conditions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an overvoltage protection device for protecting an electrical installation from transient overvoltages. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of an overvoltage protection device to protect an electrical installation from transient overvoltages.
  • Overvoltage protection devices for overload protection of devices that are to be protected against overvoltages are known from the prior art.
  • the overvoltage protection devices typically have a voltage-limiting element or a voltage-switching element.
  • the voltage limiting element is a varistor such as a metal oxide varistor ("MOV").
  • MOV metal oxide varistor
  • the voltage switching element can be a gas discharge arrester ("GDT").
  • GDT gas discharge arrester
  • the voltage-switching element is formed by a horn spark gap.
  • the overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art which have a voltage-limiting element, prevent a mains follow current driven by the connected mains from flowing.
  • Overvoltage protection devices are also known from the prior art, which have a voltage-limiting element and a voltage-switching element such as a gas discharge arrester (“GDT”), which are connected in series.
  • GDT gas discharge arrester
  • the voltage-limiting element must be dimensioned in such a way that the flow of a mains follow current is effectively suppressed after the discharge process in order to prevent the overvoltage protection device from being overloaded.
  • the dimensioning can be done with a lower rated voltage because the gas discharge arrester (“GDT”) takes over the separation from the applied mains voltage in normal operation.
  • GDT gas discharge arrester
  • the known overvoltage protection devices cannot protect electrical systems efficiently against transient overvoltages.
  • an overvoltage protection device that protects electrical systems from transient overvoltages as efficiently as possible.
  • the object is achieved according to the invention by an overvoltage protection device for protecting an electrical installation from transient overvoltages.
  • the overvoltage protection device has a voltage-limiting protective component and, in addition, a voltage-switching protective component.
  • the voltage-limiting protection component and the voltage-switching protection component are connected in series.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is designed in such a way that the voltage-switching protective component changes to a quasi-closed switching state with every surge current or discharge process.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is designed in such a way that a voltage present at the voltage-switching protective component drops across the voltage-switching protective component in its initial state in such a way that the series-connected voltage-limiting protective component remains free of leakage current.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is designed to at least limit, in particular to interrupt, mains follow currents that occur.
  • the basic idea of the invention is to provide an overvoltage protection device that protects electrical systems against transient overvoltages as efficiently as possible, for example against voltage peaks that are caused by switching operations in electrical circuits or by electrostatic discharges and last for a period of nanoseconds and microseconds. This is achieved by the overvoltage protection device having the lowest possible protection level. This is achieved by dimensioning the voltage-limiting protective component accordingly.
  • the voltage-limiting protective component is designed for a maximum of 50% of the permanently applied nominal voltage, since the setting parameter has a value of at least 2.
  • the voltage-limiting protective component is defined using the nominal parameters, namely the nominal voltage U n and the rated voltage UB.
  • the overvoltage protection device also has the voltage-switching protection component in addition to the voltage-limiting protection component. If, on the other hand, the overvoltage protection device only had one of the protective components, for example only the voltage-limiting protective component or only the voltage-switching protective component, this individual protective component would have to be designed in such a way that it withstands both the applied mains voltage and the mains-frequency overvoltages that occur and also reliably interrupts any mains follow currents that may occur .
  • the voltage-switching protective component for example a horn spark gap, can withstand the applied mains voltage and mains-frequency overvoltages that occur, whereby the voltage-switching protective component is not subject to any aging effects, since the voltage-switching protective component, if dimensioned correctly, does not permit any unwanted currents that would have a premature wear effect.
  • mains follow currents as a result of intended activation in the event of overvoltages, are a cause of aging or degradation of the voltage-switching protective component.
  • the overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art which have gas discharge arresters (“GDT”) and metal oxide varistors (“MOV”) connected in series, are also not suitable for efficiently protecting electrical systems from transient overvoltages.
  • the metal oxide varistor (“MOV”) would have to be dimensioned as low as possible with regard to its rated voltage, i.e. the 1 mA point on the U/I characteristic.
  • the gas discharge arrester (“GDT”) cannot quench any mains follow current, so that when it is triggered, i.e.
  • overvoltage protection devices are known from the prior art that have a different protection goal, for example a redundant design. These overvoltage protection devices are therefore used to provide safe failure behavior if an overload or a so-called "end of life" situation occurs.
  • the voltage-limiting protective components in the overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art are designed for significantly higher rated voltages (for example at 2/3 of the nominal voltage applied up to the nominal voltage applied). Consequently, these overvoltage protection devices are unsuitable for protecting against transient overvoltages with a correspondingly low protection level.
  • these overvoltage protection devices in the prior art have a correspondingly higher protection level, in particular the voltage-limiting protection components.
  • the invention provides that the voltage-limiting protective component and the voltage-switching protective component are arranged in a series circuit, with the voltage-limiting protective component being designed or dimensioned for significantly lower continuous voltages compared to overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art, which have a voltage-limiting protective component and a voltage-switching one Have protection component.
  • the overvoltage protection device according to the invention can be operated safely at the rated voltage due to the series connection of the two protection components. Any mains follow currents following a tripping event are reliably and immediately interrupted by the voltage-switching protection component, so that there is no wear on the protection components, as is the case with overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art. This also results in a lower load on the network and also protects against unintentional triggering of any back-up fuses.
  • the overvoltage protection device according to the invention is therefore essentially free of follow currents, free of leakage currents, wear-resistant and stable to aging, which is why the overvoltage protection device efficiently protects electrical systems from transient overvoltages.
  • Essentially follow current-free means that the overvoltage protection device reliably interrupts mains follow currents with low let-through currents. This can also be referred to as low follow current.
  • the voltage-limiting switching component is not subject to any stress relevant to aging during normal operation, ie the initial state, which is why the overvoltage protection device is wear-resistant.
  • the initial state of the voltage-switching protection component therefore corresponds to normal operation.
  • the voltage-limiting switching component can be a type II surge arrester.
  • the voltage-switching protective component cannot be a semiconductor switch or power semiconductor, since the voltage across the voltage-switching protective component drops in such a way that the series-connected voltage-limiting protective component remains free of leakage current. This would not be the case with a semiconductor switch or a power semiconductor.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is not a semiconductor switch or power semiconductor.
  • the voltage-switching protection component can be connected in series with the voltage-limiting protection component in such a way that no further voltage-switching protective component is provided which is connected to the voltage-limiting protective component (directly or indirectly via a transformer), in particular no further voltage-switching protective component which is connected in parallel with the voltage-switching protective component.
  • the voltage-limiting switching component is structurally combined with the voltage-switching switching component.
  • the structurally combined series connection between the voltage-limiting switching component and the voltage-switching switching component forms a new unit that enables the desired coordination for all overload and fault cases.
  • the setting parameter is set for the intended use and the desired protection level and represents a property of the voltage-limiting protection component, since it has been dimensioned according to the desired protection level or area of application.
  • the appropriate dimensioning of the voltage-limiting protection component is a property that can be checked on the protection component itself.
  • the setting parameter means that the voltage-limiting protection component is designed for normal operation at a voltage X (“nominal voltage”) and for trouble-free continuous operation at a voltage Y (“rated voltage”).
  • the rated voltage is usually greater than the nominal voltage, which is not intended according to the invention.
  • the rated voltage is defined in such a way that when the rated voltage is applied, a current of 1 mA can flow through the voltage-limiting protective component. Accordingly, the rated voltage can be selected based on a U/I characteristic of the voltage-limiting protective component at a current of 1 mA.
  • the corresponding rated voltage is used for voltage-limiting switching components, which are designed as metal oxide varistors (“MOV”), also referred to as Ui m A or UMOV.
  • MOV metal oxide varistors
  • Ui m A or UMOV metal oxide varistors
  • the rated voltage can also be referred to as the breakdown voltage (“breakdown voltage”).
  • the rated voltage can also be referred to as the continuous voltage.
  • the overvoltage protection device has a protection level due to the appropriately dimensioned voltage-limiting protection component together with the voltage-switching protection component, which has a value less than three times the peak value of the mains voltage present.
  • the overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art have a higher protection level, namely at least 2 kV, due to their design.
  • the voltage-limiting protection component is designed to be undersized compared to an overvoltage protection device for protecting an electrical installation from overload.
  • the overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art for protecting an electrical installation from overload typically have a voltage-limiting protection component which has a protection level of at least 2 kV.
  • the voltage-limiting protective component of the overvoltage protection device according to the invention is comparatively undersized.
  • the combination of the undersized voltage-limiting protection component with the voltage-switching protection component represents the most efficient overvoltage protection device to protect electrical systems from transient overvoltages.
  • the setting parameter can have a value between 2 and 10, in particular between 2 and 5.
  • the setting parameter preferably has a value greater than 2.5, for example between 2.6 and 10 or at least 2.6 or greater. The larger the value of the setting parameter, the lower the protection level.
  • the setting parameter can be selected depending on the area of application and the permanently applied nominal voltage. Alternatively or additionally, the setting parameter can be selected depending on the desired protection level despite the same field of application.
  • the overvoltage protection device is TOV-resistant, in particular with the overvoltage protection device being designed without a thermal disconnection device.
  • the overvoltage protection device can suppress recurring voltage peaks below the set protection level, for example by switching semiconductors or filter circuits in the control of the voltage-switching protection component. Due to the TOV strength, the availability of the electrical system can be increased accordingly.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is a switching unit that is free of moving contacts and has at least two fixed switching contacts, in particular a horn spark gap.
  • the voltage-switching protective component has fixed switching contacts, that is to say immovable contacts or without a switching element that can be moved between the contacts. Rather, a spark gap can be formed between the fixed switching contacts, provided that a corresponding voltage is present.
  • the switching contacts are spaced apart from one another in such a way that an arc forms between the switching contacts during each surge current or discharge process, via which the voltage-switching protective component changes to the quasi-closed switching state.
  • an arc is produced which lasts for the duration of the discharge of the current surge remains. The arc then moves in the direction of the arcing chamber and is extinguished.
  • the conductive state of the voltage-switching protective component thus results from the arc, which ensures electrical conduction, which is why the voltage-switching protective component changes to the quasi-closed switching state.
  • any mains follow currents that may occur can be quickly limited to small values by the voltage-switching protection component and then extinguished.
  • the voltage-switching protective component can have a follow-current-quenching network spark gap.
  • the voltage-switching protective component can be designed independently, in particular in an overvoltage protection device.
  • the corresponding surge protection device can be used in AC and DC systems.
  • the voltage-limiting protection component can be in the form of a metal oxide varistor (“MOV”).
  • MOV metal oxide varistor
  • the voltage-limiting protective component can be a thyristor, a transistor or a TVS diode, in particular a component with a continuous U/I characteristic.
  • the overvoltage protection device can be provided for direct voltages (“DC applications”). This is only possible to a very limited extent with the overvoltage protection devices known from the prior art, which have a series connection of gas discharge arrester (“GDT”) and metal oxide varistor (“MOV”), since the gas discharge arrester (“GDT”) does not has DC quenching capability and the MOV must be dimensioned so high that the series connection has a high (poor) protection level.
  • GDT gas discharge arrester
  • MOV metal oxide varistor
  • the overvoltage protection device ensures that during normal operation of the overvoltage protection device, the mains voltage drops across the voltage-switching protective component and the voltage-limiting protective component is therefore not exposed to the mains voltage or it is disconnected from the mains. As a result, no leakage current flows during normal operation, which means that the life of the voltage-limiting protection component can be extended accordingly.
  • a thermally activated separating device can be dispensed with.
  • the thermally activated disconnection device can be provided for normative reasons.
  • the overvoltage protection device can have two separately formed overvoltage protection devices (“Surge Protection Device”—SPD) connected in series.
  • the first overvoltage protection device has the voltage-limiting protection component.
  • the second overvoltage protection device has the voltage-switching protection component.
  • the overvoltage protection device can be formed by two separate overvoltage protection devices which are connected to one another in series, with the protective components each being assigned to an overvoltage protection device.
  • both protective components are arranged in a single overvoltage protection device (“Surge Protection Device” - SPD), i.e. housed in a common housing.
  • SPD overvoltage protection device
  • the overvoltage protection device has a voltage-limiting protective component and, in addition, a voltage-switching protective component.
  • the voltage-limiting protection component and the voltage-switching protection component are connected in series.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is designed such that the voltage-switching protective component changes to a quasi-closed switching state with every surge current or discharge process.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is designed in such a way that a voltage present at the voltage-switching protective component drops across the voltage-switching protective component in its initial state in such a way that the series-connected voltage-limiting protective component remains free of leakage current.
  • the voltage-switching protective component is designed to at least limit, in particular to interrupt, mains follow currents that occur. It is not known from the prior art to use such an overvoltage protection device to protect an electrical system from transient overvoltages.
  • the aforementioned overvoltage protection device is used to protect an electrical installation from transient overvoltages.
  • the protection components can be selected in such a way that there is an adjustment between service life (wear and tear) and protection level, i.e. the overvoltage protection device is designed accordingly. Consequently, the setting parameter can also be viewed as an indicator for the service life and/or protective effect or level.
  • a PLC Power Line Communication
  • the spark gap of the horn spark gap represents a capacitor with a relatively large electrode gap, small area and air dielectric.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of an overvoltage protection device according to the invention for protecting an electrical system from transient overvoltages according to a first embodiment
  • FIG. 2 shows an overview which shows the follow current behavior of the overvoltage protection device according to the invention in comparison to two overvoltage protection devices from the prior art
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an overvoltage protection device according to the invention for protecting an electrical installation from transient overvoltages according to a second embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 shows an overvoltage protection device 10 for protecting an electrical installation from transient overvoltages.
  • the overvoltage protection device 10 has a housing 12, which has a first connection 14 and a second connection 16, which can also be referred to as external connections, via which the overvoltage protection device 10 can be connected in parallel to the electrical system to be protected.
  • the overvoltage protection device 10 includes a voltage-limiting protective component 18 which is connected in series with a voltage-switching protective component 20 . Both protective components 18, 20 are arranged within the housing 12.
  • the voltage-limiting protection component 18 is designed as an overvoltage protection component.
  • the voltage limiting protection component 18 is a metal oxide varistor ("MOV").
  • MOV metal oxide varistor
  • the overvoltage protection device 10 is of type II.
  • the voltage-limiting protection component 18 can also be in the form of a thyristor, transistor or TVS diode (“Transient Voltage Suppressor”—TVS).
  • the voltage-switching protective component 20 has two stationary switching contacts 22, 24, so that the voltage-switching protective component 20 is free of moving contacts.
  • the voltage-switching protective component 20 is a switching unit 26 that has no moving contacts.
  • the voltage-switching protective component 20 is designed as a horn spark gap (“HFS”) 28, with an arc 30 being able to occur between the two fixed switching contacts 22, 24 in the event of triggering, which is indicated accordingly in FIG.
  • the switching contacts 22, 24 are spaced apart from one another in such a way that the arc 30 forms with each surge current or discharge process. If the arc 30 forms, the voltage-switching protection component 20 goes on a quasi-closed switching state, as a result of which the overvoltage protection device 10 becomes electrically conductive.
  • the voltage-switching protective component 20 is designed in such a way that line follow currents that occur are at least limited, in particular interrupted. This ensures that the series-connected voltage-limiting protective component 18 does not wear out.
  • the voltage present at the terminals 14, 16 drops across the voltage-switching protective component 20, so that the voltage-limiting protective component 18, which is connected in series, remains free of leakage current and is not exposed to any loads. This ensures that no aging effects or wear effects occur on the voltage-limiting protective component 18 .
  • the overvoltage protection device 10 is therefore essentially free of follow current, free of leakage current, wear-resistant and stable to aging.
  • the overvoltage protection device 10 reliably interrupts any mains follow currents with extremely small let-through currents, which is why the overvoltage protection device 10 is virtually free of follow current or has a low follow current and is therefore wear-resistant.
  • the voltage-limiting protective component 18 is designed to be undersized, so that the entire overvoltage protection device 10 protects the electrical system from transient overvoltages.
  • the appropriate dimensioning of the voltage-limiting protection component 18 ensures that the overvoltage protection device 10 has a protection level that has a value less than three times the peak value of the mains voltage present. Using the example of a 230/440V low-voltage network, this means that the value of the protection level is a maximum of 1.9 kV, in particular a maximum of 1.5 kV.
  • Nominal voltage and K x em are setting parameters whose value is at least 2.
  • the value of the setting parameter can be between 2 and 10, in particular between 2 and 5.
  • the rated voltage can be defined in such a way that a current of 1 mA can flow through the voltage-limiting protective component 18 when the rated voltage is applied.
  • the rated voltage is also referred to as UimA or UMOV if the voltage-limiting switching component is designed as a metal oxide varistor ("MOV").
  • MOV metal oxide varistor
  • the voltage-limiting switching component is designed as a thyristor, transistor or TVS diode (“Transient Voltage Suppressor” - TVS)
  • the rated voltage can also be referred to as the breakdown voltage.
  • the overvoltage protection device 10 is TOV-resistant, in particular with the overvoltage protection device 10 being designed without a thermal disconnection device. Consequently, recurring voltage peaks below the set protection level can be effectively masked out by the overvoltage protection device 10 .
  • FIG. 2 shows the follow current behavior of the overvoltage protection device 10 according to FIG. 1, ie with a correspondingly dimensioned voltage-limiting protective component 18.
  • the corresponding follow current behavior of the overvoltage protection device 10 according to FIG. 1 is represented by curve “A”.
  • FIG. 3 A second embodiment is also shown in FIG. 3, which differs from the embodiment shown in FIG.
  • the overvoltage protection devices 32, 34 can each have their own housing 38, 40, in which a voltage-limiting protective component 18 or voltage-switching protective component 20 is accommodated.
  • a first overvoltage protection device 32 which has the voltage-limiting protection component 18, in particular the metal oxide varistor (“MOV”), whereas the second overvoltage protection device 34 has the voltage-switching protection component 20, in particular the horn spark gap (“HFS”).
  • MOV metal oxide varistor
  • HFS horn spark gap
  • the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 differ in that the protective components 18, 20 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 are arranged in a common overvoltage protection device (“Surge Protection Device”—SPD), in particular a common housing.
  • SPD Service Protection Device
  • the two protective components 18, 20 in the embodiment shown in Figure 3 are provided separately from one another in the two overvoltage protection devices 32, 34 ("Surge Protection Device” - SPD), in particular in the respective housing 38, 40 of the corresponding overvoltage protection device 32, 34.

Landscapes

  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions (10) servant à protéger une installation électrique contre des surtensions transitoires, comprenant un composant de protection (18) limitant la tension ainsi qu'un composant de protection (20) commutant la tension. Le composant de protection (18) limitant la tension et le composant de protection (20) commutant la tension sont montés en série. Le composant de protection (18) limitant la tension est dimensionné de telle sorte qu'il satisfait à la condition UB=UN/KX, UB étant la tension de référence du composant de protection (18) limitant la tension, Un étant une tension nominale appliquée au composant de protection (18) limitant la tension et Kx étant un paramètre de réglage dont la valeur est au moins de 2.
EP22702654.9A 2021-01-25 2022-01-25 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions et utilisation d'un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions Pending EP4282047A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102021101506.5A DE102021101506A1 (de) 2021-01-25 2021-01-25 Überspannungsschutzeinrichtung sowie Verwendung einer Überspannungsschutzeinrichtung
PCT/EP2022/051577 WO2022157378A1 (fr) 2021-01-25 2022-01-25 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions et utilisation d'un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4282047A1 true EP4282047A1 (fr) 2023-11-29

Family

ID=80218711

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22702654.9A Pending EP4282047A1 (fr) 2021-01-25 2022-01-25 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions et utilisation d'un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP4282047A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN116941157A (fr)
DE (1) DE102021101506A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2022157378A1 (fr)

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05260736A (ja) * 1992-03-13 1993-10-08 Ricoh Co Ltd スイッチングレギュレータ
US9906017B2 (en) * 2014-06-03 2018-02-27 Ripd Research And Ip Development Ltd. Modular overvoltage protection units
DE102016011076A1 (de) 2016-04-19 2017-10-19 DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co. KG. Anordnung zum Überlastschutz von Überspannungsschutzgeräten
CN109066639A (zh) * 2018-08-20 2018-12-21 成都铁达电子股份有限公司 一种新型的防雷过压保护电路及保护装置
DE102020121589A1 (de) 2019-08-30 2021-03-04 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg Überspannungsschutzanordnung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2022157378A1 (fr) 2022-07-28
CN116941157A (zh) 2023-10-24
DE102021101506A1 (de) 2022-07-28

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