EP4241317A1 - Procédé de fabrication orientée d'un cristal de conversion par voie liquide - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication orientée d'un cristal de conversion par voie liquideInfo
- Publication number
- EP4241317A1 EP4241317A1 EP21811417.1A EP21811417A EP4241317A1 EP 4241317 A1 EP4241317 A1 EP 4241317A1 EP 21811417 A EP21811417 A EP 21811417A EP 4241317 A1 EP4241317 A1 EP 4241317A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- growth
- crystal
- conversion crystal
- conversion
- seed crystal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/12—Halides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
- C30B7/14—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions the crystallising materials being formed by chemical reactions in the solution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/26—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials using liquid deposition
- H10P14/265—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials using liquid deposition using solutions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/27—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials using selective deposition, e.g. simultaneous growth of monocrystalline and non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials
- H10P14/271—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials using selective deposition, e.g. simultaneous growth of monocrystalline and non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials characterised by the preparation of substrate for selective deposition
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/27—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials using selective deposition, e.g. simultaneous growth of monocrystalline and non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials
- H10P14/271—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials using selective deposition, e.g. simultaneous growth of monocrystalline and non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials characterised by the preparation of substrate for selective deposition
- H10P14/274—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials using selective deposition, e.g. simultaneous growth of monocrystalline and non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials characterised by the preparation of substrate for selective deposition using seed materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/34—Deposited materials, e.g. layers
- H10P14/3402—Deposited materials, e.g. layers characterised by the chemical composition
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the conversion crystal layer has a crystallinity close to that of a single crystal and with a high density to limit the ability of radiation to be able to pass through the conversion crystal layer. .
- the surface of the layer must be several tens or even several hundred square centimeters.
- the document “Nature 550 (2017) 87” proposes a technique for depositing thick layers by liquid means. They use an ink of MAPI microparticles suspended in a solvent. These microparticles are then deposited on the surface (for example on an active transistor matrix) by coating. After removal of the solvent, the layer consists of an agglomerate of microparticles (whose typical dimensions are of the order of 30 micrometers) which percolate with each other. The layer thus produced is porous. In the case of photodetectors, this morphology is not favorable for the extraction of the photogenerated charge carriers which must percolate from one microcrystal to another. In addition, due to the porosity, the layer is less dense, which is not favorable for the absorption of energetic radiation (X, gamma).
- WO 2017/046390 Al proposes to deposit a first perovskite layer (nucleation layer) on the surface of the substrate, then to grow, in solution, a second layer of perovskite, thicker, from the first layer. .
- the technique described requires the use of a nucleation layer different from the layer to be grown, which can pose problems in the case of a detector device by blocking the collection of charge carriers.
- the layer thus produced is highly polycrystalline (many grain boundaries). Grain boundaries are discontinuous and disturbed zones which can lead to a decrease in performance (zone with a higher density of electronic traps, zone more favorable to ionic migration).
- the final thickness is very inhomogeneous due to the natural disorientation of the crystallographic axes of the nucleation layer, and due to the different possible growth kinetics depending on the inhomogeneities of the nucleation layer. Finally, the conditions for resuming growth on the thin nucleation layer without dissolving it will be very delicate.
- the present invention aims to respond to all or part of the problems presented above.
- one aim is to provide a solution that meets at least one of the following objectives: to obtain a thick layer, of satisfactory quality, of conversion crystal directly in an optoelectronic device; obtaining a conversion crystal of satisfactory crystallinity and having a controlled thickness.
- This object can be achieved through the implementation of a process for the oriented manufacture of a conversion crystal by the liquid route, the process comprising the following steps: a) supplying a seed crystal allowing the growth of the conversion crystal at to manufacture; b) forming a growth mask on the seed crystal, the growth mask being configured to prevent the growth of the conversion crystal to be fabricated at the location where the growth mask is formed on the seed crystal, the growth mask being formed so as to cover on the one hand an upper edge of the seed crystal arranged distally with respect to a support face of a substrate on which the seed crystal is positioned in step c), on the other hand on a part of the seed crystal with the exception of at least one growth opening delimited in the growth mask ; c) positioning the seed crystal on the support face of the substrate so that the seed crystal is oriented so that a first crystalline plane, corresponding to a stable growth orientation face of the seed crystal, is parallel to the face support and so that at least one growth face of the seed crystal is arranged transversely to the support face of the
- the method comprises the following additional step: dO) configuring the liquid precursor of the conversion crystal so that it is in an under-saturated state at least at the level of the planar portion and smooth of the growth face, step dO) being carried out before step d).
- the growing conversion crystal comprises a planar upper facet, parallel to the support face, and whose dislocations are non-active.
- step c) the orientation of the seed crystal is carried out to within at least 0.1°.
- the growth mask is formed so as to cover a lower edge of the seed crystal arranged proximally with respect to the support face of the substrate.
- the upper edge of the growth opening is parallel to the support face of the substrate.
- step b) at least one additional growth opening is arranged on at least one additional growth face of the seed crystal arranged transversely to the support face of the substrate.
- the seed crystal and the conversion crystal to be manufactured have a cubic atomic structure.
- the conversion crystal to be manufactured is an ABX3, A'2C 1+ D 3+ Xe, A2B 4+ Xe or AsB2 3+ Xg type perovskite with A, A', C, D and B are cations and X is an anion; A, B, C, D, X being a single element or a mixture of at least two elements.
- the conversion crystal to be manufactured is an organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of formula xp, respecting the rule of electron neutrality, with A (n) and B (n) cations, X (n) an anion and n, m, p integers.
- the growth face has a crystallographic orientation of a ⁇ 1,0,0 ⁇ plane or a ⁇ 1,1,0 ⁇ plane.
- the growth mask is formed by an adhesive.
- the method comprises the following step, implemented after step d): e) treating the conversion crystal so as to make straight at least one of the faces of the crystal of conversion.
- the seed crystal is composed of several seeds assembled together.
- step d a temperature of the liquid precursor of the conversion crystal is gradually modified over time.
- step c) the positioning of the seed crystal is carried out so that the seed crystal is offset with respect to a zone of the substrate where the conversion crystal to be manufactured is formed .
- the method comprises the following step implemented after step d): f) treating the conversion crystal so as to make the seed crystal and the conversion crystal independent the one another.
- the invention also relates to an optoelectronic device comprising a conversion crystal obtained by growth in the device optoelectronics and according to such a method, in which the conversion crystal has a thickness greater than or equal to 100 micrometers.
- FIG. 1 illustrates in a schematic sectional view the steps of an example of a method according to the invention where a seed crystal is positioned on a substrate and is partly covered by a growth mask, which does not cover the lower edge seed crystal.
- FIG. 2 illustrates in a schematic sectional view, before and during the growth of the conversion crystal, steps of an example of a process according to the invention where a seed crystal is positioned on a substrate and is partly covered by a mask of growth that covers the lower edge of the seed crystal.
- FIG. 3 illustrates, in a schematic top view, steps of an example of a method according to the invention where the seed crystal is first offset with respect to a zone of the substrate where the conversion crystal to be manufactured must be formed then, during the growth of the conversion crystal, the conversion crystal covers this area and the seed crystal is made independent of the conversion crystal obtained by growth.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a sectional view of a seed crystal whose growth mask is produced with an adhesive.
- Figure 5 illustrates a temperature profile applied to the liquid conversion crystal precursor during growth of the conversion crystal.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a method according to the invention where, during step b), an additional growth opening is arranged on a face of the seed crystal opposite the growth face.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a manufacturing device implementing an example of a manufacturing method according to the invention.
- the invention relates essentially to a process for the manufacture of a conversion crystal by liquid means, which will be described in detail below.
- the fields of application targeted by this manufacturing process are in particular the processes for obtaining X-ray or gamma-ray detectors for medical radiography, the processes for manufacturing non-destructive testing sensors, sensors dedicated to systems, processes for manufacturing sensors dedicated to the nuclear field, or even processes for manufacturing detectors or sensors for detection in large scientific instruments for astronomy and particle physics.
- these areas are not limiting.
- obtaining photoelectric crystals entering into the constitution of scintillation lateu rs adapted to the conversion of X or gamma photons into visible photons can be envisaged.
- the invention can find an application in X-ray imaging for all radiography modalities, whatever the format, for example fluoroscopy, mammography, dental imaging or scanner.
- the invention can be used in modalities for which it is important to have a strong signal for a minimum dose administered to the patient such as in the case of cardiac imaging, a strong image frequency such as surgical imaging and 3D or high spatial resolution such as mammography or dental imaging.
- a strong image frequency such as surgical imaging and 3D or high spatial resolution such as mammography or dental imaging.
- Some applications also concern those where the energy of each X photon is measured, in particular dual energy (bone densitometry, angiography, security application such as baggage checks in airports).
- conversion crystal it should be understood that one or more crystals produce, for example, an electrical response when photons or charged or uncharged particles pass through them.
- the crystals making up the conversion layer can also, depending on the application and their physical nature, be chosen for their ability to absorb energetic radiation such as X rays, gamma rays or charged or uncharged particles, and convert them into another more easily measurable.
- the term crystal is equivalent to the terms “crystalline layer” and represents a monocrystalline or polycrystalline layer. A monocrystalline layer is thus made up of a single grain with a single crystalline orientation.
- a polycrystalline layer consists of an assembly of grains of different crystalline orientations.
- liquid route it is meant that the conversion crystal is obtained from at least one element dissolved in at least one solvent, the whole being in a liquid form called “liquid precursor” in the following.
- liquid precursor By varying parameters such as the temperature of the liquid precursor, it is possible to promote the growth of the conversion crystal.
- the conversion crystal to be manufactured can be a hybrid perovskite combining an organic part and an inorganic part such as CHsNHsPbBrs. It can also be an entirely inorganic perovskite of general chemical formula ABX3, or mixed compositions such as A (1) i-( y 2+...+ y n)A (2) y 2... A (n) yn B (1) i- (z2+...+zm)B (2) z2... B (m) zmX (1) 3-(x2+...+xp)X (2) x2 ...X (p) xp respecting the rule of electronic neutrality, with A and B cations, X an anion and n, m, p integers.
- compositions are given below: MAPbh, MAPbCh, MAPbl3- x Br x , MA y GAi- y Pbl3, FAPbBrs, CsPbBrs, Cs2AgBiBre, CsFAPbh, Cs y FAi- y Pbl3-xBr x , Csi- y . z MA y FAzPbl3-xBr x .
- MA stands for methylammonium [CHsNHsP.
- FA corresponds to formamidinium [HC(NH2)2] +
- GA corresponds to guanidinium [C(NH2)s] + .
- the conversion crystal to be manufactured can also be doped with ionic or non-ionic, organic or non-organic impurities.
- the conversion crystal to be manufactured can also be formed according to other compositions similar to perovskites known under the following names according to the Anglo-Saxon terminologies: "vacancy-ordered double perovskite", “2D layered perovskite”, “perovskite -like materials”, “defect perovskites”, “elpasolites”, “double perovskite”.
- other types of materials can make up the conversion crystal, such as materials of the Ruddlesden-Popper, Dion-Jacobson, Chalcogenide or even Rudorffites types.
- the solvent used can be a mixture of solvents.
- the solvent is preferably of the polar and aprotic type. It can be, for example, N,N dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, gamma-butyrolactone, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. It can also be an aqueous solution based on hydrogen halide.
- the method of the invention comprises a first step a) consisting in providing a seed crystal 20 whose nature, that is to say the composition and the crystalline phase, allows the growth of the conversion crystal 30 to be manufactured.
- the seed crystal 20 can be a crystal of the same composition and crystalline phase (homoepitaxy) as those of the conversion crystal 30.
- the seed crystal can also be of a different nature from that of the conversion crystal to be grown (heteroepitaxy). In the case of the variant of growth from several germs, these germs can be of identical or different natures.
- seed crystal 20 is massive. This advantageously allows it to be reusable or recyclable several times.
- the thickness of the seed crystal 20 must be greater than the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 to be manufactured.
- the seed crystal 20 is formed by an assembly of several small seed crystals 20 for a seed crystal 20 of the desired dimensions.
- This configuration has the advantage of being technically easier to obtain because it is easier to obtain small seeds of well-calibrated size and quality than long, highly elongated seeds. It is thus possible to obtain a row of seeds pressed against each other, all the faces and edges of which are masked with the exception of faces in contact with one of the other crystals. In this case, the different growth fronts of each nucleus will meet to form a dense photoelectric crystalline layer with grain boundaries.
- the layer which will grow is also monocrystalline (that is to say without grain boundaries).
- the layer that will be grown will be polycrystalline and will present grain boundaries, in particular at the joint front of the different small seed crystals 20 .
- the method also comprises a step b) consisting in forming a growth mask 12 on the seed crystal 20.
- the growth mask 12 is configured to prevent the growth of the conversion crystal 30 to be fabricated where the growth mask 12 is formed on the seed crystal 20.
- the growth mask 12 is formed so as to cover an edge upper edge 20b of the seed crystal 20. As illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 6, this upper edge 20b is arranged distally with respect to the support face 11a of the substrate 11 on which the seed crystal 20 is positioned in step c).
- the part of the growth mask covering the upper edge 20b corresponds to the masking of at least one zone having a height of at least 10 micrometers counted from the upper edge 20b in the direction of the substrate 11, this height preferably being at least 100 micrometers and ideally of the order of a few hundred microns.
- edge means an acute or angular portion of the seed crystal 20 or even areas comprising changes of planes or else an angle area between two faces of crystalline orientations. different.
- growth mask 12 also covers a portion of seed crystal 20 except for at least one growth opening 12a delineated in growth mask 12. In other words, all of the faces of the seed crystal 20 not having to undergo growth recovery must not be in contact with the liquid precursor.
- the material making up the growth mask 12 is, during the growth of the conversion crystal, brought into contact with a growth solution otherwise called liquid precursor 40. It must therefore be resistant to this liquid precursor 40 under the conditions of temperature and pressure used.
- the growth mask 12 can be formed using organic, inorganic materials or a mixture of the two, such as parylene or parylene C, a photolithography resin such as an orthogonal resin, BCB or SU8, silicone, a thermally crosslinkable material or to ultraviolet rays such as epoxy or acrylate compounds, a fluorinated solvent (CYTOP ⁇ ), a layer of A Os, of SiO2 or even a metal layer (Cr, Cu, Pt).
- the growth mask 12 can be produced in one layer, or several layers superimposed or deposited one beside the other so as to cover the seed crystal 20 while avoiding any visible zone outside of said growth opening 12a.
- the deposition can be done by liquid means, such as for example with methods of sprinkling, dipping, by "slot-die", by inkjet, by 3D printing or by brush deposition, by vacuum techniques such as evaporation, sputtering, ALD atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition or any other technique known to those skilled in the art.
- the thickness of the growth mask 12 is greater than 10 nanometers, preferably greater than 100 nanometers and even more preferably greater than 1 micrometer.
- the thickness of the growth mask 12 is preferably sufficient to prevent the liquid precursor 40 from coming into contact with certain areas of the seed crystal 20 in order to avoid initiating parasitic growths from the seed crystal 20.
- growth opening 12a is either present as soon as the mask is deposited of growth 12, or obtained after the deposition of the growth mask 12. In the latter case, the growth opening 12a is obtained either by so-called additive techniques by not masking this zone during the deposition of the growth mask 12, or by so-called subtractive techniques such as laser ablation, photolithography, etching, or the lift-off technique well known to those skilled in the art.
- the growth of the conversion crystal would take place in all directions in space with the exception of the face on which the seed is stuck.
- the conversion crystal being formed would also grow in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 11, which would not make it possible to precisely control both the thickness of the conversion crystal and the surface of the substrate to be covered.
- the growth mask 12 can also have the function of an adhesive in order to mechanically maintain the seed crystal 20 on the substrate 11.
- one face of the seed crystal 20 in contact with the substrate 11 is not covered by the growth mask 12. This configuration must nevertheless make it possible to ensure that the liquid precursor 40 does not penetrate between the seed crystal 20. Thus, parasitic growth cannot occur.
- the manufacturing method further comprises a step c) which consists in positioning the seed crystal 20 on the support face 11a of the substrate 11. This positioning is entirely constrained by two imperatives .
- the seed crystal 20 must be oriented so that the direction perpendicular to a plane corresponding to a face of a crystal plane 20d, corresponding to a face of stable growth orientation, is parallel to the support face 11a.
- the seed crystal may present, on its external face oriented opposite to the support face IIa, an orientation different from the orientation of the crystalline plane 20d corresponding to an orientation face of steady growth; the positioning of the seed crystal 20 will all the same make it possible to achieve the object of the invention as long as the orientation of the crystalline plane 20d corresponding to the stable growth orientation face is parallel to the support face IIa.
- the crystal plane 20d corresponding to the face of stable growth orientation can be arranged inside the seed crystal 20, regardless of the orientation of the apparent outer face of the seed crystal. germination 20. In particular, it does not matter whether the visible external face has defects or is cut.
- the stable growth orientation face is a face in which several chains of periodic bonds run.
- the corresponding crystalline planes are necessarily crystalline planes which are generally dense planes therefore with low Miller indices h, k, I ⁇ 3.
- An equivalent means for implementing this first condition is to position the crystalline plane 20d corresponding to a stable growth orientation face on the side of the support face IIa and parallel to the support face IIa.
- the positioning of the seed crystal 20 must be such that at least one of its growth faces 20a is present and arranged transversely to the support face of the substrate 11.
- transversely means that the growth face 20a forms, with the substrate 11, an angle as close as possible to 90°.
- a crystal having a cubic crystallographic structure can achieve this angle.
- the orientation of the growth face 20a advantageously ensures that large areas can be covered.
- the orientation of the seed crystal 20 is carried out precisely, typically to within 1°, or even preferentially to within 0.1° or 0.01°.
- the crystallographic orientation of the seed crystal 20 can be easily controlled, even when the outer face of the seed crystal 20 has an orientation different from the orientation of the crystal plane 20d corresponding to the stable growth orientation face, by carrying out characterizations under X-ray diffraction, of the Laue type, 0/20, or even of the "rocking curve" type according to the established Anglo-Saxon terminology.
- Mechanical parts can also be used to set the orientation of the seed crystal 20 relative to the surface of the substrate 11.
- the orientation of the seed crystal is different from 90°. This allows the conversion crystal to grow by inducing a continuous thickness gradient, increasing or decreasing, as the conversion crystal advances on the surface and during growth.
- seed crystal 20 and conversion crystal 30 to be fabricated have a cubic crystal system.
- the growth face 20a has as crystallographic orientation a plane of type ⁇ 1,0,0 ⁇ or of type ⁇ 1,1,0 ⁇ .
- the seed crystal 20 is composed of several seeds assembled together.
- the seed crystal 11 can be manufactured in a single block by conventional self-supported monocrystal growth techniques. Its surface may optionally be treated mechanically, for example by polishing and/or cutting adapted to the correct dimensions and/or chemically. It is also possible to use a solvent to adjust the surface state of the seed crystal and/or to use one or more physical treatment(s), for example plasma or laser on each starting face. of growth of the germ, so as to voluntarily generate defects which will favor the resumption of growth.
- the seed crystal 20 can grow directly from the surface of the substrate.
- the method according to the invention also comprises a step d) which consists in applying the liquid precursor 40 of the conversion crystal 30, from the support face IIa of the substrate 11 up to at least the level of the flat and smooth portion of the growth face 20a to obtain a free growth of the conversion crystal 30, from the flat and smooth portion of the growth face 20a, along a growth thickness 30b contained between the support face 11a of the substrate 11 and an upper edge 12b of the growth opening 12a arranged distally relative to the support face IIa of the substrate 11.
- the term "distal" equivalently means that the upper edge 12b is arranged opposite the substrate 11.
- the upper edge 12b can have any shape induced by the way of masking the crystal.
- the upper edge 12b is jagged or in the form of slots in order to obtain a suitable topology of the upper surface of the crystal in formation.
- the cutting of the upper edge 12b should be such that it allows the growth of stable faces.
- the vertical parts of the slots must correspond to stable faces just like the part of the slots being horizontal.
- Growth thickness 30b may be slightly greater than growth opening 12a. Indeed, in the case where the growth mask 12 covers the lower edge 20c of the seed crystal 20, the growth disturbances induced in this zone close to the substrate induce that the seed crystal tends to grow until reaching the substrate 11. Nevertheless, the upper facet of the conversion crystal being formed remains flat.
- free growth means growth without mechanical constraint.
- free growth is different from growth of a crystal or a polycrystal constrained between two walls and mechanically leaving only one growth direction or two opposite growth directions possible. This is advantageous for obtaining a very flat and uniform surface state, corresponding to stable crystalline faces.
- growth corresponds to a formation, a homoepitaxy, a heteroepitaxy or else a crystallization.
- substrate can correspond either to an inert surface, or to all or part of an electronic or optoelectronic device.
- the substrate 11 can be passive by being a simple support or can be active, that is to say have an additional functionality.
- the substrate 11 can comprise an active matrix, for example with transistors, or a passive matrix, as with discrete pixels without transistors.
- the matrix is active, it is possible to use numerous existing technologies of known transistors (a-Si, IGZO, organic transistors, polycrystalline silicon).
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- CMOS complementary metal oxide
- the substrate 11 can for example be made of glass, of plastic such as polyimide, PET, PEN, or else based on silicon.
- the surface of the substrate 11 can be prepared beforehand so as to guarantee correct adhesion of the conversion crystal 30 to the substrate 11.
- the substrate 11 can be prepared so as to guarantee contact on the molecular scale between the crystal of conversion and the support side lia.
- the perovskite conversion crystal may have a strong chemical affinity with the support face 11a representing a surface of a conductive electrode of an optoelectronic device so as to facilitate the transfer of charge from one to the other.
- the adhesion of the conversion crystal 30 to the substrate 11 is ensured by covalent bonds, ionic or Van Der Waals bonds between the conversion crystal 30 and all or part of the surface of the substrate 11, or by the roughness and the topology thereof.
- the mode of lateral growth obtained via the manufacturing method described in this document allows the growth front to grow gradually and in intimate contact with the surface of the substrate 11, which promotes adhesion on this surface.
- the adhesion of the conversion crystal 30 to the surface of the substrate 11 is ensured mechanically via the topology and the roughness of the surface, or chemically via the presence of chemical groups adapted to the surface by known self-assembled monolayers under the Anglo-Saxon terminology “Self-assembled monolayers” of the aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or cysteamine type. It can also be a mixture of these different possibilities.
- APTES aminopropyltriethoxysilane
- cysteamine type cysteamine type
- the surface of the substrate 11 is preferably planar, but it can if necessary have a curved or inclined surface, or any non-planar configuration.
- the upper facet 30a of the conversion crystal 30 being a flat crystalline face, the growth obtained via the manufacturing process described here involves a variation in thickness of the conversion crystal 30 which follows the curvature of the side in contact with the substrate 11.
- At least one growth opening 12a is arranged at the level of the growth face 20a so that only a flat and smooth portion of the growth face 20a is capable of being in contact with the liquid precursor 40 of the crystal of conversion 30.
- All the geometries of the growth opening 12a can be envisaged, such as for example square or rectangular in shape. It suits nevertheless to ensure that the seed crystal 20 is large enough to cover the entire area of interest of the substrate.
- a flat and smooth portion of the growth face corresponds to a natural face of the crystal and which does not include an edge. In other words, it must be a face portion present in the morphology of the crystal 30 under the growth conditions used (solvent, temperature).
- the portion of the crystal transverse to the planar and smooth portion of the growth face 20a does not depolarize the light.
- the solute concentration of the conversion crystal 30 is lower than the solubility limit of the solute of the conversion crystal in the liquid precursor 40. This state makes it possible to slightly dissolve the face growth of seed crystal 20 at growth opening 12a. Thus, surface defects (chips, stresses, pollution) are dissolved before carrying out a subsequent growth phase.
- the growth face 20a can grow to form the conversion crystal 30.
- the concentration of conversion crystal 30 dissolved in the liquid precursor 40 must be slightly higher, at least of the order of 0.5 to 1%, than the solubility limit of the conversion crystal 30 dissolved in the liquid precursor 40. In this state, the crystallization of the conversion crystal from the face of Growth at growth opening 12a is spontaneous.
- the state of under-saturation or over-saturation is generally controlled by the temperature, the conversion crystal concentration 30, the nature of the solvent, the use of a non-solvent or else the pressure.
- the conditions allowing the growth are conventional and known to those skilled in the art.
- temperature it is possible to implement crystallization by increasing temperature in the case of retrograde solubility, or by decreasing temperature in the case of direct solubility, or by setting constant temperature and concentration conditions to maintain an adequate level of supersaturation.
- the conditions allowing the growth are known to those skilled in the art, for example by varying the temperature of the solution as illustrated in FIG. 5 or by the use of a non-solvent.
- Oriented growth relies on controlling the supersaturation applied so that only screw dislocation growth is active, corresponding to a spiral mode of growth.
- only the screw dislocations originating from the growth face 20a, at the level of the opening of growth 12a are active and allow growth.
- a single crystal seed crystal having flat, smooth faces that do not depolarize light is selected.
- This seed crystal 20 is bonded to a silicon substrate with a silicone glue.
- the substrate is glued to the bottom of a glass reactor, with this same silicone glue.
- the seed crystal 20 is covered with the growth mask 12 except at the level of a growth opening 12a.
- a liquid precursor 40 of MAPbBrs at 1 mol/L is obtained by dissolving the PbBr2 and MABr precursors in a 1:1 ratio at room temperature and in N,N-Dimethylformamide. Seed crystal 20 and liquid precursor 40 are temperature adjusted separately for a period of 1 hour at a temperature of 55°C.
- the liquid precursor 40 thus heated is then poured onto the seed crystal 40.
- the substrate 11 is in a horizontal position.
- the growth of the conversion crystal 30 is carried out in the liquid precursor 40 between 58° C. and 70° C. and following the temperature profile presented in FIG. 5.
- the liquid precursor 40 is for example stirred using a propeller or renewed and set in motion by a device described in Figure 7.
- the liquid precursor 40 can be obtained by dissolving a nourishing body, formed for example of an excess solid perovskite, in a reaction chamber, which can be an accumulator 70.
- a reaction chamber which can be an accumulator 70.
- a constant temperature difference is then maintained between the accumulator 70 and a reactor containing the substrate 11 and the seed crystal 20.
- the liquid precursor 40 is sucked up by a pumping system 71, then filtered by a filtration system 72 before power the reactor. Then, the liquid precursor 40 is again put into circulation towards the accumulator 70, and so on, according to a closed circuit organization.
- the retentate 73 which is retained by the filtration system 72 is reintroduced into the accumulator 70. Coupled with the manufacturing process described above, these arrangements make it possible to obtain that all of the nourishing body dissolved in the accumulator 70 is deposited on the substrate 11 in the form of the conversion crystal 30, which implies a gain for the manufacturing cost.
- the growing conversion crystal 30 comprises an upper planar facet 30a parallel to the support face IIa and whose dislocations are non-active.
- the non-active dislocations are, for example, of the wedge type or else of screw character but not being perpendicular to the upper facet 30a. They do not allow crystal growth.
- Active dislocations are screw-like dislocations perpendicular to the growth face. They are walking sources that provide solute incorporation sites and are therefore favorable for crystal growth.
- the conversion crystal 30 comprises from the start and during its growth an upper facet 30a naturally planar, parallel to the support face and without active dislocation, that is to say whose dislocations are only non-active dislocations.
- This makes it possible to control the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 obtained by maintaining it at the height of the upper edge 20b of the growth opening 12a.
- non-active dislocations do not allow growth to resume and the thickness of the crystal, during its growth, therefore does not increase.
- This is advantageous for very precisely controlling the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 obtained and therefore ultimately the quantity of radiation absorbed by the conversion crystal 30 when it is installed in an optoelectronic device.
- the conversion crystal 30 obtained via the manufacturing process described above contains defects of the screw dislocation type whose line is parallel to the direction of growth, in a plane parallel to the substrate 11. These dislocations will be perpendicular to the direction of drainage of the charges in the devices, which is the direction in the thickness of the conversion crystal 30. Insofar as these dislocations can be a source of ionic migration in the perovskites, the configuration thus obtained is very favorable for avoiding the phenomena of ionic migration in the thickness of the conversion crystal 30, and thus limit electrical instabilities.
- the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 is mainly controlled by the size of the growth opening 12a.
- the conversion crystal 30, once formed preferably has a thickness greater than 1 micrometer, preferably greater than 100 micrometer and even more preferably greater than 300 micrometer.
- the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 to be manufactured is defined so as to absorb the greater part of the incident radiation at the energy targeted for the application.
- the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 to be manufactured is defined so as to absorb the greater part of the incident radiation at the energy targeted for the application.
- the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 to be manufactured is defined so as to absorb the greater part of the incident radiation at the energy targeted for the application.
- it is necessary to form a conversion crystal 30 having a thickness of 600 micrometers in CHsNHsPbh or 1300 micrometers in CHsNHsPbBrs at RQA 5 (X-ray spectrum centered on 50keV according to standard IEC62220-1), or a thickness of 450 micrometers in CHsNHsPbh, or 800 micrometers in CHsNHsPbBrs at RQ.A9 X-ray spectrum centered on 70keV according to standard I EC62220-1).
- the method comprises the additional step d0) which consists in configuring the liquid precursor 40 of the conversion crystal 30 so that it is in a state of under-saturation at least at the level of the portion plane and smooth of the growth face 20a.
- Step dO) is carried out before step d). This allows the growth face of the seed crystal 20 to be slightly dissolved at the level of the growth opening 12a. Thus, a defect-free surface is advantageously obtained before carrying out a subsequent growth phase according to step d).
- the growth mask 12 is also formed so as to cover a lower edge 20c of the seed crystal 20 arranged proximally with respect to the support face 11a of the substrate 11.
- the length of the seed crystal 20 is greater than or equal to the lateral dimension of the zone of the substrate 11 to be covered.
- the case can also be envisaged where the length of the seed crystal 20 is smaller than the lateral dimension of the zone of the substrate 11 to be covered.
- the upper edge 12b of the growth opening 12a is parallel to the support face 11a of the substrate 11. This configuration makes it possible to control the flatness of the conversion crystal 30 and therefore the uniformity of conversion yield of radiation.
- an additional growth opening 12a is arranged on a face of the seed crystal 20 opposite the growth face 20a. It goes without saying that, therefore, the face of the seed crystal 20 opposite the growth face 20a is also a stable growth face.
- the conversion crystal 30 can grow in two opposite directions. This makes it possible to increase production rates and further reduce costs. More generally, more than two growth openings can be arranged so as to grow the crystal in several directions with respect to the starting seed.
- the growth mask 12 is formed by an adhesive 60.
- the adhesive may be inert with respect to the seed crystal 20.
- the glue 60 can overflow from the seed crystal 20 so as to completely cover the face of the seed crystal 20 arranged opposite the support face IIa of the substrate 11.
- step d a temperature of the liquid precursor 40 of the conversion crystal 30 is gradually increased over time. This keeps the solution in a state of supersaturation most favorable for growth and thus reduces the content of crystal defects in the growing conversion crystal.
- step c) the positioning of the seed crystal 20 is carried out so that the seed crystal 20 is offset with respect to a zone 50 of the substrate 11 where the conversion crystal 30 to be manufactured is shape. This is advantageous for homogeneously covering a determined zone of the substrate 11.
- the manufacturing method comprises a step f) implemented after step d).
- Step f) consists in treating the conversion crystal 30 so as to make the seed crystal 20 and the conversion crystal 30 independent after the formation of the crystal 30.
- the seed crystal 20 can be left on the surface and/or be removed from the surface by mechanical or physical cutting (laser) and/or by peeling it off from the surface of the substrate 11.
- the method comprises step e) which is implemented after step d).
- Step e) consists in treating the conversion crystal 30 so as to make at least one of its faces rectilinear.
- masking step b) can be repeated several times.
- steps c) and d) are implemented to obtain a first part of the conversion crystal 30.
- the growth is then stopped.
- the conversion crystal 30 thus obtained then serves as seed crystal 20 in a new iteration of step a).
- the conversion crystal 30 is then masked in a new step b) then the rest of the process is carried out again. It may thus be envisaged to repeat the process several times.
- This technique makes it possible to avoid the fact that over too long growth times, defects are generated on the upper facet 30a and that these defects induce growth in the direction normal with respect to the substrate 11 and the support face 11a.
- the growth is stopped before these defects are formed, a new masking is formed and the growth is then restarted following steps c) and d). This approach involves the masking being removed from the top facet 30a at the end of the process.
- the conversion crystal 30 has been obtained, its surface can be mechanically or mechanically chemically treated, for example by chemical-mechanical polishing, and/or chemically, for example by solvent cleaning, chemical grafting to modify the surface state and /or physically by UV-O3 or plasma treatment. It is for example possible to re-polish the upper face of the crystal 30 to guarantee better uniformity of the thickness of the conversion crystal 30 over the entire surface of the substrate 11. In some cases, the edges of the conversion crystal 30 can be cut to obtain the desired side dimensions.
- An optoelectronic device can be manufactured from the conversion crystal 30 obtained with the manufacturing method described above.
- an upper electrode is deposited on the conversion crystal 30.
- the upper electrode is deposited continuously over at least the entire surface of the active matrix covered by the conversion crystal 30.
- a single upper electrode is common to all the pixels of the matrix.
- This electrode can have the same nature as the lower electrode constituting the part of the substrate 11 on which the conversion crystal 30 is obtained or be of a different nature, as for a photodiode device.
- metals Au, Cr, Pt, Pd, Ag
- conductive oxides ITO, AZO, GZO
- conductive organic materials PEDOT-PSS, PANI, grapheme, carbon ink
- one or more layers of interfaces on the electrode to fix the work function and the chemical compatibility with the perovskite (PEIE, C60, MoOs, V2O5, BCP, SPIRO).
- PEIE, C60, MoOs, V2O5, BCP, SPIRO The upper electrode is then electrically connected to the external circuit, for example by means of a conductive wire or a conductive line produced by printing.
- the conversion crystal 30 can finally be encapsulated in air, or in an inert atmosphere (N2, Ar), or in an anhydrous atmosphere. This can be achieved using a glass cover glued to a surface of the substrate 11, which is not covered by the conversion crystal 30, using a bead of glue, or using an adhesive such as a glue or a pressure-sensitive adhesive and a plastic film with barrier layers.
- the encapsulation is transparent or opaque to visible light, but allows the radiation to be detected to pass.
- the contact pads of the pixel matrix are then connected to a reading electronics using flexible hoses and adhesives of the ACF (Anisotropic Conductive Film) type.
- the matrix can be characterized with the usual reading methods of pixelated imagers.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2011486A FR3116153B1 (fr) | 2020-11-09 | 2020-11-09 | Procédé de fabrication orientée d’un cristal de conversion par voie liquide |
| PCT/FR2021/051942 WO2022096827A1 (fr) | 2020-11-09 | 2021-11-04 | Procédé de fabrication orientée d'un cristal de conversion par voie liquide |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4241317A1 true EP4241317A1 (fr) | 2023-09-13 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP21811417.1A Pending EP4241317A1 (fr) | 2020-11-09 | 2021-11-04 | Procédé de fabrication orientée d'un cristal de conversion par voie liquide |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP4241317A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3116153B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022096827A1 (fr) |
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| JP6183317B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-08 | 2017-08-23 | 豊田合成株式会社 | Iii族窒化物半導体の製造方法及びiii族窒化物半導体ウエハ |
| US10103242B2 (en) * | 2015-08-12 | 2018-10-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Growing groups III-V lateral nanowire channels |
| CN108028263B (zh) | 2015-09-17 | 2022-10-21 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | 用于制造辐射探测器的方法和辐射探测器 |
-
2020
- 2020-11-09 FR FR2011486A patent/FR3116153B1/fr active Active
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2021
- 2021-11-04 WO PCT/FR2021/051942 patent/WO2022096827A1/fr not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| FR3116153B1 (fr) | 2026-04-10 |
| WO2022096827A1 (fr) | 2022-05-12 |
| FR3116153A1 (fr) | 2022-05-13 |
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