EP4268251A1 - Procédé de préparation d'un matériau poreux et a charges conductrices à l'aide d'un fluide supercritique, électrode et dispositif électrochimique le comprenant - Google Patents
Procédé de préparation d'un matériau poreux et a charges conductrices à l'aide d'un fluide supercritique, électrode et dispositif électrochimique le comprenantInfo
- Publication number
- EP4268251A1 EP4268251A1 EP21852051.8A EP21852051A EP4268251A1 EP 4268251 A1 EP4268251 A1 EP 4268251A1 EP 21852051 A EP21852051 A EP 21852051A EP 4268251 A1 EP4268251 A1 EP 4268251A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- pressure
- mpa
- ink
- supercritical
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
- H01G11/28—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features arranged or disposed on a current collector; Layers or phases between electrodes and current collectors, e.g. adhesives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/36—Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/626—Metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical devices and in particular electrochemical devices of which at least one of the electrodes is made of a porous material with electrically conductive fillers.
- the present invention proposes a method making it possible to prepare a porous material with electrically conductive fillers thanks to a treatment combining the phase separation effect in an at least quaternary system with an ink containing conductive fillers, a polymeric binder and a solvent of the polymeric binder and optionally additives to which a supercritical fluid is added, creating porosity followed by the drying of the structure by the extraction of the supercritical fluid phase and of the solvent providing stiffening of the layer filed.
- the drying step can be carried out with slow depressurization or if it is done with rapid depressurization, it makes it possible to add the option of foaming the polymeric binder with the supercritical fluid, which is dissolved in the latter.
- Such a material is useful as an electrode material in particular in an electrochemical device. Therefore, the present invention also relates to such an electrode and to such an electrochemical device.
- Electrochemical devices are nowadays of great scientific and technological interest due to their numerous applications in the public, scientific and industrial fields. Examples of such applications include batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices, gas separation membranes and sensors such as chemical sensors or biosensors.
- electrochemical measurements represent an established clinical method for detecting analytes of interest because they are generally easy to use and the results can be read without depend on sophisticated characterization equipment.
- This type of analysis makes it possible, for example, to quickly measure the presence/concentration of biomarkers at a given moment, as well as their monitoring over an extended period, which implies regular measurements.
- the miniaturization must allow to miniaturize the all-solid electrochemical sensors to increase the portability of the devices, decrease the impact of the implanted devices and reduce the use of resources per sensor.
- a second advantage consists in the possibility of analyzing small volume samples or possibly even of incorporating these sensors into microfluidic systems.
- a main limitation when miniaturizing all-solid electrochemical sensors, medical electrodes and any electrochemical device is physical in nature. As the size of the electrode which is the core of any electrochemical device decreases, so does the associated electrode area and therefore the electrochemically active area. For medical electrodes, this implies a limitation of the injectable charge in stimulation. For sensors (volt)amperometric, this implies a loss in faradic current which decreases the signal obtained and increases the signal/noise ratio. For potentiometric sensors, it is rather a decrease in signal stability and signal-to-noise ratio due to the reduced charge storage capacity. For impedimetric analyses, a limitation of the accessible frequency domain (cut-off frequency at higher frequency) is expected.
- the electrochemically active surface In order to produce small-sized electrochemical devices with characteristics such as sensitivity, dynamic range, stability and detection limit, similar to those of devices with larger electrodes, the electrochemically active surface must be increased. For this, the surfaces of the electrodes must be structured in three dimensions. Various techniques for producing electrodes with large surface areas have been reported, with the main common drawbacks involving complex processing, long production times and the use of expensive materials [1-3].
- printing technologies represent an economical tool to produce electrochemical sensors on an industrial scale in a short time
- conductive inks and printing equipment screen printing, inkjet printing, letterpress, flexography, coating, coating, etc. being widely available commercially.
- the structuring of ink-based electrodes can be carried out before or after drying. It was also observed, by scanning electron microscopy, a slight structuring of inks applied by screen printing during the evaporation of the solvent during drying.
- (nano)structuring techniques there are two variants. The first of these variants is carried out with a scaffold, the electrode is deposited around this primary structure which is used in a sacrificial manner. The second of these variants is carried out without scaffolding and the (nano)structuring is carried out from a full plate coating via different potential methodologies:
- phase supersaturation can be achieved by sufficiently high CO 2 pressure and process temperature.
- the generation and growth of pores can be induced when creating thermodynamic instabilities, for example by a rapid depressurization step or a rapid increase in temperature.
- the polymer foaming process is further known for its wide range of operating parameters (T, p, t) which modify the density of CO 2 and possibly modify the state of the polymer (Tg), allowing to adjust the properties of the sample, such as porosity and average pore size, to the requirements.
- porous material electrodes An alternative way of manufacturing porous material electrodes is based on the preparation of a wet gel which makes it possible to obtain, in the end, a porous network.
- the transformation of a gel into an airgel requires the removal of the solvent, but due to the surface tension of water, simple evaporation usually causes the structure to collapse.
- a final step in electrode fabrication may consist of carbonization at elevated temperatures to remove uncarbonized components (such as H 2 O, NH 3 , CO, CO 2 ,...) [1,4] and increase the electrical conductivity [5].
- One way to preserve the structure of a gel is to expose the wet gel to water-ethanol solutions with successively higher alcohol content, until all the initial water has been replaced. As ethanol has a lower surface tension than water, the gel can optionally in some cases be left to dry directly.
- supercritical drying can serve as a highly structural preservation method.
- One of the gases used is CO 2 which, in the supercritical state, replaces ethanol and can then be extracted. In this way, no passage through the liquid solvent phase is necessary, thus avoiding the appearance of any surface tension, which could cause the collapse of fine-pore structures.
- supercritical point drying is applied directly to the aqueous gel, but the supercritical point of water with a temperature of 374°C imposes potentially harsh conditions for some materials.
- silica aerogels using supercritical CO 2 has also been described for potential application in thermal and acoustic insulation, supercapacitors and catalytic supports [7].
- Silica gels were prepared via a sol-gel process using ionic liquids and the gelation step carried out under a supercritical CO 2 atmosphere (70° C., 8 MPa, 4-5 h). After slow depressurization, the ethanol-covered gels were aged for 3 days and then the ethanol was extracted via a second step under supercritical CO 2 (40°C, 9 MPa, time not specified). In this complex and long process, the porosity modifications are explained by the nature of the ionic liquids used and not by the supercritical CO 2 treatment.
- the inventors have therefore set themselves the aim of proposing a method making it possible to prepare a material for an electrode and in particular for an electrode of miniaturized electrochemical devices which does not have the drawbacks of the methods of the state of the art.
- the inventors have set themselves the aim of proposing a method of preparation requiring treatments that are neither long nor costly and which make it possible to increase the electrochemically active surface of the material by increasing its specific surface.
- the present invention makes it possible to achieve the goal set by the inventors and therefore relates to a rapid, simple and industrializable process for preparing a porous material with electrically conductive fillers having properties in terms of structuring, capacitance and of faradic current which are very interesting for an application as an electrode material and in particular as an electrode material of an electrochemical device.
- the "capacitance” is the property of an electrical conductor to contain a certain level of electrical charges for a given electrical potential
- the "Faradic current" or Faraday current is the current generated by the reduction or oxidation of a chemical substance at an electrode.
- the method according to the invention is based on a special treatment in order to structure the deposits deposited and in particular printed in three dimensions in a controlled manner. This treatment has the potential to be easily implemented in electrode fabrication processes. Three known supercritical fluid techniques of phase separation, drying and foaming are combined in an innovative one-step in-situ process.
- the inventors have shown that by bringing an ink with electrically conductive fillers into contact with CO 2 brought to the supercritical state, it is possible to modify the structure of the deposit and to generate a porous solid material, as observed by electron microscopy at scanning.
- the electrochemical evaluation of the materials obtained following the process according to the invention supports the observations as to the structuring and indicates an increase in the capacitance by a factor of 16 and an increase in the faradic current by a factor of 12 compared to ink deposits dried by conventional methods.
- the electrochemical nature of the deposits changes during the treatment of the process according to the invention but the nature of the charge transfer studied remains reversible, which demonstrates that the favorable properties are maintained.
- Another advantage of the process according to the present invention lies in the fact that the treatment with supercritical CO 2 can make it possible to sterilize the electrodes at the same time as their manufacture. Indeed, it is known that the purification and sterilization of polymers by means of supercritical CO 2 allows the inactivation of different species of bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi and bacteriophages. A treatment with supercritical CO 2 makes it possible to obtain sterilization under much more moderate conditions than the sterilization treatments conventionally used, such as sterilization by steam or by gamma irradiation.
- the materials prepared according to the process of the present invention are hydrophobic, which made it necessary to treat them with oxygen plasma to carry out their electrochemical characterization.
- This property may be of particular interest in the preparation of ion-sensitive electrodes (ISE) useful in chemical sensors, for which a commonly observed failure consists of the slow formation of an aqueous layer between the membrane and the collector, thus limiting the lifetime of the devices.
- An advantage of the treatment according to the present invention lies in a potential use of the hydrophobic structured material obtained as an ion-selective polymeric membrane making it possible to obtain ISEs not only with an extended lifespan, but also more efficient due to the electrochemical properties of the material prepared. by the process according to the invention.
- supercritical fluid is used in its usual acceptance, namely that a “supercritical fluid” is a fluid heated to a temperature above its critical temperature (maximum temperature in the liquid phase , whatever the pressure or temperature of the critical point) and subjected to a pressure higher than its critical pressure (pressure of the critical point), the physical properties of such a supercritical fluid being intermediate between those of liquids and those of gases. Therefore, supercritical fluids are considered an interesting class of solvents, since the coexistence of liquid and gaseous phases makes it possible to take advantage of a combination of their properties: density, low surface tension and solvating power are comparable to those of liquids, so that diffusivity, mass transfer, compressibility and viscosity are similar to gases.
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a porous material with electrically conductive fillers comprising the steps consisting in: a) depositing, on a support, an ink comprising a polymeric binder, conductive fillers of electricity and a solvent for the polymer, b) treating the said ink deposited on the support following step a), the said treatment consisting successively in
- the present invention implements, on the one hand, an at least ternary ink i.e. comprising (1) a polymeric binder, (2) electrically conductive fillers and (3) a solvent of said polymer and, on the other hand , a fluid in the supercritical state.
- an at least ternary ink i.e. comprising (1) a polymeric binder, (2) electrically conductive fillers and (3) a solvent of said polymer and, on the other hand , a fluid in the supercritical state.
- This fluid in the supercritical state is miscible with the solvent of the polymeric binder present in the ink.
- the fluid in the supercritical state and the solvent present in the ink form a homogeneous and stable mixture, whatever the ratio of one to the other.
- the polymeric binder present in the ink in dissolved form is insoluble or practically insoluble in the fluid in the supercritical state.
- the polymeric binder used in the present invention is insoluble or practically insoluble over all temperature and pressure ranges beyond the critical temperature and pressure of the supercritical fluid used in the process of the present invention.
- the fluid in the supercritical state can be defined as a non-solvent of the polymeric binder contained in the ink.
- PSH Hansen solubility parameters
- the treatment of the ink deposited on the support in the method according to the invention comprises three phases with (i) a phase separation phase, (iii) a phase of saturation of the polymeric binder with the supercritical fluid and (iii) foaming of the polymer in parallel with drying when the fluid is extracted, during depressurization.
- the ink when the fluid is brought into contact with the ink and brought to the supercritical state, the ink is found in contact with the non-solvent of the polymeric binder.
- the solvent diffuses into the non-solvent and the non-solvent diffuses into the solvent until the point where the composition of the ternary system i.e. the solvent/polymeric binder/non-solvent system becomes thermodynamically unstable and phase separation occurs generating the structure.
- the structuring of the porous material and with electrically conductive fillers is generated, during the process according to the invention, thanks to the exposure to the fluid brought to the supercritical state.
- phase separation can theoretically already take place during the pressurization (passage of the pressure during the contacting of the ink with the fluid at a pressure higher than the critical pressure of the fluid) at the moment when the system is in unfavorable thermodynamic conditions.
- the sum of the duration of the pressurization (t pressurization ) and the duration of the phase separation (t S é P aration or t S é P ) makes it possible to better define the process from an empirical point of view.
- the duration corresponding to the sum t pres suhsation+tsep is between 0 and 1 h, in particular between 5 min and 35 min.
- the saturation of the polymeric binder with the supercritical fluid for a duration t saturation is carried out at a pressure greater than the critical pressure of the fluid and at a temperature greater than the critical temperature of the fluid. It is possible that saturation starts earlier in the process.
- the duration t sat is between 0 and 1 h, in particular between 5 min and 45 min.
- porous material with electrically conductive fillers is meant a composite material having a porous polymer matrix which ensures the cohesion of the material and in which electrically conductive fillers are dispersed.
- this porous material with electrically conductive fillers has open porosity, ie the majority of the pores of this material are interconnected.
- any polymeric matrix known to those skilled in the art can be used for the porous material and with electrically conductive fillers provided that the polymeric binder from which it is obtained is insoluble or practically insoluble in the supercritical fluid used in the process.
- the glass transition temperature of this matrix i.e. of the polymeric binder constituting it must be low enough to be exceeded during the process, which is probably less important during the phase separation, but, on the contrary, essential during the foaming because in theory, plastic deformation is recommended for a polymeric binder in an elastic state to guarantee deformation without loss of mechanical properties.
- This matrix is obtained from a polymeric binder chosen from the group consisting of a polymer, a copolymer, one of their derivatives, or one of their mixtures.
- a polymeric binder chosen from the group consisting of a polymer, a copolymer, one of their derivatives, or one of their mixtures.
- one of their mixtures is meant a mixture of several polymers or derivatives of different polymers, a mixture of several copolymers or derivatives of different copolymers and a mixture of at least one polymer or polymer derivative and at least one copolymer or copolymer derivative.
- polymer or copolymer derivative is meant a polymer or co-polymer chemically doped and in particular coupled to a reducing or oxidizing agent.
- This polymer matrix can be made of an electrically insulating material.
- electrical insulating materials mention may be made of polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN); polyamides; polyimides and polycarbonates (PC).
- this polymer matrix can be made of an electrically conductive material and this, in particular to preserve the good electrical properties of electrically conductive fillers.
- electrically conductive materials examples include polyfluorenes, polyazulenes, polynaphthalenes, polypyrroles, polycarbazoles, polyindoles, polyazepines, polyanilines, polythiophenes, polyacetylenes, poly( p-phenylene vinylene) and poly(p-phenylene sulfide).
- electrically conductive fillers is meant fillers made of an electrically conductive material, the largest of the dimensions of which is less than 1 mm.
- these fillers can be fillers of nanometric size, fillers of micrometric size or a mixture thereof.
- These fillers can have any shape such as, for example, a flattened shape, a cylindrical shape, a tubular shape or a spherical shape. They may in particular be in the form of powder, grains, flakes, particles, threads, hollow fibers, filaments, tubes, ribbons, sheets, clusters or a mixture thereof.
- the electrically conductive fillers implemented in the present invention are a mixture of fillers of different size and shape.
- the electrically conductive fillers implemented in the present invention are chosen from metallic fillers, polymeric fillers and carbonaceous fillers.
- metallic fillers examples include fillers made of metal, metal oxide, metal nitride and a metal sulphide, in which the metal is chosen from the group consisting of gold, copper, silver , nickel, aluminum, platinum, palladium, molybdenum or one of their alloys.
- metallic fillers mention may be made of molybdenum disulphide and in particular molybdenum disulphide in the form of sheets.
- Polymeric fillers are fillers as previously defined in a polymer, a co-polymer or one of their derivatives, conductor of electricity.
- polymeric fillers mention may be made of polyaniline (PANI), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coupled to sodium polystyrene sulphonate (PEDOT:PSS), polypyrrole or polyphthalocyanine fillers.
- PANI polyaniline
- PEDOT:PSS sodium polystyrene sulphonate
- carbonaceous fillers mention may be made of fillers as defined above in graphite, in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, in graphene, in graphene oxide, in reduced graphene oxide, in carbon, in activated carbon, in glassy carbon and carbon black.
- carbonaceous fillers mention may be made of graphite grains, graphite flakes, graphite particles, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite grains, graphene sheets, graphene oxide sheets, reduced graphene oxide sheets, fullerene, glassy carbon flakes, glassy carbon particles, single-walled carbon nanotubes (or SWCNTs for "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube”), functionalized SWCNTs, MWCNTs and functionalized MWCNTs.
- graphite grains graphite flakes, graphite particles, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite grains, graphene sheets, graphene oxide sheets, reduced graphene oxide sheets, fullerene, glassy carbon flakes, glassy carbon particles, single-walled carbon nanotubes (or SWCNTs for "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube"), functionalized SWCNTs, MWCNTs and functionalized MWCNTs.
- “Functionalized SWCNTs or MWCNTs” means SWCNTs or MWCNTs onto at least one wall of which is/are covalently grafted one or more reactive unit(s) such that, for example, a vinyl monomer, a carboxyl group, a carbonyl group or a phenol group.
- the electrically conductive fillers used in the context of the present invention are chosen from the group consisting of sheets of molybdenum disulphide, grains of graphite, flakes of graphite, particles graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite grains, graphene sheets, graphene oxide sheets, reduced graphene oxide sheets, fullerene, glassy carbon flakes, glassy carbon particles, nanotubes single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes, functionalized single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof.
- Step a) of the method according to the present invention uses an at least ternary ink as defined above, containing electrically conductive fillers as defined above. More particularly, this ink is in the form of a suspension or dispersion comprising electrically conductive fillers as defined above, a polymeric binder from which the polymer matrix of the material prepared according to the method of the invention is formed, a solvent for the polymeric binder and optionally one or more additive(s).
- the solvent in the ink used during step a) is an organic solvent, a mixture of organic solvents, water or a mixture of water and organic solvent(s). ).
- organic solvent is meant, in the context of the present invention, a solvent which belongs to the family of ketones, ether-oxides, esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, in particular aromatic hydrocarbons, or terpenes.
- the ink used during step a) may contain one or more additive(s) in particular to improve the stability of the suspension and/or to prevent the agglomeration of the fillers contained in this suspension.
- additives mention may be made of dispersants, stabilizers or surfactants (or surfactants).
- the ink used during step a) can be prepared, extemporaneously, by mixing its various constituents together.
- this ink may be a commercially available ink.
- commercial inks that can be used in the context of the present invention, mention may be made of graphite-based ink C10903P14 (Gwent Electronic. Materials Ltd, Montypool, United Kingdom), carbon-based ink BQ.242 (DuPont, Bristol, UK) and ELECTRODAG PF-407A carbon-based ink (Acheson, Henkel Corporation, USA).
- a commercial ink which can be used more particularly in the context of the present invention is the carbon-based ink BQ.242 (DuPont, Bristol, United Kingdom).
- the ink containing electrically conductive fillers can be subjected to dilution with a solvent identical or different to the solvent contained in this ink, in particular to adapt the viscosity to the technique of deposit used.
- the solvent used to dilute the ink is identical to that contained in the latter.
- the deposition can be carried out on any support, the latter possibly being made of an insulating, semi-conducting or electrically conducting material.
- any support possibly being made of an insulating, semi-conducting or electrically conducting material.
- the support used is a polymer support, it must remain stable in the presence of the supercritical fluid used during the process. In other words, there must be neither partial dissolution nor swelling/foaming of the polymer support in the presence of the supercritical fluid used during the process.
- any liquid deposition technique can be used to bring the ink into contact with the support and therefore coat or impregnate the latter with the ink as defined above.
- the ink is deposited on the support via a technique chosen from among screen printing; a deposition by immersion or soaking, also known under the English name “dip coating”; deposition by centrifugation or spin coating, also known by the English name “spin coating”; a deposition by vaporization or manual spraying known under the English name “spray coating”; contact deposition using a stamp soaked in ink and known by the English name “contact printing”; a deposit of the “microdrop” type, also known by the English name “drop coating”; a deposition by inkjet printing, also known under the English name “inkjet printing”; a filing by typography; a filing by flexography and a filing by offset printing.
- the ink is deposited on the surface of the support by screen printing.
- step a) of the method according to the present invention it is possible to equip the support with a mask and in particular with a physical mask in order to obtain a deposition of ink of defined shape corresponding to the openings in the mask.
- Step a) of the process according to the invention is implemented at a temperature of between 5°C to 40°C, in particular between 10°C and 30°C and, in particular, at ambient temperature i.e. 23°C ⁇ 5°C.
- the fluid used in step b) of the process of the invention may be any fluid known to those skilled in the art and generally used in the supercritical state in the extraction and/or solubilization of organic matter.
- the fluid used must be chosen so that it there is a miscibility gap in the ternary system, ie the solvent/polymeric binder/non-solvent (or fluid in the supercritical state) system, otherwise no phase separation occurs during the process according to the invention.
- the fluid used in step b) of the process according to the present invention is chosen from the group consisting of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), dinitrogen (N 2 ), nitric oxide (NO) , nitrous oxide (N 2 O), argon, helium, Freon-22, Freon-23, methanol, ethane, propane, hexane, water and one of their mixtures.
- the fluid used in step b) of the process of the invention is CO 2 , ethane or propane. More particularly still, the fluid used in the context of step b) of the process of the invention is CO 2 .
- Step b) of the method according to the present invention is carried out in a closed enclosure, such as an autoclave, an extractor or supercritical fluid equipment such as the SFD-200 equipment (Separex, France), in which the support with the ink deposited on its surface.
- This enclosure typically has i) means for bringing the fluid into contact with the deposited ink, ii) means for regulating the temperature in the enclosure and therefore the temperature of the fluid such as, for example, a thermostatically controlled double jacket, iii ) means for pressurizing the fluid inside the enclosure such as, for example, a compression pump and iv) means for depressurizing the fluid inside the enclosure, such as, for example, a depressurization hold .
- the treatment during step b) consists in bringing the fluid brought into contact with the ink with electrically conductive fillers, deposited on the support, to a supercritical state.
- the fluid When the fluid is brought into contact with the ink with electrically conductive fillers, deposited on the support, the fluid is at a pressure lower than its critical pressure and its temperature can be indifferently at a lower, equal or higher temperature. at its critical temperature.
- the fluid can be in gaseous form or in liquid form.
- bringing and maintaining the fluid in the supercritical state therefore consists in bringing and maintaining the pressure of the fluid at a value above its critical pressure.
- bringing and maintaining the fluid in the supercritical state consists, on the one hand, in bringing and maintaining the pressure of the fluid at a value above its critical pressure and, on the other hand, to bring and maintain the temperature of the fluid at a value above its critical temperature.
- pressure and temperature can be modified simultaneously or one after the other (temperature then pressure or pressure then temperature).
- step b) of the method according to the invention consists successively of:
- the ink with electrically conductive fillers, deposited on the support when brought into contact with the fluid, the latter is in the gaseous or liquid state at a temperature T1 below the critical temperature of the fluid and a pressure PI lower than the critical pressure of the fluid.
- the temperature Tl when the fluid used is CO 2 , ethane or propane, the temperature Tl is the ambient temperature and the pressure PI the atmospheric pressure (ie 0.1 MPa ⁇ 0.01 MPa).
- the pressure of the fluid is brought from the pressure PI to the pressure P2 which is higher than the critical pressure of the fluid, the temperature of the fluid being maintained at the temperature T1.
- the fluid is in a liquid subcritical state. In this state, the solvent of the deposited ink diffuses into the fluid and the fluid diffuses into the solvent of the deposited ink.
- the time elapsed between the deposition of the ink i.e. between step a) and the start of the pressurization of the fluid and in particular of the pressurization of the pressure P1 to the pressure P2 is between 1 min and 30 min, in particular between 2 min and 15 min and, in particular, of the order of 5 min (i.e. 5 min ⁇ 2 min). Note that this time must be short enough to avoid evaporation of the solvent contained in the deposited ink.
- the pressure greater than the critical pressure and in particular the pressure P2 is greater than 7.4 MPa.
- This pressure P2 is, for example, of the order of 8 MPa (ie 8 MPa ⁇ 0.5 MPa).
- the pressure greater than the critical pressure and in particular the pressure P2 is greater than 4.9 MPa.
- This pressure P2 is, for example, of the order of 5.5 MPa (ie 5.5 MPa ⁇ 0.5 MPa).
- the fluid used is propane
- the pressure greater than the critical pressure and in particular the pressure P2 is greater than 4.3 MPa.
- This pressure p2 is, for example, of the order of 5 MPa (ie 5 MPa ⁇ 0.5 MPa).
- the fluid is brought from the pressure when brought into contact to the pressure above the critical pressure and in particular from the pressure PI to the pressure P2 by means of a pressure rise ramp of between 0.5 MPa/ min and 5 MPa/min, in particular between 1 MPa/min and 3 MPa/min and in particular of the order of 2 MPa/min (i.e. 2 MPa/min ⁇ 0.5 MPa/min).
- step b) the second stage of step b) is implemented, that is to say the temperature of the fluid is brought from the temperature Tl at temperature T2.
- the pressure of the fluid is maintained at the pressure P2 for a certain time before the temperature of the fluid is brought from the temperature T1 to the temperature T2.
- This duration corresponds to, includes or is part of the separation time (t S é P ).
- This duration is in particular less than or equal to 1 h, in particular, less than or equal to 45 min and, more particularly, less than or equal to 30 min. However, this duration depends on the quantity of ink deposited.
- step b) of the process according to the invention the temperature of the fluid is brought from the temperature T1 to the temperature T2 which is higher than the critical temperature of the fluid, the pressure of the fluid being maintained at the pressure P2. Once the temperature of the fluid reaches and exceeds its critical temperature, the fluid is in a supercritical state.
- the temperature T2 when the fluid used is CO 2 , the temperature T2 is greater than 32°C. This temperature T2 is, for example, between 35°C and 70°C and in particular between 40°C and 60°C. In another particular embodiment, when the fluid used is ethane, the temperature T2 is greater than 32.5°C. This temperature T2 is, for example, between 35°C and 70°C and in particular between 40°C and 60°C. In yet another particular embodiment, when the fluid used is propane, the temperature T2 is above 100°C. This temperature T2 is, for example, between 100°C and 130°C and in particular between 105°C and 120°C.
- the fluid is brought from temperature T1 to temperature T2 by means of a temperature rise ramp between 2°C/min and 15°C/min, in particular between 3°C/min and 8°C/ min and in particular of the order of 4°C/min (i.e. 4°C/min ⁇ 0.5°C/min).
- the temperature of the fluid is maintained at the temperature T2 whereby a two-phase system is obtained with (1) a first phase comprising the polymeric binder of the ink saturated with supercritical fluid in which pore nucleation occurs and (2) a second supercritical fluid excess phase in which the other components of the ink are found, namely the electrically conductive fillers and any additives. Therefore, the time during which the fluid temperature is maintained at the temperature T2 corresponds to, includes or is part of the saturation time (t sat ). This duration is in particular less than 2 h, in particular, less than or equal to 1 h and, more particularly, of the order of 30 min (30 min ⁇ 10 min).
- a third step of step b) of the method according to the present invention the pressure of the fluid is brought from the pressure which it presents in the supercritical state to a pressure lower than its critical pressure and in particular from the pressure P2 to a pressure P3 lower than the critical pressure of the fluid whereby the pores continue and complete their growth and a porous material with electrically conductive fillers is obtained.
- the temperature of the fluid decreases to a value and in particular a value T3 lower than the critical temperature of the fluid, without this decrease being actively controlled.
- the pressure PI and the pressure P3 are identical and/or the temperature T1 and the temperature T3 are identical.
- the pressure P3 is atmospheric pressure and/or the temperature T3 is ambient temperature.
- the fluid is brought from pressure P2 to pressure P3 by means of a pressure drop ramp between 0.5 MPa/min and 12 MPa/min, in particular between 1 MPa/min and 6 MPa/min and in particular of the order of 2 MPa/min (ie 2 MPa/min ⁇ 0.5 MPa/min.
- the porous material with electrically conductive fillers can be subjected to at least one treatment chosen from the group consisting of membrane deposition, in particular for the manufacture of ion-sensitive electrodes, electrodeposition in the porous structure, electroreductive treatment and functionalization by organic molecules.
- a hydroxyl group hydroxyl group
- -OX alkoxyl group
- X alkoxyl group
- X representing an alkyl group
- acyl or an aryl group a carbonyl group
- Such an oxidizing treatment is based on two main types of surface modifications based on:
- - physical treatments such as plasma treatment, in particular oxygen treatment, UV treatment, X-ray or gamma-ray treatment, treatment by irradiation with electrons and heavy ions;
- the functionalization of the material obtained following the preparation process according to the present invention is in particular linked to a use of this material for electrodes of biosensors or biofuel cells. Consequently, by “organic molecules”, is meant a biological species chosen in particular from the group consisting of enzymes, co-enzymes, antibodies and antigens. A person skilled in the art knows various techniques making it possible to functionalize a surface with one or more identical or different organic molecules. Thus, this functionalization may consist of adsorption, chemical grafting, crosslinking, encapsulation, electrodeposition or molecular assembly.
- the present invention also relates to a porous material with electrically conductive fillers prepared by a method as defined above and an electrode comprising such a porous material with electrically conductive fillers.
- the present invention finally relates to an electrochemical device comprising at least one such electrode.
- This electrochemical device is chosen in particular from the group consisting of batteries, photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices, gas separation membranes and sensors such as sensors and effectors. electrochemicals and biosensors.
- FIG. IA presents a CO 2 phase diagram including an example of the supercritical CO 2 treatment according to the invention.
- FIG. IC corresponds to the main stages of the phase development and structural changes at the microscopic scale of the ink deposits during the process according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 presents the voltammeters in cyclic mode on the electrodes presented in FIG. 2 at cycling speeds varying between 5 and 500 mV/s.
- Experiments were performed in 1 M KCl, using a hammered platinum wire as the counter electrode and double junction Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) as the reference electrode. Of four electrodes on the platform, only one electrode signal is displayed.
- FIG. 4 presents the double-layer capacitances calculated from cyclic voltammetry experiments in 1 M KCl and 1 mM Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+/2+ .
- FIG. 5 presents the voltammetry curves in cyclic mode on the electrodes presented in FIG. 2 at cycling speeds varying between 5 and 500 mV/s. Experiments were performed in 1 M KCl and 1 mM Ru(NH 3 )6 3+/2+ , using a hammered platinum wire as counter electrode and double junction Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) as reference electrode. Of four electrodes on the platform, only one electrode signal is displayed.
- FIG. 6A shows the peak currents obtained from the cyclic mode voltammetry curves of Figure 5 in a Randles-Sevcik representation.
- FIG. 6B presents the current densities after normalizing the peak currents with respect to the surface of the electrodes in order to take small deviations in the geometric surface into consideration.
- FIG. 7 presents the separation of the oxidation and reduction peaks corresponding to the measurements of the voltammetry curves in cyclic mode at cycling rates varying between 5 and 500 mV/s in 1 M KCl and Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+ /2+ 1 mM.
- a commercial carbon-based conductive ink (DuPont BQ.242, Bristol, UK) was used to prepare electrodes of equal geometric area.
- the surface of the gold collectors of the acquisition platforms was previously cleaned with acetone then with ethanol in order to eliminate any contaminants.
- the masks were prepared by punching 3 mm diameter circular holes in a commercially available polyimide adhesive tape (#92, 50 ⁇ m thickness, 3M®) and applied to the platforms.
- Figure IA shows the phase change of C0 2 during the treatment according to the invention which passes from a gaseous phase, to a liquid subcritical phase then to a supercritical phase, which makes it possible to link the effects of separation phase and supercritical drying with supercritical foaming in parallel.
- phase separation takes place "instantaneously” or with a delay depending on the mutual affinity of the solvent of the ink and the non-solvent (fluid in the supercritical state).
- a “reduced” inter-diffusivity rather leads to a dense surface layer with a structure in volume of large pores (little diffusion/exchange of the solvent of the polymer with the non-solvent, the solvent then remains in the deposits and dries, creating pores).
- the supercritical phase of CO 2 is reached by adjusting the process temperature (T2).
- T2 process temperature
- Figure IC illustrates the structural evolution of the ink deposit during the different phases of the treatment according to the present invention.
- Table 1 below presents the main parameters of the process and indicates how they were controlled or taken into account experimentally.
- the platforms underwent an oxygen plasma treatment in order to increase the hydrophilicity of the electrodes and the characterization stages by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and voltammetry (or voltammetry) in cyclic mode followed.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- voltammetry or voltammetry
- the R80 BQ reference deposits (undiluted DuPont BQ242 ink) and R80 BQ-EGDA (DuPont BQ242 ink diluted with EGDA in a 1:10 ratio) underwent a conventional drying step i.e. they were cured at 80°C for 3 h.
- R80 BQ reference sample exhibits some degree of surface structuring achieved by conventional hardening (R80 BQ line, Figure 2). It is believed that during the solvent evaporation process, certain areas of the deposit, which contain less material (active material, binder, additives) function as preferred pathways for solvent transport to the surface, thus resulting in low porosity.
- Each platform had four ink deposits obtained under the same conditions, so a platform for each treatment could be tested and the results checked for repeatability.
- the platforms were then installed separately in an electrochemical cell with three electrodes among which the electrodes of the platforms constitute the working electrodes.
- the electrochemical cell contains 45 ml of 1 M KCI (KCI, Sigma-Aldrich, Spain), after the base electrolyte has been bubbled with argon gas (10-15 min) to allow dissolved oxygen to be freed.
- a flat piece of platinum wire served as the counter electrode (CE) and a two-compartment reference electrode (RE) (DJ Ag/AgCI RE, Metrohm, Switzerland) completed the three-electrode setup.
- Cyclic voltammetry (VC) at different cycling speeds (5-500 mV/s, 0.3 to -0.5 V) allowed the recording of the curves represented in Figure 3, corresponding to the capacitive current l capa , which circulated during the formation of the electrochemical double layer on the surface of the ink deposits.
- VC Cyclic voltammetry
- a common characteristic of all the electrodes tested and generally observed during this type of measurement is the higher capacitive current for increased cycling speeds.
- As the polarization of the electrodes changes at faster rates more ions in the electrolyte solution pass through a unit area in a given time and therefore, l cap a increases.
- the phenomenon is observed with a different magnitude depending on the treatment undergone by the electrode. More precisely, the electrodes treated according to the present invention and in particular with supercritical CO 2 display large increases in l C a P a and, possibly, one could even indicate an evaluation in the form of greater increases in l cap a for a longer duration. An increase in electrode area may be an explanation and will be discussed further.
- the added EGDA can explain the resistive contribution, indicated by the increase in the slope of the curves, whereas a purely capacitive behavior ideally displays a rectangular/trapezoidal type shape.
- the altered chemical nature, including the formation of different bonds, can adversely affect electronic conduction.
- the constituents of the ink may have different solubility in EGDA and favor the formation of a resistive layer on the deposits.
- the capacitive currents were measured at 0 V by with respect to RE and the capacitance Cdi calculated according to the formula below, in which Vb designates the cycling speed.
- the resulting capacitances are shown in Figure 4.
- the R80 BQ reference electrode. displays the smallest capacitance values.
- the capacity of the electrodes treated with supercritical CO 2 is at a maximum for a t S é P of 10 min and at slow cycling speeds.
- the capacitance of the R80 BQ-EGDA electrode is surprisingly high, it is evident that the behavior is not comparable to the effect of treatment with supercritical CO 2 .
- the high capacitances apply only for slow cycling speed, while electrodes treated with supercritical CO 2 retain their capacitive nature at fast cycling speeds. The observation can be explained by reconsidering the altered chemical nature of the surface mentioned above and due to the presence of EGDA which is unable to reproduce the effect of a porous structure.
- Figure 5 compares the faradic currents lf ara d for the different electrodes. Again, increasing cycling rates are followed by increasing currents and explained by the larger potential gradients. The lowest maximum currents are observed for the R80 BQ electrodes, corresponding to previous observations for capacitive currents. The electrodes treated with supercritical CO 2 all show an increased lf ar ad, with a maximum corresponding to a t S é P of 20 min. It is further important to note the different peak width of the R80 BQ-EGDA electrode, as well as the wider peak separation. These aspects may highlight the altered chemical nature of the ink. Further evaluation focuses on the height and separation of the peaks after reading the positions of the maximum faradaic currents for each cycling rate. The maximum peak currents are further normalized to the actual surface area of the geometric electrode to reveal the possible effects of manufacturing-related deviations.
- plot of the separation of the peaks i.e. the position of the maxima of the oxidation and reduction peaks can be useful to further assess the nature of the transfer of electric charges (Figure 7).
- the R80 BQ reference sample displays a constant peak separation of approximately 65 mV regardless of cycling rate, indicating a fast charge transfer characteristic close to the theoretical value of 59 mV proposed for reversible reactions.
- the "intersection" of the value of 59 mV takes place at a lower electrode bias for a longer t S é P , which can correspond to a degree lower adsorption, when the EGDA replacement time is long enough.
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2014004A FR3117889A1 (fr) | 2020-12-23 | 2020-12-23 | Procédé de préparation d’un matériau poreux et à charges conductrices, électrode et dispositif électrochimique le comprenant |
| PCT/FR2021/052436 WO2022136805A1 (fr) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-12-22 | Procédé de préparation d'un matériau poreux et a charges conductrices à l'aide d'un fluide supercritique, électrode et dispositif électrochimique le comprenant |
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| EP (1) | EP4268251A1 (fr) |
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| US6194650B1 (en) * | 1997-08-27 | 2001-02-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Coated object and process for producing the same |
| JP4746973B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-13 | 2011-08-10 | 三菱樹脂株式会社 | 多孔体の製造方法および多孔体 |
| JP2008146860A (ja) * | 2006-12-06 | 2008-06-26 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | 触媒粒子担持導電性粒子、触媒電極およびその製造方法、並びにそれを用いて成る膜電極接合体(mea) |
| KR101110366B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-28 | 2012-03-14 | 한국세라믹기술원 | 탄소니켈복합 에어로젤의 제조방법 및 이를 이용한 수퍼커패시터 전극의 제조방법 |
| CN105368045B (zh) * | 2014-08-27 | 2017-12-19 | 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所 | 石墨烯‑聚吡咯复合气凝胶及其制备方法与应用 |
| US11121360B2 (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2021-09-14 | Nanotek Instruments Group, Llc | Supercritical fluid production of graphene-based supercapacitor electrode from coke or coal |
| KR102119392B1 (ko) * | 2018-06-27 | 2020-06-05 | 한국세라믹기술원 | 에어로젤 분말의 제조방법 |
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| WO2022136805A1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 |
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