EP4107450B1 - Dilution refrigeration device and method - Google Patents
Dilution refrigeration device and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4107450B1 EP4107450B1 EP21702045.2A EP21702045A EP4107450B1 EP 4107450 B1 EP4107450 B1 EP 4107450B1 EP 21702045 A EP21702045 A EP 21702045A EP 4107450 B1 EP4107450 B1 EP 4107450B1
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- dilution
- refrigeration device
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- pipes
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- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 title claims description 141
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 title claims description 140
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 title claims description 82
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 135
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 49
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-BJUDXGSMSA-N helium-3 atom Chemical compound [3He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012550 audit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003113 dilution method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002096 quantum dot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/12—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using 3He-4He dilution
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/10—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point with several cooling stages
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
- F25D19/006—Thermal coupling structure or interface
Definitions
- the invention relates to a dilution refrigeration device and method.
- the invention relates more particularly to a dilution refrigeration device for obtaining very low temperatures, particularly in the range between milliKelvin and hundreds of milliKelvin, comprising a loop working circuit containing a cycle fluid comprising a mixture of isotope 3 helium and isotope 4 helium, the working circuit comprising, arranged in series and fluidly connected via a first set of pipes, a mixing chamber, a boiler and a transfer member, the first set of pipes being configured to transfer cycle fluid from an outlet of the mixing chamber to an inlet of the boiler and from an outlet of the boiler to an inlet of the transfer member, the working circuit comprising a second set pipe connecting an outlet of the transfer member to an inlet of the mixing chamber, the working circuit comprising at least a first heat exchange portion between at least a part of the first pipe assembly and the second set of pipe, the first heat exchange portion being located between the boiler and the mixing chamber, the device further comprising at least one cooling member in thermal exchange with the working circuit and configured to transfer frigories to
- Quantum phenomena give rise to theoretical and technological developments likely to be used to carry out operations (“quantum computing”) for the development of supercomputers (for example carrying out a billion billion calculations every second) by manipulating “qubits”. » superconductors at temperatures close to milliKelvin or based on silicon at a few hundred milliKelvin.
- the traditional means of obtaining refrigeration power at temperatures of the order of milliKelvin to hundreds of milliKelvin is the refrigerator with dilution of helium3 in helium4.
- JP 2001 304709 A discloses a dilution refrigeration device according to the preamble of claim 1.
- An aim of the present invention is to overcome all or part of the disadvantages of the prior art noted above.
- the device according to the invention is essentially characterized in that it comprises at least one cryogenic pumping member located in the working circuit between the boiler and the transfer member.
- a dilution refrigeration device and its method according to the invention are defined in claims 1 and 20, respectively.
- the invention may also relate to any alternative device or method comprising any combination of the characteristics above or below within the scope of the claims.
- the dilution refrigeration device 1 shown in [ Fig. 1 ] comprising a loop working circuit 20 containing a cycle fluid comprising a mixture of isotope helium 3 ("3He” or “helium 3”) and isotope helium 4 ("4He” or “helium 4”) ").
- This working circuit 20 comprises, arranged in series and fluidly connected via a first set of pipes 2, 4, a mixing chamber 3, a boiler 5 and a transfer member 6.
- the first set of pipes 2, 4 is configured to transfer cycle fluid from an outlet of the mixing chamber 3 to an inlet of the boiler 5 and from an outlet of the boiler 5 to an inlet of the transfer member 6 .
- the working circuit 20 comprises a second conduit assembly 7 connecting an outlet of the transfer member 6 to an inlet of the mixing chamber 3.
- the boiler 5 (or evaporator) conventionally ensures phase separation between helium 3 and helium 4 (the bath, which contains for example 1% by mole of helium 3 is for example at a temperature between 0.7 and 1K).
- the boiler 5 supplies the helium 3 transfer member 6 via the first conduit assembly 4.
- the temperature can be of the order for example of 5 to 300mK and in particular between 5 and 150mK.
- the concentrated liquid helium 3 returned by the transfer member 6 into the mixing chamber 3 can be located in the upper part of this chamber 3, above a diluted liquid phase (containing for example 6 to 7% of helium 3).
- One end of the first pipe assembly 7 opens for example into this upper concentrated phase.
- the injected concentrated helium 3 phase is diluted in the diluted phase; it is this endothermic dilution process which produces the refrigerating power at the temperature of the mixing chamber 3.
- the cold produced can be used to cool a user (symbolized by the reference 24 in [ Fig. 1 ]).
- the working circuit 20 comprises at least a first heat exchange portion 9 between at least part of the first pipe assembly 2, 4 and the second pipe assembly 7.
- the first heat exchange portion 9 is located between the boiler 5 and the mixing chamber 3.
- This heat exchange portion 9 uses for example at least one counter-current heat exchanger which makes it possible to pre-cool the concentrated Helium3 phase reinjected into the mixing box 3 by the diluted Helium3 phase which rises from this box. 3 to mix towards the boiler 5.
- the efficiency of the counter-current heat exchangers 9 between the diluted phases and the concentrated phase is the critical point of these dilution refrigerators.
- the so-called Kapitza thermal resistances which appear at very low temperatures between helium and solid materials and increase as the inverse of the square of the temperature make the sizing of these exchangers very difficult and critical.
- the transfer member 6 comprises for example a cycle fluid compressor.
- this compressor 6 operates at ambient temperature (for example outside a cold box 29 which contains the rest of the device). That is to say that this compressor 6 can be at a non-cryogenic temperature in the operating configuration of the dilution refrigeration device 1.
- the device 1 further comprises at least one cooling member 22 in thermal exchange with the working circuit 20 and configured to transfer frigories to the cycle fluid, that is to say to cool the cycle fluid.
- the cooling member 22 comprises a heat exchange with the working circuit 20 (second pipe assembly 7) to cool the fluid at the outlet of the transfer member 6 (for example to 1.3 to 1, 4K).
- the working circuit 20 further comprises a cryogenic pumping member 8 located between the boiler 5 and the transfer member 6.
- the device 1 therefore comprises at least one thermally insulated cold box 29 which contains all or part of the cold (cryogenic) components of the device 1.
- the pumping member 8 is located in the cold box 29.
- This cryogenic pumping member 8 thus operates preferably at cold temperatures between the temperature of the boiler and the ambient temperature (ambient temperature excluded).
- the transfer member 6 is preferably located outside the cold box 29 (for example at room temperature) but could also be located in the cold box 29 in certain variants.
- This cryogenic pumping member 8 is configured to pump the fluid for example at a temperature of 1.8K to 4K.
- This pumping member 8 comprises for example a turbo type pump molecular, “Holweck”, centrifugal wheel or any combination of these technologies.
- This pumping member 8 is configured for a low pressure (around 0.1 millibar for example) and a low temperature (for example around 700/850mK) consistent with the operation of the boiler 5.
- This cryogenic pumping member 8 is preferably configured to pump helium3 having a pressure of approximately 0.1mbar or less.
- This architecture with a pumping member 8 in the cold part of the circuit 20 makes it possible to increase the cycle fluid flow and therefore the cold power produced.
- This arrangement makes it possible in particular to achieve cold powers produced which could not be achieved by known systems (in particular due to the sizes of the compressors 6 required and the expected efficiency).
- the device comprises several counter-current heat exchangers 9 in the circuit 20 between the mixing chamber 3 and the boiler 5.
- the device 1 comprises a second portion 10 for heat exchange between at least one part of the first pipe assembly 2, 4 and the second pipe assembly 7 and located between the boiler 5 and the transfer member 6.
- This second exchange portion 10 can comprise a counter-current heat exchanger between the two sets of pipes 2, 7.
- This heat exchanger 10 can be in heat exchange with a cooling member 12 which thus ensures a pre- cooling of the cycle fluid (for example at a temperature of around 4K).
- Another (third) heat exchange portion 23 can be provided (in addition or alternatively) between the pumping member 8 and the boiler 5.
- This third heat exchange portion 23 can be provided for example to ensure a pre-cooling of the cycle fluid (for example to a temperature of around 1.8K).
- the third heat exchange portion 23 can receive cold from a cooling member 22.
- the circuit 20 can include a heat exchange portion 11 between the second pipe assembly 7 and the boiler 5. This heat exchange can for example bring the cycle fluid to a temperature of the order of 0, 6 to 1K for example.
- the fluid can reach a temperature lower than 20mK, for example up to 5mK.
- the fluid in the boiler 5 has for example a pressure of between 0.05 and 0.1 mbar.
- This architecture allows pumping in line 4, 2 rising to ambient temperature at a higher pressure than in the configuration of known systems. This architecture makes it possible to limit the problems of pressure losses in the pumping line up to ambient and a reduction in the volume flow in the compression member 6. This pumping member 8 ensures cold compression which increases the flow rate while drastically reducing the size and energy required for pumping (compared to architectures with compressions at room temperature).
- This pumping member 8 can pump the fluid for example with a discharge pressure of between 10 and 500 mbar, in particular 300 mbar.
- cryogenic pumping member 8 can be located at any cycle temperature 20 between the boiler 5 and the transfer member 6 (case of the compressor in particular) which is at ambient temperature.
- This pumping member 8 can, where appropriate, be thermalized (that is to say, cooled or kept cold) by the aforementioned cooling member 22 (or another cooling member 12 of the device).
- the transfer member 6 comprises or is made up of a heat exchanger 26 which is preferably also in the cold part of the device 1. That is to say, at the outlet of the cryogenic pumping member 8 , the pumped fluid is kept cold before being returned to the second assembly 7 for driving the circuit 20.
- This configuration can be obtained after starting the device which includes a hot transfer member 6 such as a compressor as described below -above. That is to say that the device is started for example in the configuration of the [ Fig. 2 ] then the compressor 6 is switched off or bypassed by a cold exchanger 6 and the entire device 1 is cold (in a cold box for example).
- the exchanger 26 of the transfer member 6 can be configured to exchange thermally with a cold source (a cooling member 22 for example) with a view to pre-cooling, for example at a temperature of 4K.
- the at least one cooling member 22, 12 which is provided to cool or pre-cool the cycle fluid preferably comprises a cryogenic refrigerator (and/or liquefier).
- FIG. 4 An example of a combination of such a refrigerator and a dilution refrigeration device is shown in [ Fig. 4 ] (or more schematically at [ Fig. 8 ]).
- the refrigerator 12 generally comprising a working circuit 13 forming a loop and containing a working fluid (preferably comprising helium and possibly at least one other gas: hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, etc.) cf. [ Fig. 4 ] .
- a working fluid preferably comprising helium and possibly at least one other gas: hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, etc.
- At least one cold compressor 25 can be provided in the circuit before the counter-current exchanger 15 and before the return to the compression mechanism 14.
- the working gas is subjected in the circuit to an inverse Claude or Ericsson type thermodynamic cycle.
- the refrigerator 12 has at least one heat exchange portion 18, 27 between the working fluid expanded in the expansion mechanism 16 and at least part of the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device 1, to cool and/or pre-cool.
- the cryogenic refrigerator 12 preferably comprises at least one tank 19 for storing liquefied working gas downstream of the working fluid expansion mechanism 16, 17.
- the refrigerator 12 is configured to liquefy working fluid in the tank(s) 19.
- the heat exchange portion(s) 18, 27 between the expanded working fluid and at least part of the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device 1 preferably comprises a heat exchange between the liquefied working fluid located in the at less a tank 19 and the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device 1.
- the cryogenic refrigerator 12 comprises two tanks 19 for storing liquefied working gas located at separate locations in the working circuit.
- the refrigerator 12 is configured to liquefy cycle fluid in said tanks 19 at distinct respective cycle temperatures (for example, according to the direction of circulation of the working fluid respectively liquid helium at 4K and liquid at 1, 8K).
- the liquefied working fluids located in said tanks 19 are put into thermal exchange with the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device at respective distinct locations 18, 27 of the working circuit of the dilution refrigeration device 1.
- the heat exchange between the liquefied fluid and the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device 1 is symbolized by a heat exchange portion of the circuit 20 working with the bath of the tanks. More precisely, a first portion 27 of the second set of pipes 7 (and/or portion 18 of the first set of pipes) is in direct heat exchange with the interior of a tank 19 and a second portion 27 of the second set 7 pipe (and/or portion 18 of the first pipe assembly 2) is in direct heat exchange with the interior of the other tank 19).
- all cold (cryogenic) parts of the installation can be arranged in a thermally and vacuum insulated cold box 29. That is to say that only the transfer member 6 (compressor) and the mechanism 14 of compression, which are at a non-cryogenic temperature (for example ambient) are outside the cold box 29.
- cooling and/or pre-cooling system can be applied to the dilution refrigeration device 1 of the embodiment of the [ Fig. 3 ].
- the cooling/pre-cooling member(s) 12, 22 of the device of the [ Fig. 3 ] may include or be made up of the same refrigeration device of the [ Fig. 4 ] described above, for example a Claude cycle pre-cooling refrigerator having a cold power available at 4 to 5 K and 1 to 2K for example.
- a liquefier or refrigerator 12 can provide all or part of the cold power to the refrigeration device 1 to dilute the [ Fig. 3 ] .
- the cold transfer member 6 (cold heat exchanger 26) could also be in the cold box 29 (only the compression mechanism 14 would be placed outside).
- the dilution cooling device 1 may comprise several dilution loops each comprising a respective mixing chamber 3 and a boiler 5.
- the circuit 20 for working the cycle fluid can thus comprise several first sets of distinct lines 2, 4 and several second separate sets of lines 7. That is to say that the production of cold can include several dilution systems which preferably share at least part of the constituent organs.
- This is schematized in particular in [ Fig. 5 ] where two dilution loops have been represented and two other potential loops have been symbolized by dotted lines.
- the elements already described are designated by the same numerical references and are not explained in detail a second time. To the [ Fig. 9 ] only three dilution loops were represented.
- At least part of the several dilution loops can comprise a common transfer member 6 (compressor and/or exchanger as described previously). That is to say that the cycle fluid circulating in several dilution loops passes through the same shared transfer member 6.
- the first sets of pipes 2, 4 and second corresponding sets of pipes 7 can thus be connected in parallel to the common transfer member 6.
- the several dilution loops may comprise a common pumping member 8, that is to say that the cycle fluid circulating in several dilution loops passes (is pumped) in the same member 8 of shared pumping in a common collecting pipe.
- the first sets of pipes 2, 4 and/or the corresponding second sets of pipes 7 can then be connected in parallel to said common pumping member 8.
- one or more or all of the different dilution loops may comprise one or more own pumping members 8 which are not shared. That is to say, in addition to the shared pumping member(s) 8, one or more dilution loops may include one or more pumping members 8 located on a pipe which is not shared with another loop. dilution.
- all or part of these multiple dilution refrigeration systems can be pre-cooled and/or cooled by the same cooling/pre-cooling member 12, 22.
- the common cooling device can thus comprise a cryogenic refrigerator 12 as described above (comprising a working circuit 13 forming a loop and containing a working fluid containing for example helium, the working circuit 13 forming a cycle comprising in series: a mechanism 14 for compressing the working fluid, a mechanism 15 for cooling the working fluid, a mechanism 16, 17 for expanding the working fluid and a mechanism 15 for heating the working fluid).
- This refrigerator 12 comprises at least one heat exchange portion 18 between the working fluid expanded in the expansion mechanism 16 and at least part of the cycle fluid of the several distinct dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device.
- the cryogenic refrigerator forming the common cooling device may include at least one tank 19 for storing liquefied working gas (in particular two tanks).
- the device comprising a transfer pipe 21 connecting each storage tank 19 to at least one portion 18 of at least part of the several distinct dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device to ensure heat exchange between the working fluid and the cycle fluid in each of said dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device.
- the fluid used to cool/pre-cool the dilution loops is returned to the working circuit 13 via a respective return pipe 121.
- FIG. 6 represents a schematic view of a part possible example of structure of a part of one of the dilution loops of the [ Fig. 5 ].
- the cryogenic pumping member 8 is shared (and is not shown). That is to say that the fluid leaving the boiler 5 is returned to the common pumping member 8.
- the pre-cooling of the dilution loop comprises a first reserve 18 of liquefied cooling fluid (for example at a temperature of 4K) in thermal exchange with the dilution loop (the second pipe assembly 7 in particular) before the boiler 5.
- the pre-cooling of the dilution loop includes a second reserve 18 of liquefied cooling fluid (for example at a temperature of 1.8K) in thermal exchange with the dilution loop (the second pipe assembly 7 in particular) between the first reserve and the boiler 5.
- a second reserve 18 of liquefied cooling fluid for example at a temperature of 1.8K
- Each of the reserves 18 is connected to the common refrigerator 12 via transfer pipes 21 and respective liquid return pipes 121.
- Fig. 7 represents the possible arrangement of the fluidic connections of the different dilution loops to the common refrigerator.
- the transfer pipes 21 respectively supplying the reserves 18 of six liquefaction loops with a view to their pre-cooling and the six respective return pipes 121 returning the liquefied cryogenic fluid having been used to pre-cool six dilution loops .
- the transfer pipes 21 can each include a valve 28 for controlling or stopping the flow.
- the transfer pipes 21 are connected to a first tank 19 for storing liquefied working gas.
- the return pipes 121 are connected to the working circuit.
- the ends of the first sets 2 of pipes are connected to a collecting pipe comprising the common cryogenic pumping member 8.
- the transfer pipes 21 are connected to a second tank 19 for storing liquefied working gas.
- the return pipes 121 are connected to the working circuit.
- the device 1 allows a distributed architecture comprising several (six in this example but which could be quite different, for example ten or more) distinct dilution loops producing cold and cooled by a member 12 or central cryostat ensuring pre-cooling cycle fluids from ambient temperature to a target cryogenic temperature (for example 4K and/or 1.8K)
- a target cryogenic temperature for example 4K and/or 1.8K
- the cryogenic pumping member 8 of the boiler 5 of the cold stages of the satellite dilutions is shared.
- this architecture with multiple dilution loops allows, in addition to its modularity, to isolate one or more loops for repair while the other dilution loops are active.
- the common cooling member 12 makes it possible to efficiently cool the various components.
- the invention makes it possible to increase the pumping flow capacity which increases the cold power produced by dilution.
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Description
L'invention concerne un dispositif et un procédé de réfrigération à dilution.The invention relates to a dilution refrigeration device and method.
L'invention concerne plus particulièrement un dispositif de réfrigération à dilution pour l'obtention de très basses températures, notamment dans la gamme comprise entre le milliKelvin et la centaine de milliKelvin, comprenant un circuit de travail en boucle contenant un fluide de cycle comprenant un mélange d'hélium d'isotope 3 et d'hélium d'isotope 4, le circuit de travail comprenant, disposés en série et reliés fluidiquement via un premier ensemble de conduites, une chambre de mélange, un bouilleur et un organe de transfert, le premier ensemble de conduites étant configuré pour transférer du fluide de cycle d'une sortie de la chambre de mélange à une entrée du bouilleur et d'une sortie du bouilleur à une entrée de l'organe de transfert, le circuit de travail comprenant un deuxième ensemble de conduite reliant une sortie de l'organe de transfert à une entrée de la chambre de mélange, le circuit de travail comprenant au moins une première portion d'échange de chaleur entre au moins une partie du premier ensemble de conduite et le deuxième ensemble de conduite, la première portion d'échange de chaleur étant située entre le bouilleur et la chambre de mélange, le dispositif comprenant en outre au moins un organe de refroidissement en échange thermique avec le circuit de travail et configuré pour transférer des frigories au fluide de cycle. L'invention concerne en particulier un dispositif et procédé de réfrigération cryogénique de forte puissance à basse ou très basse température (c'est-à-dire potentiellement jusque dans la gamme de température du milliKelvin à la centaine de milliKelvin) .The invention relates more particularly to a dilution refrigeration device for obtaining very low temperatures, particularly in the range between milliKelvin and hundreds of milliKelvin, comprising a loop working circuit containing a cycle fluid comprising a mixture of
L'utilisation de la réfrigération à des températures inférieures à la centaine de milliKelvin concerne essentiellement les applications pour l'étude de la matière et des phénomènes quantiques, pour la réalisation de détecteurs de rayonnement électromagnétique.The use of refrigeration at temperatures below a hundred milliKelvin essentially concerns applications for the study of matter and phenomena. quantum, for the production of electromagnetic radiation detectors.
Les phénomènes quantiques donnent lieu à des développements théoriques et technologiques susceptibles de les mettre en oeuvre pour effectuer des opérations (« quantum computing ») pour le développement de supercalculateurs (effectuant par exemple un milliard de milliards de calculs chaque seconde) en manipulant des « qubits » supraconducteurs à des températures proches du milliKelvin ou à base de silicium à quelques centaines de milliKelvin.Quantum phenomena give rise to theoretical and technological developments likely to be used to carry out operations (“quantum computing”) for the development of supercomputers (for example carrying out a billion billion calculations every second) by manipulating “qubits”. » superconductors at temperatures close to milliKelvin or based on silicon at a few hundred milliKelvin.
Généralement, ces applications utilisent des réfrigérateurs à dilution pour les besoins de refroidissement qui leur permettent de manipuler une centaine de qubits et intégrer les centaines de liaisons filaires ou coaxiales (environ 4 par qubit) nécessaires pour les contrôler et lire leur état.Generally, these applications use dilution refrigerators for cooling needs which allow them to manipulate around a hundred qubits and integrate the hundreds of wire or coaxial links (around 4 per qubit) necessary to control them and read their state.
Ainsi, le moyen traditionnel d'obtenir de la puissance de réfrigération à des températures de l'ordre du milliKelvin à la centaine de milliKelvin est le réfrigérateur à dilution d'hélium3 dans l'hélium4.Thus, the traditional means of obtaining refrigeration power at temperatures of the order of milliKelvin to hundreds of milliKelvin is the refrigerator with dilution of helium3 in helium4.
D'autres technologies offrent des puissances froides de 8 à 30 microWatt à 20mK ou 250 à 1000 microWatt à 100mK.Other technologies offer cooling powers of 8 to 30 microWatt at 20mK or 250 to 1000 microWatt at 100mK.
Pour manipuler à terme dizaines de milliers jusqu'à des millions de qubits dans un ordinateur quantique « exascale », les solutions de réfrigération existantes ne sont plus adaptées.To ultimately manipulate tens of thousands to millions of qubits in an “exascale” quantum computer, existing refrigeration solutions are no longer suitable.
Un but de la présente invention est de pallier tout ou partie des inconvénients de l'art antérieur relevés ci-dessus.An aim of the present invention is to overcome all or part of the disadvantages of the prior art noted above.
A cette fin, le dispositif selon l'invention, par ailleurs conforme à la définition générique qu'en donne le préambule ci-dessus, est essentiellement caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un organe de pompage cryogénique situé dans le circuit de travail entre le bouilleur et l'organe de transfert.To this end, the device according to the invention, moreover conforming to the generic definition given in the preamble above, is essentially characterized in that it comprises at least one cryogenic pumping member located in the working circuit between the boiler and the transfer member.
Un dispositif de réfrigération à dilution et son procédé selon l'invention sont définis dans les revendications 1 et 20, respectivement.A dilution refrigeration device and its method according to the invention are defined in
Par ailleurs, des modes de réalisation de l'invention peuvent comporter l'une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes :
- l'organe transfert comprend un compresseur du fluide de cycle,
- l'organe transfert comprend un échangeur de chaleur,
- le au moins un organe de pompage cryogénique est situé dans le premier ensemble de conduites du circuit de travail, en configuration de fonctionnement du dispositif de réfrigération, le fluide de cycle y étant admis à une température cryogénique, notamment comprise entre 0,5K et 80K,
- le au moins un organe de pompage cryogénique est configuré pour pomper le fluide du cycle ayant une pression d'admission comprise entre 0,01mbar et 100mbar,
- le dispositif comporte une seconde portion d'échange de chaleur entre au moins une partie du premier ensemble de conduite et le deuxième ensemble de conduite et située entre le bouilleur et l'organe de transfert, le au moins un organe de pompage cryogénique étant situé entre la seconde portion d'échange de chaleur et le bouilleur et/ou entre la seconde portion d'échange de chaleur et l'organe de transfert,
- le au moins un organe de refroidissement comporte un appareil de refroidissement en échange de chaleur avec le deuxième ensemble de conduite entre l'organe de transfert et l'organe de mélange, l'organe de refroidissement étant configuré pour refroidir le fluide de cycle du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution,
- le dispositif comporte une portion d'échange de chaleur entre le second ensemble de conduite et le bouilleur,
- le au moins un organe de refroidissement comprend un réfrigérateur cryogénique comprenant un circuit de travail formant une boucle et contenant un fluide de travail comprenant de l'hélium, le circuit de travail formant un cycle comprenant en série: un mécanisme de compression du fluide de travail, un mécanisme de refroidissement du fluide de travail, un mécanisme de détente du fluide de travail et un mécanisme de réchauffement du fluide de travail, le réfrigérateur comprenant au moins une portion d'échange de chaleur entre le fluide de travail détendu dans le mécanisme de détente et au moins une partie du fluide de cycle du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution,
- le réfrigérateur cryogénique comprend au moins une cuve de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié en aval du mécanisme de de détente du fluide de travail, le réfrigérateur étant configuré pour liquéfier du fluide de travail dans ladite cuve, la au moins une portion d'échange de chaleur entre le fluide de travail détendu et au moins une partie du fluide de cycle du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution comprend un échange thermique entre le fluide de travail liquéfié situé dans la au moins une cuve et le fluide de cycle du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution,
- le réfrigérateur cryogénique comprend au moins deux cuves de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié situées à des emplacements distincts du circuit de travail, le réfrigérateur étant configuré pour liquéfier du fluide de cycle dans lesdites cuves à des températures respectives distinctes, les fluides de travail liquéfiés situés dans lesdites cuves étant mis en échange thermique avec le fluide de cycle du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution à des emplacements distincts respectifs du circuit de travail du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution,
- le circuit de travail comprend plusieurs boucles de dilution comportant chacune une chambre de mélange et un bouilleur respectifs, c'est-à-dire que le circuit de travail du fluide de cycle comprend plusieurs premiers ensembles de conduites distincts et plusieurs deuxièmes ensembles de conduite distincts,
- au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution comprennent un organe de transfert commun, c'est-à-dire que le fluide de cycle circulant dans plusieurs boucles de dilution transite dans un même organe de transfert mutualisé, les premiers ensembles de conduites et deuxièmes ensembles de conduite correspondantes étant raccordées en parallèle à l'organe de transfert commun,
- au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution comprennent un organe de pompage commun, c'est-à-dire que le fluide de cycle circulant dans plusieurs boucles de dilution transite dans un même organe de pompage mutualisé, les premiers ensembles de conduites et/ou les deuxièmes ensembles de conduite correspondantes étant raccordées en parallèle audit organe de pompage commun,
- au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution comprennent chacune un organe de pompage distinct respectif,
- le au moins un organe de refroidissement comporte un appareil de refroidissement commun pour refroidir au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution distinctes,
- l'appareil de refroidissement commun comprend un réfrigérateur cryogénique comprenant un circuit de travail formant une boucle et contenant un fluide de travail contenant de l'hélium, le circuit de travail formant un cycle comprenant en série: un mécanisme de compression du fluide de travail, un mécanisme de refroidissement du fluide de travail, un mécanisme de détente du fluide de travail et un mécanisme de réchauffement du fluide de travail, le réfrigérateur comprenant au moins une portion d'échange de chaleur entre le fluide de travail détendu dans le mécanisme de détente et au moins une partie du fluide de cycle des plusieurs boucles de dilution distinctes du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution,
- le réfrigérateur cryogénique formant l'appareil de refroidissement commun comprend au moins une cuve de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié en aval du mécanisme de détente du fluide de travail, le réfrigérateur étant configuré pour liquéfier du fluide de travail dans ladite au moins une cuve, le dispositif de réfrigération comprenant une conduite de transfert reliant ladite au moins une cuve de stockage à au moins une portion d'au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution distinctes du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution pour assurer un échange thermique entre le fluide de travail et le fluide de cycle dans chacune desdites boucles de dilution du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution,
- le réfrigérateur cryogénique formant le au moins un organe de refroidissement commun comprend au moins deux cuves de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié situées à des emplacements distincts du circuit de travail, le réfrigérateur étant configuré pour liquéfier du fluide de cycle dans lesdites cuves à des températures respectives distinctes, et en ce que le dispositif de réfrigération comporte un ensemble de conduites de transfert reliant les cuves de stockage à respectivement des portions distinctes d'au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution, pour assurer des échanges thermiques entre le fluide de travail et le fluide de cycle dans lesdites boucles de dilution du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution.
- the transfer member comprises a cycle fluid compressor,
- the transfer member comprises a heat exchanger,
- the at least one cryogenic pumping member is located in the first set of pipes of the working circuit, in the operating configuration of the refrigeration device, the cycle fluid being admitted there at a cryogenic temperature, in particular between 0.5K and 80K ,
- the at least one cryogenic pumping member is configured to pump the cycle fluid having an inlet pressure of between 0.01mbar and 100mbar,
- the device comprises a second heat exchange portion between at least a part of the first pipe assembly and the second pipe assembly and located between the boiler and the transfer member, the at least one cryogenic pumping member being located between the second heat exchange portion and the boiler and/or between the second heat exchange portion and the transfer member,
- the at least one cooling member comprises a cooling device in heat exchange with the second conduit assembly between the transfer member and the mixing member, the cooling member being configured to cool the cycle fluid of the device dilution refrigeration,
- the device comprises a heat exchange portion between the second pipe assembly and the boiler,
- the at least one cooling member comprises a cryogenic refrigerator comprising a working circuit forming a loop and containing a working fluid comprising helium, the working circuit forming a cycle comprising in series: a mechanism for compressing the working fluid , a working fluid cooling mechanism, a working fluid expansion mechanism and a working fluid heating mechanism, the refrigerator comprising at least one heat exchange portion between the working fluid expanded in the expansion mechanism and at least part of the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device,
- the cryogenic refrigerator comprises at least one liquefied working gas storage tank downstream of the working fluid expansion mechanism, the refrigerator being configured to liquefy working fluid in said tank, the at least one gas exchange portion heat between the expanded working fluid and at least part of the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device comprises a heat exchange between the liquefied working fluid located in the at least one tank and the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device ,
- the cryogenic refrigerator comprises at least two liquefied working gas storage tanks located at distinct locations in the working circuit, the refrigerator being configured to liquefy cycle fluid in said tanks at distinct respective temperatures, the liquefied working fluids located in said tanks being placed in thermal exchange with the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device at respective distinct locations of the working circuit of the dilution refrigeration device,
- the working circuit comprises several dilution loops each comprising a respective mixing chamber and boiler, that is to say the working circuit of the cycle fluid comprises several first separate sets of pipes and several second separate sets of pipes ,
- at least part of the several dilution loops comprise a common transfer member, that is to say that the cycle fluid circulating in several dilution loops passes through the same shared transfer member, the first sets of pipes and second corresponding pipe assemblies being connected in parallel to the common transfer member,
- at least part of the several dilution loops comprise a common pumping member, that is to say that the cycle fluid circulating in several dilution loops passes through the same shared pumping member, the first sets of pipes and/or or the second corresponding pipe assemblies being connected in parallel to said common pumping member,
- at least part of the several dilution loops each comprise a respective separate pumping member,
- the at least one cooling member comprises a common cooling device for cooling at least part of the several distinct dilution loops,
- the common cooling apparatus comprises a cryogenic refrigerator comprising a working circuit forming a loop and containing a working fluid containing helium, the working circuit forming a cycle comprising in series: a mechanism for compressing the working fluid, a working fluid cooling mechanism, a working fluid expansion mechanism and a working fluid heating mechanism, the refrigerator comprising at least one heat exchange portion between the working fluid expanded in the expansion mechanism and at least part of the cycle fluid of the several distinct dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device,
- the cryogenic refrigerator forming the common cooling apparatus comprises at least one liquefied working gas storage tank downstream of the working fluid expansion mechanism, the refrigerator being configured to liquefy working fluid in said at least one tank, the refrigeration device comprising a transfer pipe connecting said at least one storage tank to at least a portion of at least a portion of the several distinct dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device to ensure heat exchange between the working fluid and the cycle fluid in each of said dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device,
- the cryogenic refrigerator forming the at least one common cooling member comprises at least two liquefied working gas storage tanks located at distinct locations in the working circuit, the refrigerator being configured to liquefy cycle fluid in said tanks at temperatures respective distinct, and in that the refrigeration device comprises a set of transfer pipes connecting the storage tanks to respectively distinct portions of at least part of the several dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device, to ensure exchanges thermals between the working fluid and the cycle fluid in said dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device.
L'invention peut concerner également tout dispositif ou procédé alternatif comprenant toute combinaison des caractéristiques ci-dessus ou ci-dessous dans le cadre des revendications.The invention may also relate to any alternative device or method comprising any combination of the characteristics above or below within the scope of the claims.
D'autres particularités et avantages apparaîtront à la lecture de la description ci-après, faite en référence aux figures dans lesquelles :
- [
Fig. 1 ] représente une vue schématique et partielle illustrant un premier exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 2 ] représente une vue schématique et partielle illustrant un second exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 3 ] représente une vue schématique et partielle illustrant un troisième exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 4 ] représente une vue schématique et partielle illustrant un quatrième exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 5 ] représente une vue schématique et partielle illustrant un cinquième exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 6 ] représente une vue schématique et partielle illustrant un détail d'un sixième exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 7 ] représente une vue schématique et partielle illustrant un autre détail du sixième exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 8 ] représente une autre vue simplifiée du quatrième exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention, - [
Fig. 9 ] représente une autre vue simplifiée du cinquième exemple de structure et de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de réfrigération selon l'invention.
- [
Fig. 1 ] represents a schematic and partial view illustrating a first example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 2 ] represents a schematic and partial view illustrating a second example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 3 ] represents a schematic and partial view illustrating a third example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 4 ] represents a schematic and partial view illustrating a fourth example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 5 ] represents a schematic and partial view illustrating a fifth example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 6 ] represents a schematic and partial view illustrating a detail of a sixth example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 7 ] represents a schematic and partial view illustrating another detail of the sixth example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 8 ] represents another simplified view of the fourth example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention, - [
Fig. 9 ] represents another simplified view of the fifth example of structure and operation of a refrigeration device according to the invention.
Le dispositif 1 de réfrigération à dilution représenté à la [
Le premier ensemble de conduites 2, 4 est configuré pour transférer du fluide de cycle d'une sortie de la chambre 3 de mélange à une entrée du bouilleur 5 et d'une sortie du bouilleur 5 à une entrée de l'organe 6 de transfert.The first set of
Le circuit 20 de travail comprend un deuxième ensemble de conduite 7 reliant une sortie de l'organe 6 de transfert à une entrée de la chambre de mélange 3.The working
Le bouilleur 5 (ou évaporateur) assure classiquement une séparation de phase entre l'hélium 3 et l'hélium 4 (le bain, qui contient par exemple 1% en mole d'hélium 3 est par exemple à une température comprise entre 0,7 et 1K). Le bouilleur 5 alimente l'organe 6 de transfert en hélium 3 via le premier ensemble 4 de conduite.The boiler 5 (or evaporator) conventionally ensures phase separation between
Dans la chambre 3 de mélange la température peut être de l'ordre par exemple de 5 à 300mK et notamment entre 5 et 150mK. L'hélium 3 liquide concentré renvoyé par l'organe 6 de transfert dans la chambre 3 de mélange peut être localisé en partie supérieure ce cette chambre 3, au-dessus d'une phase liquide diluée (contenant par exemple 6 à 7 % d'hélium 3). Une extrémité du premier ensemble de conduite 7 débouche par exemple dans cette phase concentrée supérieure.In the mixing
Dans la chambre 3 de mélange, la phase concentrée en hélium 3 injectée se dilue dans la phase diluée, c'est ce processus de dilution endothermique qui produit la puissance frigorifique à la température de la chambre 3 de mélange.In the mixing
Le froid produit peut être utilisé pour refroidir un utilisateur (symbolisé par la référence 24 à la [
Le circuit 20 de travail comprend au moins une première portion 9 d'échange de chaleur entre au moins une partie du premier ensemble de conduite 2, 4 et le deuxième ensemble de conduite 7. La première portion 9 d'échange de chaleur est située entre le bouilleur 5 et la chambre 3 de mélange.The working
Cette portion 9 d'échange de chaleur utilise par exemple au moins un échangeur de chaleur à contre-courant qui permet de pré-refroidir la phase concentrée en Hélium3 réinjectée dans la boîte 3 à mélange par la phase diluée en hélium3 qui remonte de cette boîte 3 à mélange vers le bouilleur 5.This
L'efficacité des échangeurs 9 de chaleur contre-courant entre phases diluée et phase concentrée est le point critique de ces réfrigérateurs à dilution. Les résistances thermiques dites de Kapitza qui apparaissent à très basses températures entre l'hélium et les matériaux solides et s'accroissent comme l'inverse du carré de la température rendent très difficile et critique le dimensionnement de ces échangeurs.The efficiency of the
Dans l'exemple de la [
Le dispositif 1 comprend en outre au moins un organe 22 de refroidissement en échange thermique avec le circuit 20 de travail et configuré pour transférer des frigories au fluide de cycle, c'est-à-dire pour refroidir le fluide de cycle.The
Par exemple, l'organe 22 de refroidissement comprend un échange thermique avec le circuit 20 de travail (seconde ensemble de conduite 7) pour refroidir le fluide à la sortie de l'organe 6 de transfert (par exemple à 1,3 à 1,4K).For example, the cooling
Le circuit 20 de travail comprend en outre un organe 8 de pompage cryogénique situé entre le bouilleur 5 et l'organe 6 de transfert.The working
De préférence, le dispositif 1 comprend donc au moins une boîte 29 froide isolée thermiquement qui contient tout ou partie des composants froids (cryogéniques du dispositif 1). L'organe 8 de pompage est situé dans la boîte froide 29.Preferably, the
Cet organe 8 de pompage cryogénique fonctionne ainsi de préférence à des températures froides entre la température du bouilleur et la température ambiante (température ambiante exclue).This
L'organe 6 de transfert est de préférence situé hors de la boîte froide 29 (par exemple à température ambiante) mais pourrait être également situé dans la boîte froide 29 dans certaines variantes.The
Cet organe 8 de pompage cryogénique est configuré pour pomper le fluide par exemple à une température de 1,8K à 4K. Cet organe 8 de pompage comprend par exemple une pompe de type turbo moléculaire, « Holweck », à roue centrifuge ou toute combinaison de ces technologies.This
Cet organe 8 de pompage est configuré pour une basse pression (environ 0,1 millibar par exemple) et une température basse (par exemple environ 700/850mK) conformes au fonctionnement du bouilleur 5. Cet organe 8 de pompage cryogénique est de préférence configuré pour pomper de l'hélium3 ayant une pression d'environ 0,1mbar ou moins.This pumping
Cette architecture avec un organe 8 de pompage dans la partie froide du circuit 20 permet d'augmenter le débit de fluide de cycle et donc la puissance de froid produite. Cet agencement permet en particulier d'atteindre des puissances froides produites qui ne pourraient pas être atteintes par les systèmes connus (en raison notamment des tailles des compresseurs 6 requis et de l'efficacité attendue).This architecture with a pumping
Cette agencement permet une meilleure efficacité de pompage avec une pompe 8 de taille relativement réduite opérant à froid (par exemple à 4K ou 1,8K) avec une ligne de pompage courte donc sans réduction de la pression d'aspiration par les pertes de charge. Ceci n'est pas possible dans la configuration classique avec uniquement un organe 6 de pompage ou pompe située à température ambiante (des pertes de charge dans la tuyauterie d'aspiration...) .This arrangement allows better pumping efficiency with a
Dans le mode de réalisation de la [
Une autre (troisième) portion 23 d'échange de chaleur peut être prévue (en plus ou alternativement) entre l'organe 8 de pompage et le bouilleur 5. Cette troisième portion 23 d'échange de chaleur peut être prévue par exemple pour assurer un pré-refroidissement du fluide de cycle (par exemple à une température de l'ordre de 1,8K). La troisième portion 23 d'échange de chaleur peut recevoir du froid d'un organe 22 de refroidissement. Comme illustré, le circuit 20 peut comporter une portion 11 d'échange de chaleur entre le second ensemble de conduite 7 et le bouilleur 5. Cet échange de chaleur peut par exemple amener le fluide de cycle à une température de l'ordre de 0,6 à 1Kpar exemple.Another (third)
Dans la chambre 3 de mélange le fluide peut atteindre une température inférieure à 20mK par exemple jusqu'à 5mK.In the mixing
Le fluide dans le bouilleur 5 a par exemple une pression comprise entre 0,05 et 0,1 mbar.The fluid in the
Cette architecture permet un pompage dans la conduite 4, 2 remontant à la température ambiante à une pression plus élevée que dans la configuration des systèmes connus. Cette architecture permet de limiter les problèmes de pertes de charges dans la ligne de pompage jusqu'à l'ambiante et une réduction du débit volumique dans l'organe 6 de compression. Cet organe 8 de pompage assure une compression à froid qui augmente le débit tout en réduisant drastiquement la taille et l'énergie nécessaire pour le pompage (par rapport aux architectures avec compressions à température ambiante).This architecture allows pumping in
Cet organe 8 de pompage peut pomper le fluide par exemple avec une pression de refoulement comprise entre 10 et 500mbar notamment 300mbar.This pumping
A noter que l'organe 8 de pompage cryogénique peut être situé à n'importe quelle température de cycle 20 entre le bouilleur 5 et l'organe 6 de transfert (cas du compresseur notamment) qui est à température ambiante.Note that the
Ceci permet de choisir le cas échant le niveau de température du fluide de cycle qui sera pompé (par exemple en cas de contrainte technologique, de dissipation thermique de la pompe cryogénique...) .This makes it possible to choose, where appropriate, the temperature level of the cycle fluid which will be pumped (for example in the event of technological constraints, heat dissipation of the cryogenic pump, etc.).
Cet organe 8 de pompage peut le cas échéant être thermalisé (c'est-à-dire mis en froid ou maintenu en froid) par l'organe 22 de refroidissement précité (ou un autre organe de refroidissement 12 du dispositif).This pumping
Dans le mode de réalisation de la [
L'échangeur 26 de l'organe 6 de transfert peut être configuré pour échanger thermiquement avec une source de froid (un organe 22 de refroidissement par exemple) en vue d'un pré-refroidissement, par exemple à une température de 4K.The
Dans cette architecture, il n'y a pas de système de compression à température ambiante en sortie de l'organe 8 de pompage cryogénique. Cette boucle intégralement froide est plus simple, moins coûteuse tout en étant efficace.In this architecture, there is no compression system at ambient temperature at the outlet of the
Le au moins un organe 22, 12 de refroidissement qui est prévu pour refroidir ou pré-refroidir le fluide de cycle comprend de préférence un réfrigérateur (et/ou liquéfacteur) cryogénique.The at least one cooling
Un exemple d'association d'un tel réfrigérateur et d'un dispositif de réfrigération à dilution est représenté à la [
Le réfrigérateur 12 comprenant généralement un circuit 13 de travail formant une boucle et contenant un fluide de travail (comprenant de préférence de l'hélium et éventuellement au moins un autre gaz : hydrogène, azote, argon...) cf. [
Le circuit 13 de travail forme un cycle comprenant en série:
un mécanisme 14 de compression du fluide de travail (un ou plusieurs compresseurs en série et/ou en parallèle),un mécanisme 15 de refroidissement du fluide de travail (échangeur(s) de chaleur à contre-courant par exemple),- un mécanisme de détente du fluide de travail (une ou plusieurs
turbines 16 de détente et/ou des vannes 17 de détente de type Joule-Thomson ou autre), - un mécanisme de réchauffement du fluide de travail (par exemple échangeur(s) à contre-courant pour réchauffer le fluide de travail retournant au mécanisme de compression).
- a
mechanism 14 for compressing the working fluid (one or more compressors in series and/or in parallel), - a
mechanism 15 for cooling the working fluid (counter-current heat exchanger(s) for example), - a working fluid expansion mechanism (one or
more expansion turbines 16 and/orexpansion valves 17 of the Joule-Thomson type or other), - a mechanism for heating the working fluid (for example counter-current exchanger(s) to heat the working fluid returning to the compression mechanism).
Comme illustré, au moins un compresseur 25 froid peut être prévu dans le circuit avant l'échangeur 15 à contre-courant et avant le retour dans le mécanisme 14 de compression.As illustrated, at least one
De préférence, le gaz de travail est soumis dans le circuit à un cycle thermodynamique de type Claude ou Ericsson inverse.Preferably, the working gas is subjected in the circuit to an inverse Claude or Ericsson type thermodynamic cycle.
Le réfrigérateur 12 possède au moins une portion 18, 27 d'échange de chaleur entre le fluide de travail détendu dans le mécanisme 16 de détente et au moins une partie du fluide de cycle du dispositif 1 de réfrigération à dilution, pour refroidir et/ou pré-refroidir.The
Le réfrigérateur 12 cryogénique comprend de préférence au moins une cuve 19 de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié en aval du mécanisme de 16, 17 de détente du fluide de travail. Le réfrigérateur 12 est configuré pour liquéfier du fluide de travail dans la ou les cuves cuve 19.The
La ou les portions 18, 27 d'échange de chaleur entre le fluide de travail détendu et au moins une partie du fluide de cycle du dispositif 1 de réfrigération à dilution comprend de préférence un échange thermique entre le fluide de travail liquéfié situé dans la au moins une cuve 19 et le fluide de cycle du dispositif 1 de réfrigération à dilution.The heat exchange portion(s) 18, 27 between the expanded working fluid and at least part of the cycle fluid of the
Dans l'exemple non limitatif de la [
Dans cette représentation schématique, l'échange thermique entre le fluide liquéfié et le fluide de cycle du dispositif 1 de réfrigération à dilution est symbolisé par une portion d'échange thermique du circuit 20 de travail avec le bain des cuves. Plus précisément, une première portion 27 du deuxième ensemble 7 de conduite (et/ou portion 18 du premier 4 ensemble de conduites) est en échange de chaleur direct avec l'intérieur d'une cuve 19 et une seconde portion 27 du deuxième ensemble 7 de conduite (et/ou portion 18 du premier ensemble 2 de conduite) est en échange de chaleur direct avec l'intérieur de l'autre cuve 19). Comme illustré, toutes les parties froides (cryogéniques) de l'installation peuvent être disposées dans une boîte 29 froide isolée thermiquement et sous vide. C'est-à-dire que seuls l'organe 6 de transfert (compresseur) et le mécanisme 14 de compression, qui sont à une température non cryogénique (par exemple ambiante) sont en dehors de la boîte 29 froide.In this schematic representation, the heat exchange between the liquefied fluid and the cycle fluid of the
Tout ou partie de ce système de refroidissement et/ou pré-refroidissement peut être appliqué au dispositif 1 de réfrigération à dilution du mode de réalisation de la [
Comme représenté aux exemples de la [
Ainsi, au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution peuvent comprendre un organe 6 de transfert commun (compresseur et/ou échangeur comme décrit précédemment). C'est-à-dire que le fluide de cycle circulant dans plusieurs boucles de dilution transite dans un même organe 6 de transfert mutualisé. Les premiers ensembles de conduites 2, 4 et deuxièmes ensembles de conduite 7 correspondantes peuvent ainsi être raccordées en parallèle à l'organe 6 de transfert commun.Thus, at least part of the several dilution loops can comprise a common transfer member 6 (compressor and/or exchanger as described previously). That is to say that the cycle fluid circulating in several dilution loops passes through the same shared
De même, au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution peuvent comprendre un organe 8 de pompage commun, c'est-à-dire que le fluide de cycle circulant dans plusieurs boucles de dilution transite (est pompé) dans un même organe 8 de pompage mutualisé dans une conduite collectrice commune. Les premiers ensembles de conduites 2, 4 et/ou les deuxièmes ensembles de conduite 7 correspondantes peuvent alors être raccordées en parallèle audit organe 8 de pompage commun. Ceci est cependant facultatif. Ainsi, en variante ou en combinaison, l'une ou plusieurs ou toutes les différentes boucles de dilution peuvent comprendre un ou plusieurs organe 8 de pompage propre(s) qui n'est pas partagé. C'est-à-dire que, en plus du ou des organes 8 de pompage partagés, une ou plusieurs boucles de dilution peut comprendre un ou plusieurs organe 8 de pompage situé sur une conduite qui n'est pas partagée avec une autre boucle de dilution.Likewise, at least part of the several dilution loops may comprise a
De plus, comme illustré, tout ou partie de ces multiples systèmes de réfrigération à dilution peuvent être pré-refroidis et/ou refroidis par un même organe 12, 22 de refroidissement/pré-refroidissement.In addition, as illustrated, all or part of these multiple dilution refrigeration systems can be pre-cooled and/or cooled by the same cooling/
L'appareil de refroidissement commun peut ainsi comprendre un réfrigérateur 12 cryogénique tel que décrit ci-dessus (comprenant un circuit 13 de travail formant une boucle et contenant un fluide de travail contenant par exemple de l'hélium, le circuit 13 de travail formant un cycle comprenant en série: un mécanisme 14 de compression du fluide de travail, un mécanisme 15 de refroidissement du fluide de travail, un mécanisme 16, 17 de détente du fluide de travail et un mécanisme 15 de réchauffement du fluide de travail). Ce réfrigérateur 12 comprend au moins une portion 18 d'échange de chaleur entre le fluide de travail détendu dans le mécanisme 16 de détente et au moins une partie du fluide de cycle des plusieurs boucles de dilution distinctes du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution. Comme précédemment, le réfrigérateur cryogénique formant l'appareil de refroidissement commun peut comprendre au moins une cuve 19 de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié (notamment deux cuves). Le dispositif comprenant une conduite 21 de transfert reliant chaque cuve 19 de stockage à au moins une portion 18 d'au moins une partie des plusieurs boucles de dilution distinctes du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution pour assurer un échange thermique entre le fluide de travail et le fluide de cycle dans chacune desdites boucles de dilution du dispositif de réfrigération à dilution. Le fluide ayant servi à refroidir/pré-refroidir les boucles de dilution est renvoyé vers le circuit 13 de travail par une conduite 121 de retour respective.The common cooling device can thus comprise a
La [
La [
Les conduites 21 de transfert sont raccordées à une première cuve 19 de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié. Les conduites 121 de retour sont raccordées au circuit de travail.The
Les extrémités des premiers ensembles 2 de conduites sont raccordées à une conduite collectrice comprenant l'organe 8 de pompage cryogénique commun.The ends of the
En partie inférieure sont représentées six conduites 21 de transfert alimentant respectivement les réserves 18 de six boucles de liquéfaction en vue de leur refroidissement et les six conduites 121 de retour respectives renvoyant le fluide cryogénique liquéfié ayant servi à refroidir six boucles de dilution.In the lower part are shown six
Les conduites 21 de transfert sont raccordées à une seconde cuve 19 de stockage de gaz de travail liquéfié. Les conduites 121 de retour sont raccordées au circuit de travail.The
Ainsi, le dispositif 1 selon l'invention permet une architecture distribuée comprenant plusieurs (six dans cet exemple mais qui pourrait être tout autre, par exemple dix ou plus) boucles distinctes de dilution produisant du froid et refroidies par un organe 12 ou cryostat central assurant le pré-refroidissement des fluides de cycles de la température ambiante à une température cryogénique cible (par exemple 4K ou/et 1,8K) Selon une possibilité l'organe 8 de pompage cryogénique des bouilleur 5 des étages froids des dilutions satellites est mutualisé.Thus, the
De cette façon, il est possible de mettre en oeuvre des parties froides de dilutions avec des débits raisonnables pour les échangeurs 9 à contre-courant. De plus cette architecture à boucles de dilution multiples permet, en plus de sa modularité, d'isoler une ou plusieurs boucles pour une réparation tandis que les autres boucles de dilutions sont actives.In this way, it is possible to implement cold dilution parts with reasonable flow rates for the
L'organe 12 de refroidissement commun permet de refroidir efficacement les divers composants.The
L'invention permet d'augmenter la capacité de débit de pompage qui augmente la puissance froide produite par dilution.The invention makes it possible to increase the pumping flow capacity which increases the cold power produced by dilution.
Claims (20)
- Dilution refrigeration device for achieving very low temperatures, in particular in the range between one and around 100 millikelvin, comprising a working circuit (20) in the form of a loop containing a cycle fluid comprising a mixture of helium-3 (3He) and helium-4 (4He), the working circuit (20) comprising a mixing chamber (3), a boiler (5) and a transfer member (6), which are disposed in series and fluidically connected via a first set of pipes (2, 4), the first set of pipes (2, 4) being configured to transfer cycle fluid from an outlet of the mixing chamber (3) to an inlet of the boiler (5) and from an outlet of the boiler (5) to an inlet of the transfer member (6), the working circuit (20) comprising a second set of pipes (7) connecting an outlet of the transfer member (6) to an inlet of the mixing chamber (3), the working circuit (20) comprising at least a first portion (9) for heat exchange between at least a part of the first set of pipes (2, 4) and the second set of pipes (7), the first heat exchange portion (9) being situated between the boiler (5) and the mixing chamber (3), the device also comprising at least one cooling member (22, 12) which is in heat exchange with the working circuit (20) and is configured to transfer cold energy to the cycle fluid, the device (1) comprising at least one thermally insulated cold box (29) which contains the cryogenic cold parts, characterized in that it comprises at least one cryogenic pumping member (8) situated in the working circuit (20) in the at least one cold box (29) between the boiler (5) and the transfer member (6).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the transfer member (6) comprises a cycle fluid compressor.
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the transfer member (6) comprises a heat exchanger (26).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the at least one cryogenic pumping member (8) is situated in the first set of pipes (2, 4) of the working circuit (20), and in that, in the operating configuration of the refrigeration device, the cycle fluid is admitted into it at a cryogenic temperature, in particular between 0.5K and 80K.
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the at least one cryogenic pumping member (8) is configured to pump the cycle fluid at an intake pressure of between 0.01 mbar and 100 mbar.
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it has a second portion (10) for heat exchange between at least a part of the first set of pipes (2, 4) and the second set of pipes (7) and situated between the boiler (5) and the transfer member (6), and in that the at least one cryogenic pumping member (8) is situated between the second heat exchange portion (10) and the boiler (5) and/or between the second heat exchange portion (10) and the transfer member (6).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the at least one cooling member (22, 12) has a cooling apparatus (12) in heat exchange with the second set of pipes (7) between the transfer member (6) and the mixing member (3), the cooling member (12, 22) being configured to cool the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device (1).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it has a portion (11) for heat exchange between the second set of pipes (7) and the boiler (5).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the at least one cooling member (22, 12) comprises a cryogenic refrigerator (12) comprising a working circuit (13) that forms a loop and contains a working fluid comprising helium, the working circuit (13) forming a cycle comprising, in series: a mechanism (14) for compressing the working fluid, a mechanism (15) for cooling the working fluid, a mechanism (16, 17) for expanding the working fluid and a mechanism (15) for heating the working fluid, the refrigerator (12) comprising at least one portion (18) for heat exchange between the working fluid expanded in the expansion mechanism (16) and at least a part of the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device (1).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 9, characterized in that the cryogenic refrigerator (12) comprises at least one tank (19) for storing liquefied working gas downstream of the mechanism (16, 17) for expanding the working fluid, the refrigerator (12) being configured to liquefy working fluid in said tank (19), and in that the at least one portion (18) for heat exchange between the expanded working fluid and at least a part of the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device comprises heat exchange between the liquefied working fluid situated in the at least one tank (19) and the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device (1).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 10, characterized in that the cryogenic refrigerator comprises at least two tanks (19) for storing liquefied working gas which are situated at separate locations in the working circuit, the refrigerator being configured to liquefy cycle fluid in said tanks (19) at different respective temperatures, and in that the liquefied working fluids situated in said tanks (19) are placed in heat exchange with the cycle fluid of the dilution refrigeration device at separate respective locations in the working circuit of the dilution refrigeration device.
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the working circuit (20) comprises a plurality of dilution loops that each have respective mixing chambers (3) and boilers (5), meaning that the cycle fluid working circuit (20) comprises a plurality of separate first sets of pipes (2, 4) and a plurality of separate second sets of pipes (7).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 12, characterized in that at least some of the plurality of dilution loops comprise a common transfer member (6), meaning that the cycle fluid circulating in a plurality of dilution loops passes through one and the same shared transfer member (6), the corresponding first sets of pipes (2, 4) and second sets of pipes (7) being connected in parallel to the common transfer member (6).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to either one of Claims 12 and 13, characterized in that at least some of the plurality of dilution loops comprise a common pumping member (8), meaning that the cycle fluid circulating in a plurality of dilution loops passes through one and the same shared pumping member (8), the corresponding first sets of pipes (2, 4) and/or second sets of pipes (7) being connected in parallel to said common pumping member (8).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 12 to 14, characterized in that at least some of the plurality of dilution loops each comprise a respective separate pumping member (8).
- Dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 12 to 14, characterized in that the at least one cooling member (22, 12) has a common cooling apparatus (12) for cooling at least some of the plurality of separate dilution loops.
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 16, characterized in that the common cooling apparatus (12) comprises a cryogenic refrigerator comprising a working circuit (13) that forms a loop and contains a working fluid containing helium, the working circuit (13) forming a cycle comprising, in series: a mechanism (14) for compressing the working fluid, a mechanism (15) for cooling the working fluid, a mechanism (16, 17) for expanding the working fluid and a mechanism (15) for heating the working fluid, the refrigerator comprising at least one portion (18) for heat exchange between the working fluid expanded in the expansion mechanism (16) and at least a part of the cycle fluid of the plurality of separate dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device.
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 17, characterized in that the cryogenic refrigerator forming the common cooling apparatus (12) comprises at least one tank (19) for storing liquefied working gas downstream of the mechanism (16, 17) for expanding the working fluid, the refrigerator being configured to liquefy working fluid in said at least one tank (19), the refrigeration device comprising a transfer pipe (21) connecting said at least one storage tank (19) to at least one portion (18) of at least some of the plurality of separate dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device in order to ensure heat exchange between the working fluid and the cycle fluid in each of said dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device.
- Dilution refrigeration device according to Claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the cryogenic refrigerator forming the at least one common cooling member (22, 12) comprises at least two tanks (19) for storing liquefied working gas which are situated at separate locations in the working circuit, the refrigerator being configured to liquefy cycle fluid in said tanks (19) at different respective temperatures, and in that the refrigeration device has a set of transfer pipes (21) connecting the storage tanks (19) respectively to separate portions of at least some of the plurality of dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device, in order to ensure exchanges of heat between the working fluid and the cycle fluid in said dilution loops of the dilution refrigeration device.
- Method for cooling at least one user member (24) by means of a dilution refrigeration device according to any one of Claims 1 to 19, wherein the cycle fluid is moved in the working circuit (20) by the at least one cryogenic pumping member (8).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR2001727A FR3107586B1 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2020-02-21 | Dilution refrigeration device and method |
PCT/EP2021/052495 WO2021165042A1 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2021-02-03 | Dilution refrigeration device and method |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP4107450A1 EP4107450A1 (en) | 2022-12-28 |
EP4107450B1 true EP4107450B1 (en) | 2024-04-03 |
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EP21702045.2A Active EP4107450B1 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2021-02-03 | Dilution refrigeration device and method |
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US (1) | US20230107973A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4107450B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3168530A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI4107450T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR3107586B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2021165042A1 (en) |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR3099818B1 (en) * | 2019-08-05 | 2022-11-04 | Air Liquide | Refrigeration device and installation and method for cooling and/or liquefaction |
US11913714B2 (en) * | 2021-11-02 | 2024-02-27 | Anyon Systems Inc. | Dilution refrigerator with continuous flow helium liquefier |
FR3129201B1 (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2024-01-19 | Air Liquide | Cryogenic pumping system and innovative integration for Sub Kelvin cryogenics below 1.5K |
FR3129465B1 (en) * | 2021-11-19 | 2024-06-14 | Air Liquide | Dilution refrigeration device |
WO2023147671A1 (en) * | 2022-02-07 | 2023-08-10 | Anyon Systems Inc. | Multi-cryostat dilution refrigerator |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2574914B1 (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1987-03-06 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | DILUTION CRYOSTAT |
JP3580531B2 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2004-10-27 | 大陽東洋酸素株式会社 | Dilution refrigerator |
JP3644683B2 (en) * | 2003-02-28 | 2005-05-11 | 大陽日酸株式会社 | Dilution refrigerator |
JP4791894B2 (en) * | 2006-06-14 | 2011-10-12 | 大陽日酸株式会社 | Dilution refrigerator |
-
2020
- 2020-02-21 FR FR2001727A patent/FR3107586B1/en active Active
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2021
- 2021-02-03 WO PCT/EP2021/052495 patent/WO2021165042A1/en unknown
- 2021-02-03 EP EP21702045.2A patent/EP4107450B1/en active Active
- 2021-02-03 FI FIEP21702045.2T patent/FI4107450T3/en active
- 2021-02-03 US US17/800,982 patent/US20230107973A1/en active Pending
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EP4107450A1 (en) | 2022-12-28 |
US20230107973A1 (en) | 2023-04-06 |
FR3107586A1 (en) | 2021-08-27 |
CA3168530A1 (en) | 2021-08-26 |
FR3107586B1 (en) | 2022-11-18 |
FI4107450T3 (en) | 2024-05-15 |
WO2021165042A1 (en) | 2021-08-26 |
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