EP4194631A1 - Vorgefertigte verbundfassadenplatte und verfahren zur herstellung einer fassade eines gebäudes - Google Patents

Vorgefertigte verbundfassadenplatte und verfahren zur herstellung einer fassade eines gebäudes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4194631A1
EP4194631A1 EP22212323.4A EP22212323A EP4194631A1 EP 4194631 A1 EP4194631 A1 EP 4194631A1 EP 22212323 A EP22212323 A EP 22212323A EP 4194631 A1 EP4194631 A1 EP 4194631A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
panel
blocks
facade
edge
ribs
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22212323.4A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
André De Chefdebien-Zagarriga
Gwen LOZACH
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lesage Developpement SAS
Original Assignee
Lesage Developpement SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lesage Developpement SAS filed Critical Lesage Developpement SAS
Publication of EP4194631A1 publication Critical patent/EP4194631A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/88—Curtain walls
    • E04B2/90—Curtain walls comprising panels directly attached to the structure
    • E04B2/94—Concrete panels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/049—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres completely or partially of insulating material, e.g. cellular concrete or foamed plaster
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/48—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose as high as or higher than the room, i.e. having provisions concerning the connection with at least two floors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
    • E04B1/388—Separate connecting elements
    • E04B2001/389—Brackets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B2001/7679—Means preventing cold bridging at the junction of an exterior wall with an interior wall or a floor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2002/001—Mechanical features of panels
    • E04C2002/002—Panels with integrated lifting means, e.g. with hoisting lugs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a prefabricated composite façade panel intended to be applied against at least two posts and at least two beams or floor slab nose of a frame of a building, each façade panel being defined at least by a height , a length, a thickness, an outer face, an inner face, two side edges, and two longitudinal edges, including a lower edge and an upper edge, said composite facade panel comprising at least one structural wall, one of the faces forming the outer face of said panel, reinforcing ribs integral with the other face of the structural wall, including lateral ribs and longitudinal ribs, and éleg ordinance blocks arranged between the reinforcing ribs to fill the voids.
  • the invention also relates to a method of constructing a facade for a building having a frame comprising posts and beams and/or floor slabs, in which method facade panels are applied to the exterior of the frame to create a protective envelope around the building, each facade panel being applied against at least two posts and at least two beams or floor slab nose.
  • Facade panels also called vertical walls, which are prefabricated in concrete have been around for many years.
  • solid concrete panels ribbed concrete panels, concrete panels integrating blocks of thermally insulating material, concrete sandwich panels integrating a layer of thermally insulating material between two concrete walls linked by spacers, simple double walls or insulated double walls comprising two concrete walls linked by spacers, with or without a layer of thermally insulating material, forming a formwork to receive concrete cast in place, that is to say on site.
  • Facade panels can be non-load-bearing or load-bearing construction elements, depending on whether they are associated with a load-bearing or non-load-bearing frame.
  • a load-bearing frame is of the "posts/beams" or “posts/slabs” type and the facade panel of the invention is designed more particularly for this type of frame.
  • the slabs can be slabs of concrete, wood, metal or any other compatible building material.
  • the facade panels can include a lining added on site to complete the overall thermal resistance of the facade, and/or improve the aesthetics of the facade by an external covering of the plaster or cladding type.
  • the present invention aims to overcome the drawbacks of traditional precast concrete facade panels, by proposing a new design of precast composite facade panel which offers a compromise between all the objectives referred to above and makes it possible to enter the dry sector.
  • the invention relates to a facade panel of the type indicated in the preamble, characterized in that said longitudinal ribs comprise at least one lower edge rib aligned with the lower edge of the panel, and an upper rib offset with the upper edge of the panel, in that the lateral ribs comprise at least two end lateral ribs, each respectively offset with one of the lateral edges of the panel, in that the said elongation blocks comprise at least one upper edge block arranged between the said rib offset upper edge and said upper edge of the panel with which it is aligned, and at least two edge side blocks, each respectively disposed between one of said offset end side ribs and said corresponding side edge of the panel with which it is aligned, said blocks of edge making it possible to create breaks of thermal bridge compared to the frame of the building.
  • the end side ribs and the edge side blocks extend parallel to each other and over the entire height of the panel.
  • the end side ribs may each include at least one lifting insert.
  • the upper edge block preferably extends between the two lateral end ribs in the form of a continuous or discontinuous block depending on the embodiment variants.
  • the longitudinal ribs comprise at least one intermediate longitudinal rib located between the lower edge rib and the offset upper rib, said intermediate longitudinal rib extending continuously or discontinuously and comprising at least two members anchor for props arranged symmetrically with respect to a median vertical axis of the panel.
  • the running part of the panel extending between the lateral edge blocks, the lower edge rib and the longitudinal edge block, comprises at least intermediate lateral ribs and intermediate building blocks, which can be arranged depending on whether or not there is at least one opening provided in said front panel.
  • the side edge blocks and/or the upper edge block can advantageously have different physical properties from the intermediate building blocks, at least in terms of density and/or thermal conductivity.
  • the structural wall and the reinforcing ribs are made from at least one structural construction material selected from ordinary concrete, low carbon dioxide footprint concrete, concrete fiber, or a combination of at least two of these materials.
  • the building blocks are advantageously made from solid blocks, single material or multi-material, in at least one thermally insulating material chosen from wood aggregate concrete, wood fiber concrete, miscanthus, hemp hemp , wood wool, rock wool, cellular concrete, recycled polystyrene, or a combination of at least two of these materials.
  • the invention relates to a construction method of the type indicated in the preamble, characterized in that all or part of the facade panels as defined above are used, and in that each facade panel with respect to the framework for placing the lateral edge blocks applied to posts, the longitudinal edge block applied to a beam or a nose of a floor slab of an N+1 storey, and the edge bottom of the panel substantially aligned with the upper edge of a beam or a floor slab of a floor N, said edge blocks making it possible to create thermal bridge breakers with respect to the framework of the building.
  • the facade panel is fixed to the beams and/or to the floor slabs by metal angle irons and fixing members engaged with, on the one hand, the lower edge rib and on the other hand the offset upper rib of said panel.
  • the height of the upper edge block is substantially equal to the height of the beam or of the floor slab to form a thermal bridge breaker
  • the width of the side edge blocks is at least equal to the corresponding side of the posts to form a thermal bridge breaker.
  • the facade panel 1 is intended to build all or part of the protective envelope around a building, which can be a building of traditional construction, or a building having a frame of the type posts-beams and/or posts-floor slabs.
  • the front panel 1 does not constitute a load-bearing element as such since it is associated with a load-bearing framework. It is intended to rest on floors, beams or floor slabs.
  • the facade panel 1 of the invention is a so-called “composite” panel because it results from a judicious assembly of at least two different immiscible materials, whose physical properties complement each other to achieve the objectives referred to above.
  • the front panel 1 is prefabricated, which makes it possible to control the end-to-end manufacturing process, to obtain high, controlled and reproducible quality, to ensure compliance with the specifications, to be able to manufacture made-to-measure panels, and thus to optimize and simplify the implementation work on site.
  • the front panel 1 is defined at least by a height H, a length L, a thickness E, an external face FE oriented towards the outside of the building, an internal face FI oriented towards the interior of the building.
  • the front panel 1 is framed at least by two side edges BL, and two longitudinal edges, including a lower edge BI and an upper edge BS.
  • it has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, in which the longitudinal edges are intended to be placed horizontally and the side edges BL vertically.
  • the shape represented is not exclusive since other shapes, whether geometric or not, can be defined according to the architecture of the building.
  • the front panel 1 comprises with reference to the figures 1 to 6 , at least one structural wall 2, one of the faces of which forms the outer face FE of the panel, reinforcing ribs 3 secured to the other face of the structural wall 2, the structural wall 2 and the reinforcing ribs 3 being obtained by molding in a single piece.
  • the reinforcing ribs 3 comprise transverse ribs which extend in the height of the panel and longitudinal ribs which extend in the length of the panel.
  • the front panel 1 further comprises éleg Detective blocks 4 arranged between the reinforcing ribs 3 to fill the voids.
  • the reinforcing ribs 3 form a network which give the front panel 1 mechanical strength in two intersecting directions X and Z.
  • the thickness E of the front panel 1 is variable and defined by the sum of the thickness of the wall of structure 2 and the height of the reinforcing ribs 3, these two data being variable depending on the specifications.
  • the height of the lightening blocks 4 is therefore at most and preferably equal to the height of the reinforcing ribs 3.
  • the visible face of the reinforcing ribs 3 and of the lightening blocks 4 forms the internal face FI of the panel.
  • the panel facade 1 may in a variant not shown further comprise an additional structural wall, attached to the reinforcing ribs 3 and the blocks of ITAgatorium 4, to form the inner face FI of the panel.
  • the arrangement of the reinforcing ribs 3 and the lightening blocks 4 differs from the known ribbed panels, in which the lateral edges and the longitudinal edges of the panel are necessarily formed by a peripheral concrete rib, which does not allow adequate treatment of thermal bridges.
  • the new arrangement described below makes it possible to offer the front panel 1 new functionalities as explained with reference to the figures 2 to 5 .
  • the longitudinal reinforcing ribs 3 comprise at least one lower edge rib 31 aligned with the lower edge BI of the panel, and an upper rib 32 offset with the upper edge BS of the panel.
  • the lateral reinforcing ribs 3 comprise at least two lateral end ribs 33, each respectively offset with one of the lateral edges BL of the panel.
  • the offset of the upper rib 32 and the end lateral ribs 33 respectively with respect respectively to the upper edge BS and to the lateral edges BL of the panel allows the interposition of a thermally efficient lightening block 4 to deal with thermal bridges at the right of the building frame.
  • the lightening blocks 4 comprise for this purpose at least one upper edge block 41 aligned with the upper edge BS of the panel, and at least two side edge blocks 42, each respectively aligned with one of the side edges BL of the panel, to create a break in the thermal bridges at the junctions with the framework.
  • the longitudinal reinforcing ribs 3 further comprise at least one intermediate longitudinal rib 34 located between the lower edge rib 31 and the offset upper rib 32, which may extend continuously or discontinuously, in particular depending on the presence or not of one or more openings 12, as shown in figure 8 .
  • This longitudinal rib intermediate 34 comprises in particular at least two anchoring members 5, such as for example fixing sleeves, to allow the temporary fixing of stays serving to maintain the facade panel 1 in a phase of installation on site.
  • the anchoring members 5 are arranged symmetrically with respect to a median vertical axis A of the panel and the intermediate longitudinal rib 34 is preferably positioned in the upper half of the panel , on a horizontal line coincident with or close to a median horizontal axis B of the panel.
  • the end side ribs 33 and the edge side blocks 42 extend parallel to each other and over the entire height H of the panel.
  • the end lateral ribs 33 can be continuous or discontinuous. They each comprise in an upper end zone, a lifting insert 6 to allow the temporary fixing of lifting slings used for handling the facade panel 1.
  • the front panel 1 comprises four intermediate transverse ribs 35 arranged between the end lateral ribs 33 and extending over the entire height of the panel, as well as ten intermediate blocks 43 ( figure 1 And 7 ) or nine intermediate blocks 43 ( figure 8 ).
  • the intermediate transverse ribs 35 can be spaced at a regular center distance or not, and positioned symmetrically or not with respect to the median vertical axis A.
  • the spacing E1 separating the two intermediate transverse ribs 35 located in the central part of the panel is less than the spacing E2 separating the other intermediate transverse ribs 35.
  • the aim sought by the definition of variable spacings E1, E2 is to be able to make maximum use of blocks intermediaries 43 of standard dimensions to avoid or limit cuts and scrap material.
  • the positioning of the non-standard E1 spacings, called false spacings can have the effect of increasing the rigidity in the central part of the panel.
  • the upper edge block 41 which extends between the two end lateral ribs 33 consists of a discontinuous block, and in particular of five blocks aligned and separated by the intermediate transverse ribs 35.
  • the upper edge building block may consist of a single continuous block, or of a combination of long blocks and short blocks depending on whether the intermediate transverse ribs 35 extend or not to the edge upper BS of the panel.
  • the structural wall 2 and the reinforcing ribs 3 are preferably made from a construction material, chosen from ordinary concrete, concrete with a low carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint, also called low carbon concrete, a fibre-reinforced concrete, or any other material suitable for the prefabrication of construction elements.
  • the construction material is chosen to provide mechanical strength and fire resistance to the structural wall 2 and to the reinforcing ribs 3.
  • the choice of a ribbed facade panel 1 makes it possible to increase the mechanical performance of the panel while reducing the amount of building material required, making it possible to lighten the panel and correlatively reduce the size of the building frame, while reducing its carbon footprint.
  • the structural wall 2 and the reinforcing ribs 3 are also reinforced and comprise for this purpose steel reinforcements embedded in the building material, having the functions of reinforcing the building material and of giving the facade panel mechanical properties flexural, compressive and tensile strength.
  • the reinforcements can be chosen from bars, lattices of the high-adherence reinforcement type, composite reinforcements filled with fibers, or any other type of equivalent reinforcement.
  • the building blocks 4 have a lower density than that of the building material and make it possible to reduce the weight of the front panel 1, and correlatively the dimensioning of the framework of the building. They also make it possible to reduce the quantity of construction material necessary for the manufacture of the facade panel 1, and to create carbon sinks having a positive impact on the reduction of carbon emissions. Finally, they make it possible to treat thermal bridges.
  • the composition and the physical properties of the building blocks 4 may be identical or different from one block to another, in particular depending on the positioning of the blocks in the facade panel 1.
  • the side edge blocks 42 and/or upper edge block 41 may have different physical properties from intermediate blocks 43, at least in terms of thermal resistance and/or density.
  • the edge blocks 41, 42 make it possible to create thermal bridge breakers with respect to the framework of the building.
  • the thermal resistance of the edge blocks 41, 42 is preferably greater than that of the other intermediate blocks 43 in the current part.
  • they form bearing surfaces with parts of the building frame.
  • the lightening blocks 4 preferably consist of solid blocks, mono or multi-material. They can be made of different materials, such as wood aggregate concrete, wood fiber concrete or any other fillers or biosourced fibers such as miscanthus, hemp hemp, or similar, but also other materials such as wood wool, rock wool, cellular concrete, recycled polystyrene, mixtures of these materials, or the like.
  • the choice of a totally or partially biosourced material makes it possible to meet environmental objectives, to create carbon sinks, and thus to reduce the carbon footprint of the entire facade panel 1.
  • the front panel 1 is preferably manufactured on a molding bench in a prefabrication factory, or in a fairground prefabrication installation on the site or near the site.
  • the manufacturing process is substantially the same as for another reinforced concrete construction element and consists in particular setting up all or part of the steel frames with wedges on the molding table, positioning the building blocks in accordance with the specifications, binding the building blocks to the frames, and then pouring the construction material on the molding table to simultaneously create the structural wall and the reinforcing ribs.
  • the order of these steps is not exclusive and can be modified.
  • This manufacturing process allows, among other things, a strong adhesion between the building material, the reinforcements and the material of the building blocks, allowing an intimate connection between these different materials, and to obtain a one-piece facade panel 1, easily stackable, transportable, and manipulable.
  • THE figures 2 to 7 illustrate the assembly of a facade panel 1 to a frame of a building comprising posts 10 and slabs 11 of the floor.
  • FIG 7 illustrates a facade panel 1 closing a floor between two slabs 11 and two posts 10.
  • the length L of the facade panel 1 is defined according to the spacing of the posts 10, as well as its height H which is defined according to the distance between the slabs 11. More specifically, it must cover at least half of the posts 10 as shown in picture 3 , and the entire nose of slab 11 of level N+1 as shown in picture 2 .
  • the construction process then consists of positioning each facade panel 1 relative to the frame to place the side edge blocks 42 applied to the posts 10, the upper edge block 41 applied to the nose of the slab 11 of the level N+1, and the lower edge BI of the panel aligned with the upper face of the slab 11 of the level N.
  • the height of the upper edge block 41 is substantially equal to the height of the slab 11 to form a thermal bridge breaker
  • the width of the edge side blocks 42 is at least equal to the corresponding side of the posts 10 to also form a thermal bridge breaker.
  • the installation of such a facade panel uses conventional techniques, such as lifting the facade panel 1 by a lifting device via slings (not shown) fixed in the lifting inserts 6 of the panel, then the lateral support of the front panel 1 relative to the frame by stays (not shown) fixed in the anchoring members 5 of the panel and to the corresponding floor slab.
  • the facade panel 1 is then fixed to the slabs of the levels N and N+1 by metal angles 8 and fixing members, such as screws or the like, engaging respectively with the lower edge rib 31 and the offset upper rib 32.
  • the number of metal angles 8 is variable and at least equal to four, positioned in the corners of the front panel 1 and at the level of the reinforcing ribs 3 imperatively.
  • the mechanical connection between the upper edge building block 41 and the slab nose 11 of level N+1 allows the creation of a thermal bridge breaker, which can be completed by adding an intermediate layer of an insulating material such as rock wool, wood wool or the like.
  • the flat contact between the side edge blocks 42 and the posts 10 allows the creation of a thermal bridge breaker, which can also be supplemented by the addition of an intermediate layer of an insulating material such as rock wool, wood wool or the like.
  • the vertical junction between two consecutive facade panels 1 at the right of a post 10 can be completed by a seal, such as a bead by means of a sealing mastic, a filling with mortar without shrinkage, or similar, and depending on the desired finish.
  • the horizontal junction between two consecutive facade panels 1 in line with a floor slab 11 can be completed by a seal, such as a cord by means of a sealant, a filling with non-shrink mortar, or similar, and depending on the desired finish, the properties of which will make it possible to deal with fire safety aspects.
  • a seal such as a cord by means of a sealant, a filling with non-shrink mortar, or similar, and depending on the desired finish, the properties of which will make it possible to deal with fire safety aspects.
  • the implementation of the facade panel 1 on site can be supplemented by an interior lining to complete the overall thermal resistance of the facade and/or an exterior coating of the plaster or cladding type depending on the aesthetics of the building.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
EP22212323.4A 2021-12-09 2022-12-08 Vorgefertigte verbundfassadenplatte und verfahren zur herstellung einer fassade eines gebäudes Pending EP4194631A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR2113197A FR3130300B1 (fr) 2021-12-09 2021-12-09 Panneau de façade composite préfabriqué et procédé de construction d’une façade d’un bâtiment

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4194631A1 true EP4194631A1 (de) 2023-06-14

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22212323.4A Pending EP4194631A1 (de) 2021-12-09 2022-12-08 Vorgefertigte verbundfassadenplatte und verfahren zur herstellung einer fassade eines gebäudes

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EP (1) EP4194631A1 (de)
FR (1) FR3130300B1 (de)

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103114663A (zh) 2013-03-07 2013-05-22 浙江省建筑科学设计研究院有限公司 一种装配式多功能外墙体及其生产、安装方法
EP2615218A1 (de) 2012-01-16 2013-07-17 Eric Farjot Modulares Fertigbauelement zum Erstellen einer Mauer
CN108425451A (zh) 2018-02-14 2018-08-21 清华大学建筑设计研究院有限公司 一种整浇并挂集成墙板及其快装式墙体结构

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2615218A1 (de) 2012-01-16 2013-07-17 Eric Farjot Modulares Fertigbauelement zum Erstellen einer Mauer
CN103114663A (zh) 2013-03-07 2013-05-22 浙江省建筑科学设计研究院有限公司 一种装配式多功能外墙体及其生产、安装方法
CN103114663B (zh) * 2013-03-07 2015-01-14 浙江省建筑科学设计研究院有限公司 一种装配式多功能外墙体的生产、安装方法
CN108425451A (zh) 2018-02-14 2018-08-21 清华大学建筑设计研究院有限公司 一种整浇并挂集成墙板及其快装式墙体结构
CN108425451B (zh) * 2018-02-14 2020-04-14 清华大学建筑设计研究院有限公司 一种整浇并挂集成墙板及其快装式墙体结构

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Publication number Publication date
FR3130300B1 (fr) 2024-04-12
FR3130300A1 (fr) 2023-06-16

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