Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
  • G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
  • G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
  • G01S17/08—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only
  • G01S17/32—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
  • G01S17/34—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
  • G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
  • G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
  • G01S17/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
  • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
  • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
  • G01S7/4811—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements common to transmitter and receiver
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
  • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
  • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
  • G01S7/4814—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of transmitters alone
  • G01S7/4815—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of transmitters alone using multiple transmitters
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
  • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
  • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
  • G01S7/4816—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of receivers alone
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
  • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
  • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
  • G01S7/4818—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements using optical fibres
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
  • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
  • G01S7/499—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00 using polarisation effects
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
  • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
  • G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
  • G02B19/0052—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source the light source comprising a laser diode
  • G02B19/0057—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source the light source comprising a laser diode in the form of a laser diode array, e.g. laser diode bar
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
  • G02B27/283—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising used for beam splitting or combining

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a photonic chip and a photonic component integrating such a chip. They find a very particular application in the field of free space communication and LiDAR (“Light Detection and Ranging”) telemetry or in fiber optics.
• LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging
• a photonic component implementing a frequency-modulated continuous-wave LIDAR generally uses an optical mixer to establish a measurement signal by interferometric beat between an emission radiation and a reflected radiation.
• the strength of the measurement signal is dependent on the polarization of these signals.
• the rays must have the same polarization at the input of the mixer, the measurement signal being zero if the polarizations of the two rays are orthogonal to each other.
• these architectures implement at least one fiber circulator to differentiate the forward path traveled by an emission radiation and a return path traveled by a reflected radiation. To maintain the polarization of the optical fields of this radiation, the fibers must be polarization-maintaining, which is expensive. Finally, these architectures are not robust to changes in polarization of the reflected radiation, these changes possibly being linked to the nature of the illuminated body of the scene, or to the angle of incidence of the light beam on this body.
• the invention proposes a photonic chip and a photonic component for transmitting and receiving a light beam which differ from this state of the art, and seek to provide a highly integrated solution.
• the chip and the photonic component while preserving their compact characteristics, are capable of illuminating the scene using beams having two different polarizations.
• the object of the invention proposes a photonic chip comprising at least one transmission-reception circuit comprising at least one laser source for supplying a first radiation, called local oscillator, to an optical mixer and to supply emission radiation to a coupling device, the local oscillator and the emission radiation having the same determined polarization.
• the coupling device is configured to propagate at the level of a measurement surface the emission radiation in free space in the form of an emission light beam and to receive in return at the level of the same measurement surface a beam reflected light and guide it to the optical mixer in the form of reflected radiation having the determined polarization.
• the optical mixer establishes a measurement signal by interferometric beat of the local oscillator and of the reflected radiation.
• the laser source comprises, or is associated with, a frequency modulator
• the photonic chip comprises a power divider optically associated with the laser source, the power divider supplying the local oscillator and the emission radiation;
• the transmission-reception circuit coupling device comprises a first waveguide and a second waveguide and, arranged between the first and the second waveguide, an edge coupler optically connected to a splitter polarization and a polarization rotator;
• the transmission-reception circuit coupling device comprises a first waveguide and a second waveguide and, arranged between the first and the second waveguide, a surface coupler with a polarization splitter grating;
• the transmission-reception circuit comprises a first measurement path for propagating a first emission beam having, at the chip output, a first propagation bias and a second measurement path for propagating a second emission beam having a second propagation polarization, orthogonal to the first;
• the first emission beam is propagated by a first coupling device and the second emission beam is propagated by a second coupling device, distinct from the first;
• the transmission-reception circuit comprises a first switch optically arranged between the laser source and the first and second coupling device and a second switch optically arranged between the first and second coupling device and the mixer;
• the transmission-reception circuit comprises:
• a first switch for selectively connecting a first waveguide of a multiplexed coupling device to the laser source or to the mixer;
• a second switch for selectively connecting a second waveguide of the multiplexed coupling device to the laser source or to the mixer;
• the photonic chip comprises a plurality of transmission-reception circuits
• the transmission-reception circuit comprises a plurality of coupling devices
• the transmission-reception circuit comprises a wavelength demultiplexer to respectively distribute the wavelengths of the radiation towards the coupling devices optically connected to outputs of the demultiplexer;
• the transmission-reception circuit comprises a plurality of laser sources respectively emitting the plurality of wavelengths, the transmission-reception circuit also comprising a wavelength multiplexer for producing the radiation having the plurality of wavelengths 'wave ;
• the outputs of the demultiplexer are respectively coupled to power dividers supplying, respectively, local oscillators to mixers and emission radiation to the coupling devices (C);
• the transmission-reception circuit comprises: o a transmission bus optically connected to the laser source and a reception bus optically connected to the mixer, the plurality of coupling devices being placed optically between the transmission bus and the bus reception ; o a first plurality of transmission elements, arranged between the transmission bus and the plurality of coupling devices, for selectively coupling the transmission bus to a determined coupling device and allowing the transmission radiation to propagate; a second plurality of transmission elements, arranged between the plurality of coupling devices and the reception bus, for selectively coupling the determined coupling device to the reception bus and allowing the propagation of the reflected radiation;
• the transmission elements are filters, the filters respectively associated with a coupling device having identical transmission wavelength ranges between them;
• the transmission elements are switches; - the transmission-reception circuit comprises a transmission bus optically arranged between a power divider and the mixer, the transmission bus being selectively coupled to the coupling devices by optical circulator switches; the photonic chip also comprises two switches for selectively propagating the emission radiation in the transmission bus according to a first direction of propagation or according to a second direction of propagation, opposite to the first.
• the invention proposes a photonic component comprising at least one photonic chip as described above and at least one Faraday rotator arranged at the level of the measurement surface of the chip to intercept the emission beam and the reflected beam.
• the photonic component can comprise a lens for collimating the emission beam and the reflected beam and/or a polarizer configured to allow the transmission of the emission beam and the reflected beam according to a single polarization.
• FIG. la and lb show two views of a first embodiment of a photonic component according to the invention
• FIG. 2b Figures 2a and 2b show two views of a second embodiment of a photonic component according to the invention
• FIG. 3 illustrates the architecture and operating principles of a transmission-reception circuit of a photonic chip according to the invention
• Figure 4 shows a first embodiment of a coupling device
• Figure 5 shows another embodiment of a coupling device
• Figures 6a to 6c represent several variants of an improved version of a transmission-reception circuit
• FIG. 7 represents a block diagram of a chip comprising a plurality of transceiver circuits
• Figures 8a to 8f represent several configurations of a transmission-reception circuit implementing implements wavelength or time division multiplexing to reduce the number of circuit components.
• photonic chip will designate in the present application an integrated circuit based on semiconductor materials formed by standard microelectronics techniques. This chip can be formed from an assembly of elements based on independent semiconductor materials, for example laser sources, photo-detectors, waveguides, electrical or electronic processing circuits.
• FIGS. 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b two embodiments of a photonic component 100 according to the invention are presented.
• Such a component 100 comprises a photonic chip 10 having a main surface 10a.
• Measurement surfaces Sm of a plurality of optical coupling devices C are flush with main surface 10a.
• each coupling device C makes it possible to propagate at its measurement surface Sm, in free space, an emission electromagnetic radiation, generated by the chip 10 in the form of a light beam resignation.
• This emission beam is reflected by an illuminated body of a scene placed in the field of vision of the component 100.
• the same measurement surface Sm of the photonic chip 10 makes it possible to receive, in return, the light beam reflected by the body .
• the coupling device C associated with this measurement surface Sm injects and guides this beam in the form of radiation reflected in the photonic chip 10.
• the emission light beam and the reception light beam are at least partially superimposed on the main surface 10a.
• the same coupling device C ensures the emission of the light beam and the reception of the beam reflected at this surface. It is not necessary to provide a complex fiber drawing of the component 100, as is the case with certain prior art architectures presented in the introduction to this application.
• Each coupling device C forms part of a transmission-reception circuit 1 of chip 10, a detailed description of which will be given in subsequent sections of this description.
• the photonic chip 10 provided with at least one emission-reception circuit 1 is able to generate the emission light beam and to process the reflected light beam to establish an electrical measurement signal V representative of the distance separating the photonic component 100 of the reflection body and/or the relative speed of the component 100 and this body.
• the photonic component 100 also comprises, placed on the main surface 10a of the photonic chip 10, at least one collimating lens.
• the measurement surfaces Sm of the coupling devices C are arranged in the focal plane of the lens L. These coupling devices C are designed so that, depending on their position on the main surface 10a, the emission light beams which emerge from the surfaces of measurements Sm are projected in the far fields along straight lines (shown in dotted lines in FIGS. lb and 2b) passing through the optical center of the lens L.
• a single lens L can be provided as shown in FIGS. lb, 2b, but one can alternatively provide for a plurality of lenses, for example a lens associated with each measurement surface Sm.
• an optional optical part 20 has also been placed, here placed on the main surface 10a of the chip 10 and assembled as a sandwich between the photonic chip 10 and the lens L.
• this optical part 20 are possible insofar as it remains in the optical path of the emission and reflected light beams. It could in particular be integrated into the chip 10.
• the optical part 20 comprises a 45° polarization rotator, for example a Faraday rotator, so that after propagation of the emission beam and the return of the reflected beam, the reflected radiation propagating from the main surface 10a of the photonic chip 10 has a polarization orthogonal to the emission radiation.
• the polarization rotator is not necessary when the reflected beam naturally presents a polarization orthogonal to the emission beam, for example when such a rotation of polarization takes place during the reflection of the emission beam on the illuminated body of the stage.
• the optical part 20 can also comprise, in addition to the polarization rotator, a polarizer arranged downstream of the Faraday rotator in the direction of propagation of the emission beam.
• This polarizer is configured to allow the transmission of the emission and reflected light beams according to a single polarization (the propagation polarization of the beams, modified by the Faraday rotator when the latter is present).
• interference components of the reflected light beam having polarizations different from the propagation polarization, do not couple to the photonic chip 10 and do not propagate in the transmission-reception circuits 1 of this chip 10, in particular towards the laser sources contained in these circuits.
• the use of such a polarizer is preferable when the power of the reflected radiation is greater than 1/100 of the power of the emission radiation.
• the photonic component 100 can be operated to generate an emission light beam from a measurement surface Sm associated with a selected emission-reception circuit 1, so as to propagate a beam in a chosen direction.
• the photonic chip 10 may include or be electrically associated with a control circuit making it possible to select or operate one of the transmission-reception circuits 1 of the chip 10.
• the photonic component 100 takes the general shape of a bar, that is to say a parallelepiped rectangle having a relatively narrow face, and a relatively wide face.
• the narrow face of the strip corresponds to the main surface 10a of the chip photonics 10.
• the measurement surfaces Sm of the coupling devices C are here aligned in a row on the narrow face of the strip.
• FIGS. 1a and 1b show a photonic component 100 provided with five measurement surfaces Sm and therefore capable of generating a light beam in five different directions, but more generally the photonic component 100 could be provided with any number of surfaces.
• measurement Sm typically between 1 and 100 of these surfaces.
• each measurement surface Sm may have a dimension of the order of several square microns, or even one hundred to several hundreds of square microns, and two of these surfaces Sm may be separated by a distance typically comprised between 3 and 500 microns.
• each measurement surface Sm of a coupling device is associated with a transmission-reception circuit 1.
• the coupling devices C can each comprise an edge coupler EC (“edge coupler” according to the Anglo-Saxon terminology often used in this field) the end of which is flush with the main surface 10a forms the measurement surface Sm.
• edge coupler is meant any device for coupling a beam to a waveguide in which the guide is arranged in the plane of propagation of the beam. This type of coupler is also designated by the Anglo-Saxon expression “in-plane coupler” in the field. It may in particular be an adiabatic coupler.
• the measurement surfaces Sm of the coupling devices C are arranged in a matrix on the relatively large main surface 10a of the photonic chip 10.
• This main surface 10a corresponds to the main plane of the manufacturing substrate of this chip 10 and the coupling devices C in this case advantageously each comprise at least one surface coupler at GC network (“grating coupler” according to the Anglo-Saxon terminology of the field).
• grating coupler denotes any device for coupling a beam to a waveguide in which the guide is arranged outside the plane of propagation of the beam, substantially perpendicular to this plane of propagation.
• coupler is also designated by the Anglo-Saxon expression “off-plane coupler” (out-of-plane coupler) or “vertical coupler” (vertical coupler) in the field. It may in particular be a surface coupler with a polarization separator network.
• a transmission-reception circuit 1 advantageously comprises a plurality of coupling devices C aligned in a column on the main face 10a of the chip 10.
• This chip 10 can comprise a plurality of transmission circuits -reception 1 arranged side by side so as to form a matrix arrangement of the measurement surfaces Sm on the main surface 10a.
• the matrix can be of any size, for example ranging from a 2*2 matrix to a 100*100 matrix, square or rectangular, and arranged in rows and in columns as shown in the figures, or according to any other arrangement, for example in polar form.
• each measurement surface Sm can have a dimension of the order of several square microns, or even one hundred to several hundreds of square microns and two of these surfaces Sm be separated by a distance typically between 3 and 500 microns.
• This transmission-reception circuit 1 ensures the transmission of the transmission light beam and the reception of the reflected light beam from the photonic component 100. It implements a technique of frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW, according to the initials of the Anglo-Saxon expression "Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave”) to produce the measurement signal V.
• FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
• the transmission-reception circuit 1 comprises a laser source L, or is connected to a laser source, optically associated with a power divider S to supply a first radiation, called local oscillator LO, to a first input of an optical mixer M.
• the power divider S also supplies a second radiation, called emission radiation Re, which is guided towards the coupling device C. It is noted that the divider S does not form an essential element of the circuit 1, and that the it is possible to provide other arrangements making it possible to supply the local oscillator LO and the emission radiation Re, for example via two distinct and synchronized laser sources.
• this coupling device C is configured to project at the level of a measurement surface Sm (for example the exposed surface of an edge coupler or of a surface coupler with a polarization splitting grating) the emission radiation Re in free space in the form of an emission beam.
• the coupling device C is also configured to receive at the same measurement surface Sm the reflected light beam.
• the coupling device C injects the reflected beam into the photonic circuit 1 in the form of reflected radiation Rr which it guides towards an optical mixer M.
• the mixer M therefore receives the local oscillator LO and the reflected radiation Rr (which have the same determined polarization p, as symbolized in FIG. 3) which it beats together interferometrically on one or more photodetectors to establish the electrical signal measurement V.
• the average frequency of this measurement signal is representative of the distance separating the photonic component 100 integrating the circuit 1 from the body which reflects the emission light beam. It is also possible to process the electrical measurement signal to determine the relative speed of this body.
• the laser source L comprises, or is associated with, a frequency modulator, for example by modulating its frequency in a ramp or in a triangle. This modulation can be obtained by controlling the injection current of the source L or by using a light phase modulator.
• the transmission-reception circuit 1 is associated with a control circuit, which may or may not be integrated into the chip 10, and which in all cases supplies the electrical signals to the circuit(s).
• (S) transmission-reception 1 (and in particular to the laser source L) allowing its/their operation.
• the control circuit can also be connected to the transmission-reception circuit(s) 1 to receive the measurement signal or signals V and carry out the conversion processing operations making it possible to establish a distance measurement and/or of speed.
• the transmission-reception circuit 1 is, in all cases, produced using standard photonics techniques, for example from a silicon-on-insulator substrate.
• the radiation propagating in this circuit such as the radiation emitted by the laser source L, the emission radiation Re, the reflected radiation Rr and the local oscillator LO are guided between the various elements of circuit 1 via waveguides.
• An important characteristic of the photonic chip 10 of the present description is to exploit a single measurement surface Sm of a coupling device C to emit the emission beam and to receive the reflected beam. This characteristic makes it possible to form a chip 10 and a photonic component 100 which are particularly compact, and to use the same optical part 20 and/or a single lens/block of collimating lenses L to process the emission beam and the reflected beam.
• this characteristic may require proper isolation at the level of the coupling device C on the one hand of the emission radiation Re intended to be guided towards the measurement surface Sm, and on the other hand of the radiation reflected Rr which is guided towards the optical mixer M.
• This isolation can be implemented in several ways, depending on the level of isolation required for the system.
• the coupling device C implements an edge coupler EC and comprises a polarization splitter PBS receiving the emission radiation Re from the divider S or from a laser source L by via a first waveguide Ga.
• the polarization splitter PBS is optically connected on the one hand to the coupler EC and on the other hand to a polarization rotator PR.
• the PBS polarization splitter separates the radiation which is incident on it into two radiations of orthogonal polarizations.
• the polarization rotator is connected to a second waveguide Gb, to propagate the reflected radiation towards the mixer M.
• the polarizations TE, TM of the radiation propagating in the coupling device C have thus been symbolized in FIG. 4.
• the emission radiation Re here has a determined polarization TE corresponding to one of the orthogonal separation polarizations of the PBS bias. This radiation is therefore transmitted with little or no attenuation to the EC coupler.
• the emission light beam which is emitted in free space at the level of the emission surface Sm of the coupler EC has a propagation polarization Pa (linked to the determined polarization TE, but not necessarily identical) and undergoes a first rotation of 45° of its polarization by crossing a first time the Faraday rotator 20a of the optical part 20 to present a modified propagation polarization Pa+45.
• the reflected light beam (which we form the hypothesis here that it has the same polarization Pa+45 as that of the emission beam after the latter has passed through the optical part 20) undergoes a second rotation of 45° from its polarization on the return path crossing again the Faraday rotator 20a of the optical part 20, to take a Pb polarization, therefore orthogonal to the propagation polarization, before being projected onto the measurement surface.
• the reflected radiation Rr guided by the coupler EC has a polarization TM orthogonal to the polarization TE of the emission radiation Re. And this reflected radiation Rr is therefore directed towards a path of the polarization splitter PBS distinct from the path receiving the radiation from emission Re.
• Radiation reflected Rr is then guided towards the polarization rotator PR making it possible to replace, by imposing a rotation of 90°, the reflected radiation Rr in the determined polarization of origin TE, that is to say that of the emission radiation Re
• the reflected radiation Rr therefore has the same polarization as the local oscillator LO so that they can be processed by the mixer M significantly and establish the measurement V.
• the coupling device C of FIG. 4 could be operated in an inverted configuration according to which the emission radiation Re is propagated via the second waveguide Gb on the second input of the coupling device C, and the reflected radiation propagated via the first waveguide Ga on the first input of the coupling device C.
• the emission beam has at the chip output a propagation polarization Pb orthogonal to that of the "standard" configuration shown in Figure 4.
• FIG. 5 represents a second example of a coupling device C, this time implementing a surface coupler GC.
• the surface coupler GC is a coupler with a polarization separator grating making it possible to couple the two components Pa, Pb of the electromagnetic field of the beam reflected in free optics, into two rays Re, Rr guided by two waveguides distinct Ga, Gb.
• the guided radiations Re, Rr have the same polarization TE.
• the coupler GC makes it possible to combine two rays Re, Rr propagated in waveguides Ga, Gb of the photonic chip 10, into an emission light beam in free space having two perpendicular components.
• only the emission radiation Re propagates towards the coupler Gc on the first waveguide Ga, and the emission light beam therefore does not present essentially only a polarization component Pa.
• the reflected radiation propagates itself on the second waveguide Gb.
• the Faraday rotator 20a and the polarizer 20b in this second example play the same roles as those described above.
• the optical part 20 it is not necessary for the optical part 20 to include a Faraday rotator 20a, if the reflected beam naturally presents a polarization orthogonal to the emission beam, this change in polarization being able to be caused by the reflection on the illuminated target T of the scene.
• the reflected beam is liable to present spurious polarization components, in particular a component orthogonal to the modified polarization Pa+45
• a polarizer 20b aligned on this modified polarization Pa+45, so as to block the parasitic component at the input of the transmission-reception circuit 1 and thus prevent it is not coupled to the laser source L. The good stability of this source is thus preserved.
• FIG. 6a presents a block diagram of an improved version of the photonic circuit 1 represented in FIG. 3.
• two orthogonal polarizations are used to form a photonic circuit 1 having two distinct measurement channels and respectively based on the two orthogonal polarizations.
• the photonic circuit 1 of this figure we find the laser source L, the power divider S, a first mixer M and a first coupling device C, optically connected together in accordance with the block diagram of FIG. 3.
• the first mixer M and the first coupling device C form a first measurement channel establishing a first measurement signal V.
• the photonic circuit 1 also comprises a second mixer M' and a second coupling device C', separate from the first coupling device C , and optically connected together to form a second measurement channel establishing a second measurement signal V′.
• the power divider S has two separate channels making it possible to guide in the first channel, and via two separate waveguides, the first emission radiation Re towards the first coupling device C and the first local oscillator LO to the first mixer M. It also makes it possible to guide in the second channel, via two other separate waveguides, the second emission radiation Re' to the second coupling device C' and the second local oscillator LO' to the second mixer M'. These radiations Re, Re', LO, LO' all have the same first polarization TE.
• the propagation bias Pa of the first emission beam is rotated 45° by the first Faraday rotator 20a.
• the polarization of the reflected beam Pa+45 is also rotated by 45° by the first Faraday rotator 20a so that it has a modified propagation polarization Pb, orthogonal to the propagation polarization Pa of the emission beam, at the output of the chip 10, when it projects onto the measurement surface Sm of the chip 10.
• This polarization component Pb is coupled to the chip by the first coupling device C and the reflected radiation Rr, having the same first polarization TE as the first emission radiation Re is guided towards the first mixer M.
• the second coupling device C′ for its part, is configured to propagate a second emission beam having a propagation polarization Pb, at the output of the chip 10, orthogonal to the polarization Pa of the first emission beam.
• This polarization Pb is rotated by 45° by the second Faraday rotator 20a'
• the polarization of the second reflected beam Pb+45 is rotated by 45° by the second Faraday rotator 20a' so that it has a modified polarization Pa, orthogonal to the propagation polarization Pb of the second emission beam, when it projects onto the measurement surface Sm of the chip 10.
• This polarization component Pa is coupled to the chip 10 by the second coupling device C and the radiation reflected Rr', having the same first polarization TE as the second emission radiation Re', is guided towards the second mixer M'.
• the transmission-reception circuit of FIG. 6 makes it possible to transmit two transmission beams having orthogonal polarizations, and defining different measurement channels for each of these polarizations.
• the first and second emission rays Re, Re' are generated alternately in time (and not simultaneously) via a first switch SW1 which makes it possible to guide the light coming from of the source L alternately on the first coupling device C or the second coupling device C′.
• This implementation advantageously makes it possible to use only a single mixer M, synchronously connected to the first coupling device C or to the second coupling device C′ via a second switch SW2 making it possible to selectively guide towards this single mixer M the first reflected radiation Rr or the second Rr'.
• the sequencing of optical switches SW1, SW2 can be controlled by the control circuit of chip 10.
• Transmit-receive circuit 1 indeed has two measurement channels, but uses a single time-multiplexed coupling device C''.
• a first switch SW1' is arranged between the laser source L (via the power divider S), the mixer M and a first input of the coupling device C associated with a first waveguide Ga. The first switch SW1' makes it possible to selectively optically connect this first input of the coupler (the first waveguide Ga) to the divider S or to the mixer M.
• a second switch SW2' is arranged between the power divider S, the mixer M and a second input of the coupling device multiplexed C'', associated with a second waveguide Gb.
• the second switch SW2' makes it possible to selectively optically connect the second input of the multiplexed coupling device C'' (the second waveguide Gb) to the laser source L, via the divider S, or to the mixer M.
• By switching the switches SW1', SW2' it is possible to propagate, according to a first configuration making it possible to emit an emission beam having a first polarization Pa (lower part of FIG.
• the coupler C'' is configured to emit a emission beam having the first polarization Pa.
• the emission radiation Re propagates from the divider S to the second input of the multiplexed coupling device C'', and the reflected radiation Rr propagates from the first input of the multiplexed coupling device C'' to the mixer M.
• the coupling device C'' is configured to emit an emission beam having a second polarization Pb, perpendicular to the first Pa.
• This variant advantageously makes it possible to have only a single mixer M, and a single multiplexed coupling device C'' to form the two measurement channels, which makes it possible to reduce the size of the transmission-reception circuit 1 and therefore of the chip 10, while providing a chip 10 offering an interrogation with diversity of polarizations. Also in this example, the sequencing of the optical switches SW1', SW2' can be controlled by the control circuit of chip 10.
• the coupling device C, C′, C′ can either incorporate an edge coupler EC according to the configuration of FIG. 4 or a surface coupler GC according to the configuration of FIG. 5.
• the latter will emit a beam of emission having a first polarization Pa or a second polarization Pb, orthogonal to the first Pa.
• Photonic chip comprising a plurality of transmission-reception circuits
• each of the transmit-receive circuits here has a single measurement channel, but it is perfectly possible to integrate in chip 10 circuits 1 having two measurement channels, sequentially or simultaneously activatable, in accordance with what has just been described in relation to FIGS. 6a to 6c.
• the laser sources L of each of the transmission-reception circuits of chip 10 can be chosen so that they all (or some of them) emit radiation having the same wavelength. But alternatively, the laser sources L emit radiation having different wavelengths or, more precisely, having wavelengths comprised in different ranges.
• the emission-reception circuits 1 comprise coupling devices C configured to emit (with the assistance of the collimation lens L of the photonic component 100 that the chip 10 is intended to form) emission light beams oriented according to different directions, as has already been presented in connection with the description of the photonic component 100.
• the chip 10 comprising a plurality of transmission-reception circuits 1, it provides a plurality of measurement signals V which can be exploited by a control circuit, not shown.
• the chip 10 of FIG. 7 can either be used to form a "bar" photonic component 100 of the first mode of implementation or to form a "surface” photonic component 100 of the second mode of implementation as illustrated in the lower part of this figure.
• a transmission-reception circuit 1 has been shown taking up the operating principles explained above, but more particularly adapted to the formation of a “surface” photonic component according to which the measurement surfaces Sm are arranged to occupy a plan, for example in the form of a matrix.
• a plurality of transmit-receive circuits 1 conforming to that represented in FIG. 8a are arranged side by side in a photonic chip 10, as shown at the bottom of FIG. 7.
• Each transmit-receive circuit 1 comprises a plurality of coupling device C, advantageously conforming to the arrangement of FIG. 5 in which the couplers GC are of the surface type and have a polarization splitter network.
• the power divider S making it possible to establish the transmission radiation Re and the local oscillator LO
• the mixer M making it possible to establish a measurement signal V per beat interferometric of the local oscillator LO and of a reflected radiation Rr.
• the transmission-reception circuit 1 also comprises a transmission bus BE, optically connected to the power divider S, for distributing the transmission radiation Re to the coupling devices C.
• the transmission-reception circuit 1 also comprises a reception bus BR to collect the reflected radiation Rr supplied by the coupling devices C and guide it towards the mixer M.
• the coupling devices C are arranged between the transmission bus BE and the reception bus BR, and respectively coupled to these buses via filters F1, F2 (FIG. 8a) or optical switches SW1, SW2 (FIG. 8d). These filters or optical switches are generically designated by “transmission elements”.
• a plurality of transmission filters F1 have been arranged, respectively associated with the coupling devices C.
• the transmission filters Fl make it possible to selectively couple the transmission bus BE to a coupling device C and allow the propagation of the transmission radiation Re to this device C.
• reception filters F2 make it possible to selectively couple the reception bus BR to a device coupling C to allow the propagation of the reflected radiation towards the mixer M.
• the F1 transmission and F2 reception filters are band-pass filters, i.e. they transmit a radiation between an input and an output of the filter when this radiation has a wavelength comprised in a range of transmission wavelengths specific to the filter. When the radiation has a wavelength outside this range, the radiation is blocked and not transmitted between the input and the output of the filter.
• a transmission filter F1 and a reception filter F2 associated with the same coupling device C have wavelength ranges identical transmissions.
• the transmission F1 and reception F2 filters associated with different coupling devices C have different transmission wavelength ranges.
• the transmission wavelength ranges of the filters are distributed in the wide band of wavelengths of the radiation emitted by the laser source L and jointly cover, without overlapping, this wide band.
• this radiation will propagate in one of the coupling devices C, the one whose transmission filter F1 has a range of transmission wavelengths covering the length d wave of the emission radiation Re.
• the reception filter F2 associated with this coupling device C having the same range of transmission wavelengths as the transmission filter Fl and the reflected radiation Rr having substantially the same wavelength. wave than the emission radiation Re, this reflected radiation Rr will be transmitted by the reception filter F2 via the reception bus BR to the mixer M.
• the choice of the wavelength of the emission radiation Re can be made in different ways. Provision can be made, according to a first approach, to arrange a master filter in the FM frequency modulation block.
• the master filter FM is then configured, for example by the control device, to filter the radiation emitted by the block FM so that the emission light radiation Re has wavelengths extending in a range which corresponds ( or which is narrower) to one of the transmission wavelength ranges of the filters F1, F3.
• the master filter FM one selects in a way the coupling device C which will be activated to propagate the emission light beam among all the coupling devices C of the emission-reception circuit 1.
• FIG. 8b represents a first variant of a circuit 1 also implementing wavelength division multiplexing.
• this first variant there is the laser source L and the FM frequency modulation block generating radiation R having a plurality of wavelengths R(11), R(12), R(in).
• This radiation is injected into an input De of a wavelength demultiplexer D, having a plurality of outputs Ds(11), Ds(12), Ds(in) to respectively provide radiation R(11), R( 12), R(ln) each having a particular wavelength 11, 12, in.
• Each output Ds of the demultiplexer D is optically connected to a power divider S, providing a local oscillator LO(11), LO(12), LO(1n) and emission radiation Re(11), Re(12), Re(in).
• the wavelength of a local oscillator LO and of an emission radiation Re coming from the same divider S are of course identical.
• Each emission radiation Re is guided towards a first input of a coupling device C, and the reflected radiation Rr coming from this device C is guided towards a mixer M dedicated to this coupling device C.
• the mixer M also receives the local oscillator coming from the power divider S, in order to provide a measurement signal V.
• the demultiplexer D distributes respectively the components of wavelengths of radiation R having a plurality of wavelengths towards the coupling devices C.
• FIG. 8c represents another variant of a transmission-reception circuit 1 also implementing wavelength division multiplexing.
• the power dividers S we find the power dividers S, the coupling devices C, the mixers M making it possible to process in combination radiation having a particular wavelength il, 12, lm coming from an output Ds(ll), Ds(12), Ds (in) of a wavelength demultiplexer.
• This demultiplexer is in this variant a multiplexer-demultiplexer DM which has a plurality of multiplexing inputs Mel, Me2, Men each connected to a laser source Ll, L2, Ln emitting continuous wave radiation having a particular wavelength 11 , 12, ln. It has a multiplexing output Ms from which comes continuous wave radiation combining those presented on the multiplexing inputs Mel, Me2, Men. This radiation is guided to the FM modulation block, which itself guides the generated radiation R(11), R(12), R (In) to the demultiplexing input De of the multiplexer-demultiplexer DM.
• the transmission-reception circuit 1 comprises a plurality of laser sources L1, L2, Ln emitting at a plurality of different wavelengths I1, I2, In.
• the transmission-reception circuit 1 also comprises a multiplexer, here combined with the radiation distribution demultiplexer R, to produce the radiation R having the plurality of wavelengths.
• FIG. 8d represents a so-called “time multiplexing” mode of implementation of the transmission-reception circuit 1 having an architecture similar to that of the example of FIG. 8a.
• the filters F1, F2 connecting the coupling devices C to the buses BE, BR of the example of FIG. 8a are here replaced by switches SW1, SW2.
• the switches SW1, SW2 associated with a coupling device C can be controlled closed for a determined period of time (for example by the control device of chip 10), so as to selectively couple this coupling device C to the buses BE, BR during this period of time. And during this period of time, the switches SW1, SW2 associated with the other coupling devices C can be controlled open in order to decouple these other coupling devices from the buses BE, BR.
• the switch SW1, SW2 of the transmission-reception circuit 1 By appropriately controlling the switches SW1, SW2 of the transmission-reception circuit 1 in time, it is possible to successively activate the coupling devices C to transmit a transmission beam, receive the reflected beam, and establish a measurement signal V using the mixer M.
• the switch SW2 connecting the coupling device C to the reception bus BR can be kept closed for a period sufficient to allow the outward and return propagation of the transmitted and reflected beams as far as the target and the reception of the beam reflected on the measurement surface of the chip 10.
• FIG. 8e represents a very advantageous variant of the mode of implementation in time-division multiplexing represented in FIG. 8d.
• a single transmission bus BT distributes the emission radiation Re from the power divider S to a plurality of coupling devices C.
• the same transmission bus BT collects the reflected radiation Rr coming from the plurality of these coupling devices.
• An optical circulator switch SW makes it possible to selectively associate each coupling device of circuit 1 with the transmission bus BT. As in the previous example, only one of the switches SW is closed in time on a coupling device, effectively making it possible to temporally multiplex the use of the coupling devices.
• optical circulator switch SW of this example makes it possible both to guide the emission radiation Re from the transmission bus towards an input of the coupling device, and to guide the reflected radiation Rr from the other input of the device. coupling to the BT transmission bus so that it continues its propagation.
• the end of the transmission bus opposite to that into which the emission radiation Re is injected by the FM frequency modulation block, is optically connected to the mixer M, in order to establish the measurement signal V, just as in the previous examples of the transceiver circuit 1.
• FIG. 8f combines the architecture of the transmission-reception circuit in time division multiplexing of FIG. 8d with that of FIG. 6c, pooling certain components of the circuit to offer the transmission-reception circuit 1 two measurement channels according to different polarizations.
• Switches SW1, SW2 have also been provided, making it possible to propagate, according to their configuration, the emission radiation (and the reception radiation) in opposite directions of propagation.
• the switches SW1, SW2 By switching the switches SW1, SW2 it is thus possible to propagate, according to a first configuration making it possible to emit an emission beam having a first polarization Pa (upper part of FIG. 8f), the emission radiation Re of the divider at a first input of a coupling device C selected by one of the optical circulator switches SW. And it is possible to propagate the reflected radiation Rr coming from a second input of the coupling device C to the mixer M.
• the selected coupler C is configured to emit an emission beam having the first polarization Pa.
• the emission radiation Re propagates from the divider S to the second input of the coupling device C selected by one of the optical circulator switches SW .
• the reflected radiation Rr propagates from the first input of the coupling device C to the mixer M.
• the coupling device C is configured to emit an emission beam having a second polarization Pb, perpendicular to the first Pa .
• the two switches SW1, SW2 make it possible to selectively propagate the emission radiation Re in the transmission bus BT according to a first direction of propagation or a second direction of propagation, opposite to the first.
• the coupling devices C associated with the transmission bus by the optical circulator switches SW, emit an emission beam having a first polarization Pa or a second polarization Pb, perpendicular to the first Pa.

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