EP4242753A1 - Vorrichtung zum führen einer welle einer unruh mit spiralfeder - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum führen einer welle einer unruh mit spiralfeder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4242753A1 EP4242753A1 EP22161630.3A EP22161630A EP4242753A1 EP 4242753 A1 EP4242753 A1 EP 4242753A1 EP 22161630 A EP22161630 A EP 22161630A EP 4242753 A1 EP4242753 A1 EP 4242753A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- contact
- shaft
- rotation shaft
- blade
- pivot
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B31/00—Bearings; Point suspensions or counter-point suspensions; Pivot bearings; Single parts therefor
- G04B31/004—Bearings; Point suspensions or counter-point suspensions; Pivot bearings; Single parts therefor characterised by the material used
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B31/00—Bearings; Point suspensions or counter-point suspensions; Pivot bearings; Single parts therefor
- G04B31/02—Shock-damping bearings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B31/00—Bearings; Point suspensions or counter-point suspensions; Pivot bearings; Single parts therefor
- G04B31/004—Bearings; Point suspensions or counter-point suspensions; Pivot bearings; Single parts therefor characterised by the material used
- G04B31/012—Metallic bearings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B17/00—Mechanisms for stabilising frequency
- G04B17/04—Oscillators acting by spring tension
- G04B17/06—Oscillators with hairsprings, e.g. balance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B17/00—Mechanisms for stabilising frequency
- G04B17/04—Oscillators acting by spring tension
- G04B17/06—Oscillators with hairsprings, e.g. balance
- G04B17/063—Balance construction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B17/00—Mechanisms for stabilising frequency
- G04B17/32—Component parts or constructional details, e.g. collet, stud, virole or piton
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B31/00—Bearings; Point suspensions or counter-point suspensions; Pivot bearings; Single parts therefor
- G04B31/08—Lubrication
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for guiding a rotating shaft of a spiral spring balance of a timepiece.
- the invention also relates to a watch movement and a timepiece respectively comprising such a device for guiding a rotating shaft of a spiral spring balance.
- the document CH 239 786 describes a device for guiding a pivot at one end of the rotation shaft of a spiral balance.
- the device is arranged with an olive stone and a stop inclined relative to the balance shaft.
- the shaft is guided without play. Friction is therefore independent of the position of the watch. In a horizontal position of the watch, the additional friction of the cylindrical part of the pivot against the olive stone is thus similar to that experienced in a vertical position. On the other hand, the amplitude is reduced for all positions, which constitutes a disadvantage for controlling precision.
- the document EP 3 382 472 A1 describes a guide bearing for a pivot of a rotation shaft of a spiral balance of a timepiece.
- a guide bearing may be provided on each side of the ends of the rotating shaft.
- the guide bearing can be constituted in one embodiment of three curved blades in the shape of a spiral regularly spaced from each other, a first end of each blade is fixed to a ring coaxial with the rotation shaft while a second end of each blade comes into contact with one end of the rotation shaft of the balance to hold it radially.
- the guide bearing is made of a metallic material.
- the guide bearing made of a metallic material does not sufficiently reduce the forces in contact with the shaft or the pivot on the shaft. Under these conditions, there is too much energy loss due mainly to friction with the end of the pivot or the rotation shaft, even if the friction no longer depends too much on the orientation of the watch, this which constitutes a disadvantage.
- the main aim of the invention is therefore to overcome the disadvantages of the state of the art by proposing a device for guiding a rotation shaft of a spiral balance with limited clearance of the shaft due to gravity and with a material and a geometry of the contact parts of the guide selected to reduce the support forces and therefore the friction forces.
- the invention relates to a device for guiding a rotation shaft of a spiral balance, which comprises the characteristics defined in independent claim 1.
- the material can be ceramic or glass or also a polymer filled or not to produce in particular the guide blade(s) and maintain the guide bearing of the device in contact with one end of the rotation shaft of the spiral balance or end pivot of the rotation shaft.
- the material there must still be machining accuracy within a defined tolerance interval.
- the geometry of the blade(s) can also be adapted to minimize the contact surface with the end of the shaft or the pivot on the shaft.
- the invention also relates to a watch movement which comprises such a device as defined in claim 14.
- the invention also relates to a timepiece which comprises such a device as defined in claim 15.
- the device for guiding a rotation shaft of the spiral balance also includes said shaft which is part of a whole with the guiding elements of this shaft and means for avoiding the effect of gravity.
- the assembly which comprises at least one guide bearing and the rotation shaft of the spiral balance to define the device for guiding a rotation shaft of the spiral balance.
- a guide bearing may be provided, which may consist of contact parts such as flexible blades for example for positioning the axis of the spiral balance. This makes it possible in particular to limit parasitic movements of the hairspring balance, when the movement is in a horizontal position. In general, the movements caused are responsible for defects chronometric. In one embodiment with flexible blades, these blades have a centering effect on the axis of rotation of the spiral balance.
- components made of polymer materials are for example made for flexible or elastic blades in a guide bearing or also for the coating of contact parts of such guide bearings.
- flexible or elastic blades or contact parts it can also be imagined to use an elastomer provided with friction surfaces made of a material more suited to friction with suitable inserts.
- THE figures 1a and 1b represent the spiral balance with the device 1 for guiding the rotation shaft assembly 6 of said spiral balance.
- the spiral balance is formed of a serge 12 connected for example by three arms 15 to a central rotation shaft 6, and a spiral spring 13, having a first end connected to a not shown eyebolt of a bridge of the pendulum. A second end of the spiral spring 13 is fixed directly, or indirectly via a ferrule, on the rotation shaft 6 of the spiral balance.
- the device 1 for guiding the rotation shaft 6 of the spiral balance comprises said rotation shaft 6 and at least one guide bearing 2 preferably disposed at one end of the rotation shaft 6.
- at least one guide bearing 2 preferably disposed at one end of the rotation shaft 6.
- two guide bearings 2 of the rotation shaft arranged at the two ends of the rotation shaft in particular to center the rotation shaft 6 along the central axis AC.
- the guide bearing 2 can advantageously be mounted at an upper end of the rotation shaft 6, for example on the dial side. However, it can be envisaged to have two guide bearings 2 mounted respectively at each end of the rotation shaft 6.
- Each guide bearing 2 described in more detail with reference to the figures 2 and 3 below, comprises contact and holding parts of the ends of the rotation shaft or end pivots of the rotation shaft given that the rotation shaft linked to the spiral balance is always in reciprocating rotation in normal operation with respect to the guide bearing 2 which is fixedly mounted in or on an adjustment member not shown.
- At least all the parts in contact with the guide bearing 2 and the rotation shaft 6 or the end pivot of the rotation shaft are advantageously made of a material whose modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) is less than or equal to 100 GPa and/or have the lowest possible coefficient of friction, for example at least less than or equal to 0.15.
- the material may be ceramic, glass or a charged or unfilled polymer and a list of these materials will be given in more detail in the second part of the detailed description.
- FIG. 2 represents a first embodiment of the guide bearing 2 of the rotation shaft 6 linked to the spiral balance.
- the general shape of the guide bearing 2 is generally cylindrical on the periphery. to be housed and fixed in an opening of an adjustment or mounting plate not shown.
- at least one guide blade 3 is provided to come into contact at one of its ends 4 with the rotation shaft 6 or on an attached part of the rotation shaft, which may be a pivot.
- At least one guide bearing 2 comprises, on a first side of the central axis AC, a support part 5, which is a support surface 5 of any geometric shape adapted to make point contact or on a contact line with the rotation shaft 6 or the pivot mounted on the rotation shaft.
- the support surface can also be made in the shape of a V or a pad, or the like, and is arranged to center the axis of rotation of a shaft 6 on a plane bisecting the support surface 5.
- This surface d The support 5 is symmetrical.
- the same guide bearing 2 comprises, on a second side of the axis of revolution, which is opposite the first side, at least one holding element 4 at the free end of the blade 3, which is arranged substantially diametrically opposite the support surface 5. It is understood that the support surface 5, symmetrical with respect to its bisecting plane, comprises two elementary support surfaces, of the V-shaped surface in this case.
- all the holding elements 3, 4 with the contact surface 40 are arranged to exert on a shaft 6 a resulting elastic return force directed towards the central axis AC, and to prevent a radial exit, out of this guide bearing 2, a shaft 6 inserted axially in the direction of the axis of revolution in this same guide bearing 2.
- a single blade 3 having a contact surface 40 to hold the rotation shaft against the V-shaped surface 5 is difficult to produce because depending on the orientation of the timepiece the spiral balance is too heavy to be held by the single blade provided.
- the blade 3 up to its free end is of rectangular cross section so as to have a flat contact portion 40 in contact with the end of the shaft 6 or the pivot 6' on a contact line.
- at least the free end of the blade 3 has a lenticular section geometry to have only one point of contact on the portion 40 in order to reduce friction in contact with the end of the shaft rotation 6 or the pivot mounted on the rotation shaft 6.
- each support part 5 can be produced for example in the form of a convex structure or portion of a ball.
- many other structures can be imagined to have such punctual contact.
- For contact along a contact line it may also be a cylindrical structure or portion of a support part arranged along an axis parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotation shaft or any other structure. It can be imagined a combination of point contact or along a line of contact.
- any geometric shape can be proposed to make point contact or on a contact line with the rotation shaft or the pivot mounted on the rotation shaft
- FIG. 3 represents a second embodiment of the guide bearing 2 of the device 1 for guiding the rotation shaft 6 of the spiral balance.
- This guide bearing 2 can comprise at least one contact blade 3 and two support parts 5, which are preferably two other contact blades 3.
- the guide bearing 2 is composed of a peripheral ring and three blades 3 in the form of turns to move in the direction of the rotation shaft 6 to come into contact with the rotation shaft 6 in order to hold it and guide it along the central axis AC.
- the free end 4 of each blade 3 comes into direct contact with the rotation shaft 6 to hold it, center it and guide it along the central axis AC.
- the three blades 3 can be of another shape and section other than rectangular than those of the turns.
- each blade is rectilinear arranged angularly and regularly spaced 120° from one another to each contact the rotation shaft regularly. It can still be envisaged to have more than three contact blades with the rotation shaft.
- the guide bearing 2 of this second embodiment can be obtained in one-piece form in a ceramic material, glass or filled or unfilled polymer, in particular below the limit threshold of the modulus of elasticity less than or equal to 100 GPa and/or have the lowest possible coefficient of friction, for example at least less than or equal to 0.15.
- Both the part of the rotation shaft 6 in contact with parts of the guide bearing 2 are made of the same material or a different material or coating fulfilling the conditions defined by the threshold of the modulus of elasticity or having a coefficient of friction as low as possible, for example at least less than or equal to 0.15.
- ceramics to be used for the guide bearing and/or the rotation shaft it may be ceramics based on oxides, mainly alumina and zirconia, or silica.
- zirconium oxide it can be used in zirconia stabilized with yttrium oxide (ZrO 2 +Y 2 O 3 ), which have a metastable tetragonal crystal structure, a grain size less than 0.50 ⁇ m, a density greater than 6.00 g/cm 3 and a hardness of approximately 1200 HV.
- Zirconia can also be stabilized with cerium oxide (ZrO 2 + CeO 2 ) or magnesium oxide ((ZrO 2 + MgO), depending on the properties of the desired final material.
- the composites are generally 80% 3Y-TZP / 20% Al 2 O 3 (ATZ) or 90% Al 2 O 3 / 10% 3Y-TZP (ZTA), combine the properties of aluminas and high purity zirconias to obtain final characteristics that offer the best of each material.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
- Support Of The Bearing (AREA)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP22161630.3A EP4242753A1 (de) | 2022-03-11 | 2022-03-11 | Vorrichtung zum führen einer welle einer unruh mit spiralfeder |
US18/169,957 US20230288877A1 (en) | 2022-03-11 | 2023-02-16 | Device for guiding a shaft of a sprung balance |
JP2023033406A JP7542667B2 (ja) | 2022-03-11 | 2023-03-06 | ばね付きてんぷの軸を案内するための機器 |
KR1020230031334A KR20230133796A (ko) | 2022-03-11 | 2023-03-09 | 스프링형 밸런스의 샤프트를 안내하기 위한 디바이스 |
CN202310229387.7A CN116736674A (zh) | 2022-03-11 | 2023-03-10 | 用于引导游丝摆轮系统的旋转轴的装置 |
CN202320451963.8U CN219958082U (zh) | 2022-03-11 | 2023-03-10 | 用于引导游丝摆轮系统的旋转轴的装置及钟表机芯和钟表 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP22161630.3A EP4242753A1 (de) | 2022-03-11 | 2022-03-11 | Vorrichtung zum führen einer welle einer unruh mit spiralfeder |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP4242753A1 true EP4242753A1 (de) | 2023-09-13 |
Family
ID=80738841
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP22161630.3A Pending EP4242753A1 (de) | 2022-03-11 | 2022-03-11 | Vorrichtung zum führen einer welle einer unruh mit spiralfeder |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20230288877A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP4242753A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP7542667B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20230133796A (de) |
CN (2) | CN116736674A (de) |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH239786A (fr) | 1944-02-04 | 1945-11-15 | Ditisheim & Cie Fabriques Vulc | Dispositif de pivotement d'un arbre tel que l'arbre du balancier d'un mouvement d'horlogerie, d'un porte-échappement ou d'un compteur, par exemple. |
CH269552A (fr) | 1946-10-19 | 1950-07-15 | Linde Air Prod Co | Dispositif à pivot. |
FR3039292A1 (fr) * | 2015-07-24 | 2017-01-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Ressort spiral et procede de realisation du ressort spiral |
CH705906B1 (fr) * | 2011-12-15 | 2017-07-14 | Eta Sa Mft Horlogère Suisse | Système amortisseur de chocs pour un axe d'un mobile d'une pièce d'horlogerie. |
EP3382472A1 (de) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-10-03 | Rolex Sa | Führungslager einer unruhwelle einer uhr |
EP3396470A1 (de) | 2017-04-24 | 2018-10-31 | ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse | Mechanische bremsvorrichtung für drehteil einer uhr |
EP3258325B1 (de) | 2016-06-13 | 2019-10-30 | Rolex Sa | Uhrenwelle |
EP3291025B1 (de) * | 2016-08-30 | 2020-08-19 | Montres Breguet S.A. | Stossdämpfer mit multileaf-blattfedern |
CH716957A2 (fr) | 2019-12-16 | 2021-06-30 | Eta Sa Mft Horlogere Suisse | Dispositif de guidage pour afficheur d'horlogerie. |
-
2022
- 2022-03-11 EP EP22161630.3A patent/EP4242753A1/de active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-02-16 US US18/169,957 patent/US20230288877A1/en active Pending
- 2023-03-06 JP JP2023033406A patent/JP7542667B2/ja active Active
- 2023-03-09 KR KR1020230031334A patent/KR20230133796A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2023-03-10 CN CN202310229387.7A patent/CN116736674A/zh active Pending
- 2023-03-10 CN CN202320451963.8U patent/CN219958082U/zh active Active
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH239786A (fr) | 1944-02-04 | 1945-11-15 | Ditisheim & Cie Fabriques Vulc | Dispositif de pivotement d'un arbre tel que l'arbre du balancier d'un mouvement d'horlogerie, d'un porte-échappement ou d'un compteur, par exemple. |
CH269552A (fr) | 1946-10-19 | 1950-07-15 | Linde Air Prod Co | Dispositif à pivot. |
CH705906B1 (fr) * | 2011-12-15 | 2017-07-14 | Eta Sa Mft Horlogère Suisse | Système amortisseur de chocs pour un axe d'un mobile d'une pièce d'horlogerie. |
FR3039292A1 (fr) * | 2015-07-24 | 2017-01-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Ressort spiral et procede de realisation du ressort spiral |
EP3258325B1 (de) | 2016-06-13 | 2019-10-30 | Rolex Sa | Uhrenwelle |
EP3291025B1 (de) * | 2016-08-30 | 2020-08-19 | Montres Breguet S.A. | Stossdämpfer mit multileaf-blattfedern |
EP3382472A1 (de) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-10-03 | Rolex Sa | Führungslager einer unruhwelle einer uhr |
EP3396470A1 (de) | 2017-04-24 | 2018-10-31 | ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse | Mechanische bremsvorrichtung für drehteil einer uhr |
CH716957A2 (fr) | 2019-12-16 | 2021-06-30 | Eta Sa Mft Horlogere Suisse | Dispositif de guidage pour afficheur d'horlogerie. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20230133796A (ko) | 2023-09-19 |
CN116736674A (zh) | 2023-09-12 |
JP7542667B2 (ja) | 2024-08-30 |
CN219958082U (zh) | 2023-11-03 |
JP2023133197A (ja) | 2023-09-22 |
US20230288877A1 (en) | 2023-09-14 |
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RBV | Designated contracting states (corrected) |
Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |