EP4263620A1 - Acide hyaluronique modifié comme dopant de polymères de type pedot et/ou pprodot - Google Patents
Acide hyaluronique modifié comme dopant de polymères de type pedot et/ou pprodotInfo
- Publication number
- EP4263620A1 EP4263620A1 EP21831320.3A EP21831320A EP4263620A1 EP 4263620 A1 EP4263620 A1 EP 4263620A1 EP 21831320 A EP21831320 A EP 21831320A EP 4263620 A1 EP4263620 A1 EP 4263620A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hyaluronic acid
- functions
- hydrogel
- polymer
- modified
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- KIUKXJAPPMFGSW-DNGZLQJQSA-N (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-Acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical class CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O3)C(O)=O)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)NC(C)=O)[C@@H](C(O)=O)O1 KIUKXJAPPMFGSW-DNGZLQJQSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 381
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 233
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 230
- 229920002674 hyaluronan Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 163
- 229960003160 hyaluronic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 161
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 158
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 83
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 65
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- -1 poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 37
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 claims description 30
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- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 25
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 22
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- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 19
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- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 14
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- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- WNOOCRQGKGWSJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dihydro-2h-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine Chemical compound O1CCCOC2=CSC=C21 WNOOCRQGKGWSJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- TVZRAEYQIKYCPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(trimethylsilyl)propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)CCCS(O)(=O)=O TVZRAEYQIKYCPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005569 Iron sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- IBVAQQYNSHJXBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid dihydrazide Chemical group NNC(=O)CCCCC(=O)NN IBVAQQYNSHJXBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
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- HXITXNWTGFUOAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylboronic acid Chemical compound OB(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 HXITXNWTGFUOAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 23
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 22
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 22
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 14
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- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
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- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- JUYQFRXNMVWASF-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;phenyl-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate Chemical compound [Li+].CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1C(=O)P([O-])(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JUYQFRXNMVWASF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- JMZFEHDNIAQMNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-aminophenylboronic acid Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(B(O)O)=C1 JMZFEHDNIAQMNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 108010003272 Hyaluronate lyase Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102000001974 Hyaluronidases Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229960002773 hyaluronidase Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- BMTZEAOGFDXDAD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholin-4-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].COC1=NC(OC)=NC([N+]2(C)CCOCC2)=N1 BMTZEAOGFDXDAD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 10
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 10
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 10
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229920002385 Sodium hyaluronate Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- VHJLVAABSRFDPM-QWWZWVQMSA-N dithiothreitol Chemical compound SC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CS VHJLVAABSRFDPM-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229940010747 sodium hyaluronate Drugs 0.000 description 9
- YWIVKILSMZOHHF-QJZPQSOGSA-N sodium;(2s,3s,4s,5r,6r)-6-[(2s,3r,4r,5s,6r)-3-acetamido-2-[(2s,3s,4r,5r,6r)-6-[(2r,3r,4r,5s,6r)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2- Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O3)C(O)=O)O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)NC(C)=O)[C@@H](C(O)=O)O1 YWIVKILSMZOHHF-QJZPQSOGSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- OXBLVCZKDOZZOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-Dihydrothiophene Chemical compound C1CC=CS1 OXBLVCZKDOZZOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide Chemical compound CCN=C=NCCCN(C)C LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 238000003260 vortexing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/006—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence; Gellans; Succinoglycans; Arabinogalactans; Tragacanth or gum tragacanth or traganth from Astragalus; Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens; Gum Ghatti from Anogeissus latifolia; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0063—Glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides, e.g. keratan sulfate; Derivatives thereof, e.g. fucoidan
- C08B37/0072—Hyaluronic acid, i.e. HA or hyaluronan; Derivatives thereof, e.g. crosslinked hyaluronic acid (hylan) or hyaluronates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
- C08J3/03—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in aqueous media
- C08J3/075—Macromolecular gels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/24—Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
- C08L5/08—Chitin; Chondroitin sulfate; Hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L65/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/02—Printing inks
- C09D11/10—Printing inks based on artificial resins
- C09D11/102—Printing inks based on artificial resins containing macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/52—Electrically conductive inks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2355/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers, obtained by polymerisation reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in groups C08J2323/00 - C08J2353/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2381/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Polysulfones; Derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2405/00—Characterised by the use of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08J2401/00 or C08J2403/00
- C08J2405/08—Chitin; Chondroitin sulfate; Hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof
Definitions
- the invention aims to provide a modified polysaccharide, and more precisely derived from hyaluronic acid, as a dopant for a conductive polymer of the PEDOT type ( poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene)) and/or PProDOT (poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene)), for the preparation of a biodegradable conductive ink, and innovative materials, combining good properties in terms of conduction, biocompatibility and biodegradability.
- PEDOT poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene)
- PProDOT poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene
- inks and materials find particularly advantageous applications for the design of bioelectronic devices or implantable biological sensors, in particular for serving as interfaces with biological tissues.
- PRIOR ART The development of implantable electronic devices for monitoring or stimulating biological tissues is based on the use of flexible, deformable and stretchable electronic compounds.
- a first "technological" way to access such devices consists in including conventional conductors, based on copper, iron, gold, in flexible matrices, or by designing them with particular shapes (for example, in the form of wavelets for withstand deformation, kirigami, etc.) [1], [2].
- conductive polymers offer a “chemical” response more suited to these needs, since the physicochemical properties of polymer-based materials can be more finely tuned, and production costs are lower.
- conductive polymers have thus been increasingly used in bioelectronics, being particularly suitable for the electrode/biological tissue interface, due to their conductivity which is both ionic and electronic.
- PEDOT is one of the most suitable conductive polymers for implanted devices, due to its high chemical stability and very good biocompatibility ([3], [4]).
- PEDOT doped with polystyrene sulfonate has established itself as the material of choice, due to its chemical stability, its biocompatibility and the very wide range of conductivity possible (from 10 -4 to 10 4 S/cm) via chemical modifications or secondary treatments ([8]-(13]).
- PEDOT:PSS is thus commercially available in the form of an aqueous colloidal suspension, qualified ", for example marketed by Heraeus under the trademark Clevios TM .
- PEDOT:PSS is for example widely used for the preparation of intracranial electrodes ([5], [6], [7]).
- PEDOT:PSS n It is not biodegradable, and the conductive tracks based on PEDOT:PSS, once deposited, are still soluble in water, which makes it difficult to use them in a biological environment, which is necessarily humid.
- silylated crosslinkers for example, 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (GOPS)
- PEDOT polyelectrolytes
- DNA [14], [15]
- cellulose [16]
- pectin [17]
- guar gum [ 18]
- ⁇ -carrageenans [19], [20]
- alginate [21]
- ulvan sulphated polysaccharide
- polydopamine [22]
- sulphated dextran [23].
- the resulting PEDOT:polyelectrolyte materials exhibit better biocompatibility but are however weakly conductive ( ⁇ 10 -1 S/cm).
- PEDOT inks glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have also been proposed.
- Glycosaminoglycans are natural polysaccharides, made up of sequences of disaccharides, which are naturally present in the human body. GAGs prove to be particularly advantageous as PEDOT dopants for applications for implantable electronic devices. In fact, they advantageously have excellent biocompatibility, allow good interactions with neuronal cells, and their main chain can be hydrolyzed by the body.
- inks based on PEDOT doped with heparin, chondroitin sulfated or hyaluronic acid have low conductivity (0.001 – 0.075 S/cm), and their degradation by the body has not been studied.
- the present invention specifically aims to provide a new polyelectrolyte for doping polymers of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, making it possible to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and combining both excellent properties in terms of conductivity, biocompatibility and of biodegradability.
- the invention relates, according to a first of its aspects, to the use of a polymer of hyaluronic acid, or hyaluronic acid, modified by the grafting onto it of at least functions -SO 3 - and aromatic rings, as a dopant for a polymer formed from one or more monomers chosen from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) and their derivatives, in particular from a polymer of the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) type.
- EDOT 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
- ProDOT 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene
- PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- modified hyaluronic acid or “modified HA” according to the invention will more simply denote a polymer of modified hyaluronic acid implemented according to the invention.
- the -SO 3 -functions and the aromatic nuclei carried by the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention can be carried on the same group (called "graft"), grafted to the chain of hyaluronic acid or, alternatively, be carried by separate grafts.
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention may have at least -SO 3 -C + groups, C + being a counter-ion of the anion SO 3 - such as Na + , in particular grafted onto at least some of the hydroxyl functions of the hyaluronic acid polymer and groups having at least one aromatic nucleus, in particular a benzene nucleus, in particular grafted onto at least part of the carboxylic acid functions of the hyaluronic acid polymer.
- modified hyaluronic acid polymers according to the invention, and of their synthesis, are more particularly described in the remainder of the text.
- the invention relates, according to another of its aspects, to a hyaluronic acid polymer modified by the grafting thereto of at least -SO 3 -functions and aromatic rings, in which said -SO 3 - and said aromatic rings are carried by distinct groups grafted to the hyaluronic acid chain, said modified hyaluronic acid polymer having at least: - SO 3 -C + groups, C + being a counter-ion of the SO 3 - anion; and - groups having at least one aromatic ring, in particular a benzene ring, said groups being grafted to at least some of the carboxylic acid functions of the hyaluronic acid polymer, via amide bonds.
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention is further modified by the grafting onto it of at least one crosslinkable function.
- the term "polymers of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type” will more simply designate the polymers (homopolymers and copolymers) formed from one or more monomers chosen from EDOT, ProDOT and their derivatives.
- the complex formed from one or more polymers of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, doped(s) with at least one modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention is more particularly designated, in the remainder of the text, under the name “PEDOT/ Modified PProDOT:HA”.
- the inventors have discovered that the use of a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention as a dopant of a polymer of the PEDOT type, makes it possible to access particularly advantageous conductive inks, having at properties of high conductivity, biocompatibility but also biodegradability.
- the invention thus relates, according to another of its aspects, to an aqueous suspension, more commonly called “ink”, comprising at least one polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type doped with at least one modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention.
- the ink may be an ink suitable for inkjet printing, for example for printing conductive tracks based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA.
- the invention also relates to a method for preparing such an ink, implementing the polymerization of monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type in a solution comprising at least one modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention in an aqueous medium.
- an ink based on a polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type doped with a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, having free carboxylic acid functions and/or and carrying crosslinkable functions is advantageously crosslinkable.
- the invention also relates, according to another of its aspects, to a material, in particular a hydrogel, based on at least one PEDOT and/or PProDOT type polymer doped with at least one modified hyaluronic acid polymer as defined according to the invention.
- the modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA-based hydrogels according to the invention can be swollen in an aqueous medium (also called “wet hydrogels”) or dry. They may for example be in the form of conductive hydrogel films, supported by a substrate or self-supported.
- the invention also relates to three process variants for the preparation of these modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA-based hydrogels according to the invention.
- a hydrogel based on PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified according to the invention can be prepared from the crosslinking of an ink according to the invention based on polymer(s) of the PEDOT type and/or or PProDOT doped with a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention and carrying crosslinkable functions.
- a modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA-based hydrogel according to the invention can also be obtained, from an already crosslinked hydrogel formed beforehand from at least one hyaluronic acid polymer modified and carrying crosslinkable functions, by carrying out the polymerization of the monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type directly in the hydrogel based on modified HA, swollen in an aqueous medium.
- a hydrogel based on PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified according to the invention can be prepared by simultaneously carrying out the polymerization of the monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type and the crosslinking of the said acid polymer modified hyaluronic acid with free carboxylic acid functions.
- the inks and materials, in particular hydrogels, based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention prove to be advantageous in several respects for their application in the biomedical field, in particular for bioelectronic devices or implantable biosensors.
- they exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, in particular under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 in an aqueous medium), without requiring additional treatment or doping.
- they may have a conductivity greater than or equal to 0.1 S/cm, in particular greater than or equal to 0.5 S/cm.
- the ink and the materials based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention exhibit excellent biocompatibility or cytocompatibility. Moreover, they are advantageously biodegradable.
- the biocompatible character of the ink and of the materials based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention ensures the possibility of bringing them into contact with biological tissues.
- Their biodegradable nature allows, after use, their gradual elimination from the human body, without requiring explantation surgeries.
- the hydrogels formed according to the invention have excellent conformability properties. They thus adapt perfectly to biological tissues.
- the materials according to the invention, in particular of the hydrogel type can be integrated at the level of electronic devices (bioelectronic devices or biosensors) in contact with biological material (cells, living organisms or organisms implanted in vivo).
- they can be used in contact with cell cultures or ex vivo tissues, for example for the design of organs on a chip ("Organ-on-Chip" in Anglo-Saxon terminology), be integrated into devices or sensors worn by a patient or implantable, in particular implemented for monitoring or stimulating biological tissues. They can advantageously constitute the interface with the biological tissues. They can thus find particularly advantageous applications for the design of numerous temporary implantable medical devices, such as guides for the reconstruction of tissues (peripheral nerves, muscles), intracranial electrodes, for example in the treatment of Parkinson's disease or epilepsy, or for various implanted biosensors.
- tissue peripheral nerves, muscles
- intracranial electrodes for example in the treatment of Parkinson's disease or epilepsy, or for various implanted biosensors.
- the invention thus relates, according to another of its aspects, to the use of an aqueous suspension or of a material, in particular of a hydrogel, according to the invention, in particular as prepared according to the methods according to invention, in a bioelectronic device or biosensor intended to be brought into contact with biological material, for example for a device in contact with cell cultures or ex vivo tissues, a device or sensor worn by a patient or implantable, such as guides for the reconstruction of tissues, for example peripheral nerves. It also relates to a bioelectronic device or biosensor, intended to be brought into contact with biological material, comprising at least one material, in particular a hydrogel, according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the formation of a modified PEDOT:HA complex from the polymerization of EDOT monomers in the presence of modified hyaluronic acid chains according to the invention
- FIG 2 schematically presents the protocol for measuring the conductivity of a film formed from PEDOT ink: HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 in Example 2
- FIG 3 schematically presents the stages of formation of a crosslinked film of PEDOT: HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.16 , on the surface of a non-functionalized glass slide and its immersion in water, as described in Example 5
- FIG 4 schematically shows the crosslinking of the ink and its grafting to the surface of a glass slide functionalized with thiol functions, as described in Example 5
- FIG 5 presents the curves of variation of the thickness of the crosslinked hydrogel film and of its conductivity as a function of the number of hydration/drying cycles, as described in Example 5
- FIG 6 presents the variation curves of the elastic modul
- the present invention uses a modified hyaluronic acid polymer, carrying at least —SO 3 — functions and aromatic rings.
- Hyaluronic acids are polymers formed from disaccharide units composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, as shown schematically below. [Chem 1] It is understood that the term “hyaluronic acid” denotes both hyaluronic acid in the protonated form or in the form of salts.
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention may be in the form of a salt, in particular an alkali metal salt, for example in the form of sodium hyaluronate.
- hyaluronic acid polymer By “repeating unit” or even “unit” of the hyaluronic acid polymer, is meant a disaccharide unit as represented above for unmodified hyaluronic acid.
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention is more particularly obtained from a hyaluronic acid having a mass-average molar mass, denoted Mw, of between 20,000 and 1,000,000 g.mol -1 , in particular between 40,000 and 250000 g.mol -1 .
- Mw mass-average molar mass
- the mass-average molar mass can be determined for example by steric exclusion chromatography (SEC).
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention is formed by grafting one or more grafts bearing -SO 3 - functions and aromatic nuclei, onto a hyaluronic acid of mass-average molar mass as defined above.
- the -SO 3 - functions and aromatic rings can more particularly be grafted onto some or all of the hydroxyl functions and/or the carboxylic acid function of a repeating unit of hyaluronic acid.
- One or more —SO 3 — functions and one or more aromatic nuclei can be carried on the same group grafted to the hyaluronic acid polymer, also called “graft” or, alternatively, be carried by separate grafts.
- a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention can result from the grafting onto hyaluronic acid of at least: (a) -SO 3 -C + groups, with C + representing a counter-ion of the anion - SO 3 -, in particular chosen from alkali and alkaline-earth cations, for example Na + ; and (b) groups having at least one aromatic ring.
- the —SO 3 —C + groups can more particularly be grafted onto at least some of the hydroxyl functions of hyaluronic acid.
- the groups possessing at least one aromatic nucleus may more particularly be groups possessing a single aromatic nucleus.
- the aromatic rings can be, for example, benzene rings, naphthalene rings, etc. They may also be aromatic rings bearing heteroatoms, for example pyridine or quinoline rings, etc. According to a particular embodiment, the aromatic rings are benzene rings.
- the groups possessing at least one aromatic nucleus, for example a benzene nucleus can more particularly be grafted onto at least some of the carboxylic acid functions of hyaluronic acid.
- the groups carrying at least one aromatic nucleus, grafted to the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, can more particularly result from the grafting, at the level of the hyaluronic acid, of molecules having at least one aromatic nucleus and carrying at least one function capable of reacting with a carboxylic acid function of a hyaluronic acid unit to form a covalent bond.
- a function can for example be an amine function capable of reacting with a carboxylic acid function of a unit of hyaluronic acid to form an amide bond.
- the group carrying at least one aromatic ring can result from the grafting of aminophenylboronic acid (denoted PBA) with a carboxylic acid function of hyaluronic acid.
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention bears at least (a) -SO 3 -C + groups, with C + being as defined previously, grafted at the level of at least one part of the hydroxyl functions of hyaluronic acid and at least (b) groups having at least one aromatic ring, in particular a benzene ring, grafted onto at least part of the carboxylic acid functions of hyaluronic acid.
- the invention also relates, according to one of its aspects, to a hyaluronic acid polymer modified by the grafting thereto of at least functions -SO 3 - and aromatic nuclei, said hyaluronic acid polymer modified having at least: - -SO 3 -C + groups, C + being a counter-ion of the anion SO 3 -, chosen in particular from alkaline and alkaline-earth cations, for example Na + , said -SO groups 3 -C + being in particular grafted to at least some of the hydroxyl functions of the hyaluronic acid polymer; and - groups having at least one aromatic ring, in particular a benzene ring, said groups being grafted to at least some of the carboxylic acid functions of the hyaluronic acid polymer, via amide bonds.
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may in particular have an average number of -SO 3 - functions, per unit of repetition of hyaluronic acid (corresponding to a disaccharide unit), of between 1 and 4, in particular between 2 and 4, preferably between 3 and 4 and more preferably 4.
- the SO 3 - functions result from the grafting of -SO 3 - C + groups, at the level of all the functions or of part of the hydroxyl functions of hyaluronic acid, the degree of substitution of the hydroxyl functions by -SO 3 - C + groups, defined as the average number of -SO 3 - C + groups, per unit of repetition of the hyaluronic acid, also called in this case "degree of sulfation" and denoted DS s , being more particularly between 1 and 4, in particular between 2 and 4, preferably between 3 and 4.
- the degree of sulphation is 4.
- a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may have an average number of aromatic rings per unit of repetition of hyaluronic acid, comprised between 0.05 and 0.5, in particular between 0.10 and 0.40 and more particularly between 0.15 and 0.3.
- the aromatic rings are carried by groups grafted to at least some of the carboxylic acid functions, the degree of substitution of the carboxylic acid functions by said groups carrying an aromatic ring, in particular a benzene nucleus, denoted DS Ar , defined as the average number of groups possessing an aromatic nucleus per unit of repetition of hyaluronic acid, being more particularly between 0.05 and 0.5, in particular between 0.10 and 0.40 and more particularly between 0.15 and 0.3.
- the degree of substitution by grafts carrying aromatic rings can be determined by techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example by 1 H NMR analysis, as presented in example 1.
- the hyaluronic acid modified according to the invention may thus have the following structure (I): [Chem 2] in which: - n represents the degree of polymerization of the hyaluronic acid, in other words the number of repeating units of disaccharide; in particular n is between 45 and 2500, and more particularly between 90 and 700; - the R groups represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom (unsubstituted hydroxyl function) or an -SO 3 -C + group, C + being as defined previously, the R groups possibly being different from a repeating unit to another, provided that at least some of the R groups represent -SO 3 -C + groups; - the R′ groups, which are identical or different from one repeat unit to another, represent an OC + group (unsubstituted carboxylic acid function), C + being as defined previously; a group bearing an aromatic, in particular benzene, nucleus, or else a group distinct from the aforementioned groups, provided that at
- the other grafts R′ can be groups carrying other functions of interest, in particular crosslinkable functions, as detailed more particularly in the remainder of the text.
- the degree of sulfation, DSS, of the hyaluronic acid polymer of formula (I) is between 1 and 4, in particular between 2 and 4, preferably between 3 and 4 and more preferably 4.
- the degree of substitution, DS Ar , by said groups bearing an aromatic nucleus is between 0.05 and 0.5, in particular between 0.10 and 0.40 and more particularly between 0.15 and 0.3.
- the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention by grafting, onto a chain of hyaluronic acid, groups having SO functions. 3 - and/or aromatic rings.
- a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention can be prepared from a hyaluronic acid via at least the following steps: (i) grafting of -SO 3 -C + groups, at the level of at least part of the hydroxyl functions of hyaluronic acid; and (ii) grafting of groups carrying at least one, in particular an aromatic nucleus, for example a benzene nucleus, at the level of at least some of the carboxylic acid functions of hyaluronic acid; the grafting steps (i) and (ii) possibly being carried out in this order or in the reverse order, preferably in this order ((i) then (ii)).
- the grafting in step (i) of -SO 3 -C + groups at the level of the hydroxyl functions of the hyaluronic acid proceeds according to the following steps: - modification of the carboxylic acid functions of the hyaluronic acid under salified form to allow the solubility of the hyaluronic acid salt in the solvent medium used for the sulfation reaction, for example in the form of a tetrabutylammonium hyaluronate salt; - sulfation, in a solvent medium, of at least some of the hydroxyl functions of hyaluronic acid, and - purification to obtain sulfated hyaluronic acid.
- the sulfation reaction can be carried out, for example, by reacting hyaluronic acid with sulfur trioxide dimethylformamide (SO 3 DMF) in dimethylformamide (DMF). It is up to a person skilled in the art to adjust the operating conditions, in particular in terms of hyaluronic acid and SO 3 DMF contents, duration and temperature, to carry out the sulphation and obtain the desired degree of sulphation.
- SO 3 DMF sulfur trioxide dimethylformamide
- DMF dimethylformamide
- the grafting in step (ii) of groups carrying at least one aromatic ring, for example a benzene ring, at the level of at least a part of the carboxylic acid functions of hyaluronic acid can more particularly be made by grafting a molecule comprising at least one aromatic nucleus and carrying at least one function capable of reacting with a carboxylic acid function of a unit of hyaluronic acid to form a covalent bond. It may for example be a molecule bearing an amine function capable of reacting with a carboxylic acid function of a unit of hyaluronic acid to form an amide bond.
- the groups bearing a benzene ring can result from the grafting of aminophenylboronic acid (denoted PBA) with a carboxylic acid function of a disaccharide unit of hyaluronic acid.
- PBA aminophenylboronic acid
- a person skilled in the art is able to adjust the operating conditions to lead to the grafting of said molecule.
- the coupling reaction between an amine function carried by the molecule having at least one aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid function of hyaluronic acid can be carried out in a solvent medium, in the presence of an agent coupling such as DMTMM (4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride).
- an agent coupling such as DMTMM (4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride).
- DMTMM 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride.
- crosslinkable function is meant a chemical group carried by the chain of the modified hyaluronic acid polymer, capable of allowing, under suitable conditions, for example in the presence of a crosslinking agent, the establishment of bonds between hyaluronic acid chains, and the formation of a cross-linked network.
- the crosslinkable functions carried by a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention can be of various natures, provided that they are capable of leading to the formation of a crosslinked network (or matrix), in particular allowing obtaining a hydrogel from an aqueous solution or suspension comprising at least one such modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention, as described more precisely in the following text.
- Physical crosslinking consists of the establishment of physical bonds (hydrogen, Van der Waals, dipole-dipole, etc.), between the polymer chains, for example via polar functions (alcohols, acids, amines, ethers, esters , etc.).
- Chemical crosslinking consists of the establishment of covalent or dynamic (reversible) covalent chemical bonds between the polymer chains.
- a crosslinkable function can be a reactive function X, capable of reacting with another reactive function Y, to form a physical or chemical bond, preferably a covalent chemical bond, the reactive functions X and Y possibly being identical or different depending on the reaction implemented for the crosslinking.
- the Y functions when they are distinct from the X functions, can be carried by a modified hyaluronic acid polymer, distinct from the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention carrying the X functions.
- the crosslinking can be carried out by presence of a crosslinking agent comprising at least two Y functions, in particular from 2 to 4 Y functions, and more particularly two Y functions (bifunctionalized crosslinking agent).
- the crosslinking agent can be an organic molecule of variable size, carrying at least two Y functions available to react with reactive functions X. They can be organic molecules of low mass molar or of chemically modified oligomers or polymers.
- the functions X and Y, identical or different, reactive with each other, can be of various natures, depending on the reaction implemented for the crosslinking.
- the crosslinkable functions can be chosen in particular to allow crosslinking of the hyaluronic acid chains via different physical or chemical routes, already proposed in the context of the preparation of hydrogels ([35]).
- the functions capable of establishing so-called physical interactions mention may be made, for example, of the dopamine functions; protons and electronegative atoms capable of interacting together to form hydrogen bonds; adamantyl functions capable of interacting with cyclodextrin units according to a so-called “host-guest” chemistry ([36]); cations and anions capable of interacting together to form ionic bonds.
- the crosslinkable functions are functions allowing crosslinking by establishment of covalent chemical bonds (dynamic or not).
- the crosslinkable functions can be chosen in particular to allow crosslinking of the hyaluronic acid chains via chemical routes, already proposed in the context of the preparation of hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid ([37]), such as by polymerization radical, by formation of a carbon-nitrogen double bond, by Michael-type addition reaction, by photochemical reaction known as "thiol-ene", by different types of so-called “orthogonal” chemistry, for example by Diels-Alder reaction, by Huisgen cycloaddition reaction, between an azide and an alkyne catalyzed by copper (I) or between an azide and a strained cycloalkynyl in the absence of copper catalyst, by reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, etc.
- chemical routes already proposed in the context of the preparation of hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid ([37])
- polymerization radical by formation of a carbon-nitrogen double bond
- Michael-type addition reaction by photochemical reaction
- the crosslinkable functions can thus be for example: - double bonds, capable of allowing the crosslinking of the hyaluronic acid chains for the preparation of a hydrogel according to the invention by radical polymerization; - aldehyde or ketone functions; or amine functions, in particular hydroxylamine or hydrazine functions, said aldehyde or ketone and amine functions being capable of reacting together to form imine bonds, in particular oxime or hydrazone bonds; - functions capable of reacting with another function in the context of a Michael-type addition reaction, for example thiol functions (-SH), methacrylate or acrylate functions; - ethylenically unsaturated functions (alkene functions), in particular ethenyl functions, or thiol functions, said functions being capable of reacting together, in particular under photo-irradiation in the presence of a photo-initiator (chemical called “thiol-ene”), to form a covalent bond, as described more
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention bears at least one alkene function, in particular ethenyl, capable of reacting with a Y function of thiol type to form a covalent bond.
- said modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may bear reactive functions X, which can be crosslinked in the presence of a crosslinking agent carrying at least two Y functions, where: - the X function is an alkene function, for example ethenyl; and the Y function is a thiol function, said X and Y functions reacting together according to a so-called “thiol-ene” reaction, in particular by activation under UV radiation (photo-activatable reaction) in the presence of a photo-initiator; - the X function is a ketone function and the Y function is an amine function, in particular hydroxylamine or hydrazine, said X and Y functions reacting together to form an imine bond, in particular an oxime or hydrazone bond; - the X function is a boronic acid function and the Y function is a planar vicinal diol function, said X and Y functions reacting together to form
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention can bear alkene functions, in particular ethenyl functions.
- the crosslinking agent used for the crosslinking of the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention may be an organic molecule having at least two functions, in particular two thiol functions.
- a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may have an average number of grafted crosslinkable functions, in particular of reactive functions X as described above, per unit of repetition of hyaluronic acid, including between 0.05 and 0.50, in particular between 0.07 and 0.50 and more particularly between 0.10 and 0.50.
- the average number of crosslinkable functions grafted to the modified hyaluronic acid can be determined by techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example by 1 H NMR analysis.
- the variation in the average number of crosslinkable functions grafted to the level of the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention makes it possible to modulate the mechanical properties of the hydrogel prepared from the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, depending on the intended applications for this hydrogel.
- a crosslinkable function can be carried by the said group(s) carrying one or more -SO 3 - functions and/or one or more aromatic rings, in particular by at least some of the groups carrying at least one aromatic ring. ; and/or be carried by groups distinct from the group(s) carrying the -SO 3 - function(s) and/or the aromatic nucleus(s).
- the crosslinkable functions are carried by at least some of the groups carrying at least one aromatic ring, for example a benzene ring, as described previously, grafted to hyaluronic acid modified according to the invention, in particular at the level of at least some of the carboxylic acid functions of hyaluronic acid.
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention may have groups, grafted to at least some of the carboxylic acid functions of the hyaluronic acid chain, bearing at least one aromatic ring, for example d a benzene ring, and at least one crosslinkable function, in particular a reactive function X as defined above.
- These groups can more particularly result from the grafting of a molecule comprising at least one aromatic ring, for example a benzene ring, at least one function capable of reacting with the carboxylic acid function of a unit of hyaluronic acid to form a bond covalent, for example an amide bond, and at least a crosslinkable function, in particular a reactive function X as defined above.
- a molecule comprising at least one aromatic ring, for example a benzene ring, at least one function capable of reacting with the carboxylic acid function of a unit of hyaluronic acid to form a bond covalent, for example an amide bond, and at least a crosslinkable function, in particular a reactive function X as defined above.
- F represents a function capable of reacting with the carboxylic acid function of a hyaluronic acid unit to form a covalent bond, for example an amine function (-NH 2 );
- Ar represents an aromatic ring, in particular benzene
- R 1 represents a crosslinkable function, for example a reactive function X as defined previously, in particular an alkene function such as an ethenyl function.
- the chain length of the spacer E depends on the nature of this spacer. It is more particularly adjusted to allow good availability and reactivity of the crosslinkable function, in particular of the reactive function X, when the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention is placed in the presence of a crosslinking agent as described above, without however being detrimental to the solubility of the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention in an aqueous medium.
- the spacer E can for example comprise, or even be formed, of a chain of the oligo(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol) type, or else of the oligo(ethylene imine) or poly(ethylene imine) type.
- Said oligo(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol), oligo(ethylene imine) or poly(ethylene imine) chains may in particular have a number of ethylene oxide units (respectively ethyleneimine units) ranging from 2 at 20.
- the spacer E can also comprise, or even be formed, of an oligopeptide composed of hydrophilic amino acids, such as for example glycine, serine, etc.
- the nature of said spacer E is in no way limited to the aforementioned examples, and other spacers can be envisaged.
- the grafts carrying at least one aromatic nucleus and a crosslinkable function can for example result from the grafting of a molecule of formula (II'-a) below: [Chem 4]
- a group carrying at least one aromatic ring and at least one crosslinkable function can result from the grafting of 4-[(pent-4-ene-l-yloxy) methyl] aniline.
- the crosslinkable functions can be carried by grafts distinct from the group(s) carrying function(s) -SO 3 - and/or aromatic nucleus(s).
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention may thus comprise, in addition to the groups described previously, in particular SO 3 -C + groups and groups carrying at least one aromatic ring, for example of a benzene nucleus, groups bearing at least one crosslinkable function, in particular a reactive function X as defined previously.
- a group carrying at least one crosslinkable function can advantageously be grafted onto a carboxylic acid function of hyaluronic acid, for example via an amide bond.
- F represents a function capable of reacting with the carboxylic acid function of a hyaluronic acid unit to form a covalent bond, for example an amine function (-NH 2 );
- E represents an organic spacer, for example as defined for the molecules of formula (II-a);
- R 1 represents a crosslinkable function, for example a reactive function X as defined above, in particular a function with ethylenic unsaturation(s) such as an ethenyl function.
- E may for example comprise an oligo(alkylene glycol) or poly(alkylene glycol) (PAG) chain formed from 2 to 20 alkylene oxide units, for example ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide , for example an oligo(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain.
- the grafts carrying at least one crosslinkable function can for example result from the grafting of a molecule of formula (II'-b) below: [Chem 6] with E being as previously defined.
- a group carrying a crosslinkable function can result from the grafting of a molecule of the following formula [Chem 7] with m being an integer between 2 and 20, for example 11.
- the degree of substitution of the carboxylic acid functions of a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention by groups bearing a crosslinkable function, in particular a reactive function X as defined above can be between 0.05 and 0.5, in particular between 0.07 and 0.5 and more particularly between 0.1 and 0.5.
- those skilled in the art are able to implement suitable coupling routes to proceed with the grafting of the desired groups at the level of hyaluronic acid, in particular with the desired degree of substitution.
- the crosslinkable functions are carried by groups distinct from the grafts having aromatic rings, the grafting of the groups carrying at least one crosslinkable function and the grafting of the groups carrying at least one aromatic ring implement identical coupling reactions.
- the grafts can be obtained from organic molecules possessing at least one aromatic group and from organic molecules possessing at least one crosslinkable function, as described above, these molecules further comprising at least one same function, for example a function amine, capable of reacting with a carboxylic acid function of hyaluronic acid to form a covalent bond. It is thus possible to proceed simultaneously with the grafting, in particular at the level of the carboxylic acid functions of the hyaluronic acid, of the groups bearing at least one aromatic nucleus, for example of a benzene nucleus, and of the groups bearing at least one least one crosslinkable function.
- a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may be of formula (I) as defined above, in which: - n represents the degree of polymerization of the hyaluronic acid, in other words, the number of repeating disaccharide units, in particular n, is between 45 and 2500, and more particularly between 90 and 700; - the R groups represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or a -SO 3 -C + group, with C + representing a counter-ion of the anion -SO 3 -, for example chosen from cations alkaline and alkaline-earth, for example Na + , the R groups possibly being different from one repeating unit to another, provided that at least some of the R groups represent -SO 3 -C + groups; -
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may be of formula (I), in which the degree of sulfation, DS S , is between 1 and 4, in particular between 2 and 4, preferably between 3 and 4 and more preferably 4.
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may be of formula (I), in which the degree of substitution, DS Ar , of the carboxylic acid functions by groups carrying an aromatic ring is between 0.05 and 0.50, in particular between 0.10 and 0.40 and more particularly between 0.15 and 0.30.
- the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention can be of formula (I), in which the degree of substitution of the carboxylic acid functions by groups carrying at least one crosslinkable function can be between 0.05 and 0.50, in particular between 0.07 and 0.50 and more particularly between 0.10 and 0.50. Examples of modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, and of their synthesis, are presented in the examples which follow.
- a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention can advantageously be implemented as a polyelectrolyte for polydioxythiophene type polymers obtained from one or more monomers chosen from EDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), ProDOT (3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), and their derivatives.
- EDOT 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
- ProDOT 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene
- the term “polymers of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type” more simply designates the homopolymers and copolymers of monomers chosen from EDOT, ProDOT and their derivatives.
- a modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention can more particularly be used as a polyelectrolyte for the doping of polymers of the PEDOT type.
- polymers of the PEDOT type (respectively of the PProDOT type) according to the invention, is meant the homopolymers and copolymers of monomers chosen from EDOT (respectively ProDOT), and its derivatives.
- EDOT-type monomers denotes EDOT (respectively ProDOT) and its derivatives.
- copolymer is meant a polymer obtained from at least two different monomers.
- EDOT electrospray diffraction-diol
- the EDOT or ProDOT derivative is functionalized with a hydrophilic group, making it possible to improve the solubility in water of the polymer of PEDOT and/or PProDOT type.
- the EDOT or ProDOT derivative can be functionalized with a group comprising an oligo(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol) chain.
- EDOT or ProDOT may be an EDOT functionalized with a carboxylic acid group (“carboxy-EDOT”, as described for example in the publication [39]); by a group carrying a sulphonate group, for example an alkoxy-sulphonate group, for example methoxybutane-1-sulphonate (“EDOT-S”, as described for example in publications [40] and [41]); by a group bearing a thiol function, for example a —CH 2 —O—(CH 2 ) 3 —SH group (as described in publication [42]); by groups comprising a polyethylene glycol chain, for example of the —CH 2 —EG n —OH type, with EGn representing a chain formed from 1 to 20 ethylene glycol units (as for example
- ProDOT derivatives As examples of ProDOT derivatives, mention may be made of a ProDOT functionalized on the carbon atom in the beta position of the oxygen atoms, by two alkenyl groups, for example allyl groups (“ProDOT-diene”), and the derivatives resulting from the reaction of “ProDOT-diene” with compounds bearing a terminal thiol function (R-SH), as described in publication [47].
- the polymers of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type according to the invention are more particularly homopolymers and copolymers formed from starting from one or more monomers chosen from the monomers of the EDOT type of formula (M1) below and the monomers of the ProDOT type of formula (M2) below: [Chem 8] in which x is equal to 0 (case of EDOT) or x is an integer between 1 and 4, in particular x is equal to 1 (a single substitution); and R 2 , which are identical or different, are chosen from the substituents as described previously, in particular groups carrying at least one carboxylic acid or eth
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention is used for the doping of a (co)polymer of the PEDOT type, in particular formed from one or more monomers of the EDOT type of formula (M1) above.
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention is used for the doping of a (co)polymer of the PProDOT type, in particular formed from one or more monomers of the ProDOT type of formula (M2) mentioned above.
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention is used for the doping of a copolymer of the PEDOT-PProDOT type, in particular formed from one or more monomers of the EDOT type of formula (M1) above and one or more monomers of the ProDOT type of formula (M2) above.
- a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention with a polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type can be obtained by polymerization of the monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in the presence of a polymer of modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, as described above.
- the combination of a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention with a polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type can be obtained by oxidative polymerization of the monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in an aqueous medium comprising at least one modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention.
- the polymerization can be carried out in a solution of at least one modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention in an aqueous medium.
- An aqueous suspension of PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified according to the invention is then obtained.
- the polymerization can be carried out in a hydrogel swollen in an aqueous medium based on hyaluronic acid modified according to the invention already crosslinked, or even within an aqueous suspension , simultaneously with the crosslinking of the modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention.
- a hydrogel based on PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified according to the invention is then obtained.
- Ink The invention thus relates, according to one of its aspects, to an aqueous suspension comprising at least one polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type associated with at least one modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention.
- Such an aqueous suspension is more commonly designated by the name “ink”.
- the invention also relates, according to another of its aspects, to a method for preparing an ink according to the invention, in which monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type are polymerized in a solution comprising at least one acid polymer modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention in an aqueous medium. It is up to those skilled in the art to adjust the operating conditions for the preparation of an ink according to the invention.
- the polymerization of EDOT and/or ProDOT type monomers can be carried out, for example, in the presence of an oxidant, for example iron sulphate (Fe 3+ ) and catalyzed by persulphate, as described for the synthesis of poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): dextran sulfate (PEDOT: DS) by Harman et al. ([23]).
- the aqueous medium may for example be formed from a mixture of water and one or more organic solvents, for example a mixture of water and acetonitrile.
- the EDOT and/or ProDOT type monomers will be linked to the modified hyaluronic acid chain according to the invention. via weak interactions of the electrostatic and hydrophobic type and “ ⁇ - ⁇ stacking” interactions, the polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, obtained at the end of the polymerization, thus being bound to the modified hyaluronic acid via these weak interactions .
- said EDOT and/or ProDOT type monomers and the said modified hyaluronic acid polymer(s) according to the invention are used in a molar ratio between the EDOT and/or ProDOT monomers and the hyaluronic acid units.
- modified hyaluronic acid between 0.5 and 5, in particular between 1 and 4, more particularly between 1.5 and 4.
- An ink according to the invention may comprise a mass content of modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA, in particular in modified PEDOT:HA, between 1 and 6% by mass (10 to 60 g/L), in particular between 2 and 6% by mass (20 to 60 g/L) and more particularly between 3 and 4.5% by mass ( 30 to 45 g/L). It is possible to freeze-dry an ink according to the invention. The freeze-dried ink can then be redispersed in a solvent, for example an aqueous solvent, for its implementation, for example to form hydrogels as described in the following text.
- a solvent for example an aqueous solvent
- the ink comprises at least one polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, in particular of the PEDOT type, doped with a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, carrying crosslinkable functions, in particular reactive functions X as defined previously, for example functions containing ethylenic unsaturation(s) such as ethenyl functions.
- the ink according to the invention is advantageously crosslinkable. It can thus be implemented for the formation of hydrogels as detailed in the following text.
- the invention also relates to materials based on at least one polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, in particular as defined above, doped with at least one polymer of modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention. It relates more particularly to a hydrogel based on at least one polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, in particular as defined above, in particular of the PEDOT type, doped with at least one modified hyaluronic acid polymer, carrying crosslinkable functions. as defined previously and/or having free carboxylic acid functions.
- a hydrogel is formed from a three-dimensional network based on polymers.
- a hydrogel swollen in an aqueous medium may comprise a mass content of aqueous liquid phase ranging from 5 to 99% by mass, in particular from 10 to 99% by mass and more particularly from 20 to 99% by mass.
- a so-called “dry” hydrogel results from the elimination of the aqueous liquid phase of a wet hydrogel.
- a dry hydrogel can more particularly comprise less than 20% by mass, in particular less than 10% by mass, of liquid phase.
- a hydrogel according to the invention can be prepared from a crosslinkable ink according to the invention, as described above, based on polymer(s) of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, in particular of PEDOT type, doped(s) with at least one hyaluronic acid modified according to the invention and carrying crosslinkable functions and/or having free carboxylic acid functions, preferably carrying crosslinkable functions.
- a hydrogel based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention, in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA, can thus be obtained by carrying out the crosslinking of an ink according to the invention.
- a modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA-based hydrogel according to the invention, in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA can be prepared via at least the steps consisting of: (ai) have a crosslinkable ink, comprising at least one polymer of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type, in particular of the PEDOT type, doped with at least one modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention and carrying crosslinkable functions and/or having free carboxylic acid functions, preferably carrying crosslinkable functions; (a-ii) subjecting said ink to conditions conducive to the cross-linking of said modified hyaluronic acid chains to form a swollen hydrogel in an aqueous medium; and, optionally, (a-iii) subjecting said
- a hydrogel according to the invention can be prepared by polymerization of monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of the EDOT type, in a hydrogel formed beforehand from at least a modified hyaluronic acid polymer carrying crosslinkable functions according to the invention and/or having free carboxylic acid functions, preferably carrying crosslinkable functions.
- a hydrogel based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA, can be prepared via at least the steps consisting of: (bi) have a hydrogel, swollen in an aqueous medium, formed from at least one modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention and carrying crosslinkable functions and/or having free carboxylic acid functions, preferably carrying crosslinkable functions ; (b-ii) proceed with the polymerization of monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of the EDOT type, in the said hydrogel, swollen in an aqueous medium, based on modified hyaluronic acid; and eventually (b-iii) subjecting said hydrogel obtained at the end of step (b-ii) to a drying step to obtain a dry hydrogel.
- the hydrogel based on at least one modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, implemented in step (bi) of the process of the invention is more particularly obtained beforehand by subjecting a solution of at least one modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention and carrier of at least crosslinkable functions and/or having free carboxylic acid functions, preferably carrier of crosslinkable functions, in an aqueous medium, under conditions favorable to the crosslinking of said modified hyaluronic acid chains for forming a swollen hydrogel in said aqueous medium.
- the aqueous medium may be as described previously for an ink according to the invention.
- stage (b-ii) of monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of the EDOT type, in a hydrogel based on modified hyaluronic acid can be carried out more particularly by soaking the swollen hydrogel in an aqueous medium based on modified HA according to the invention, of said monomer of EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of EDOT type, then by subjecting said hydrogel based on modified HA soaked with said monomers of EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of EDOT type, under conditions favorable to the polymerization of said monomers of EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of EDOT type.
- the hydrogel soaked with at least said monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type can be obtained, for example, via the following intermediate steps: - formation, from the hydrogel swollen in an aqueous medium based on modified hyaluronic acid, of a dry hydrogel, for example by bringing the hydrogel under conditions conducive to the gelation of the aqueous medium, followed by the elimination of the aqueous medium by evaporation, by freeze-drying or by supercritical drying; and - immersion of said dry hydrogel in a solution of at least one monomer of EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of EDOT type, in an aqueous medium, for example in a mixture of water and acetonitrile; to obtain said hydrogel swollen in aqueous medium and soaked with said monomers of EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of EDOT type.
- the polymerization in step (b-ii) of said monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of the EDOT type, in the aqueous hydrogel can be carried out under conditions such as previously described for the polymerization, in aqueous solution, of EDOT and/or ProDOT type monomers, in the context of the preparation of an ink according to the invention.
- the polymerization of monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of the EDOT type, in the aqueous hydrogel can for example be carried out in the presence of an oxidant, for example iron sulphate (Fe 3+ ) and catalyzed by persulfate.
- an oxidant for example iron sulphate (Fe 3+ ) and catalyzed by persulfate.
- the hydrogel based on modified hyaluronic acid once soaked with said monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of the EDOT type, can be immersed in an aqueous solution containing at least the said oxidant and the said catalyst.
- the hydrogel obtained at the end of step (b-ii) is thus based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA, in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA.
- crosslinking conditions in particular of a physical or chemical nature, naturally depend on the nature of the crosslinkable functions carried by the modified hyaluronic acid.
- various crosslinking routes can be envisaged, provided that they make it possible to lead to the formation of a hydrogel.
- the crosslinking involves the establishment of covalent chemical bonds between the chains of modified hyaluronic acid.
- a hydrogel is formed from at least two distinct modified hyaluronic acid polymers, said modified hyaluronic acid polymers according to the invention having distinct crosslinkable functions, denoted X and Y, as described above.
- said crosslinkable functions X and Y may be capable of reacting together to form a covalent bond.
- the crosslinkable functions X and Y can respectively be an aldehyde or ketone function, and an amine function such as a hydroxylamine or hydrazide function, said X and Y functions being capable of reacting together to form imine bonds, in particular oxime or hydrazone bonds.
- the crosslinkable functions X and Y can also be, for example, respectively a thiol function and a methacrylate or acrylate function, said X and Y functions being capable of reacting together according to a Michael-type addition reaction.
- crosslinkable functions X and Y can also be, for example, respectively a flat vicinal diol function and a boronic acid function, for example phenylboronic acid, said X and Y functions being capable of reacting together according to a dynamic covalent coupling reaction.
- the invention is in no way limited to the aforementioned crosslinking routes, and other crosslinking routes can be envisaged, for example via crosslinkable functions capable of establishing physical interactions, as described previously.
- a hydrogel is formed from a single polymer of hyaluronic acid modified according to the invention and bearing at least crosslinkable functions .
- said crosslinkable functions can react with each other, as is the case for example with tyramine functions, said chains of modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention then being capable of self-crosslinking by coupling ( dimerization) oxidizing tyramine functions in the presence of H 2 O 2 and HRP.
- the crosslinkable functions of said modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention may be X-reactive functions, as defined previously, crosslinkable in the presence of a crosslinking agent.
- crosslinking agent an organic molecule carrying at least two reactive functions, said molecule being able to allow, for example under the action of an external stimulation, in particular under the action of heat and/or UV radiation, the crosslinking of said modified hyaluronic acid chains according to the invention, by reaction with said crosslinkable functions of said modified hyaluronic acid. It falls within the competence of those skilled in the art to choose a crosslinking agent suitable for allowing the crosslinking of the polymer chains of modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention. The nature of the crosslinking agent is also likely to influence the mechanical properties of the hydrogel formed at the end of the crosslinking.
- the cross-linking agent is biocompatible, hydrolyzing under physiological conditions.
- the solution or suspension from which the hydrogel is formed for example the ink based on PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified in step (a-i) according to the first variant of preparation of a hydrogel based on PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified according to the invention, is supplemented with at least one crosslinking agent and, optionally , at least one photoinitiator compound.
- the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention can be functionalized with X-reactive functions as described above, in particular functions with ethylenic unsaturation(s), for example ethenyl functions.
- the crosslinking agent may be an organic molecule possessing at least two reactive functions, in particular two to four reactive functions, for example two reactive functions, denoted Y, the functions X and Y being identical or different, each of the functions Y being capable of reacting with a reactive function X of said modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention, to form a physical or chemical bond, preferably a covalent chemical bond, in particular under the action heat and/or UV radiation and, optionally, in the presence of at least one photoinitiator compound.
- the Y functions can be, for example, thiol functions (-SH), capable of reacting with X functions of the alkene type, in particular ethylene, carried by the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention, to form covalent bonds (so-called crosslinking "thiol-ene").
- thiol functions -SH
- X functions of the alkene type in particular ethylene
- crosslinking thiol-ene
- crosslinking agent used according to the invention may be of the following formula (III):
- the organic spacer group E' can be an aliphatic group, linear or branched, in particular comprising from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms, and optionally comprising one or more unsaturations and/or one or more heteroatoms, and optionally substituted by one or more functions hydroxyl.
- bifunctional crosslinking agent mention may be made of molecules formed of an oligo or poly(alkylene glycol) (PAG) chain, for example oligo or poly(ethylene glycol), carrying at each of its ends thiols (HS-PAG-HS).
- the PAG chain of the crosslinking agent can be formed from 2 to 250, in particular from 5 to 100, units of alkylene oxides, in particular ethylene oxide.
- crosslinking agents carrying two to four thiol functions, of dithiothreitol (DTT), tris(mercaptoacetate)trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol tetrakis(mercaptoacetate) or else pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate).
- DTT dithiothreitol
- Said molecule or molecules, used as a crosslinking agent may be commercially available. Alternatively, they can be obtained prior to their implementation in a process according to the invention.
- the said crosslinking agent or agents are used in an amount such that the molar ratio between the Y functions of the crosslinking agent and the X functions of the modified hyaluronic acid is less than or equal to 1, in particular between 0.5 and 1 and preferably strictly less than 1.
- the crosslinking can be activated by an external stimulus, for example by heat (thermo-activated crosslinking) and/or under radiation (photo-activated crosslinking). activated).
- said crosslinking agent can be implemented in the solution or suspension comprising at least said modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention, from which is formed a hydrogel, for example in the ink based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA of step (a-i) according to the abovementioned first variant, together with at least one photoinitiator compound.
- the “thiol-ene” crosslinking can be photo-activated in the presence of a photo-initiator, such as lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate.
- thermo or photo-crosslinking conditions in particular in terms of power and duration of heating or irradiation with UV radiation, to obtain sufficient crosslinking allowing access to the desired hydrogel.
- the invention is in no way limited to this particular mode of crosslinking by photoactivated "thiol-ene" chemistry.
- other crosslinking routes can be implemented, as mentioned above.
- the crosslinking of said modified hyaluronic acid chains according to the invention can be carried out, in the absence of grafting of crosslinkable functions at the level of the modified hyaluronic acid chain, from the carboxylic acid functions free from the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention.
- free carboxylic acid function is meant a carboxylic acid function (- C(O)OH), optionally in the form of carboxylate salt -C(O)OC + where C + represents a counterion, in particular chosen from cations alkaline and alkaline-earth, for example Na + .
- the crosslinking of the modified hyaluronic acid chains according to the invention can be carried out more particularly in the presence of a crosslinking agent having at least two functions of primary amine or hydrazide type, in particular two functions of primary amine or hydrazide type; said functions being capable of interacting with free carboxylic acid functions by a coupling reaction activated using an activating agent, to form amide bonds.
- a crosslinking agent carrying two hydrazide functions mention may be made of adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH), the latter being particularly advantageous given its biocompatibility.
- the activating agent for activating the amide coupling reaction can be, for example, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC).
- EDC N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
- a hydrogel according to the invention can be prepared by carrying out, simultaneously, the polymerization of the monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, in particular of the EDOT type, and the crosslinking of the said modified hyaluronic acid polymer and carrier of free carboxylic acid functions.
- a modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA-based hydrogel according to the invention in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA, can be prepared via at least the steps consisting of: (ci) have an aqueous suspension comprising at least monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT type, at least said modified hyaluronic acid polymer having free carboxylic acid functions, at least one catalyst for the polymerization of the monomers of the EDOT and/or ProDOT, especially persulfate; and at least one crosslinking agent; (c-ii) subjecting said suspension to conditions favorable to the polymerization of said EDOT and/or ProDOT type monomers and to the crosslinking of said modified hyaluronic acid chains to form said
- the crosslinking agent used has at least two functions of primary amine or hydrazide type, in particular two functions of primary amine or hydrazide type, preferably ADH.
- the crosslinking of said chains in step (c-ii) can be initiated by adding to said suspension an agent for activating the carboxylic acid functions, such as EDC.
- the aqueous suspension implemented to simultaneously operate the polymerization of said EDOT and/or ProDOT type monomers and the crosslinking of said modified hyaluronic acid chains, preferably has a low pH, for example less than or equal to 5.
- the formation of the hydrogel swollen in an aqueous medium based on PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified according to the invention, according to one or the other of the aforementioned variants, can be followed by at least a drying step, total or partial, making it possible to eliminate at least in part the aqueous solvent medium present in the hydrogel.
- the elimination of the solvent medium is advantageously carried out under conditions making it possible to preserve the structure and the cohesion of the hydrogel obtained at the end of the crosslinking.
- the hydrogel swollen in an aqueous medium can for example be dried at ambient temperature. “Room temperature” means a temperature of 20°C ⁇ 5°C.
- the dry hydrogel formed in particular in the form of a film, is able to swell when it is brought into contact with an aqueous medium to reform a swollen hydrogel in an aqueous medium.
- the solution or suspension comprising at least said modified hyaluronic acid polymer according to the invention, from which a hydrogel is formed, for example the ink based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA of step (ai) according to the aforementioned first variant can be shaped, prior to the crosslinking step, to obtain a hydrogel having the desired shape and dimensions.
- the modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA-based hydrogel according to the invention formed at the end of one or other of the process variants described above, optionally after drying, can thus be of varied shape and size, in depending in particular on the application for which it is intended.
- the solution or suspension based on modified hyaluronic acid polymer(s) according to the invention for example the ink based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention, can be crosslinked in a container, “mould”, having the desired shape and dimensions for the final hydrogel.
- the hydrogel, swollen in an aqueous or dry medium can be in the form of a film.
- the film can be formed on the surface of a substrate then, optionally separated from said substrate to form a self-supported conductive hydrogel film.
- the suspension or solution in step (ai), (bi) or (c-i) based on modified hyaluronic acid polymer(s) according to the invention for example the ink based on PEDOT/PProDOT:HA modified according to the aforementioned first variant, can be applied, before crosslinking, to the surface of a substrate, advantageously on determined areas of the surface of a substrate, so as to create the desired pattern and dimensions for the final conductive hydrogel film.
- the substrate refers to a solid basic structure, on one of the faces of which is deposited the solution or suspension based on modified HA according to the invention, for example a conductive ink according to the invention. It can be of various shapes and dimensions depending on the application for which it is intended. It can for example be in the form of a flat surface, structured or not, or else a 3D object, for example in the form of micropillars, grids, fibers, etc.
- the substrate can be of varied nature, rigid or flexible. It may be a ceramic support, for example glass, alumina, porcelain; metal, for example stainless steel, copper, aluminum, or even plastic.
- the process according to the invention can be implemented for rigid or flexible polymer supports.
- the carrier can be PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PEN (polyethylene naphthalate), polycarbonate, poly(urethane), poly(saccharide) (cellulose, nanocellulose, chitosan films), protein material (fibers collagen, for example).
- the support can also be a structured 3D material in the form of micropillars, grids, fibers, for example fibers obtained by electrospinning or others (poly(caprolactone), PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), silk fibroins, etc.), cellulose aerogels.
- the hydrogel based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA, can for example be formed, in particular in the form of a film, directly on the surface of the substrate of interest, for example to form a surface coating of an electrode of a bioelectronic device.
- the modified HA-based solution or suspension according to the invention for example the ink based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention, in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA, can be applied by any known technique. of the skilled person.
- the application of the solution or suspension to the surface of the substrate can be carried out, for example, by coating, by ink-jet printing, by deposition by nebulization (“spray-coating” in English), by screen printing, by immersion, etc. .
- the thickness of the deposit of the solution or suspension, in particular of the ink based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA, in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA, on the surface of the substrate can be variable. For example, it may be between 0.1 and 500 ⁇ m, in particular between 1 and 300 ⁇ m.
- the hydrogel, in particular in the form of a film, formed according to the invention on the surface of a substrate can be covalently bonded (or “grafted”) to the surface of the substrate.
- the surface of the substrate, intended to support the hydrogel according to the invention may have Y functions, in particular as described previously, for example labile hydrogen functions such as thiol functions capable of reacting with crosslinkable functions X, for example alkene functions, carried by the modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention.
- the hydrogel film can thus be bonded to the surface of the substrate via the establishment of covalent bonds between said crosslinkable functions X carried by the modified hyaluronic acid, and said Y functions present at the surface of the substrate intended to support the hydrogel .
- the surface of the substrate intended to support the hydrogel according to the invention, can be subjected to a preliminary treatment to generate said Y functions, in particular labile hydrogen functions, for example said thiol functions.
- the ink and the materials, in particular the hydrogels, formed based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention, in particular based on modified PEDOT:HA find particularly interesting applications in the field biomedical, in particular for the design of bioelectronic devices and biosensors intended to be brought into contact with biological material, for example intended to be implanted in vivo, for example for the monitoring or stimulation of biological tissues.
- the inks and materials, in particular hydrogels, formed according to the invention are advantageously implemented in bioelectronic devices for serve as an interface with biological tissues, for example to provide support for cell adhesion, multiplication and growth.
- the ink and materials derived from the ink are biocompatible (or cytocompatible).
- biocompatible it is meant that the ink and the materials derived from the ink, such as hydrogels, are capable of being in contact with biological cells without degrading said cells. They are also advantageously biodegradable.
- biodegradable is meant, within the meaning of the present application, a material capable of being resorbed, absorbed, and/or degraded by the tissues or leached from the site of implantation and disappearing in vivo after a certain time, which may vary , for example, from a few hours to a few months.
- the ink and the materials, in particular hydrogels, formed based on modified PEDOT/PProDOT:HA according to the invention advantageously exhibit good electrical conductivity, in particular under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 in an aqueous medium), without requiring additional treatment or doping. They can thus have a conductivity greater than or equal to 0.1 S/cm, in particular greater than or equal to 1 S/cm.
- the conductivity can be measured according to methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, as described in example 5 which follows, the conductivity of a hydrogel film according to the invention can be deduced from the resistivity measurement of the film, for example by using a 4-point resistivity meter.
- the hydrogels formed according to the invention based on the complex of polymer(s) of the PEDOT and/or PProDOT type doped(s) with a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention also exhibit excellent stability in water or in a buffered saline medium.
- the hydrogels formed according to the invention exhibit excellent mechanical performance, in particular good viscoelastic properties. They can have a high modulus of elasticity, also called Young's modulus. In particular, the modulus of elasticity can be between 100 Pa and 1 MPa, in particular between 300 Pa and 500 kPa.
- the viscoelastic properties of a hydrogel formed according to the invention can be studied by rheological measurements in dynamic mode (determination of storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli as a function of frequency). Young's modulus can be determined by compression tests. Due to their excellent viscoelastic properties, the hydrogels formed according to the invention are easily conformable, in particular conformable to biological tissues. They can thus form interfaces for bioelectronic devices, for example implants, conformable to biological tissues, in other words being able to take the shape or the geometry of the biological tissue with which it is intended to be brought into contact. Their water-rich nature and their mechanical properties similar to those of biological tissues make the hydrogels according to the invention ideal interfaces with biological tissues for bioelectronic devices.
- the materials according to the invention thus provide a close interface between the implant and the tissue site. They can for example be implemented as a coating for implanted electrodes, for example intracranial electrodes, or even to form microelectrodes.
- the invention will now be described by means of the following examples and figures, given of course by way of non-limiting illustration of the invention. Example In the following examples, the following abbreviations are used.
- HA hyaluronic acid
- NaHA sodium hyaluronate
- HA-TBA tetrabutylammonium hyaluronate salt
- TBA tetrabutylammonium
- HAS sulfated hyaluronic acid.
- Example 1 Preparation of a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention bearing sulphate groups and grafts comprising an aromatic nucleus (HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 ) 1.1.
- Sulfation of sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) In a first step, the sulfation of NaHA is carried out via the substitution of the hydroxyl functions of the HA by sulfates. Sulfation of HA is carried out according to a protocol adapted from the literature ([24]-[29]); it proceeds in three stages, as shown schematically below: formation of the tetrabutylammonium hyaluronate (HA-TBA) salt, sulfation reaction and purification.
- HA-TBA tetrabutylammonium hyaluronate
- HA-TBA 1 g of NaHA was dissolved in 300 mL of water.
- the NaHA solution was eluted through 50 g of neutralized Amberlite ® IR-120 resin and in the H + form, drop by drop without applying pressure.
- the resin was rinsed with 100 mL of water.
- the final pH was verified to be around 2.7-2.9.
- 2 g of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA-OH) was diluted in 10 mL of water, and added dropwise to the hyaluronic acid solution until the pH is close to 4.2-4.3.
- TSA-OH tetrabutylammonium hydroxide
- the degree of sulfation DS sulfation (also denoted DS s ) of the sample is defined as the average number of sulfate per repeat unit of hyaluronic acid.
- sulfate replaces the hydroxyl functions of hyaluronic acid
- the degree of sulfation DSs can range from 0 to 4.
- barium chloride BaCl 2
- the calibration curve was established by mixing 40, 60, 80 or 100 ⁇ L of Na 2 SO 4 at 0.59 g/L, adjusting to 100 ⁇ L with 1M HCl if necessary, then adding 700 ⁇ L of a solution of TCA 30 g/L and 200 ⁇ L of a solution of 5 g/L of gelatin+5 g/L of BaCl 2 .
- the blank was prepared by mixing 100 ⁇ L of 1M HCl + 700 ⁇ L of 30 g/L TCA + 200 ⁇ L of 5 g/L gelatin (without BaCl 2 ).
- the glucuronic acid mass fraction of the sample was analyzed using a colorimetric method adapted from the literature [31], [32] (Each repeating unit of hyaluronic acid contains one glucuronic acid).
- the day before the analysis sodium tetraborate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) at 25 mM in concentrated sulfuric acid and 7.48 mM of carbazole in anhydrous ethanol were prepared (the carbazole solution is left overnight in the refrigerator, and the tetraborate solution is left overnight in the oven at 40°C). No magnetic bar was introduced to avoid contamination.
- 0.7-1 mg of sample were dissolved in 1.5 mL of water, then 40 ⁇ L are taken and introduced into a 4 mL vial.
- the volume was adjusted up to 200 ⁇ L with water.
- the calibration curve was established by preparing four different vials containing 5, 15, 25 and 40 ⁇ g of NaHA 100 kg/mol in 200 ⁇ L of water. In all the vials (sample and calibration), 800 ⁇ L of Na2B4O7 were added. The vials were vortexed, heated for 10 minutes at 100° C. in an oil bath and cooled in water for 15 minutes. 200 ⁇ L of carbazole solution was added. The vials were vortexed, heated for 10 minutes at 100°C in an oil bath and cooled in water for 15 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 530 nm. The degree of sulfation was calculated using the following equation.
- HAS sulfated hyaluronic acid
- the degradation of sulfated hyaluronic acid according to the invention by hyaluronidase, at 37° C. is compared with that of unmodified hyaluronic acid according to the following protocol.
- the solution is filtered through 0.2 ⁇ m then incubated at 37° C. with stirring.
- the samples are heated for 10 min at 100°C to denature the enzyme, cooled to room temperature, then diluted to 0.7 g/L by adding a 0.1 M NaNO 3 solution.
- the samples are then analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (Waters GPC Alliance chromatograph, Parsippany, NJ, USA), equipped with a differential refractometer and a light scattering detector (MALLS) (Wyatt Technology, Goleta, CA , USA).
- MALLS light scattering detector
- the samples are injected at 0.7 g/L, eluted at 0.5 mL/min in 0.1 M NaNO 3 /0.005 M NaN 3 .
- the mobile phase and the samples are first filtered on 0.1 ⁇ m before being injected.
- the dn/dc value used is 0.1551, which corresponds to the dn/dc value of hyaluronic acid reported in the literature.
- HAS sulfated hyaluronic acid
- Molar mass measurement protocol Molar mass distribution and weight average molar mass of sulfated hyaluronic acids were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a differential refractometer and a light scattering detector (MALS) (from Wyatt Technology, Santa Barbara, USA). The samples were injected at a concentration of 0.7 mg/mL in 0.1 M NaNO 3 /0.005 M NaN 3 , at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and at a column temperature of 30°C. Samples and mobile phases were filtered through 0.1 ⁇ m before being injected into the column.
- SEC size exclusion chromatography
- MALS light scattering detector
- HA alone degrades rapidly in the presence of hyaluronidase at a concentration of 1000 U/mL (MW f /MW i ⁇ 0.025 in 24 hours)
- HA without hyaluronidase is stable, with 18% degradation in three months (MW f /MW i ⁇ 0.82).
- all the samples show a degradation of about 40 ⁇ 10% in two weeks (MW f /MW i
- the medium was dialyzed by ultrafiltration versus reverse osmosis water using of a 10 kDa ultrafiltration membrane, until the conductivity of the filtered water is less than 7-8 ⁇ S/cm.
- the HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 solution was lyophilized.
- the analysis of the degree of substitution of PBA (DSPBA) was carried out by 1 H NMR integration: the integration of the peak at 2.09 ppm corresponding to the N-acetyl protons of HA is normalized to 3.
- the degree of substitution DS PBA calculated according to the following equation, is approximately 0.3.
- HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 The modified hyaluronic acid thus obtained, denoted “HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 ”, was recovered with a yield greater than 90%, and a total yield from the HA of approximately 50%.
- HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 PEDOT is formed by oxidative polymerization from EDOT monomers, as shown schematically below.
- 713.9 mg of ammonium persulfate (APS) (1.33 eq) were dissolved in 16.1 mL of a mixture water:MeCN 9:1 (or 8:2 respectively) v:v degassed and cold, then added dropwise over 1 hour to the medium using a syringe pump.
- the medium was stirred for 4 hours at 4°C under nitrogen, then at ambient temperature until the end of the polymerization (the polymerization is considered complete when the pH is stable, below or approximately 1.1-1.3 , usually after 18-24 hours).
- the reaction was stopped by adding 32 mL of water, then the medium was dialyzed against osmosed water with a 6-8 kDa membrane, changing the bath every 4 to 10 hours until the conductivity of water is less than 8 ⁇ S. Then, the pH was adjusted to 7.40, then the reaction medium homogenized at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes using an IKA Ultra Turrax® disperser. The PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 solution was then lyophilized. The ink was recovered with a yield of between 85 and 90%. Conductivity measurements Deposition of an ink film on glass slides Glass slides were washed with acetone and ethanol, then activated by O 2 plasma (450 sccm, 200 W, 500 s) .
- the freeze-dried PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 ink was dissolved in water at 13 g/L and then vortexed. No additional processing was applied. This concentration was chosen to correspond to the PEDOT:PSS concentration of the commercial conductive ink CleviosPH1000 ® . 60 ⁇ l of the suspension were deposited on a glass slide inside a silicone ring of 1 cm internal diameter serving as a removable well and dried at ambient temperature. Conductivity Measurements The thickness of the ink film, denoted h, was measured with a Dektak DXT profilometer from Brüker.
- the resistivity of the film was determined using the 4-point probe marketed by Ossila (Power Cord Type, Sheffield, England), over a wide voltage and current range to certify the ohmic behavior.
- the conductivity was calculated according to the following equation: [Math 4] with c being the geometric correction coefficient determined by the software.
- the conductivity was measured in several areas of the film and then averaged.
- Figure 2 schematizes the steps of the conductivity measurement protocol. Under these conditions, without other modifications, the PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 ink has a conductivity of up to 2.18 S/cm. By way of comparison, CleviosPH1000 ® ink has a conductivity of 0.11 S/cm.
- Example 3 Preparation of a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention bearing sulfate groups, grafts comprising an aromatic nucleus and grafts having a crosslinkable function (HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.16 ), and PEDOT ink: HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGene 0.16
- HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGene 0.16 Preparation of modified hyaluronic acid HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGene 0.16 Synthesis of the molecule to be grafted carrying a crosslinkable function
- the synthesized molecule, of formula (G1) below, is denoted AP-HN-(PEG) 11 -NH 2 and designated more simply hereinafter “PEGene” with reference to the poly(ethylene glycol) chain and to the terminal ethenyl function.
- the product was purified by ultrafiltration versus osmosed water, using a membrane of ultrafiltration 10 kDa, until the conductivity of the filtered water is less than 7-8 ⁇ S/cm.
- the “HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGene 0.16 ” modified hyaluronic acid solution was frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried.
- the analysis of the degree of substitution in PEGene molecules was carried out by 1 H NMR integration: the integration of the signal at 2.09 ppm corresponding to the protons of the N-acetyl group of HA is normalized to 3.
- the degree of substitution DS PEGène calculated according to the equation [Math 5] is about 0.16.
- the degree of DS PBA substitution is about 0.3.
- the HSA4-PBA0.3-PEGène 0.16 modified hyaluronic acid was recovered with a yield greater than 90%, and a total yield from the initial HA of approximately 50%.
- Example 4 Synthesis of a modified hyaluronic acid according to the invention bearing sulphate groups and grafts comprising both an aromatic nucleus and a crosslinkable function (HSA 4 -ArEne 0.30 )
- HSA 4 -ArEne 0.30 4-[(pent-4-en-1-yloxy)methyl]aniline (denoted ArEne), commercially available, was grafted to sulfated hyaluronic acid prepared in Example 1, HAS 4 , following the same protocol than that for the grafting of 3-aminophenylboric acid (3APBA) to HAS 4 .
- 3-aminophenylboric acid 3-aminophenylboric acid
- the product was purified by ultrafiltration versus reverse osmosis water using a 10 kDa ultrafiltration membrane, until the conductivity of the filtered water is less than 7-8 ⁇ S/cm.
- the HSA 4 -ArEne 0.30 solution was freeze-dried.
- the grafting reaction is shown schematically below. [Chem 18]
- the degree of substitution in ArEne (DS ArEne ) cannot be obtained precisely by NMR since the N-acetyl protons of the HA at 2.09 ppm usually used to normalize the integration are superimposed with the two aliphatic protons of ArEne.
- the degree of DSArEne substitution is estimated by monitoring the kinetics of the grafting reaction, by assaying the remaining primary amines with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), which gives an orange final compound (trinitrophenylamine) which absorbs in the UV at 340 nm.
- the calibration curves of the primary amine (4-[(pent-4-en-1-yloxy)methyl]aniline) were established by preparing different solutions of 1 mL of primary amine at known concentrations (10 at 50 ⁇ g/mL) in a sodium bicarbonate buffer at 100 mM pH 8.5, from a stock solution of amine at 1 g/L in the same buffer.
- Example 5 Preparation of hydrogel films from the ink PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.16
- the ink synthesized in Example 3, PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.16 , was crosslinked using so-called “thiol-ene” chemistry, with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-(SH)2) dithiol of mass-average molar mass Mw 3.5 kg/mol as crosslinking agent, and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate as photoinitiator.
- PEG-(SH)2 poly(ethylene glycol)
- FIG. 3 schematizes the stages of formation of the crosslinked film of PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGene 0.16 on the surface of a non-functionalized glass slide and its immersion in water. When deposited on a non-functionalized glass slide, the reticulated ink film could be detached from the glass slide, resulting in a blue disc floating in the water, and which did not redissolve afterwards. 2 weeks in 1X PBS.
- FIG. 4 schematizes the crosslinking of the ink and its grafting to the surface of a glass slide functionalized by thiol functions.
- the crosslinked ink film was covalently bonded to the surface of the slide, and could undergo several cycles of hydration/ drying without detaching from the surface and without losing its conductive properties.
- FIG. 5 represents the curves of variation of the thickness of the crosslinked film and of its conductivity as a function of the number of hydration/drying cycles.
- Example 6 Preparation of Hydrogel Films from PEDOT:HAS 4 -ArEene 0.5 Ink Hydrogel films were prepared on the surface of glass slides not functionalized by thiol functions, from the ink based on PEDOT:HAS 4 -ArEene 0.5 (Example 4). The protocol for preparing the hydrogel films is the same as that described in Example 5, using two different crosslinking agents, PEG-(SH)2 (3.5 kg/mol) and dithiothreitol DTT (3.
- Example 7 Preparation of a Thick Conductive Hydrogel according to Another Procedure Synthesis of the Hydrogel from the Modified HA of Example 4
- PEG-(SH) 2 polyethylene glycol dithiol
- LAP photoinitiator
- hydrogels formed are characterized by rheological measurements in dynamic regime using an AR2000EX Rheometer from TA Instruments.
- PEG-(SH)23.5 kg/mol poly(ethylene glycol) dithiol
- LAP lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate
- the HAS-ArEne 0.5 hydrogel swollen with EDOT is immersed for 48 hours with stirring at room temperature in 2 mL of a water:acetonitrile 6:4 v:v solution containing ammonium persulfate at 135.57 mM and FeSO 4 at 1.36 mM.
- the supernatant is removed, and the hydrogel of HAS-ArEne loaded with PEDOT is purified by 4 successive washes of 2 hours in water:acetonitrile 8:2 v:v, then in PBS.
- a thick hydrogel of PEDOT:HAS-ArEne 0.5 is obtained.
- the modified hyaluronic acid HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 prepared according to the Example 1 was crosslinked using adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) via an amide coupling reaction using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) hydrochloride as coupling agent, as shown schematically below.
- ADH is a biocompatible compound, widely used to crosslink water-based emulsions and to design biodegradable hydrogels.
- the PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 /ADH hydrogel was immersed in three PBS baths successive periods of at least 4 hours to eliminate the by-products of the reactions, to adjust the salt concentration of the matrix, and to neutralize the pH of the hydrogel.
- the protocol is also applicable when using BisTris and Tris buffers instead of the MES buffer.
- the swelling rate of the hydrogel was measured. To summarize, after crosslinking, the hydrogel was immersed in PBS to swell until the mass stabilized (2-3
- the charge storage capacity must be at least greater than 1 mC/cm 2 to be competitive with a conventional stimulation recording electrode [52]; the CIC charge injection capability greater than 100 ⁇ C/cm 2 to exceed the CIC of the Pt electrode in vivo [53]; and the impedance at 1 kHz should be as low as possible to improve recording/pacing quality [54], with an appropriate range between 0.1
- Electrochemical measurement protocols A homemade cavity electrode was made using a platinum rod 4 cm long and 2 mm in diameter.
- the Pt rod was inserted into a 2 mm internal diameter PTFE tube, and the space between the rod and the tube sealed with epoxy resin to prevent water leaking along the tube which would alter the reactive surface of the electrode ( Figure 8).
- the tip of the Pt rod was polished by successive stripping, and the final polishing was carried out using a 1 ⁇ m diamond paste (RadioSpares). Then, it was rinsed with ultra-purified water, ethanol and sonicated for 10 minutes in ethanol.
- PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 was then electropolymerized on the surface of the platinum, in order to graft the hydrogel to the surface of the platinum during the simultaneous crosslinking of the hydrogel and the polymerization of the EDOT.
- a solution of 5 mM EDOT and 0.3-10 mM HAS 4 -PBA in DI water was prepared and degassed, and immediately used as the medium for cyclic Pt surface voltammetry.
- three electrodes were used, the working electrode being the polished Pt rod in a PTFE tube; the reference electrode being a conventional Ag/AgCl electrode ([KCl] 3M) for aqueous measurements; the counter electrode being a sheet of platinum.
- PEDOT: HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 was electropolymerized by carrying out 10 cycles of potential from -0.6 V to 0.96 V at 25 mV/s.
- the resulting functionalized surface was slightly blue ( Figure 8b).
- This surface functionalized by a thin layer of electropolymerized PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 is then able to manufacture the hydrogel which will remain fixed to the surface.
- the cavity was stacked on the functionalized Pt surface, using a 2 mm internal diameter tube section wedged inside a larger tube. For all electrodes, 6 ⁇ L of the hydrogel precursor mix was poured into the cavity on the functionalized Pt surface, and sealed for 24 hours to prevent water evaporation during gelation.
- the PEDOT:HAS4-PBA0.3/ADH hydrogels were immersed in three successive PBS baths for at least 4 hours to eliminate the reaction by-products, adjust the salt concentration of the matrix, and neutralize the pH of the hydrogel. All electrochemical measurements were made with the three-electrode cell previously described (the working electrode being the hydrogel electro-grafted onto the Pt rod in a PTFE tube; the reference electrode being the Ag/AgCl electrode classic ([KCl] 3M) for aqueous measurements; the counter-electrode being a sheet of platinum). All experiments were performed in freshly prepared and degassed PBS.
- CSC Charge Storage Capacity
- the charge storage capacity (CSC) value is an index of the charge transfer capabilities of an electrode material, and is useful for estimating the amount of charge that an electrode can “store” before being injected into the electrolyte, where redox reactions occur.
- the CSC is given in mC/cm 2 , because the electro-characterized materials are often considered as two-dimensional. Their active surface is considered equal to the contact surface between the material and the conductive materials. In the case of the test carried out, the electro-active part of the material cannot be considered as two-dimensional. Therefore, the SCC was given in mC/cm 3 . To compare with the values of the literature, they were also calculated in mC/cm 2 , according to the following equations: is the contact area between the gel and the Pt surface (3.14 mm 2 in this test). is the volume of the hydrogel (6 ⁇ L in our case).
- the cyclic voltammogram of the conductive hydrogel PEDOT: HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 /ADH is displayed after plateau correction of an almost constant anodic and cathodic current, characteristic of a capacitive behavior.
- CSC Charge injection capacity
- the charge injection capacity (CIC) of an electrode is defined as the amount of charge the electrode can inject per unit area without causing irreversible electrochemical reactions or tissue damage . This value is important in tissue stimulation because it should never be exceeded.
- the main risk is to exceed the hydrolysis potential of water which could trigger the local formation of gas bubbles, which can be fatal in the case of a bioelectronic device implanted on the brain for example.
- the CIC is given in mC/cm 2 (denoted CIC 2D ), but with the bulk conductive hydrogels prepared according to the invention, it was more important to define the volumetric CIC (CIC 3D in mC/cm 3 ).
- the charge injection capability was determined by pulse experiments. The pulse sequence consisted of a 125 ms cathodic current pulse followed by a 30 ms rest time, then a 250 ms charge compensation anode pulse, followed by a 30 ms rest time. 1 second.
- the potential of the working electrode was recorded over time.
- the amplitude of the Apulse current pulses was gradually increased, until an inflection in the potential of the working electrode during the cathodic pulse was observed, indicating the onset of the hydrolysis reaction of the water ( Figure 10).
- the time between the start of the cathodic pulse and the onset of the inflection was defined as t max .
- the CIC 2D and CIC 3D surface and volume load injection capabilities have been defined as follows:
- the PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 /ADH hydrogel displayed 2D CIC values of 2.5 ⁇ 0.2 mC/cm 2 (CIC3D ⁇ 13.1 ⁇ 1.0 mC/cm 3 ).
- EIS Electrical impedance spectroscopy
- EIS impedance spectroscopy
- Bode diagrams were plotted for the PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 /ADH hydrogel and for a platinum electrode for comparison (FIG. 11). The values extracted from the curves are summarized in the following table. Table 5: Impedance properties of the hydrogels (average over the three hydrogels).
- the PEDOT:HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 /ADH hydrogel displays an impedance at 1 kHz of 412 ⁇ 35 ⁇ with a cutoff frequency f cutoff of 2 ⁇ 1 Hz ( Figure 11a), and a phase of 10 Hz at 1000 Hz close to 0 (-2 ⁇ 1°, average over the three hydrogels), which was in agreement with the average impedance at 1 kHz for the PEDOT-based interpenetrating conductive hydrogels reported in the literature (10 3 -10 5 ⁇ ), but above the impedance reported at 1 kHz for pure PEDOT-based conductive hydrogels (80-300 ⁇ ).
- the hydrogel comprising the modified HA HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 is slowly degraded in PBS, unlike the PEDOT:HA hydrogel /ADH comprising unmodified HA.
- the m(t)/m 0 values are reported in Table 6 below.
- HSA4 - PBA0,3 - PEGène0,17 Modified Hyaluronic Acid was implemented for the synthesis of modified hyaluronic acid HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.17.
- the HAS4 (1 g; 1.23 mmol) was dissolved in 292 mL of water. 203 mL of DMF was slowly added.
- DMTMM (0.51 g; 1.85 mmol
- 3APBA 70 mg; 0.37 mmol
- PEGene 460 mg; 0.74 mmol
- the HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.17 was recovered after lyophilization with a yield of 90%.
- the preparation reaction of HSA 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.17 is shown schematically below.
- the solution was mixed for 10 minutes at 25,000 rpm using an Ultra Turrax T-10 basic disperser with an S 10 N-8G dispersing tool (Roth, Düsseldorf, Germany). After mixing, the solution was mixed at room temperature under nitrogen, until a stable pH was obtained below 1.4-1.5 (about 18 hours).
- the medium was dialyzed against deionized water with a 6-8 kDa membrane, changing the bath until the conductivity of the water was below 8 ⁇ S/cm. Then, the pH was adjusted to 7.40 by adding 1 M NaOH. The medium was then successively filtered through 3 ⁇ m cellulose acetate membrane filters; 1.2 ⁇ m and 0.8 ⁇ m if possible, to remove large aggregates.
- PEDOT:HAS-PBA-PEGene was recovered by lyophilization as a deep blue powder, with a yield of approximately 94%. The formation of PEDOT:HAS-PBA-PEGene is shown schematically below. 9.2. Formulation of an ink for inkjet printing An "S" solution of water containing 2 g/L of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and 2.3% by volume of glycerol was prepared.10 mg of HAS 4 -PBA 0.3 -PEGène 0.17 were dissolved in 932.4 ⁇ L of solution S.
- DBSA dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid
- the conductive lines with a length of 1-2 cm were printed on thiol functionalized glass or on a PEG/chitosan hydrogel film having alkene groups on their surface fixed on a ribbon substrate.
- the print parameters are: substrate temperature of 25°C, printhead temperature of 25°C, drip spacing of 25 ⁇ m, 2 print nozzles and an applied potential of approximately 25 V to the print nozzles.
- the ink is stable for several hours (> 2 hours) by regularly rinsing with water.
- FIG. 13 presents the microscopic images of the conductive sinusoidal tracks formed on the glass slide functionalized by thiol functions (a) and on the PEG/chitosan hydrogel film (b).
- References [1] Matsuhisa et al., Chemical Society Reviews 48, 2946-2966 (2019); [2] Liu et al., ACS nano 11, 9614-9635 (2017); [3] Kros et al., Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 106, 289-295 (2005); [4] Miriani et al., Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2008, 1841-1844; [5] Bodart et al. ACS Appl. Mater.
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| PCT/EP2021/086162 WO2022129317A1 (fr) | 2020-12-17 | 2021-12-16 | Acide hyaluronique modifié comme dopant de polymères de type pedot et/ou pprodot |
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| CN111303459B (zh) * | 2020-01-20 | 2021-02-12 | 华南理工大学 | 一种透明质酸基双交联水凝胶的制备方法 |
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