EP4220861A1 - Quasi-optischer wellenleiter-strahlformer mit übereinander angeordneten parallelen platten - Google Patents

Quasi-optischer wellenleiter-strahlformer mit übereinander angeordneten parallelen platten Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4220861A1
EP4220861A1 EP23153543.6A EP23153543A EP4220861A1 EP 4220861 A1 EP4220861 A1 EP 4220861A1 EP 23153543 A EP23153543 A EP 23153543A EP 4220861 A1 EP4220861 A1 EP 4220861A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
quasi
ports
optical
beamformer
network
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23153543.6A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Philippe Fraysse
Léonin Lassauce
Ségolène TUBAU
Hervé Legay
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
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Thales SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thales SA filed Critical Thales SA
Publication of EP4220861A1 publication Critical patent/EP4220861A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2664—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture electrically moving the phase centre of a radiating element in the focal plane of a focussing device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H01Q25/007—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns using two or more primary active elements in the focal region of a focusing device
    • H01Q25/008—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns using two or more primary active elements in the focal region of a focusing device lens fed multibeam arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0031—Parallel-plate fed arrays; Lens-fed arrays

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to the field of telecommunications, and in particular to quasi-optical beamformers (FFQO) for active multibeam antennas.
  • FFQO quasi-optical beamformers
  • Quasi-optical beamformers can be onboard satellites or ground stations.
  • the antennas using such formatters can operate in transmission or in reception, reciprocally.
  • a quasi-optical beamformer is a focusing (receiving) and collimating (transmitting) device.
  • There figure 1 represents a state-of-the-art quasi-optical beamformer which can be applied for example to pillbox, continuous delay lens or Rotman beamformers.
  • a quasi-optical beamformer conventionally incorporates a guide with parallel plates 16, connecting beam ports 17 and network ports 18.
  • the waveguide with parallel plates 16 makes it possible to guide the waves in TEM mode (acronym for "Transverse Electrical Magnetic”), in which the electric field E and the magnetic field H evolve in directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation X.
  • Wavefronts are curved in the XY plane.
  • a quasi-optical device 23 is introduced between the beam ports and the network ports.
  • This quasi-optical device may for example be a lens as used for continuous delay lenses or a reflector as used for pillbox beamformers.
  • Each network port 18 is connected to an amplifier 19 followed by a radiating element 20 via a delay line 21 and an amplifier port 22. It transforms the cylindrical waves emanating from the beam ports into radiated plane waves by the radiating panel of the multibeam active antenna.
  • Quasi-optical beamformers produce multiple axis-aligned beams that usually intersect at a gain level that can be up to 10 dB below the maximum gain of the beams, as illustrated by there figure 2 .
  • Such limitations are conventional and usually observed for any multibeam antenna associating an optical system (for example a reflector, a lens) and a focal network of passive multi-sources, each of them defining a spot access.
  • signal apodization on the output ports is used to broaden the main lobe of each beam while lowering the level of their sidelobes. The widening of the main lobe allows a better overlapping of the beams but does not allow the addition of additional beams.
  • this solution leads to a reduction in the gain of the active antenna, for a given number of radiating elements, and is therefore not desirable.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the simplified operation of an E-plane combiner/splitter, in which the sources are superimposed on two different levels (Port 1 and Port 2; port 3 corresponds to the output port). Indeed, operation in odd mode highlights the low isolation between the input ports and the poor adaptation of the excited input port (the E field lines are not straight).
  • An object of the invention is therefore a quasi-optical beamformer, comprising a set of beam ports, a set of network ports, a quasi-optical device and at least one waveguide with parallel plates extending between the beam ports and the network ports, the beam ports and/or the network ports being superposed on at least two stages, each of the at least two stages being separated by a common conductive plane with two adjacent stages, the quasi-optical beamformer comprising a resistive film arranged in the continuity of the conductive plane.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer comprises a plurality of superimposed parallel plate waveguides, each superimposed parallel plate waveguide being arranged facing the beam ports and/or facing the network ports of the same stage, the former further comprising a common parallel plate waveguide, disposed in continuity with the superposed parallel plate waveguides, the resistive film being disposed at the junction between each superimposed parallel plate waveguide and the waveguide of common parallel plate waves.
  • the resistive film is adjacent to the beam ports.
  • the resistive film is adjacent to the network ports.
  • each beam port having an identical width between two consecutive beam ports of the same stage the beam ports of two adjacent superimposed stages are offset by the width of the beam port divided by the number of stages of beam ports.
  • the beam ports are superposed on at least four stages, the length of each conductive plane along the direction of propagation of a wave in the quasi-optical beamformer being variable from one stage to another.
  • the bundle ports have different dimensions, from one floor to another.
  • each network port having an identical width between two consecutive network ports of the same floor the network ports of two adjacent superposed levels are offset by the width of the network port divided by the number of network port floors.
  • the network ports of a stage are all configured to be coupled to an antenna, and the network ports of a superimposed adjacent stage are all configured to be coupled to a load not connected to the antenna.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer comprises, on each of the side edges, a plurality of absorption devices configured to absorb the energy not transmitted between the beam ports and the network ports, said absorption devices being superimposed on the at least two stages, the position of the absorption devices being offset by a distance corresponding to ⁇ g /4, where ⁇ g designates the wavelength guided in the quasi-optical beamformer, the resistive film being arranged between the absorption devices of two superimposed stages.
  • the absorbent devices include dummy ports or an absorbent.
  • the network ports and/or the beam ports comprise coaxial lines, coaxial guides, strip lines or microstrip lines.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer is produced in the form of a multilayer PCB printed circuit, the waveguide with parallel plates being filled with a dielectric material, the beam ports being produced using SIW technology.
  • the invention also relates to an active antenna comprising an aforementioned quasi-optical beamformer, and a plurality of radiating elements connected at the output of said beamformer.
  • the dimensions of the network ports are smaller than the dimensions of the radiating elements.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer includes a plate waveguide upper parallels 2 and a lower parallel plate waveguide 3, superimposed with respect to each other. They thus share a common conducting plane 4, which constitutes the lower wall of the upper parallel plate waveguide 2, and the upper wall of the lower parallel plate waveguide 3.
  • the upper and lower parallel plate waveguides lower extend in the XY plane, so they are superimposed in the Z direction.
  • the upper and lower parallel plate waveguides are not superimposed over the entire extent of the quasi-optical beamformer, but only over a portion of it. Beyond a certain distance from the focal array of beam ports, the upper parallel plate waveguide 2 and the lower parallel plate waveguide 3 form, in the absence of a metallic plane, a guide common parallel plate waves 5.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer also includes a set of upper beam ports 6 for feeding the upper parallel plate waveguide 2.
  • the upper beam ports 6 are located in the plane of the upper parallel plate waveguide 2 .
  • the quasi-optical beamformer includes a set of lower beam ports 8 for feeding the lower parallel plate waveguide 3.
  • the lower beam ports 8 are located in the plane of the waveguide at lower parallel plates 3.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer also comprises a set of network ports (7, 9), which can be arranged on one and the same level, in order to transmit the signals to the radiating elements.
  • Each beam port 6 and the lower beam ports 8 are located in the focal plane of the quasi-optical device 10.
  • Each beam port comprises a source for generating a TEM wave (for "Transverse Electromagnetic” in English), a TE wave (for "Transverse Electric” in English) or both.
  • the sources are horns, in particular H-plane horns, which are particularly suitable for performing beam reconfiguration, each source of the beam port defining a spot access.
  • Horns can easily be designed and manufactured in PCB technology.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer comprises a single stage of beam ports, a set of upper network ports 7, and a set of lower network ports 9.
  • a resistive film is arranged in the continuity of the conductive plane which separates the guide from upper wave and the lower waveguide, as shown in the figure 5 .
  • the resistive film is a layer which has a squared resistivity such that when current lines pass through the resistive film, a certain amount of energy is dissipated, which reduces the coupling between the beam ports.
  • the resistive film 11 can be closer to the beam ports than to the quasi-optical device, or conversely be closer to the quasi-optical device than to the beam ports.
  • the resistive film can be more or less wide (the width corresponds to the dimension along the longitudinal direction X).
  • the resistive film 11 can be adjacent to the bundle ports, and/or adjacent to the network ports, namely in direct connection with the ports.
  • the beamformer only comprises a single waveguide with parallel plates, on a single and unique stage.
  • the dimension of the resistive film, in the direction of propagation X, can advantageously be greater than or equal to ⁇ g /4, where ⁇ g designates the wavelength guided in the quasi-optical beamformer 1.
  • the resistive film may for example comprise a nickel-phosphorus alloy.
  • resistive film 11 it is advantageous to arrange the resistive film 11 over the entire length of the metal plane 4, in the transverse direction Y, so as to dissipate the energy even for the most eccentric beam ports, with respect to the main axis of the device quasi -optical.
  • the presence of the resistive film at the level of the superimposed beam ports makes it possible to free up space for the size of the sources, so that They perfectly illuminate the network ports, with an apodized law, also allowing to reduce the secondary lobes. Larger sources also make it possible to limit the amplitude of the field on the edges of the quasi-optical beamformer, and to minimize the parasitic reflections thereon.
  • the beam ports (6, 8) and the network ports (7, 9) are superposed on at least two stages (33, 34).
  • the upper beam ports 6 and the lower beam ports 8 can be offset relative to each other in the transverse direction Y, by a predefined distance. The offset is therefore performed in the focal plane of the quasi-optical device 10.
  • the predefined distance is advantageously equal to the width of the beam port divided by the number of stages (33, 34) of beam ports, which makes it possible to obtain a compact network of beam ports.
  • the predefined distance is equal to half the width of the beam port (d 2 /2, d 2 corresponding to the width of a beam port) and the center d an upper beam port coincides with the junction between two lower beam ports, and vice versa.
  • FIG 7 schematically illustrates the operation of the quasi-optical beamformer according to the invention, at the junction between the upper parallel plate waveguide 2 and the lower parallel plate waveguide 3 on the one hand, and the common parallel plate waveguide 5 on the other hand.
  • the resistive film 11 makes it possible to isolate the upper 6 and lower 8 beam ports, and to obtain, at the level of the output port 24, located in the common parallel plate waveguide 5, the summation without losses of the signals coming from of the input beam ports when they are in phase and of the same amplitude (diagram a) of the figure 7 ).
  • the resistive film 11 thus makes it possible to solve the coupling problems that can be found in the state of the art.
  • FIG 8 illustrates the radiation pattern of an active multibeam antenna comprising a quasi-optical beamformer according to the invention, in which the beam ports are superimposed on two levels.
  • the multibeam active antenna also comprises a radiating panel connected at the output of the beamformer.
  • the abscissa represents the angle of depointing of the antenna.
  • the number of the beam port (1 to 22), visible on the right part of the figure which represents the quasi-optical beamformer, is found in the number of the main lobe on the left part of the figure.
  • the overlapping level is about 2/3 dB, which greatly minimizes the losses linked to the overlapping of the beams, in comparison with the 9 dB observed when the beam ports are located on one and the same level.
  • the resistive film 11 thus makes it possible to adapt the upper and lower parallel plate waveguides to the common parallel plate guide, while ensuring low mutual coupling between the sources.
  • the formatter according to the invention thus guarantees high-speed transmissions between the satellites and fixed or fast-moving users (trains, planes, etc.).
  • the level of overlapping can be further improved by increasing the number of stages, for example by arranging the beam ports on four stages.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer comprises more than two stages, in this case four stages (33, 34, 35, 36).
  • a resistive film (37, 38, 39) is arranged between each stage, adjacent to the beam ports.
  • the beam ports of two superimposed stages can advantageously be offset by a predefined distance equal to the width of the beam port divided by the number of stages of beam ports. It can also be provided, in a configuration with four or more stages illustrated by the figure 10 , that the length of each conductive plane (41, 42, 43) along the direction X of propagation of a wave in the quasi-optical beamformer 1, is variable from one stage to another, so, for example , to balance the coupling between the beam ports, in a progressive manner.
  • the conductive plane 42 located at mid-height is the longest, among all the conductive planes.
  • the conductive plane located at mid-height 41 is assigned a length less than that of the median conductive plane 42, and so on (cutting by dichotomy).
  • the resistive films (111, 112, 113) are arranged at the end of the conductive planes (41, 42, 43).
  • This embodiment ensures a balanced coupling between the beam ports, and a good distribution of the E field in even mode.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer according to the invention is produced in the form of a multilayer PCB printed circuit.
  • the permittivity ⁇ r of the dielectric materials integrated in the beamformer makes it possible to reduce the guided wavelength inside the quasi-optical beamformer by a factor of 7 ⁇ 7, and to reduce by this same factor the dimensions of the trainer.
  • the quasi-optical device 10 is integrated in a guide with parallel plates loaded with dielectric, and the beam ports can be made using SIW (Substrate Integrated Waveguide) technology.
  • the method of manufacturing the quasi-optical beamformer thus comprises a step of etching the resistive film, at the locations where the resistive film is provided.
  • the manufacturing technique of a PCB quasi-optical beamformer lends itself particularly well to the addition of a resistive film in the former.
  • Quasi-optical beamformers in the form of a multi-layer PCB printed circuit can cause more losses than formers in the form of a metal guide. Nevertheless, for active antennas, the amplifiers are integrated into the radiating panel (all the amplifiers contribute to the formation of the beam); they are therefore not integrated before the trainer, which leaves more tolerance for losses.
  • the dimensions of the beam ports are different from one floor to another.
  • the number of beam ports is different from one stage to another.
  • stage 37 comprises three beam ports 70
  • stage 38 comprises four beam ports 71.
  • the beam ports of stage 37 are wider (in the transverse direction Y) than the beam ports of stage 38.
  • a portion of resistive film 11 extends at the junction between stage 37 and stage 38, at the output of the beam ports.
  • the embodiment illustrated by the figure 11 can be extended to more than two floors, for example four floors or even more, with a conductor plane length which is fixed or variable from one floor to another.
  • the front of the cylindrical waves excited by the beam ports of the quasi-optical beamformer are oriented towards the barycenter of the network ports.
  • the electric field transmitted is therefore maximum at the center of the network ports, and the intensity of the electric field can decrease for the ports located at the periphery.
  • the quasi-optical beamformer in order to reduce the residual electric field at the edges, includes, on its edges sides (25, 26), a first absorption device 12 in the upper stage 33, and a second absorption device 13 in the lower stage 34.
  • the side edges (25, 26) are the edges located in the transmission line, between the beam ports and the quasi-optical device ( figure 4 ).
  • the absorbers are configured to absorb non-transmitted energy between the beam ports (6, 8) and the network ports (7, 9), thereby minimizing spurious reflections off the edges of the quasi-optical beamformer .
  • the first absorption device 12 and the second absorption device 13 can extend over the entire length of the corresponding lateral edge, namely entirely between the most eccentric beam ports and the quasi-optical device.
  • the absorption devices can extend from the resistive film 11 to the quasi-optical device 10, along the longitudinal direction X.
  • the position of the first absorption device 12 and of the second absorption device 13 is advantageously offset by a distance corresponding to ⁇ g /4 in the transverse direction Y, where ⁇ g denotes the wavelength guided in the quasi-optical beams 1.
  • the direction of the offset i.e. which absorber is set back from the other, does not matter.
  • the resistive film 11 is placed between the first absorption device 12 and the second absorption device 13.
  • the resistive film 11 can extend beyond the absorption devices, in the transverse direction Y.
  • the resistive film 11 can be arranged in the continuity of the metallic plane and between the first absorption device 12 and the second absorption device 13, as illustrated in the figure 12 .
  • the offset of the position of the first absorption device 12 and of the second absorption device 13 by a distance corresponding to ⁇ g/4 in the transverse direction Y generates a phase opposition between the parasitic reflections coming from the absorbers.
  • the signal resulting from the combination in phase opposition is absorbed by the resistive film 11.
  • the absorption devices can comprise an absorbent material, for example an epoxy foam loaded with magnetic particles.
  • absorption devices may comprise dummy ports 33.
  • Each dummy port may be in the form of a structure provided with a portion of resistive film 71, conductive side walls 72, and a transverse conductive link 70 which extends on either side of each side wall.
  • the absorber devices may include a plurality of dummy ports loaded with resistive loads.
  • FIG 14 illustrates an alternative layout of the network ports, in which the network ports 50 of a stage 33 are configured to be all coupled to an antenna, and the network ports 51 of an adjacent stage 34 are configured to be all coupled to a load 52 not connected to the antenna, which may be a resistive film. Coupling to a load 52 not connected to the antenna can be achieved by using horns connected to loads via transitions between rectangular guides and microstrip lines 53.
  • FIG. 15 Another alternative arrangement is illustrated by the figure 15 .
  • the network ports on two levels use transitions between parallel plate guides and coaxial guides 54.
  • the ports 56 of one of the two levels are connected to loads 55, which can comprise a resistive film.
  • Ports 57 of the adjacent level are connected to the antenna.
  • FIG. 16 Another alternative arrangement is illustrated by the figure 16 .
  • the network ports on two levels use transitions between parallel plate guides and microstrip lines 57.
  • the ports 60 of one of the two levels are connected to loads 58 (for example resistive films).
  • Ports 59 of the adjacent level are connected to the antenna.
  • This arrangement makes it possible to reduce parasitic reflections at high incidences and to use network port widths greater than 0.6 ⁇ g .
  • network ports of widths less than 0.6 ⁇ g are used to limit these parasitic reflections.
  • the incident waves are partially reflected on the network ports of each floor. This reflection increases with the size of the network ports and the incidence of the wave.
  • the partial reflections of each stage are then in phase opposition when the network ports are offset by a half-period. They are then absorbed by the resistive film.
  • This partial reflection cancellation works for port widths down to 0.8 ⁇ g or even 0.9 ⁇ g , to reduce the angle of incidence of the quasi-optical beamformer waves ⁇ QO required to feed the antenna .
  • the spacing d 1 between the radiating elements of the antenna is imposed by the constraint of placing the array lobes of the antenna outside the coverage of the antenna.
  • the spacing between the radiating elements is of the order of 3.1 ⁇ where ⁇ designates the wavelength in the empty.
  • the upper and lower network ports are configured to be alternately coupled, in the transverse direction Y, to an antenna and to a load not connected to the antenna.
  • the set of upper network ports alternately comprises an upper network port 27 connected to the antenna (not visible on the figure 17 ), and a network port 28 connected to a load which is not connected to the antenna.
  • the set of lower network ports alternately includes a lower network port 29 connected to a load that is not connected to the antenna, and a network port 30 connected to the antenna.
  • This operation explained for an antenna in reception is also transposed in the case of an antenna in transmission.
  • a wave incident on the network ports for an oblique incidence is partially reflected in the direction of the network lobe.
  • the partial reflections then convert to an odd mode, which vanishes into the resistive film.
  • the invention also relates to an active antenna comprising the aforementioned quasi-optical beamformer, and a radiating panel connected at the output of the beamformer.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
EP23153543.6A 2022-01-27 2023-01-26 Quasi-optischer wellenleiter-strahlformer mit übereinander angeordneten parallelen platten Pending EP4220861A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR2200694A FR3132177B1 (fr) 2022-01-27 2022-01-27 Formateur de faisceaux quasi-optique à guide d'ondes à plaques parallèles superposées

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP4220861A1 true EP4220861A1 (de) 2023-08-02

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EP23153543.6A Pending EP4220861A1 (de) 2022-01-27 2023-01-26 Quasi-optischer wellenleiter-strahlformer mit übereinander angeordneten parallelen platten

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US (1) US20230238710A1 (de)
EP (1) EP4220861A1 (de)
CA (1) CA3187663A1 (de)
FR (1) FR3132177B1 (de)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7724197B1 (en) * 2007-04-30 2010-05-25 Planet Earth Communications, Llc Waveguide beam forming lens with per-port power dividers
US20120092224A1 (en) * 2009-04-02 2012-04-19 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Multilayer pillbox type parallel-plate waveguide antenna and corresponding antenna system
WO2013110793A1 (fr) 2012-01-27 2013-08-01 Thales Formateur multi-faisceaux à deux dimensions, antenne comportant un tel formateur multi-faisceaux et système de télécommunication par satellite comportant une telle antenne
US20160285165A1 (en) * 2015-03-23 2016-09-29 Thales Compact butler matrix, planar two-dimensional beam-former and planar antenna comprising such a butler matrix

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7724197B1 (en) * 2007-04-30 2010-05-25 Planet Earth Communications, Llc Waveguide beam forming lens with per-port power dividers
US20120092224A1 (en) * 2009-04-02 2012-04-19 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Multilayer pillbox type parallel-plate waveguide antenna and corresponding antenna system
WO2013110793A1 (fr) 2012-01-27 2013-08-01 Thales Formateur multi-faisceaux à deux dimensions, antenne comportant un tel formateur multi-faisceaux et système de télécommunication par satellite comportant une telle antenne
US20160285165A1 (en) * 2015-03-23 2016-09-29 Thales Compact butler matrix, planar two-dimensional beam-former and planar antenna comprising such a butler matrix

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20230238710A1 (en) 2023-07-27
FR3132177B1 (fr) 2023-12-15
CA3187663A1 (en) 2023-07-27
FR3132177A1 (fr) 2023-07-28

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