EP4107854A1 - Amplificateur radiofréquence - Google Patents
Amplificateur radiofréquenceInfo
- Publication number
- EP4107854A1 EP4107854A1 EP21704570.7A EP21704570A EP4107854A1 EP 4107854 A1 EP4107854 A1 EP 4107854A1 EP 21704570 A EP21704570 A EP 21704570A EP 4107854 A1 EP4107854 A1 EP 4107854A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stage
- amplifier
- line
- integrated circuit
- amplifier stage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/56—Modifications of input or output impedances, not otherwise provided for
- H03F1/565—Modifications of input or output impedances, not otherwise provided for using inductive elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
- H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
- H03F1/0211—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers with control of the supply voltage or current
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/189—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers
- H03F3/19—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/195—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only in integrated circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/02—Transmitters
- H04B1/04—Circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/318—A matching circuit being used as coupling element between two amplifying stages
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/411—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the output amplifying stage of an amplifier comprising two power stages
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/451—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the amplifier being a radio frequency amplifier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
- H03F2200/537—A transformer being used as coupling element between two amplifying stages
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/02—Transmitters
- H04B1/04—Circuits
- H04B2001/0408—Circuits with power amplifiers
Definitions
- Embodiments and implementations relate to radiofrequency amplifiers, for example CMOS radiofrequency amplifiers. More particularly, embodiments relate to multi-stage radio frequency amplifiers.
- a radio frequency amplifier amplifies a radio frequency signal.
- Multi-stage radiofrequency amplifiers are generally used to obtain a high gain between a signal arriving at the input of the radiofrequency amplifier and a signal at the output of the radiofrequency amplifier.
- a multi-stage radiofrequency amplifier can include a driver stage and a power stage.
- multistage amplifiers can be used in devices intended for the Internet of Things (also known by the acronym IOT from “Internet of Things”).
- IOT Internet of Things
- Each amplifier stage can be a CMOS amplifier for example. It is also possible to use other technologies to realize the amplifier stages.
- the amplifier stages can be made from bipolar transistors.
- Multi-stage RF amplifiers generally include an impedance matching device between each stage of the RF amplifier (interstage matching network).
- the impedance matching device between two stages has an input connected to an output of a first stage which is the most upstream among these two stages, and an output connected to an input of the second stage, which is the most upstream. downstream among these two floors.
- the impedance matching device allows the output impedance of the first stage to be matched to the input impedance of the second stage.
- the power stage PSO and its associated bias circuit have an input impedance which can be represented at a given frequency by a resistance Rp psin and a capacitance Cp psin parallel to each other and with respect to the power stage.
- the resistor 1 / Rp_psin is the real part of the input admittance
- the capacitance Cp psin is the imaginary part of the input admittance of the power stage.
- the input impedance of the power stage can be represented by a resistance of the order of 50W in parallel with a capacitor 10pF.
- the DSO driver and its associated bias circuit have an output impedance which can be represented at a given frequency as a resistor Rp dsout and a capacitance Cp dsout. parallel to each other and with respect to the DSO drive stage.
- the capacitance Cp dsout has a value between 0 and 5pF.
- the inductance Lp load ds of the desired load of the driver stage resonates with the capacitance Cp dsout of the output impedance of the driver stage at said given frequency to minimize power losses.
- the matching device presents to the power stage an impedance having an imaginary part equal to a resonant inductance with the capacitance Cp psin of the input impedance of the power stage .
- the impedance matching device is as small as possible, that it minimizes the losses between the two stages and that it operates for the largest possible bandwidth.
- the impedance matching device can operate over a bandwidth ranging between 663MHz and 915MHz, especially for cellular telephony.
- the impedance matching device mainly consists of passive components.
- the impedance matching device between the two amplification stages is a circuit comprising inductive elements and capacitive elements.
- Such an impedance matching device allows to supply the driver stage and to block the direct current between the driver stage and the power stage.
- Figure 4 illustrates an impedance matching device between a first DS I amplifier stage and a second PS I amplifier stage.
- the DAI1 impedance matching device comprises an inductive element IND1 and a capacitive element CAP1 in series.
- the DAI1 impedance matching device has an input between a first terminal of inductive element IND 1 and a first terminal of capacitive element CAP1. This input of the DAI1 impedance matching device is connected to the output of the DS I driver stage.
- the DAI1 impedance matching device also has an output connected to a second terminal of the capacitive element CAP 1 of the matching device and to an input of the power stage PS I.
- the CAP1 capacitor enables direct current isolation of the driver and power stages, and enables the application of a VGPS bias voltage for the power stage.
- the DAI1 impedance matching device also includes an input connected to a second terminal of the inductive element IND1 of the DAI1 impedance matching device and to a capacitive decoupling element CD1.
- a VBAT DS bias voltage from the driver stage can be applied to the second terminal of inductive element IND 1.
- the values of the inductive element IND1 and the capacitive element CAP1 of the DAI1 impedance matching device are chosen to present the desired load to the DS I stage.
- the impedance matching device can be an LCL circuit, as represented in FIG. 5.
- FIG. 5 illustrates an impedance matching device DAI2 between a driver stage DS2 and a driver stage. PS2 power.
- the impedance matching device DAI2 comprises two inductive elements IND2, IND3 and a capacitive element in series CAP2.
- a first inductive element IND2 has a first terminal connected to a first terminal of capacitive element CAP2
- a second inductive element IND3 has a first terminal connected to a second terminal of capacitive element CAP2.
- the DAI2 impedance matching device has an input between the first terminal of the first inductive element IND2 and the first terminal of the capacitive element CAP2. This input is connected to the output of the DS2 attack stage.
- the DAI2 impedance matching device has an output between the first terminal of the second inductive element IND3 and the second terminal of the capacitive element CAP2. This output is connected to the input of the power stage PS2.
- the DAI2 impedance matching device includes a second input at a second terminal of the first inductive element IND2.
- This second output is connected to a first capacitive decoupling element CD2.
- the DAI2 impedance matching device further includes a third output at a second terminal of the second inductive element IND3. This third output is connected to a second capacitive decoupling element CD3.
- Such a DAI2 impedance matching device makes it easier to achieve the desired load at the output of the DS driver stage.
- the value of the inductance of the first inductive element IND2, the value of the inductance of the second inductive element IND3 and the value of the capacitance of the capacitive element CAP2 are chosen to obtain the real part and the imaginary part of the impedance desired output from the attack stage DS.
- Such a DAI2 adapter device nevertheless has the drawback of obtaining a desired load only over a short range of frequencies.
- the impedance matching device can comprise a switched capacitive element CAP3 in parallel. of the first inductive element IND2 on the driver stage side or in parallel with the second inductive element on the power stage side.
- This switched capacitive element CAP3 makes it possible to modulate the value of the inductance of the inductive element IND2 so as to compensate for its frequency impact.
- DAI impedance matching device has several drawbacks.
- the resistance of the COM switch when activated increases the power loss of the impedance matching device.
- Such a loss of power can be critical when the gain of the power stage is small and does not compensate for this loss of power.
- an integrated circuit comprising a radiofrequency amplifier comprising:
- the matching device comprising two lines coupled by electromagnetic induction, a first line being connected to an output of the first amplifier stage and a second line being connected to an input of the second amplifier stage.
- Such an impedance matching device makes it possible to replace an LCL circuit with or without a switched capacitive element by coupled lines.
- Such an adaptation device has the advantage of not using a capacitive decoupling element.
- Such an impedance matching device can make it possible to avoid the use of a switched capacitive element.
- a switched capacitive element can nevertheless be used in order to cover a large frequency band, for example between 1695 MHz and 2020 MHz.
- Such an impedance matching device has a small size because the two coupled lines occupy a space of the order of that which can be occupied by an inductive element. Furthermore, such a matching device is configured to obtain a desired load over a wide frequency range with little power loss.
- the radio frequency amplifier can be chosen from any type of multistage amplifier.
- the radio frequency amplifier can be a power amplifier or a low noise amplifier.
- the second line has dimensions making it possible to compensate for an input capacitive component (Cp psin) of the second amplifier stage.
- the first line has dimensions making it possible to obtain the required load (Rp load ds) at the output of the first amplifier stage.
- the coupled lines are arranged so as to maximize a coupling factor between these lines.
- the first coupled line has a first terminal connected to the first amplifier stage and a second terminal connected to a capacitive decoupling element.
- the first terminal of the first line is connected to the first amplifier stage via an inductive element.
- the first amplifier stage and the second amplifier stage are configured so as to obtain a ratio between a resistance (Rp psin) seen at the input of the second stage and a resistance (Rp load ds) of the desired load at the output of the first lower stage to 5.
- the ratio between the real part of the admittance desired at the outlet of the first stage and the real part of the admittance seen at the inlet of the second stage is less than 5.
- the first line and the second line of the impedance matching device are wrapped around each other.
- the first line and the second line are wound around the capacitive decoupling element connected to the first line or a capacitive decoupling element connected to the second line. This is possible when the coupled lines are long enough to be able to be wound around one of these capacitive decoupling elements.
- the first amplifier stage and the second amplifier stage are CMOS radiofrequency amplifiers (acronym for "Complementary metal oxide semiconductor”).
- CMOS radiofrequency amplifiers analog for "Complementary metal oxide semiconductor”
- the amplifier stages can be made from bipolar transistors.
- the first amplifier stage is a driver stage
- the second amplifier stage is a power stage
- the first amplifier stage can also be a pre-driver stage and the second amplifier stage can be a driver stage.
- an object comprising:
- the radio frequency amplifier being connected to the radio antenna so as to be able to deliver to the radio antenna a radio frequency signal amplified from a radio frequency signal received at the input of this radio frequency amplifier.
- the radio amplifier can be connected indirectly to the radio antenna, in particular through switching circuits and filters.
- FIG 10 schematically illustrate embodiments and implementation of the invention.
- FIG. 7 represents an integrated circuit IC according to one embodiment of the invention.
- the integrated circuit includes an AMP radio frequency amplifier.
- the AMP radio frequency amplifier is configured to amplify the power of an RFIN radio frequency signal.
- the radio frequency amplifier AMP is configured to be able to be connected to a radio antenna (not shown) so as to be able to deliver an amplified radio frequency signal RFOUT to this radio antenna.
- Such a radiofrequency amplifier can in particular be integrated into an object comprising a radio antenna, in particular so as to be able to be used within the framework of the Internet of Things.
- the radio frequency amplifier has two amplifier stages DS, PS. Nevertheless, it is possible to provide a radiofrequency amplifier comprising more than two amplifier stages.
- the radiofrequency amplifier can for example comprise three amplifier stages.
- the DS amplifier stage located most upstream is a driver stage and the following PS amplifier stage is a power stage (in English "Power stage").
- the most upstream amplifier stage may be a pre-driver stage and the next amplifier stage is a driver stage.
- Each DS, PS amplifier stage is a CMOS amplifier.
- the first amplifier stage DS (the driver stage) has an output impedance close to an input impedance of the second amplifier stage PS (the power stage).
- the first amplifier stage DS and the second amplifier stage PS are configured so as to obtain a ratio between a resistance (Rp psin in FIG. 1) seen at the input of the second stage and a load resistance (Rp load ds on Figure 3) desired at the exit of the first stage below 5.
- the AMP radio frequency amplifier includes a DAI impedance matching device between the two amplifier stages DS, PS.
- the DAI impedance matching device is configured to provide a desired load at the output of the first amplifier stage DS (the driver stage) from the input impedance of the second amplifier stage PS (the power stage ).
- the first DS amplifier stage that is, the driver stage, has a DSIN input configured to receive the RFIN radio frequency signal.
- This first DS amplifier stage also has a DSOUT output connected to a main input II of the DAI impedance matching device.
- the second amplifier stage PS that is to say the power stage, has a PSIN input connected to a main output 01 of the DAI impedance matching device.
- This second amplifier stage PS also has a PSOUT output connected to the radio antenna, in particular via switching circuits and filters (not shown).
- the DAI impedance matching device comprises two lines L1, L2 coupled by electromagnetic induction.
- a first line L1 has a first terminal connected to the main input II of the DAI impedance matching device. As seen previously, this main input II of the impedance matching device is connected to the DSOUT output of the first DS amplifier stage.
- the first line L1 also has a second terminal connected to an output 02 of the impedance matching device. This output 02 is connected to a capacitive decoupling element CD4.
- the capacitive decoupling element CD4 therefore has a first terminal connected to the second terminal of the first line L1 and a second terminal connected to a GND ground.
- a second line L2 has a first terminal connected to the main output 01 of the impedance matching device.
- this main output 01 of the impedance matching device DAI is connected to the PSIN input of the second amplifier stage PS. More particularly, the main output 01 of the impedance matching device DAI is connected to the input PSIN of the second amplifier stage PS via a capacitive element CAP4.
- the capacitive element CAP4 prevents a VGPS bias of the first stage from leaking through the second coupled line L2.
- the second line L2 also has a second terminal connected to an output 03 of the DAI impedance matching device. This output 03 is connected to GND ground.
- the first line L1 and the second line L2 are arranged so as to be as close together as possible so as to maximize a coupling factor between these two lines L1, L2.
- the second line L2 which is connected to the second amplifier stage, is configured to compensate the capacitance Cp psin of the input impedance of the second stage DS (see figure 1).
- the width of the second line is chosen so as to be large enough to comply with a current constraint (electromigration).
- the first line L1 which is connected to the first amplifier stage DS, is configured to comply with the resistance Rp load ds of the load required by the first amplifier stage DS.
- the coupled lines L1, L2 are made with the thickest metal layer.
- the lines L1, L2 have a thickness of between 2 ⁇ m and 4 ⁇ m.
- Coupled lines may be made from two metal layers arranged at different heights in order to obtain two lines coupled one above the other. This makes it possible to increase the coupling factor between the two lines.
- the first line L1 connected to the first amplifier stage DS can also be configured to be used as a bias line for this first amplifier stage DS.
- a bias voltage VBAT DS can be applied to the second terminal of the first line L1.
- the second terminal of the second line L2 is connected to ground through a capacitive decoupling element CD5.
- a VGPS bias voltage is then applied to the second terminal of the second line L2.
- the first terminal of the second line L2 is directly connected to the second amplifier stage PS.
- the integrated circuit therefore does not include a capacitive element between the first terminal of the second line and the second stage.
- the second line L2 is wrapped around the first line L1 so that the two coupled lines are as close as possible to each other.
- the capacitive CD4 decoupling element then occupies a space in the center of the two wound lines L1, L2. This space is needed and is left unoccupied when the CD4 decoupling capacitor is placed next to the coupled lines. Alternatively, it is possible to wrap the coupled lines around the capacitive decoupling element CD5.
- the fact of placing the capacitive decoupling element CD4 at the center of the two wound lines L1, L2 makes it possible to reduce the power losses.
- the capacitive CD4 decoupling element in the center by placing the capacitive CD4 decoupling element in the center, the second terminal of the first line L1 can be directly connected to the capacitive CD4 decoupling element in the center.
- the capacitive CD4 decoupling element when the capacitive CD4 decoupling element is not placed in the center but next to the wound lines L1, L2, the first line passes again under the wound lines in order to be able to connect its second terminal to the capacitive decoupling element. This can lead to loss of power.
- FIG. 10 illustrates a variant of the integrated circuit of FIG. 8.
- the integrated circuit differs from that of FIG. 8 in that it comprises an impedance matching device having a main input II connected to the output of the first DS amplifier stage via an inductive element Lmatch.
- the Lmatch inductive element is used to make the DAI adapter resonate with the capacitance of the first stage output impedance.
- Such an inductive element Lmatch can be used when the capacitance Cp dsout seen at the output of the first stage can have a not insignificant impact on the performances, in particular on the gain of the amplifier and on the output in added power (in English "power added efficiency ”).
- the greater the capacitance Cp dsout or the greater the pulsation w the greater the leakage of the signal at the output of the first stage towards ground.
- the value of the inductance of the inductive element Lmatch can be determined according to the formula: where Rp load ds is the desired load of the first amplifier stage DS, Cp dsout is the capacitance of the output impedance of the first amplifier stage DS, and w is the pulse relative to the operating frequency.
- PSIN R being the resistance of the second stage input impedance Rmatch being ég s al to Rmatch
- Rp load - ds is the desired load of the first amplifier stage DS
- Cp dsout is the capacitance of the output impedance of the first stage
- w is the pulse relative to the operating frequency
- a bias voltage VBAT DS can be applied to the second terminal of the first line L1 then acts as a choke coil.
- the impedance matching devices described can be used between two amplifier stages of the single ended or differential type, or between an amplifier stage of the asymmetric type and an amplifier stage. differential type.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20157693 | 2020-02-17 | ||
| PCT/EP2021/053678 WO2021165213A1 (fr) | 2020-02-17 | 2021-02-15 | Amplificateur radiofréquence |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4107854A1 true EP4107854A1 (fr) | 2022-12-28 |
Family
ID=69631466
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21704570.7A Pending EP4107854A1 (fr) | 2020-02-17 | 2021-02-15 | Amplificateur radiofréquence |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12470174B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4107854A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN115104254A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3107409B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021165213A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7444124B1 (en) * | 2003-05-14 | 2008-10-28 | Marvell International Ltd. | Adjustable segmented power amplifier |
| CN100555843C (zh) * | 2007-08-14 | 2009-10-28 | 锐德科无线通信技术(上海)有限公司 | 基于模拟预失真的线性功率放大电路及方法 |
| JP5247367B2 (ja) | 2008-11-13 | 2013-07-24 | ルネサスエレクトロニクス株式会社 | Rf電力増幅器 |
| US8174315B1 (en) * | 2009-04-27 | 2012-05-08 | Triquint Semiconductor, Inc. | Method and circuit for transforming the impedance of a load |
| US8125276B2 (en) * | 2010-03-12 | 2012-02-28 | Samsung Electro-Mechanics | Sharing of inductor interstage matching in parallel amplification system for wireless communication systems |
| CN102169868B (zh) * | 2011-02-22 | 2012-11-14 | 华东师范大学 | 一种片上集成电感 |
| US8884698B2 (en) * | 2011-06-17 | 2014-11-11 | Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. | Transformer and CMOS power amplifier including the same |
| US9923530B2 (en) * | 2015-11-25 | 2018-03-20 | Mediatek Inc. | Matching network circuit and radio-frequency power amplifier with odd harmonic rejection and even harmonic rejection and method of adjusting symmetry of differential signals |
| US10965261B2 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2021-03-30 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Power amplifier circuit |
| US11128269B2 (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-09-21 | Nxp Usa, Inc. | Multiple-stage power amplifiers and devices with low-voltage driver stages |
-
2021
- 2021-02-15 EP EP21704570.7A patent/EP4107854A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-02-15 WO PCT/EP2021/053678 patent/WO2021165213A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-02-15 FR FR2101443A patent/FR3107409B1/fr active Active
- 2021-02-15 US US17/800,299 patent/US12470174B2/en active Active
- 2021-02-15 CN CN202180014960.1A patent/CN115104254A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3107409A1 (fr) | 2021-08-20 |
| US20230092413A1 (en) | 2023-03-23 |
| FR3107409B1 (fr) | 2023-11-03 |
| CN115104254A (zh) | 2022-09-23 |
| WO2021165213A1 (fr) | 2021-08-26 |
| US12470174B2 (en) | 2025-11-11 |
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