EP4147283A1 - Schichtsystem für ein organisches elektronisches bauelement - Google Patents
Schichtsystem für ein organisches elektronisches bauelementInfo
- Publication number
- EP4147283A1 EP4147283A1 EP21730094.6A EP21730094A EP4147283A1 EP 4147283 A1 EP4147283 A1 EP 4147283A1 EP 21730094 A EP21730094 A EP 21730094A EP 4147283 A1 EP4147283 A1 EP 4147283A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- layer
- donor
- crystal additive
- acceptor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 189
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 178
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 177
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000013086 organic photovoltaic Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 11
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzarone Chemical compound CCC=1OC2=CC=CC=C2C=1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene Chemical compound C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004990 Smectic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BKYWEUVIGUEMFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4h-dithieno[3,2-a:2',3'-d]pyrrole Chemical compound S1C=CC2=C1NC1=C2SC=C1 BKYWEUVIGUEMFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HKNRNTYTYUWGLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithieno[3,2-a:2',3'-d]thiophene Chemical compound C1=CSC2=C1SC1=C2C=CS1 HKNRNTYTYUWGLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ONCNIMLKGZSAJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-b]furan Chemical compound S1C=CC2=C1C=CO2 ONCNIMLKGZSAJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003098 cholesteric effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010549 co-Evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 314
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 32
- VCYXELFOIWRYLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-decoxyphenyl)benzonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCCCCCCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 VCYXELFOIWRYLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004402 ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910015711 MoOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003574 free electron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002535 lyotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/731—Liquid crystalline materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to a layer system for an organic electronic component, with an electrode, a counterelectrode and at least one photoactive layer, the at least one photoactive layer being arranged between the electrode and the counterelectrode, the at least one photoactive layer having at least one liquid crystal additive , an electronic component with such a layer system, and the use of such a layer system in an electronic component.
- Photoactive layers Electronic components with photoactive layers, in particular LEDs or solar cells, are widely used today in everyday and industrial environments.
- thin-film solar cells which have a mechanically flexible design and thus allow an arrangement on curved surfaces.
- Known solar cells preferably have active layers made of amorphous silicon (a-Si) or CIGS (Cu (In, Ga) (S, Se) 2 ).
- Solar cells with organic photoactive layers are also known.
- the organic photoactive layers can be built up from polymers or small molecules. While polymers are characterized by the fact that they cannot be evaporated and can therefore only be applied from solutions, small molecules can be evaporated.
- Organic semiconductors based on small molecules or polymeric compounds are increasingly being used in many areas of the electrical industry.
- Organic semiconductors are used, for example, in electronic components such as organic field effect transistors (OFETs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaic elements (OPVs), and photodetectors.
- OFETs organic field effect transistors
- OLEDs organic light-emitting diodes
- OCVs organic photovoltaic elements
- photodetectors Is the organic electronic component a Organic optoelectronic component, such as a solar cell or a photodetector, then the component is suitable for converting light energy into electrical energy, the opposite conversion of electrical energy into light emission having a detrimental effect on efficiency.
- OLEDs convert electrical current or voltage signals or electrical energy into light emission.
- Organic photovoltaic components in particular organic solar cells, generally consist of a sequence of thin layers between two electrodes, which are preferably vapor-deposited in a vacuum or processed from a solution.
- the electrical contact can be made through metal layers, transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and / or transparent conductive polymers (PEDOT-PSS, PANI).
- TCOs transparent conductive oxides
- PEDOT-PSS transparent conductive polymers
- Vacuum evaporation of the organic layers is advantageous in the manufacture of tandem, triple or multiple solar cells.
- the individual cells are stacked in tandem or multiple solar cells, with each cell containing at least one absorber layer, arranged between two electrodes and usually connected in series, so that the cell that produces the lowest current limits the entire system.
- the photoactive compounds are usually used in a mixed layer or two adjacent layers to form donor-acceptor heterojunctions within a cell, in which at least one donor and / or one acceptor is the light-absorbing component.
- donor and / or one acceptor is the light-absorbing component.
- light does not directly generate free charge carriers in organic solar cells, instead excitons, i.e. electrically neutral states of excitation, in particular bound electron-hole pairs, are initially formed. These excitons are separated into charge carriers at the donor-acceptor interface in transitions between two adjacent layers or within a photoactive mixed layer, migrate and thus contribute to the flow of electrical current.
- Known organic solar cells consist of a pin diode with a layer structure of a substrate, a base contact, at least one p-layer, at least one i-layer, at least one n-layer, and a cover contact.
- n or p denotes an n or p doping, which leads to an increase in the density of free electrons or holes in the thermal equilibrium state.
- the n-layer (s) or p-layer (s) are at least partially nominally undoped and only because of the material properties, because of unknown impurities or because of environmental influences, preferably n-conductive or preferably p -have conductive properties.
- These layers are primarily to be understood as transport layers.
- an i-layer denotes a nominally undoped layer.
- One or more i-layers can consist of one material as well as a mixture of two or more materials (bulk heterojunction).
- the incident light through the transparent ground contact generates excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) in the i-layer or in the n- / p-layer.
- These excitons can only be separated by very high electrical fields or at suitable interfaces. Sufficiently high fields are not available in organic solar cells, so that excitons are separated at photoactive interfaces.
- the material that accepts the electrons is called the acceptor, and the material that accepts the hole is called the donor.
- the separating interface can lie between the p- (n-) layer and the i-layer or between two i-layers.
- the layer system can have further layers, such as charge carrier transport layers, also called transport layers, between the electrodes, which make no or only a small contribution to the absorption compared to a photoactive layer.
- charge carrier transport layers also called transport layers
- These layers can be doped, partially doped, or undoped, or have a doping gradient.
- the efficiency is more organic Electronic components, in particular organic solar cells, is determined, among other things, by the nanomorphology of photoactive layers with absorber materials of such components, in particular the donor-acceptor system.
- the nanomorphology is usually determined by the choice of acceptor and donor molecules, in particular with their existing side chains, whereby the extent of the nanophase separation is set.
- An improved nanophase separation leads to an increase in the efficiency in electronic components, in particular by increasing the fill factor FF and / or the current density.
- Morphology-forming additives are known in organic photovoltaic cells processed from solvents.
- the additives known from solvent-processed organic photovoltaic cells are generally not usable because they either cannot be evaporated in a vacuum or they do not achieve the desired effect when processed in a vacuum.
- Not evaporable in a vacuum means that these substances often have a vapor pressure which is so high that the additives pass into the gas phase in an uncontrolled manner and are therefore difficult or impossible to handle in a vacuum.
- Morphology-forming additives are so far hardly known in vacuum-processed organic photovoltaic elements, one of the few examples are crown ethers that are used as additives.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of a layer system for an organic electronic component, an electronic component with such a layer system, and a use to provide such a layer system, the aforementioned disadvantages not occurring. It is a particular object of the present invention to provide an improved nanomorphology and / or an improved nanophase separation in a photoactive layer of a layer system.
- the object is achieved in particular by providing a layer system for an organic electronic component with an electrode, a counter-electrode and at least one photoactive layer, the at least one photoactive layer being arranged between the electrode and the counter-electrode, the at least one photoactive layer has at least one liquid crystal additive, the at least one liquid crystal additive being at least largely homogeneously distributed in the at least one photoactive layer, so that the nanomorphology of the at least one photoactive layer is preferably improved.
- At least one liquid crystal is therefore preferably provided as an additive in an absorber layer of an electronic component, in particular a solar cell.
- photoactive is understood to mean, in particular, a conversion of light energy into electrical energy.
- absorber materials in photoactive layers have a large absorption coefficient, at least for a certain wavelength range.
- Photoactive is preferably understood to mean that absorber materials, in particular at least one donor and / or at least one acceptor, change their charge state and / or their polarization state when light is introduced.
- a photoactive layer is understood to mean, in particular, a layer of an electronic component that makes a contribution to Absorption of radiation and / or for the emission of radiation supplies, in particular the photoactive layer absorbs radiation.
- the photoactive layer is preferably designed for a donor / acceptor heterojunction.
- homogeneous is understood to mean, in particular, an at least largely uniform distribution of the at least one liquid crystal additive over the entire extent of the at least one photoactive layer.
- the at least one photoactive layer has an absorber material.
- the at least one photoactive layer has a donor-acceptor system as absorber material.
- At least one liquid crystal additive is introduced into at least one photoactive layer as an additive, the at least one liquid crystal additive as a further component being at least largely homogeneously distributed in the at least one photoactive layer, in particular homogeneously in an absorber material or a Mixed layer from a donor-acceptor system.
- a liquid crystal additive according to the present application is understood to mean, in particular, a liquid crystal (liquid crystal, LC), i.e. a compound which, depending on external parameters such as temperature or concentration, has liquid physical properties, but on the other hand also has direction-dependent (anisotropic) physical properties, like a crystal.
- LC liquid crystal
- phases which are also referred to as mesophases, are known as thermotropic mesophases (smectic, nematic, and columnar), as well as lyotropic mesophases.
- a liquid crystal additive shows in particular a certain orientation and a certain mobility on a molecular, supramolecular or macroscopic level.
- a liquid crystal additive within the meaning of the present invention can be evaporated in a vacuum by supplying temperature, the liquid crystal additive not or at least substantially not decomposing.
- a liquid crystal additive itself is essentially not an absorber, in particular not a donor and / or not an acceptor.
- the layer system has at least one photoactive layer with small molecules as absorber material and the at least one liquid crystal additive.
- the layer system has at least one photoactive layer with small molecules as at least one donor, small molecules as at least one acceptor and the at least one liquid crystal additive, the at least one donor and the at least one acceptor being a donor-acceptor -System form.
- small molecules are understood to mean non-polymeric organic molecules with monodisperse molar masses between 100 and 2000 g / mol, which are present in the solid phase under normal pressure (air pressure of the atmosphere surrounding us) and at room temperature.
- the small molecules are photoactive.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is introduced at the same time as a further component in addition to an absorber material or a donor-acceptor system during vacuum processing by co-evaporation.
- the at least one photoactive layer has no solvent, in particular no organic solvent.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is designed in such a way that it influences the tendency of the donor and / or the acceptor to crystallize.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive can be evaporated in a vacuum, preferably processed in a vacuum, the at least one liquid crystal additive not or at least largely not decomposing.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is not polymerized in the at least one photoactive layer; preferably, molecules of the liquid crystal additive in the at least one photoactive layer are not polymerized with one another and / or molecules of the liquid crystal additive are in the at least one photoactive layer is not polymerized with an absorber material.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is not polymerizable; the at least one liquid crystal additive preferably has no polymerizable functional group.
- the layer system according to the invention with at least one liquid crystal additive has advantages compared to the prior art.
- the nanomorphology of the photoactive layer, in particular of the donor-acceptor system is advantageously improved, in particular in the case of high-rate deposition in a vacuum.
- the nanophase separation in the photoactive layer, in particular the donor-acceptor system is advantageously improved.
- the liquid crystal additive acts as a kind of molecular lubricant.
- the fill factor FF of organic photovoltaic cells with at least one liquid crystal additive in the photoactive layer advantageously increases.
- the service life of an electronic component is advantageously improved.
- the temperature for separating absorber materials, in particular the donor-acceptor system is advantageously lowered in a vacuum.
- the at least one liquid additive contributes to a better charge separation at an increased charge transport at increased fill factor FF, and / or an increased idle oltage S Voc.
- vacuum-processed electronic components, in particular solar cells can be produced at a significantly lower substrate temperature.
- vacuum-processed electronic components, in particular solar cells can be produced at a significantly higher deposition rate, and can thereby in particular be produced more quickly.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive simultaneously improves the charge transport within the photoactive layer.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive at least partially prevents crystallization of the absorber material, preferably of the donor and / or the acceptor.
- Partial crystallization is understood to mean, in particular, the formation of molecularly ordered regions with small crystallites in crystal sizes in the range from approximately 3 nm to approximately 30 nm. These crystallites can consist of molecularly pure or molecularly mixed regions.
- the liquid crystal additive is designed in such a way that the crystallization of donor and / or acceptor material improves will.
- the liquid crystal additive ensures a phase separation and thus improves the charge transport in the individual phases.
- the improved phase separation can be demonstrated, among other things, on the basis of a reduced photoluminescence signal of the 3-fold mixed layer compared to that without liquid crystal additive.
- the liquid crystal additive is designed such that the liquid crystal additive sets a minimum distance between the acceptor and the donor, the liquid crystal additive preferably simultaneously contributing to a phase separation of the acceptor and the donor. In particular, this sets an orientation of the donor and the acceptor to one another in a donor-acceptor system.
- the at least one photoactive layer has a mixture of at least two, preferably at least three, preferably at least four, or preferably a large number of liquid crystal additives.
- the at least one photoactive layer is a mixed layer of at least one donor and at least one acceptor, the at least one donor and the at least one acceptor forming a donor-acceptor system, and preferably the at least one Liquid crystal additive contributes to a phase separation of the at least one acceptor and the at least one donor, and / or wherein preferably the at least one liquid crystal additive contributes to increased molecular orientation and / or partial crystallization of the at least one acceptor and / or the at least one donor.
- the layer system has at least two, preferably at least three, or preferably at least four photoactive layers. This is particularly advantageous because the incident light passes through several photoactive layers within the layer system.
- the proportion of the at least one liquid crystal additive in the photoactive layer is less than 30% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, or preferably in a range from 1 to 2% by weight.
- the proportion of the at least one liquid crystal additive in the photoactive layer is in a range from 0.1% by weight to 30% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.1% by weight to 20% by weight. %, preferably in a range from 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight %, preferably in a range from 0.1% by weight to 1% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.5% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.5% by weight to 5% by weight %
- By weight preferably in a range from 0.5% by weight to 2% by weight, preferably in a range from 1% by weight to 5% by weight, or preferably in a range from 1% by weight to 2% by weight. %.
- the at least one photoactive layer is an absorber layer and / or the at least one donor and / or the at least one acceptor is an organic material made of small molecules, the at least one photoactive layer preferably being applied by means of vacuum processing is.
- molecules of the at least one liquid crystal additive are rod-shaped, the rod-shaped molecules having a polar and a non-polar end, or the rod-shaped molecules are bipolar, and / or the at least one liquid crystal additive in the Volume forms nematic, smectic or cholesteric mesophases, preferably nematic or smectic mesophases.
- the rod-shaped ones Molecules with a polar and a non-polar end ensure, in particular, a moment of order in the photoactive layer, in particular in the arrangement of the at least one absorber material or the donor-acceptor system.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is selected from the group consisting of:
- phenyl rings can each be substituted by heterocyclic five-rings and six-rings, preferably selected from the group consisting of thiophene, pyrrole, furan, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, benzothiophenes, benzopyrrole, Benzofuran, Benzothiophene, Benzopyrrole, Benzofuran, Benzoxazole, Benzothiazole,
- the phenyl rings are each substituted by incompletely conjugated or incompletely conjugated six-membered rings, preferably cyclohexane or cyclohexene.
- the liquid crystal additives are distinguished in particular by the fact that they have alkane chains which can influence the morphology of the absorber material or the donor-acceptor system in a photoactive layer.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is selected from the group consisting of:
- phenyl rings can each be substituted by heterocyclic five-rings and six-rings, preferably selected from the group consisting of thiophene, pyrrole, furan, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, benzothiophenes, benzopyrrole, Benzofuran, Benzothiophene, Benzopyrrole, Benzofuran, Benzoxazole, Benzothiazole, Thienothiophenes, thienopyrrole, thienofuran, 3-6 fused heterocycles, dithienothiophene, dithienopyrrole, dithienobenzene, dithienocyclopentadienes, and dipyrrolobenzene.
- the phenyl rings are each substituted by incompletely conjugated or incompletely conjugated six-
- the at least one liquid crystal additive has an alkane chain of at least 4 carbon atoms, preferably at least 5 carbon atoms, preferably at least 6 carbon atoms, preferably at least 7 carbon atoms, or preferably at least 8 carbon atoms Atoms.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive has at least three adjacent phenyl rings, preferably at least 4 adjacent phenyl rings. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the at least one liquid crystal additive has an oxygen atom which is bonded directly to one of the phenyl rings by means of a single bond.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is selected from the group consisting of:
- the at least one liquid crystal additive has an energy level at which the amount of the LUMO is less than the amount of the LUMO of the acceptor, preferably at least 0.3 eV less than the amount of the LUMO of the acceptor, and the The amount of the HOMO is greater than the amount of the HOMO of the donor, preferably at least 0.3 eV greater than the amount of the HOMO of the donor.
- the difference between HOMO and LUMO of the liquid crystal additive is in particular greater than or at least equal to the difference between the HOMO of the donor and the LUMO of the acceptor.
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- the energy levels of HOMO and LUMO can be determined, for example, via cyclo-voltammetry (CV) or ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, UPS).
- CV cyclo-voltammetry
- UPS ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
- the donor-acceptor system and / or the at least one liquid crystal additive of at least one photoactive layer is processed in a vacuum, that is to say applied to a layer of the layer system in a vacuum.
- the object of the present invention is also achieved by providing an electronic component with a layer system according to the invention with at least one liquid crystal additive, in particular according to one of the exemplary embodiments described above, the electronic component being an organic photovoltaic element, in particular an organic solar cell, an OFET , or an organic photo detector.
- the electronic component being an organic photovoltaic element, in particular an organic solar cell, an OFET , or an organic photo detector.
- the electronic component is an optoelectronic component, in particular an organic optoelectronic component.
- At least one transport layer is arranged between the electrode and the at least one photoactive layer and / or the counter electrode and the at least one photoactive layer.
- the at least one photoactive layer adjoins at least one transport layer.
- the layer system is designed as a single pin, tandem pin cell, multiple pin cell, single nip cell, tandem nip cell or multiple nip cell.
- the electronic component consists of a combination of nip, ni, ip, pnip, pni, pip, nipn, nin, ipn, pnipn, pnin or pipn structures in which several independent combinations, which include at least one i -Layer included, are stacked on top of each other.
- the object of the present invention is also achieved by providing a use of a layer system according to the invention with at least one liquid crystal additive in an electronic component, preferably in an organic photovoltaic element, an OFET, or an organic photodetector, in particular according to one of the previously described ones Embodiments.
- a layer system according to the invention with at least one liquid crystal additive in an electronic component, preferably in an organic photovoltaic element, an OFET, or an organic photodetector, in particular according to one of the previously described ones Embodiments.
- At least one liquid crystal additive according to the invention in a photoactive layer of a layer system of an electronic component surprisingly leads to a lower substrate temperature being required in order to achieve the same power conversion efficiency (PCE) in comparison to a corresponding photoactive layer without such a liquid crystal additive. Furthermore, it was shown that with high-rate deposition of a photoactive layer 5, compared to deposition at normal rate, an almost identical degree of efficiency (PCE) is achieved.
- the invention is explained in more detail on the basis of the following exemplary embodiments and figures.
- the exemplary embodiments are intended to describe the invention without restricting it.
- the compounds Absorber1, Absorber2 and Absorber3 are each absorber from the class of small molecules. It shows
- FIG. 1 shows, in one exemplary embodiment, a schematic representation of a layer system of an electronic component
- FIG. 2 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 at standard temperature in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 2B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, however with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer (FIG. 2A);
- FIG. 3 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 at standard temperature in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 3B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, however with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer (Fig. 3A), each at a 10-fold higher coating rate compared to Fig.
- FIG. 4 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 at standard temperature in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 4B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, however with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer (FIG. 4A), with a higher proportion of the liquid crystal additive compared to FIG. 2;
- FIG. 5 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve in one exemplary embodiment of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 5B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) in the photoactive layer (Fig. 5A);
- FIG. 6 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 6B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the Donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) in the photoactive layer (FIG. 6A) under thermal stress in comparison to FIG. 5;
- FIG. 7 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 7B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the Donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 5CT (22) in the photoactive layer (FIG. 7A), each with a lowered substrate temperature;
- FIG. 8 shows, in one exemplary embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 8B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the Donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 9CT (26) in the photoactive layer (FIG. 8A) at normal substrate temperature;
- 9 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 9B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the Donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10BACB (32) in the photoactive layer (FIG. 9A) when lowered Substrate temperature;
- FIG. 10 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 10B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the Donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive CB7CB in the photoactive layer (FIG. 10A) with a lowered substrate temperature;
- FIG. 11 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber2: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 11B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with a Donor-acceptor system 120CB (18) and a liquid crystal additive in the photoactive layer (FIG. 11A) with a lowered substrate temperature; and
- FIG. 12 shows, in an exemplary embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber3: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 12C), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the Donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer with a slightly lowered substrate temperature (FIG. 12B) and with a more strongly lowered substrate temperature (FIG. 12A).
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a layer system 1 of an electronic component.
- the layer system 1 for an organic electronic component has a substrate 2, an electrode 3, a counter electrode 7 and at least one photoactive layer 5, the at least one photoactive layer 5 being arranged between the electrode 3 and the counter electrode 7.
- the at least one photoactive Layer 5 has at least one liquid crystal additive, the at least one liquid crystal additive being at least largely homogeneously distributed in the at least one photoactive layer 5, so that the nanomorphology of the at least one photoactive layer 5 is preferably improved.
- the at least one photoactive layer 5 is a mixed layer of at least one donor and at least one acceptor, the at least one donor and the at least one acceptor forming a donor-acceptor system, and preferably the at least one liquid crystal additive contributes to a phase separation of the at least one acceptor and the at least one donor, and / or wherein the at least one liquid crystal additive preferably contributes to increased molecular orientation and / or partial crystallization of the at least one acceptor and / or the at least one donor.
- the proportion of the at least one liquid crystal additive in the photoactive layer 5 is less than 30% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, or is preferably in a range of 1 to 2% by weight.
- the at least one photoactive layer 5 is an absorber layer and / or the at least one donor and / or the at least one acceptor is an organic material made of small molecules, the at least one photoactive layer 5 preferably being applied by vacuum processing .
- molecules of the at least one liquid crystal additive are rod-shaped, the rod-shaped molecules having a polar and a non-polar end, or the rod-shaped molecules are bipolar, and / or the at least one liquid crystal additive forms nematic in volume , smectic or cholesteric mesophases.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is selected from the group consisting of:
- phenyl rings can each be substituted by heterocyclic five-rings and six-rings, preferably selected from the group consisting of thiophene, pyrrole, furan, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, benzothiophenes, benzopyrrole, Benzofuran, Benzothiophene, Benzopyrrole, Benzofuran, Benzoxazole, Benzothiazole,
- Thienothiophenes thienopyrrole, thienofuran, 3-6 fused heterocycles, dithienothiophene, dithienopyrrole, dithienobenzene, dithienocyclopentadienes, and dipyrrolobenzene.
- the phenyl rings can in each case be substituted by non-conjugated or incompletely conjugated six-membered rings, preferably cyclohexane or cyclohexene.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive is selected from the group consisting of:
- liquid crystal additives according to the invention can therefore be used in vacuum-processed organic photovoltaic elements, in particular as structure-forming additives in a photoactive layer.
- the at least one liquid crystal additive has an energy level at which the amount of the LUMO is smaller than the amount of the LUMO of the acceptor, preferably at least 0.3 eV smaller than the amount of the LUMO of the acceptor, and the amount of the HOMO is greater than the amount of the HOMO of the donor, preferably at least 0.3 eV greater than the amount of the HOMO of the donor.
- the electronic component with the layer system 1 is an organic solar cell.
- the layer system 1 is arranged on a transparent substrate 2, which is preferably designed to be flexible, in particular as a film.
- an electrode 3 which is formed, for example, from metal, a conductive oxide, in particular ITO, ZnO: Al or other TCOs or a conductive polymer such as PEDOT: PSS or PANI.
- a charge carrier transport layer 4 is arranged on the electrode 3, which layer is designed, for example, as an electron or hole transport layer.
- the photoactive layer 5, which comprises at least one donor and one acceptor material, which together form a donor-acceptor system, is arranged on the charge carrier transport layer 4.
- the photoactive layer comprises a liquid crystal additive in a proportion of 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight.
- a further charge carrier transport layer 6 is arranged on the photoactive layer 5.
- Charge carrier transport layer 6 is also designed as an electron or hole transport layer.
- the layer system 1 can be produced by co-evaporation of the absorber material and the at least one liquid crystal additive.
- the layer system 1 with at least one liquid crystal additive is in particular for use in an electronic component, preferably in an organic photovoltaic element, an OFET, or an organic photodetector.
- the electronic component with the layer system 1 according to the invention with at least one liquid crystal additive is in particular an organic photovoltaic element, in particular an organic solar cell, an OFET, or an organic photodetector.
- exemplary embodiments of layer systems 1 with liquid crystal additives in photoactive layers 5 are shown on the basis of mip cells. Numerous cells according to the invention and not according to the invention were characterized in terms of efficiency (PCE) and service life.
- PCE efficiency
- FIG. 2 shows a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 at standard temperature in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 2B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same Layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer 5 (Fig. 2A).
- FIG. 2 shows the current-voltage characteristics of an electronic component with a layer system 1 with a photoactive layer 5 with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60, with liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16, EA044) (20nm, 30nm; 1: 1: 0.1) (Fig. 2A; sample 4018N) and without liquid crystal additive (20nm, 30nm; 1: 1) (Fig. 2B; sample 4016N), the photoactive layer 5 having a layer thickness of 20 nm and 30 nm having.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 70.degree.
- the photoactive layer 5 of the layer system 1 differs only in the admixture of the liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16).
- the liquid crystal additive is at least largely homogeneously distributed in the photoactive layer 5 before.
- the fill factor FF and the short-circuit current Jsc (mM) increase due to the addition of the liquid crystal additive, which improves the efficiency (PCE) by 6.1% (20nm cell) and
- FIG. 3 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 at standard temperature in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 3B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same Layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 3A), in each case at a 10-fold higher coating rate compared to FIG. 2.
- FIG. 3 shows the current-voltage characteristics of the cells with liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) (30 nm, 40 nm; 1: 1: 0.1) (FIG. 3A; sample 4602N) and without liquid crystal additive (30 nm, 40 nm; 1: 1) (FIG. 3B; sample 4598N), the coating rate being 2A / s instead of 0.2 A / s in comparison to FIG. 2.
- the fill factor FF increases when the
- Liquid crystal additive significantly from 56% to 68% (30nm cell), and the short-circuit current Jsc (mM) increases from 10.7 mA / cm 2 to 11.1 mA / cm 2 , with the open circuit voltage Voc remaining constant. This improves the efficiency (PCE) by 24% (30nm cell) or 65% (40nm cell). From the comparison of the fill factors
- FIG. 4 shows, in an exemplary embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic curve of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber 1: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 4B), and a current-voltage characteristic curve of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 4A), with a higher proportion of the liquid crystal additive compared to FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 shows the current-voltage characteristics of the cells with liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) (30 nm, 50 nm; 1: 1: 0.2) (FIG. 4A; sample 4304N) and without liquid crystal additive (30 nm, 50 nm; 1: 1) (FIG. 4B; sample 4303N), the proportion of the liquid crystal additive being twice as high as in FIG. 2.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 50.degree.
- the fill factor FF increases significantly from 59.1% to 69.8% (30nm
- FIG. 5 shows, in an exemplary embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber 1: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 5B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 5A).
- FIG. 5 shows the current-voltage characteristics of an electronic component with a layer system 1 with a photoactive layer 5 with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60, with liquid crystal additive 120CB (18, EA046) (20nm, 30nm; 1: 1: 0.1) (Fig. 5A; sample 4212N) and without Liquid crystal additive (20 nm, 30 nm; 1: 1) (FIG. 5B; sample 4211N), the photoactive layer 5 having a layer thickness of 20 nm and 30 nm.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 50.degree.
- the liquid crystal additive is distributed at least largely homogeneously in the photoactive layer 5.
- the photoactive layer 5 of the layer system 1 differs only in the admixture of the compound (18).
- Liquid crystal additive 120CB (18). This improves the efficiency (PCE) by 19% (30nm cell).
- FIG. 6 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber 1: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 6B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 6A) under thermal stress in comparison to FIG. 5.
- FIG. 7 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber 1: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 7B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 5CT (22) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 7A), in each case with a lowered substrate temperature.
- the photoactive layer 5 having a Has layer thickness of 20 nm and 30 nm.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 50.degree.
- the photoactive layer 5 of the layer system 1 differs only in the admixture of the liquid crystal additive 5CT (22).
- the liquid crystal additive is distributed at least largely homogeneously in the photoactive layer 5.
- the efficiency of an organic photovoltaic element with BHJ cells can be increased by a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 with a proportion of a liquid crystal additive in the donor-acceptor system.
- FIG. 8 shows, in an exemplary embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber 1: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 8B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 9CT (26) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 8A) at normal substrate temperature.
- the photoactive layer 5 having a Has layer thickness of 20 nm and 30 nm.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 70.degree.
- the liquid crystal additive is distributed at least largely homogeneously in the photoactive layer 5.
- the photoactive layer 5 of the layer system 1 differs only in the admixture of the liquid crystal additive 9CT (26).
- FIG. 9 shows a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber 1: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 9B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10BACB (32) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 9A) lowered substrate temperature.
- FIG. 9A sample 4449T
- FIG. 9B sample 4445T
- the photoactive layer 5 having a layer thickness of 30 nm.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 40.degree.
- the liquid crystal additive is distributed at least largely homogeneously in the photoactive layer 5.
- the photoactive layer 5 of the layer system 1 differs only in the admixture of the liquid crystal additive 10BACB (32).
- FIG. 10 shows, in an exemplary embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber 1: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 10B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive CB7CB (37) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 10A) with a lowered substrate temperature.
- Fig. 10 are the current-voltage characteristics of an electronic Component with a layer system 1 with a photoactive layer 5 with a donor-acceptor system Absorber1: C60 shown, with liquid crystal additive CB7CB (37, EA047) (30nm;
- FIG. 10A sample 4447T
- FIG. 10B sample 4445T
- the photoactive layer 5 having a layer thickness of 30 nm.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 40.degree.
- the liquid crystal additive is distributed at least largely homogeneously in the photoactive layer 5.
- the photoactive layer 5 of the layer system 1 differs only in the admixture of the liquid crystal additive CB7CB (37).
- FIG. 11 shows, in one embodiment, a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber2: C60 in a photoactive layer 5 of a layer system 1 (FIG. 11B), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) in the photoactive layer 5 (FIG. 11A) with a lowered substrate temperature.
- FIG. 11 shows the current-voltage characteristics of an electronic component with a layer system 1 with a photoactive layer 5 with a donor-acceptor system Absorber2: C60, with liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) (30 nm;
- FIG. 11A sample 4223T
- FIG. 11B sample 4221T
- the photoactive layer 5 having a layer thickness of 30 nm.
- the photoactive layer 5 was deposited by processing in a vacuum at a substrate temperature of 40 ° C.
- the liquid crystal additive is distributed at least largely homogeneously in the photoactive layer 5.
- the photoactive layer 5 of the layer system 1 differs only in the admixture of the liquid crystal additive 120CB (18).
- liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) By homogeneously mixing the liquid crystal additive 120CB (18) into the photoactive layer 5, a similar fill factor compared to higher substrate temperatures without liquid crystal additive can thus be achieved despite lower substrate temperatures. In this way, in particular, simplified conditions can be achieved in the deposition of the materials of the photoactive layer 5 in a vacuum.
- FIG. 12 shows a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with a donor-acceptor system Absorber3: C60 in a photoactive layer of a layer system (FIG. 12C), and a current-voltage characteristic of an electronic component with the same layer structure, but with the donor-acceptor system and a liquid crystal additive 10OCB (16) in the photoactive layer with a slightly lowered substrate temperature (FIG. 12B) and with a more strongly lowered substrate temperature (FIG. 12A).
- Table 1 Cell parameters as a function of the added liquid crystal additive compared to a reference without liquid crystal additive. The data result from a median over 12 samples in each case.
- the admixture of 5CT (22) as a liquid crystal additive leads to an improvement in efficiency with a proportion of 0.1 of 21%, and with a proportion of 0.2 proportion of 27%. In both cases the current density is increased.
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