EP4278860A1 - Procédé de traitement d'un liquide, notamment aqueux, en vue de son échauffement, de la production de vapeur, du développement d'une réaction de catalyse, de la production de nanoparticules et/ou de la concentration d'au moins une espèce présente en son sein - Google Patents
Procédé de traitement d'un liquide, notamment aqueux, en vue de son échauffement, de la production de vapeur, du développement d'une réaction de catalyse, de la production de nanoparticules et/ou de la concentration d'au moins une espèce présente en son seinInfo
- Publication number
- EP4278860A1 EP4278860A1 EP22700914.9A EP22700914A EP4278860A1 EP 4278860 A1 EP4278860 A1 EP 4278860A1 EP 22700914 A EP22700914 A EP 22700914A EP 4278860 A1 EP4278860 A1 EP 4278860A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- electrodes
- treatment zone
- equal
- phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 168
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 title claims description 40
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008233 hard water Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000002381 plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000008234 soft water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical class [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005569 Iron sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N L-Methionine Natural products CSCCC(N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195722 L-methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013504 Triton X-100 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M crystal violet Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1[C+](C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010840 domestic wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035622 drinking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000049 endocrine disruptor Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000598 endocrine disruptor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001235 gentian violet Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003779 heat-resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010842 industrial wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- PSGAAPLEWMOORI-PEINSRQWSA-N medroxyprogesterone acetate Chemical compound C([C@@]12C)CC(=O)C=C1[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@]2(C)[C@@](OC(C)=O)(C(C)=O)CC[C@H]21 PSGAAPLEWMOORI-PEINSRQWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002985 medroxyprogesterone acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002082 metal nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960004452 methionine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004292 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010270 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylparaben Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002216 methylparaben Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTCVAHKKMMUFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxosilver Chemical class [Ag]=O OTCVAHKKMMUFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001258 titanium gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/60—Heating arrangements wherein the heating current flows through granular powdered or fluid material, e.g. for salt-bath furnace, electrolytic heating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/021—Heaters specially adapted for heating liquids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods for treating a liquid with a view to heating it, producing steam, developing a catalysis reaction, producing nanoparticles and/or concentrating at least one species. within it.
- FR3036467 describes a device for heating a liquid comprising two electrodes and a power supply applying an alternating current of 220V and 50 Hz between the two electrodes.
- WO2009/049194 discloses a device for generating hot water for domestic heating installations, the device comprising metal electrodes, in particular steel, powered by an alternating current of 60 Hz and 120V or 220/240V.
- EP 2394965 describes a device for the purification/decontamination of water by electrolysis, comprising electrodes powered by a three-phase current. This document indicates that the electrodes are formed of a porous material so as to maintain a high level of electrolysis.
- the invention aims to provide a process for treating a liquid, in particular aqueous, with a view to heating it, producing steam, developing a catalysis reaction, producing nanoparticles and/or concentrating at least a species within it, which makes it possible to reduce or even eliminate the phenomenon of electrolysis of water and the production of hydrogen and oxygen linked to this electrolysis.
- a liquid in particular aqueous
- a flow of a liquid is circulated in at least one treatment zone formed between at least two electrodes connected to a source of alternating current of alternating frequency of phase greater than or equal to 100 Hz, so as to heat, vaporize, chemically activate, produce nanoparticles and/or concentrate the liquid at least partially under the effect of the passage of current between these electrodes.
- aqueous liquid containing in particular one or more metal salts
- at least one treatment zone formed between at least two electrodes connected to a source of alternating current with a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 100 Hz , so as to produce nanoparticles under the effect of the passage of current between these electrodes.
- the process according to the invention can make it possible, surprisingly, to significantly reduce, or even eliminate, the production of undesirable gas(es), in particular those produced by electrolysis such as hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) for example, when the liquid is aqueous.
- undesirable gas(es) in particular those produced by electrolysis such as hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) for example, when the liquid is aqueous.
- the method according to the invention can also allow, surprisingly, the instantaneous and continuous vaporization of the flow of liquid, in particular aqueous, passing through the treatment zone. This is possible for a temperature of the liquid entering the treatment zone greater than or equal to 0°C. This means that the method according to the invention can allow the instantaneous and continuous vaporization of a flow of liquid whose temperature is between 0° C. and 10° C., which is particularly remarkable.
- the invention can also make it possible to vaporize liquids which are brought into the treatment zone at a temperature below 0° C., and are under a pressure which allows them to remain liquid at this temperature.
- the process according to the invention can allow the production of nanoparticles.
- the method according to the invention is also robust and efficient in terms of energy efficiency.
- the treatment zone can be formed between at least two electrodes powered by a single-phase current.
- the treatment zone is formed between at least three electrodes supplied with a multi-phase current, preferably three-phase, even more preferably with a balance between the phases.
- the method according to the invention has a higher energy efficiency than that of an electrical resistance heater for steam production applications.
- the treatment area can be formed between three electrodes arranged in a balanced triangular mesh, or between six electrodes arranged like the vertices of an equilateral triangle and halfway along the sides, or arranged like a hexagon.
- the current can flow between at least two electrodes including a neutral electrode placed in the treatment zone.
- the neutral electrode can be made of a ferromagnetic material. This can make it possible to further concentrate the magnetic field generated by the passage of the current in the treatment zone.
- the ferromagnetic material may or may not be covered with an insulating material and/or connected or not to the alternating current source depending on whether or not it is desired to modify the magnetic field and/or the electric field.
- the electrodes can be made of any electrically conductive material, for example graphite, in a metallic material, in particular iron, steel, stainless steel, titanium, gold, copper, or a non-metallic material. conductor, in particular based on polymers or semiconductors such as metalloids.
- the fact that the electrodes are connected to a source of alternating current of alternating phase frequency greater than or equal to 100 Hz makes it possible to limit the oxidation of the electrodes, in addition to limiting the phenomena of electrolysis of water as mentioned above.
- the electrodes are made of a material that is chemically inert with respect to the treated liquid.
- the electrodes are made of graphite.
- the electrodes may comprise electrically insulated portions and non-insulated portions, the non-insulated portions defining electric dipoles arranged according to a three-dimensional mesh which can be superimposed by change of scale on a simple cubic crystal mesh, face-centered cubic, of the “Blenge” type. or hexagonal.
- An insulated portion of an electrode is for example obtained by the use of an insulating sheath surrounding the electrode.
- metallic electrodes can allow the formation of salts and/or metallic spherules, in particular colloidal metallic particles.
- electrodes made of steel, titanium or gold are used so as to respectively allow the formation of iron oxides, titanium oxides or gold microspherules.
- the use of a metal electrode can allow the production of nanoparticles of this metal.
- the electrodes can be tubular, spherical, cylindrical or in the form of a plate.
- the length of the electrodes can be between 1 ⁇ m and 1 m.
- the electrodes are 10 cm in length.
- the electrodes can be arranged in parallel or approach each other towards the upper part of the treatment area, so as to form, for example, a pyramid or cone shape.
- the distance between two electrodes can be chosen according to the desired electric field. It can be between 1 pm and 1 m.
- the liquid may or may not be aqueous.
- the liquid is, for example, liquid hydrogen or another liquefied gas.
- the circulation of the flow of liquid, in particular aqueous, in the treatment zone can be carried out by any means, in particular using a pump, in particular peristaltic, centrifugal or volumetric.
- the circulation of the flow of liquid in the treatment zone is carried out by gravity.
- the aqueous liquid can be chosen from more or less mineralized or polluted water, and more generally from an aqueous solution, an aqueous suspension, an aqueous emulsion or an aqueous sludge.
- the method according to the invention can make it possible to heat the liquid.
- the liquid to be heated is for example made up of water circulating in a heating circuit, or a liquefied gas that one seeks to vaporize very quickly.
- the applicant has observed that the process according to the invention can make it possible to purify an aqueous liquid by degradation of organic molecules contained in the aqueous liquid.
- the aqueous liquid at the outlet of the treatment zone or the condensates resulting from the condensation of the vapor produced by the process then correspond respectively to a purified aqueous liquid or to purified water.
- the aqueous liquid may comprise one or more organic molecules, in particular aromatic molecules, endocrine disruptors, hydrocarbons and/or pollutants.
- organic molecules are "Triton X-100", L-methionine, medroxyprogesterone acetate, methyl parahydroxybenzoate and/or gentian violet.
- the aqueous liquid to be purified can be an aqueous effluent from an industrial unit, in particular industrial waste water, or be domestic waste water containing different types of pollutants, in particular organic, presenting a more or less dangerous toxicity and therefore risks for environment and health.
- the aqueous liquid to be purified can also be raw water, coming in particular from a well, a borehole or a spring, which is intended to be distributed in drinking water circuits.
- the present invention can thus make it possible to purify waste water before its discharge into the natural environment or its reuse or to make raw water drinkable.
- the electrodes are preferably made of a non-oxidizable and chemically inert conductive material, in particular of graphite.
- a non-oxidizable and chemically inert conductive material in particular of graphite.
- the process according to the invention can make it possible to concentrate the aqueous liquid.
- the aqueous liquid to be concentrated is for example sea water or hard water. Na + and Cl' ions from sea water or CO3 2 ', Cl', Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions from hard water are concentrated in the aqueous liquid within the treatment zone and the condensed correspond to soft water.
- the aqueous liquid may contain metal ions which react with the electrodes to form metal nanoparticles.
- the passage of current in the treatment zone can generate a rotating and/or oscillating electric field.
- This electric field can generate a magnetic field that is oscillating and oriented perpendicular to the electric field.
- the electric field and in particular the magnetic field, can generate Cooper pairs.
- At least one ferromagnetic core may be present within the treatment area.
- the ferromagnetic core may or may not be electrically insulated. In particular, it may or may not be connected to the neutral electrode.
- the alternating current source may have a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10000, 15000 or 20000 Hz, preferably greater than or equal to 300, 1000 or 20,000 Hz, and preferably less than or equal to 2 MHz, better still less than or equal to 1.6 MHz.
- the applicant has found that the use of a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 300 Hz makes it possible to further reduce the production of gases, in particular those produced by electrolysis, and to further limit the oxidation of the electrodes.
- the alternating current source is of phase alternation frequency equal to 3 kHz, 1.3 MHz or 1.6 MHz.
- the alternating current source has a phase alternation frequency of between 1 and 50 kHz.
- the supply current to the electrodes may or may not be a chopped current.
- the current supplying the electrodes is a chopped current
- the latter is preferably chopped at a chopping frequency of between 1 and 100 kHz.
- the chopping of the current can make it possible to improve the performance of the method, in particular by making it possible to control the waveform of the alternating current supplying the electrodes.
- the chopping frequency can be strictly equal to twice the phase alternation frequency. This can make it possible to induce a resonance phenomenon in the treatment zone and thus improve the performance of the method.
- the chopping frequency can be strictly greater than twice the phase alternation frequency. This can make it possible to induce a resonance phenomenon in the treatment zone and thus contribute to improving the performance of the process, without this resonance phenomenon mechanically degrading the electrodes.
- the no-load voltage between electrodes, dry is chosen according to the desired electric field. It can be greater than or equal to 1 nV, better between 20 and 600V, depending on the gap between the electrodes.
- the intensity of the electric field can be greater than or equal to 1 V/m, and preferably less than or equal to 1 MV/cm.
- the voltage applied between the electrodes can be chosen so as to generate electric arcs and/or plasma, preferably continuously, in the liquid within the treatment zone.
- these electric arcs and/or plasmas are formed along the electrodes and not between the electrodes. These electric arcs or plasmas are easily visible because they emit blue, pink, violet or orange light within the treatment area. The presence of these arcs or plasmas can make it possible to improve the energy efficiency of the method according to the invention.
- At least part of the heat generated by the process in particular at least part of the latent heat of condensation of the vapor produced and/or at least part of the vapor produced and/or at least part of the heated liquid after passage in the treatment zone and/or at least part of the heat generated within the treatment zone, can be used to heat the liquid upstream and/or within the treatment zone or to heat, or even vaporize, a fluid distinct from liquid.
- the treatment zone can be located in a reactor having an inlet allowing the treatment zone to be supplied with aqueous liquid and an outlet allowing the heated aqueous liquid and/or the vapor produced to leave the treatment zone.
- the outlet of the reactor can be connected to an overflow making it possible to recover the non-vaporized part of the liquid, in particular the splashes of the liquid at the outlet of the reactor.
- the reactor can be spherical or tubular in shape, with for example a circular or polygonal section.
- the reactor is a tube of polygonal section, in particular square, rectangular or triangular.
- the use of a reactor of tubular shape with a triangular section is for example advantageous because this can make it possible to limit the dead volumes between the triangular mesh. balanced treatment zone and reactor walls.
- the reactor is preferably made of a chemically inert and heat-resistant material, in particular metal, for example stainless steel, glass, ceramic or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- metal for example stainless steel, glass, ceramic or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the reactor can be multi-jacketed, in particular double-jacketed, and at least part of the aqueous liquid heated after passing through the treatment zone, at least part of the vapor produced and/or at least part of the condensate can circulate in this to heat the liquid in the treatment area.
- at least part of the liquid to be treated circulates in the multiple envelope, in particular the double envelope, so as to be heated by at least part of the heat generated within the treatment zone.
- the flow rate of liquid traversing the treatment zone may be greater than or equal to 0.0001 mL/min/W delivered by an electric generator supplying the electrodes, better still greater than or equal to 0.0003 mL/sec/W delivered, for example greater or equal to 1 mL/sec, in particular greater than or equal to 1 L/min.
- the flow rate of liquid flowing through the treatment zone is between 1 and 100 L/min or even more, depending on the electrical power delivered.
- the liquid can be heated and/or vaporized in an open circuit.
- the liquid is heated and/or vaporized in a closed circuit.
- the heated liquid and/or the condensates are reinjected into the treatment zone.
- the method can be implemented in a closed circuit in cycles, with supply of fresh liquid/discharge of the treated liquid, between each cycle.
- the liquid is preferably deionized or even purified water or ammonia. This can make it possible to preserve the integrity of the materials used in the process, in particular the materials constituting the electrodes, the reactor, the piping and the heat exchanger(s), if applicable. This limits the deterioration of materials, in particular by oxidizing and/or corrosive agents, which makes it possible to extend their lifespan.
- a further subject of the invention is a method for treating a liquid, in particular aqueous, in which the liquid is heated and/or vaporized by implementing the method as defined below. above, and the liquid having circulated in the treatment zone is recovered and/or condensed as the treated liquid.
- the liquid can be an aqueous liquid, in particular sea water or hard water, in which the condensates are recovered.
- the aqueous liquid is an effluent to be depolluted or raw water to be made drinkable.
- the liquid, in particular aqueous comprises one or more carbonaceous compounds to be cracked and/or to be destroyed and/or to be rearranged.
- the method according to the invention can make it possible, with graphite electrodes, to treat under positive pressure (from 1 to 5 cm of water) within the treatment zone a solution of deionized and purified water with sodium carbonate (Na2COs) as electrolyte at a concentration of 5.10′ 3 M in order to obtain carbonaceous compounds such as, for example, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of hydrocarbons in 5 hours, in particular alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, butane, isopentane, pentane for example), alkenes (ethylene, propene, isobutene for example) or alkynes (acetylene for example).
- CO carbon monoxide
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- alkanes methane, ethane, propane, isobutan
- Electricity generation process A further subject of the invention, independently or in combination with the foregoing, is a method for producing electricity, in which the liquid, in particular aqueous liquid, is heated and/or vaporized by implementing the method as defined below. above, and in which the heated liquid and/or the steam produced is used to drive an electric generator.
- This electric generator can be a Stirling engine connected to an alternator or else a turbine connected to an alternator.
- the invention also relates, independently or in combination with the foregoing, to an installation, in particular for implementing the method according to the invention, comprising:
- a reactor comprising at least one supply of a liquid, aqueous or non-aqueous, having at least one treatment zone in which the liquid can circulate, preferably according to a continuous flow,
- an electric generator to supply the electrodes with an alternating current with a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 100 Hz.
- Such an installation may have all or some of the characteristics presented above.
- the electric generator can be configured to generate an alternating current with a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10000, 15000 or 20000 Hz, preferably greater than or equal to 300, 1000 or 20000 Hz, and preferably less than or equal to 2 MHz, better still less than or equal to 1.6 MHz.
- the electric generator is configured to generate an alternating current with a phase alternation frequency of between 1 and 50 kHz.
- the electric generator can be configured to generate a chopped alternating current, preferably at a chopping frequency between 1 and 100 kHz.
- the electric generator can be configured to generate a single-phase or multi-phase alternating current, preferably three-phase, even more preferably with a balance between the phases.
- the electric generator can be configured to make it possible to limit the voltage to a desired value, in order in particular to avoid a breakdown phenomenon between the dry electrodes.
- the installation may comprise at least one energy recovery system configured to allow the condensation of at least a part of the steam produced, the recovery of at least a part of the latent heat of condensation and the use of at least part of the latent heat of condensation recovered to heat the liquid upstream and/or within the treatment zone or to heat, or even vaporize, a fluid distinct from the liquid.
- the installation may include a liquid/vapor separator downstream of the treatment zone.
- a further subject of the invention is a process for treating a liquid, in particular aqueous, with a view to heating it, producing steam, triggering a catalysis reaction and/or of the concentration of at least one species present within it, in which a flow of liquid is circulated in at least one treatment zone formed between at least two electrodes connected to a source of alternating current, so as to heat, vaporize , chemically activating and/or concentrating the liquid at least partially under the effect of the passage of current between these electrodes, and in which at least part of the heat generated by the method is used, in particular at least part of the latent heat condensation of the vapor produced and/or at least part of the vapor produced and/or at least part of the heated liquid after passing through the treatment zone and/or at least part of the heat generated within the treatment zone, to heat the liquid upstream and/or within the treatment zone or to heat or even vaporize a fluid distinct from the liquid.
- the alternating current source may have a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 100 Hz, in particular greater than or equal to 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10000, 15000 or 20000 Hz, preferably greater than or equal to 300, 1000 or 20000 Hz, and preferably less than or equal to 2 MHz, better still less than or equal to 1.6 MHz.
- the alternating current source has a phase alternation frequency of between 1 and 50 kHz.
- the current supplying the electrodes may or may not be a chopped current.
- the latter is preferably chopped at a chopping frequency of between 1 and 100 kHz.
- the treatment zone may be located in a reactor with multiple jackets, in particular double jackets, and at least part of the liquid, in particular aqueous, heated after passing through the treatment zone, at least part of the vapor produced and/or at least a part of the condensates can circulate therein to heat the liquid in the treatment zone.
- at least part of the liquid to be treated circulates in the multiple envelope, in particular the double envelope, so as to be heated by at least part of the heat generated within the treatment zone.
- a further subject of the invention is an installation, in particular for implementing the method as defined above, comprising:
- a reactor comprising at least one supply of a liquid, having at least one treatment zone in which the liquid can in particular circulate according to a continuous flow
- At least two electrodes arranged in the treatment zone to expose the liquid therein to an alternating electric current so as to heat, vaporize, chemically activate, produce nanoparticles and/or concentrate the liquid at least partially under the effect of the passage of current between these electrodes,
- At least one energy recovery system configured to allow the condensation of at least a part of the steam produced, the recovery of at least a part of the latent heat of condensation and the use of at least a part latent heat of condensation recovered to heat the liquid upstream and/or within the treatment zone or to heat or even vaporize a fluid distinct from the liquid.
- the electric generator can be configured to generate an alternating current with a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 100 Hz, in particular greater than or equal to 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10000, 15000 or 20000 Hz, preferably greater than or equal to 300, 1000 or 20,000 Hz, and preferably less than or equal to 2 MHz, better still less than or equal to 1.6 MHz.
- the electrical generator is configured to generate an alternating current of phase alternation frequency between 1 and 50 kHz.
- the electric generator can be configured to generate a chopped alternating current, preferably at a chopping frequency between 1 and 100 kHz.
- the electric generator can be configured to generate a single-phase or multi-phase alternating current, preferably three-phase, even more preferably with a balance between the phases.
- the electric generator can be configured to make it possible to limit the voltage to a desired value, in order in particular to avoid a breakdown phenomenon between the dry electrodes.
- the reactor can be multi-jacketed, in particular double-jacketed, and at least part of the heated liquid after passing through the treatment zone, at least part of the vapor produced and/or at least part of the condensate can circulate in that to warm the liquid in the treatment area.
- at least part of the liquid to be treated circulates in the multiple envelope, in particular the double envelope, so as to be heated by at least part of the heat generated within the treatment zone.
- the voltage between electrodes is between 10 V and 680 V
- the alternating electric current has a phase alternation frequency greater than or equal to 100 Hz, with waveforms for example square, sinusoidal, triangular, etc.).
- Nanoparticles particles whose size is less than one micron, better still than 100 nm. Nanoparticles can be metallic.
- the medium, in particular aqueous, to be treated in the treatment zone contains one or more metal salts, for example copper or iron sulphate, silver nitrate, etc.
- the substance(s) allowing the electrochemical reactions can be introduced beforehand into the treatment zone or be brought by a continuous flow into the treatment zone using a pump.
- nanoparticles are almost instantaneous. These are present in particular:
- the substrate can be a substrate made of a semiconductor material, for example silicon.
- the production of nanoparticles can correspond to at least 10%, better still at least 20%, by mass of the metal introduced, for example at least 10% by mass of Ag nanoparticles for a given mass of Ag introduced in ionic form within of AgNOs.
- Figure 1 shows an example of an alternating current waveform that can supply electrodes according to the invention
- Figure 2 shows another example of an alternating current waveform that can power the electrodes
- Figure 3 shows another example of an alternating current waveform that can power the electrodes
- Figure 4 shows another example of an alternating current waveform that can power the electrodes
- Figure 5 shows another example of an alternating current waveform that can power the electrodes
- Figure 6 shows another example of an alternating current waveform that can power the electrodes
- Figure 7 shows another example of an alternating current waveform that can power the electrodes
- Figure 8 shows another example of an alternating current waveform that can power the electrodes
- Figure 9 is a longitudinal section of an example of an arrangement of electrodes powered by a single-phase alternating current
- Figure 10 is a cross-section of another example of an arrangement of electrodes powered by single-phase alternating current
- FIG 11 is a longitudinal section of the example of figure 10,
- Figure 12 is a longitudinal section of an alternative embodiment of the example of Figures 10 and 11,
- Figure 13 is a cross-section of another example of an electrode arrangement powered by single-phase alternating current
- Figure 14 is a cross-section of another example of an electrode arrangement powered by single-phase alternating current
- Figure 15 is a cross-section of another example of an electrode arrangement powered by single-phase alternating current
- Figure 16 is a cross-section of another example of an electrode arrangement powered by single-phase alternating current
- figure 17 is a schematic and partial view, in perspective, of an example of an arrangement of electrodes powered by a single-phase alternating current according to a face-centered cubic crystal lattice,
- FIG 18 is a schematic and partial view, in perspective, of an example of an arrangement of electrodes powered by a single-phase alternating current according to a simple cubic crystal lattice,
- figure 19 is a schematic and partial view, in perspective, of an example of an arrangement of electrodes powered by a single-phase alternating current according to a crystal lattice of the “blende” type,
- Figure 20 is a cross-section of an example arrangement of electrodes powered by multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 21 is a cross-section of another example of an electrode arrangement powered by multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 22 is a cross-section of another example of an arrangement of electrodes fed by a multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 23 is a cross section of another example of an arrangement of electrodes fed by a multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 24 is a cross-section of another example of an arrangement of electrodes powered by a multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 25 is a cross section of another example of an arrangement of electrodes powered by a multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 26 is a cross-section of another example of an electrode arrangement powered by multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 27 is a cross-section of another example of an arrangement of electrodes fed by a multi-phase alternating current
- Figure 28 is a cross-section of another example of an electrode arrangement powered by multi-phase alternating current
- FIG 29 is a schematic view of a steam production process using an immersion heater
- FIG 30 is a schematic view of a process for producing steam according to the invention.
- Figure 31 is a schematic view of a reactor according to the invention.
- FIG 32 is a cross section, according to section plane I-I, of the reactor of figure 31,
- Figure 33 is a schematic view of a process for producing steam according to the invention, in open circuit,
- Figure 34 is a schematic view of a process for producing steam according to the invention, in a closed circuit
- Figure 35 is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of the method of Figure 34,
- Figure 36 is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of the method of Figure 33.
- Figure 37 is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of the method of Figure 34.
- the alternating current supplied to the electrodes can be sinusoidal, triangular, square or square with offset and duty cycle 50%, as shown in figures 1 to 4 respectively.
- the alternating current supplied to the electrodes may have a waveform like that shown in Figures 5 and 6.
- components 60 and 61 represent 146.6 V RMS and 2.1 A respectively and in Figure 6, components 62 and 63 represent 138.3 V RMS and 2.0 A respectively.
- the alternating current supplying the electrodes can also be a pulse-width modulation wave (PWM or PWM wave) of the full-wave type (also called bipolar), as illustrated in FIG. 7, or half-wave type (also called unipolar), as shown in Figure 8.
- PWM or PWM wave pulse-width modulation wave
- full-wave type also called bipolar
- half-wave type also called unipolar
- the reactor 4 comprises a treatment zone 21 formed between two concentric tubular electrodes 31, 32: a neutral electrode 32 and a phase electrode 31, with the neutral electrode 32 having a smaller diameter than that of the phase electrode 31.
- the circulation of the liquid for example within the reactor 4 is described below.
- the liquid is injected into the neutral electrode 32 at the level of the inlet 16 of the reactor 4.
- the liquid then enters the zone 21 by passing through orifices 33 made in the neutral electrode 32 so as to be heated. , even vaporized.
- the heated liquid, or even the steam generated, then returns inside the phase electrode 32 passing through the orifices 33 so as to leave the reactor 4 at the level of its outlet 5.
- the electrodes 31, 32 powered by a single-phase alternating current can have other shapes, for example cylindrical, spiral or plate, and be arranged differently within the reactor 4.
- the reactor 4 can comprise a treatment zone 21 formed between two cylindrical electrodes 31, 32 - a neutral electrode 32 and a phase electrode 31 - as illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11.
- the electrodes 31, 32 are partially isolated.
- an insulator 34 can partially cover the electrodes 31, 32 along their length, as shown in Figure 12.
- the treatment zone 21 can be formed between more than two electrodes 31, 32 powered by a single-phase alternating current.
- zone 21 can be formed between three (a neutral electrode 32 and two phase electrodes 31, or the reverse), four (two neutral electrodes 32 and two phase electrodes 31), five (four neutral electrodes 32 and one phase electrode 31, or the reverse) or seven (three neutral electrodes 32 and four phase electrodes 31, or l reverse) electrodes, in particular cylindrical, according to the arrangements illustrated respectively in FIGS. 13 to 16.
- the phase 31 and neutral 32 electrodes represented in these figures are of course interchangeable.
- the latter preferably has a phase alternation frequency of between 1 and 50 kHz. It may or may not be chopped, with in particular a chopping frequency of between 1 and 100 kHz.
- Figures 17 to 19 illustrate examples of the arrangement of electrodes powered by a single-phase alternating current according to crystal meshes.
- FIG. 17 an example of an arrangement 70 of electrodes according to a face-centered cubic crystal lattice has been shown.
- the arrangement 70 includes alternating parallel and equidistant electrode planes 71, 72.
- the planes 71 comprise an alternation of parallel and equidistant phase 31 and neutral 32 electrodes.
- the planes 72 correspond to the planes 71 in which the phase 31 and neutral 32 electrodes are permuted.
- the distance between two adjacent electrodes within a plane is equal to the distance between two adjacent planes.
- phase 31 and neutral 32 electrodes can be conductive over their entire length or partially insulated.
- the phase 31 and neutral 32 electrodes are partially insulated so as to provide conductive portions (represented by spheres) alternating with insulated portions (represented by segments).
- FIGS. 18 and 19 an example of arrangement 80 of electrodes according to a simple cubic crystal lattice and an example of arrangement 90 of electrodes according to a crystal lattice of the "blende" type, each comprising electrodes phase 31 and neutral 32 partially insulated.
- the phase electrodes 11, 12, 13 powered by an alternating current each occupy one of the vertices of an equilateral triangle when observed in cross section, so as to form a triangular unit cell, as is shown in Figure 20.
- a neutral electrode 95 may occupy the center of the equilateral triangle, as shown in Figure 21.
- the phase 11, 12, 13 and neutral 95 electrodes can be made of any conductive material.
- a ferromagnetic core (not shown) can be included within the mesh, the electrode 11, 12, 13 and/or 95.
- the neutral electrode 95 can be made of a ferromagnetic material or comprise a core ferromagnetic, whether or not covered with an insulating material.
- the ferromagnetic core is not connected to the neutral electrode 95 and it may or may not be covered with an insulating material.
- the reactor can comprise four phase electrodes 11, 12, 13 arranged in two meshes and an insulated ferromagnetic core 100 arranged in the center of the space formed between the electrodes 11, 12, 13.
- the reactor may comprise six phase electrodes 11, 12, 13 arranged in four meshes arranged to form a triangle.
- a neutral electrode 95 (FIG. 24) or a neutral electrode 96 comprising an insulated ferromagnetic core (FIG. 25) is present at the center of gravity of the triangle formed by the four meshes.
- an insulated ferromagnetic core 100 is placed at the center of gravity of the triangle formed by the four meshes and three non-insulated ferromagnetic cores 101 are placed within this triangle, each close to one of its vertices (FIG. 26 ).
- the reactor may comprise seven phase electrodes 11, 12, 13 arranged in six meshes arranged to form a hexagon.
- Three neutral electrodes 95 and three insulated ferromagnetic cores 100 are arranged at the center of gravity of the meshes.
- the reactor may comprise 12 phase electrodes 11, 12, 13 arranged in thirteen meshes arranged to form a polygon. Insulated ferromagnetic cores 100, non-insulated ferromagnetic cores 101, neutral electrodes 95, neutral electrodes 96 comprising an insulated ferromagnetic core and ferromagnetic neutral electrodes 97 are arranged within the polygon. Comparative test for steam generation applications
- the immersion heater 19 used has the following characteristics: power of 2000 W; powered by single-phase alternating current at a voltage of 220 V; 70mm length; 58mm diameter; total length 310mm.
- the immersion heater 19 is immersed in a polyethylene beaker 18 (capacity of 5 L and diameter of 165 mm) containing 3500 mL of tap water 20 with a conductivity of 620 pS/cm so as to heat the tap water 20 to boiling with a constant evaporation rate.
- the beaker 18 is placed on a scale 17 of the Sartorius BP4100 type making it possible to determine the evaporation rate (in g/min) of the tap water 20 contained in the beaker 18.
- the beaker 18 When the evaporation rate becomes constant, the beaker 18 is supplied with tap water using a peristaltic pump 15 of the Hirshmann Rotarus PK10-16 type at a feed rate corresponding to the constant evaporation rate determined so that the weight of the beaker 18 containing the city water 20 is constant over time.
- the constant evaporation rate determined using the balance 17 is 42 g/min.
- the electrical power consumed is then measured using a Voltcraft Energy check 3000 wattmeter and is 1920 W, i.e. an energy efficiency of 92% (1770/1920).
- the invention comprises a treatment zone 21 formed between three graphite electrodes 11, 12, 13 each having a length of 200 mm and a diameter of 8 mm.
- the electrodes 11, 12, 13 are arranged within a reactor 4 which is a polyethylene tube having a total length of 220 mm and a diameter of 35 mm, so that the treatment zone 21 has a length of 170 mm.
- the electrodes 11, 12, 13 are arranged like the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side length 17 cm, so that the spacing between each electrode is 9 mm, as illustrated in Figure 32.
- the electrodes 11, 12, 13 are supplied with a three-phase alternating current 1, 2, 3 chopped at a voltage of 130 V.
- the supply current of the electrodes 11, 12, 13 has a phase alternation frequency of 3 kHz and a chopping frequency of 16 kHz.
- the supply current of the electrodes 11, 12, 13 is obtained at the output of a frequency variator 14 of the SAKO SKI 670-2D2G-23 type supplied at the input by a mains current such as a single-phase alternating current of 50 Hz under a voltage of 230 V.
- the frequency converter 14 used has the following characteristics at the input, AC mono 220V 15A/20A 50-60Hz, and the following characteristics at the output, AC three-phase O-38OV 13A/17A 0-3000Hz.
- the electrical power consumed is then measured using a Voltcraft Energy check 3000 wattmeter at 1830 W, i.e. an energy efficiency of at least 98% (1798/1830), compared to 92% for the electrical resistance.
- the method according to the invention can allow the production of steam in an open circuit.
- a stream of liquid, for example aqueous, to be treated is circulated in the reactor 4 so as to vaporize it.
- the liquid to be treated is introduced into reactor 4 at its inlet 16 and the steam generated escapes from reactor 4 at its outlet 5.
- the outlet 5 of the reactor 4 is connected to a condenser 40 allowing the transformation of the vapor generated into liquid by a heat exchange with a cooling fluid.
- the steam generated is conveyed to the condenser 40 in which it is condensed by means of a refrigerant fluid which is here the liquid to be treated.
- the condenser 40 comprises an internal circuit 42 for the circulation of the vapor generated and an external circuit 41 for the circulation of the liquid to be treated, generally in the opposite direction to the internal circuit.
- the condenser 40 is thus said to have separate fluids, that is to say without contact between the vapor and the liquid, the operating principle of which is similar to the straight condensers called "Liebig-West”, with balls called “d' Allihn” or “Graham’s” serpentine.
- the circulation of the liquid to be treated in the external circuit 41 from its inlet 44 to its outlet 45 makes it possible to cool the internal circuit 42 for circulating the vapor and thus to condense the latter.
- the latent heat of condensation is then transferred to the liquid to be treated, which makes it possible to obtain at the outlet 45 of the external circuit 41 a liquid to be treated which is heated.
- Outlet 45 of external circuit 41 is connected to inlet 16 of reactor 4.
- This heating of the liquid to be treated upstream of the reactor 4 is particularly advantageous because the energy yield of the process is thereby improved.
- the vapor thus condensed at the outlet 46 of the condenser 40 can be, for example, drinking, purified or soft water in the case where the aqueous liquid to be treated is respectively raw water, waste water or sea/hard water.
- the heated liquid to be treated coming from the outlet 45 of the external circuit 41 circulates in a double jacket 110 of the reactor 4 then is routed to the inlet 16 of the reactor 4 so as to cross the treatment zone 21, as illustrated in Figure 36.
- the liquid to be treated can capture part of the heat generated within the zone 21 of treatment. Thus, this can make it possible to further heat the liquid to be treated before it passes through the treatment zone 21, and therefore to further improve the energy efficiency of the process.
- the method according to the invention allows the production of steam in a closed circuit, as illustrated in Figures 34 and 35.
- the liquid, in particular aqueous, preferably deionized or even purified water or ammonia, coming from a tank 43 is introduced into the reactor 4 at its inlet 16 and the steam generated escapes from the reactor 4 at its outlet 5.
- the vapor is routed to the condenser 40 in which it is condensed by means of a refrigerant fluid which is here a fluid to be heated.
- the steam condensed at the outlet 46 of the condenser 40 feeds the tank 43. The steam is thus produced in a closed circuit.
- deionized or even purified water or ammonia can make it possible to limit or even eliminate the deterioration of the materials constituting the reactor 4, the electrodes arranged within the reactor 4, the condenser 40, the tank 43 and the piping, in particular by oxidizing and/or corrosive agents, and therefore to increase their service life.
- Ammonia can in particular be used in the case of an application of the invention to a heat pump.
- the circulation of the fluid to be heated in the external circuit 41 from its inlet 44 to its outlet 45 makes it possible to cool the internal circuit 42 for circulating the vapor and thus to condense the latter.
- the latent heat of condensation is transferred to the fluid to be heated which allows it to be heated.
- a heated fluid is therefore obtained at the outlet 45 of the external circuit 41.
- This heated fluid may for example be domestic hot water.
- the outlet 5 of the reactor 4 is connected to a double jacket 110 of the reactor 4 so that part or all of the steam generated circulates in the double jacket 110 before being conveyed to the condenser 40 , as illustrated in FIG. 37.
- the steam generated can make it possible to heat the aqueous liquid to be treated within the treatment zone 21 and therefore to improve the energy efficiency of the process.
- the outlet 45 of the external circuit 41 of the condenser 40 is connected to a condenser 50.
- the vapor generated at the outlet 45 is thus conveyed to a condenser 50 within which it is condensed by means of the liquid to be vaporized which circulates within the circuit external circuit 51 of the condenser 50 from an inlet 54 to an outlet 55.
- the output 55 of the external circuit 51 of the condenser 50 is connected to the input 44 of the external circuit 41 of the condenser 40, so that the heated liquid to be vaporized is introduced into the external circuit 41 of the condenser 40 within which it is vaporized by capture of the latent heat of condensation of the steam circulating within the internal circuit 42 of the condenser 40. As mentioned above, steam is therefore generated at the outlet 45 of the external circuit 41
- the condenser 50 thus has the role of preheating the liquid to be vaporized and the condenser 40 has the role of vaporizing it.
- the installation shown in Figure 35 can allow, for example, the desalination of seawater, the liquid to be vaporized then being seawater and the condensed steam at the outlet 56 of the condenser 50 being fresh water.
- Three cylindrical copper electrodes with a length of 110 mm and a diameter of 10 mm are subjected to a voltage between between 10V and 400 V (preferably 200V) and an alternating current with a frequency greater than 100 Hz (preferably 3000 Hz).
- the waveform of the current is for example square.
- a pump (at a flow rate of 5 ml/min) supplies purified water (resistivity of 18.2 MQcm) to the treatment zone.
- nanoparticles are mainly concentrated in the solution present in the treatment zone but also on the copper electrodes. Some of these nanoparticles are also entrained by the outgoing steam.
- the copper salt reacts to form nanoparticles of copper and copper oxides.
- Three ferric electrodes of cylindrical shape with a length of 110 mm and a diameter of 10 mm are subjected to a voltage between 10V and 400 V (preferably 200V) and an alternating current with a frequency greater than 100 Hz (preferably 3000Hz).
- the shape of the current is for example square.
- a quantity of 10 ml of a solution of copper sulphate (IM - CuSC) is introduced beforehand into the treatment zone.
- a pump (at a flow rate of 5 ml/min) supplies purified water (resistivity of 18.2 MQcm) to the treatment zone.
- ferrous nanoparticles iron
- these nanoparticles are mainly concentrated in the solution present in the treatment zone but also on the ferric electrodes. Some of these nanoparticles are also entrained by the outgoing steam. In this example it is the ferric electrodes which react to form nanoparticles of iron and iron oxides.
- Three stainless steel electrodes (316L stainless steel) of cylindrical shape with a length of 110 mm and a diameter of 10 mm are subjected to a voltage between 10V and 400 V (preferably 200V) and an alternating current with a frequency greater than 100 Hz (preferably 3000 Hz).
- the shape of the current is for example square.
- a quantity of 10 ml of a solution of silver nitrate (IM - AgNOs) is introduced beforehand into the treatment zone.
- a pump (at a flow rate of 5 ml/min) supplies purified water (resistivity of 18.2 MQcm) to the treatment zone.
- nanoparticles are mainly concentrated in the solution present in the treatment zone but also on the stainless electrodes. Some of these nanoparticles are also entrained by the outgoing steam.
- the advantage of the invention when implemented for the production of metallic nanoparticles is the almost immediate production of metallic nanoparticles, in large quantities, with relatively little energy consumed. In addition, such a process is easy to industrialize.
- the production of the metallic nanoparticles can be done using alternating current (of various waveforms) and at different frequencies (> 100 Hz), the nanoparticles being obtained from electrochemical reactions involving the nature of the salts treated and/or the nature of the electrodes used.
Landscapes
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR2100254A FR3118850A1 (fr) | 2021-01-12 | 2021-01-12 | Procédé de traitement d’un liquide aqueux en vue de son échauffement, de la production de vapeur, du développement d’une réaction de catalyse et/ou de la concentration d’au moins une espèce présente en son sein |
PCT/EP2022/050357 WO2022152655A1 (fr) | 2021-01-12 | 2022-01-10 | Procédé de traitement d'un liquide, notamment aqueux, en vue de son échauffement, de la production de vapeur, du développement d'une réaction de catalyse, de la production de nanoparticules et/ou de la concentration d'au moins une espèce présente en son sein |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP4278860A1 true EP4278860A1 (fr) | 2023-11-22 |
Family
ID=75953949
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP22700914.9A Pending EP4278860A1 (fr) | 2021-01-12 | 2022-01-10 | Procédé de traitement d'un liquide, notamment aqueux, en vue de son échauffement, de la production de vapeur, du développement d'une réaction de catalyse, de la production de nanoparticules et/ou de la concentration d'au moins une espèce présente en son sein |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20240074005A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP4278860A1 (fr) |
FR (2) | FR3118850A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2022152655A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5662031A (en) * | 1994-12-23 | 1997-09-02 | Washington State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Continuous flow electrical treatment of flowable food products |
US6130990A (en) * | 1998-08-25 | 2000-10-10 | Nestec S.A. | On-demand direct electrical resistance heating system and method thereof |
JP2008013810A (ja) * | 2006-07-05 | 2008-01-24 | Univ Of Tokyo | 金属ナノ粒子生成方法および金属ナノ粒子生成装置 |
WO2009049194A1 (fr) | 2007-10-12 | 2009-04-16 | Lexington Environmental Technologies, Inc. | Dispositif de chauffage et procédé associé pour produire de la chaleur |
US8778161B2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2014-07-15 | Sanko Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Electrode block and fluid reformer using the electrode block |
AT508784B1 (de) * | 2010-01-11 | 2011-04-15 | Phenom Technologies Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur erwärmung eines fluids |
NZ630085A (en) * | 2012-03-20 | 2016-04-29 | Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundi | Process for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product and apparatus for such process |
FR3036467B1 (fr) | 2015-05-21 | 2019-07-26 | Sofiva Energie R&D | Dispositif et procede d'echauffement d'un liquide et appareils comportant un tel dispositif |
FR3036708B1 (fr) * | 2015-05-30 | 2020-02-21 | Kalliste | Procede d'inhibition du developpement de microorganismes |
EP3607803B1 (fr) * | 2017-04-03 | 2021-02-17 | Instaheat Ag | Système et procédé de chauffage ohmique d'un fluide |
-
2021
- 2021-01-12 FR FR2100254A patent/FR3118850A1/fr active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-01-10 EP EP22700914.9A patent/EP4278860A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-01-10 WO PCT/EP2022/050357 patent/WO2022152655A1/fr unknown
- 2022-01-10 FR FR2200160A patent/FR3118767A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-01-10 US US18/271,543 patent/US20240074005A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20240074005A1 (en) | 2024-02-29 |
WO2022152655A1 (fr) | 2022-07-21 |
FR3118850A1 (fr) | 2022-07-15 |
FR3118767A1 (fr) | 2022-07-15 |
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