EP4065465A1 - Verfahren zur applikation von aerodynamisch funktionaler folie - Google Patents
Verfahren zur applikation von aerodynamisch funktionaler folieInfo
- Publication number
- EP4065465A1 EP4065465A1 EP20816438.4A EP20816438A EP4065465A1 EP 4065465 A1 EP4065465 A1 EP 4065465A1 EP 20816438 A EP20816438 A EP 20816438A EP 4065465 A1 EP4065465 A1 EP 4065465A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- field
- flow
- functional film
- aerodynamically functional
- film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C21/00—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow
- B64C21/10—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow using other surface properties, e.g. roughness
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C1/00—Fuselages; Constructional features common to fuselages, wings, stabilising surfaces or the like
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B19/00—Testing; Calibrating; Fault detection or monitoring; Simulation or modelling of fluid-pressure systems or apparatus not otherwise provided for
- F15B19/007—Simulation or modelling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
- F15D1/002—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer
- F15D1/0025—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply
- F15D1/003—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply comprising surface features, e.g. indentations or protrusions
- F15D1/0035—Influencing flow of fluids by influencing the boundary layer using passive means, i.e. without external energy supply comprising surface features, e.g. indentations or protrusions in the form of riblets
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
- F15D1/10—Influencing flow of fluids around bodies of solid material
- F15D1/12—Influencing flow of fluids around bodies of solid material by influencing the boundary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C2230/00—Boundary layer controls
- B64C2230/26—Boundary layer controls by using rib lets or hydrophobic surfaces
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for applying aerodynamically functional film to a complex flow around body, for example to a commercial aircraft.
- Aerodynamically functional foils are known from the prior art in various forms and areas of application, and are regularly used to reduce the wall shear stress on the surfaces of bodies in flow.
- the aerodynamically functional foils generally have a micro-structured surface with one or more preferred directions.
- a preferred direction denotes a preferred overflow direction (that is, the direction of the local flow on the surface) in which the reduction in wall shear stress is particularly high or even maximum.
- Riblet structures can be found, for example, on the outer surfaces of aircraft, but also on the rotor blades of wind turbines, on the outer skin of ships or on the outer surfaces of high-speed trains.
- aerodynamically functional films and in particular riblet structures So that the greatest possible reduction in wall shear stress can be achieved through aerodynamically functional films and in particular riblet structures, it is necessary that the film with its preferred direction is as precise as possible or only with slight deviations from the local flow direction - that is, the direction in which the overflow the surface in the area of the film is mainly to be expected - is aligned.
- aerodynamically functional foils have been practically exclusively placed on surfaces of a body in flow that have a less complex, usually almost uniform, flow path for which the flow direction and thus also the preferred direction are practically inevitable. Examples of such surfaces are the outer skin of high-speed trains with the direction of flow corresponding to the direction of travel or the top of the wings of an aircraft or of the blades of a wind turbine, in which the direction of flow is basically in the profile direction.
- aerodynamically functional foils can, however, only be oriented in the direction of assumed flow directions in corresponding areas. It has been shown, however, that a corresponding arrangement of aerodynamically functional foils in areas of complex flow patterns on the surface of bodies flowing around frequently does not result in a sufficiently large reduction in the wall shear stress that would justify the effort required to apply the aerodynamically functional foil. As a result, the application of aerodynamically functional film is actually regularly restricted to areas of the surface of a body in which the flow is flowing with a less complex, if not almost uniform, flow course.
- the object of the present invention is to create a method for applying aerodynamically functional film to a body with a complex flow around it, in which the wall shear stress can also be effectively reduced in areas with a more complex flow course.
- the invention relates to a method for applying aerodynamically functional film to a body in a complex flow around, in particular to a commercial aircraft, with the steps:
- a “body with a complex flow around it” is a body in which, due to the shape of the body, at least in partial areas of the surface of the body there is a complex flow course along the surface even when the body is in a parallel flow is located.
- a “complex flow course” is a flow course along a surface section which cannot be appropriately approximated by a parallel flow course.
- the invention has recognized that a suitable arrangement of known aerodynamically functional foils, in particular those with a riblet structure, can generally be determined in surface areas of a body with a flow around the body and which, after the foil has been applied accordingly, leads to a noticeable and worthwhile reduction in the Wall shear stress leads.
- the invention takes into account that the flow around the body is often also geometrically complex in areas of complex flow profiles, and that aerodynamically functional film is regularly designed for a main flow direction that is constant over the surface of the film.
- riblet film basically has a design and alignment of the individual riblets that remains the same over the entire film.
- the flow around the body on which the aerodynamically functional film is ultimately to be applied is determined using any flow simulation known from the prior art (from "CFD simulation") for which the final reduction of the wall shear stress is desired, for example because the flow condition in question occurs most frequently or the flow resistance or wall shear stress is particularly high in the case of the flow condition in question , the flow around the cruise will regularly be specified as the flow condition.
- CFD simulation flow simulation known from the prior art
- the flow simulation is also based on a computer model of the body in flow, which depicts the geometry of the body.
- Corresponding computer models are either immediately available in a large number of typical areas of application of the present invention, for example in aviation, or can be derived directly from digital design data that are otherwise available.
- a next step at least a part of the surface provided with flow lines of the computer model of the flow around the body - namely a selected surface segment - developed into a two-dimensional surface. Due to the development of the surface of a body known from the representational geometry, almost any complex surface geometry is transferred into a plane in which the distance between two points of the developed surface corresponds to the measurable length distance between these two points along the surface in the three-dimensional representation . In the case of very complex geometries, processing is only possible with area-wise overlapping in the plane. Even if various possibilities are known from the prior art how to deal with such overlapping areas, it is preferred to select the surface segment in such a way that its Gaussian curvature is zero everywhere or the surface segment forms an easily developable surface. In any case, the processing should take place without distortion.
- the development is used according to the invention to transfer not only the geometry of the selected surface segment into a plane, but also the flow lines arranged thereon, so that the result is a two-dimensional flow pattern of the selected surface segment.
- At least one interrelated field - i.e. a continuous area without internal voids - is searched in which the local flow directions at each point of the field within a given angular range by one for the main flow direction determined by the field. It has been shown that in the case of aerodynamically functional film there is usually a satisfactory reduction in the wall shear stress even if the flow direction of the overflow is completely or only deviates slightly from the main flow direction in some areas. Such a permissible deviation can be taken into account by the specified angular range in accordance with the properties of the aerodynamically functional film provided.
- Finding at least one field according to the specifications is particularly easy to implement and to carry out with manageable effort, because the process is based on the surface segment developed in a two-dimensional plane together with the flow lines.
- the at least one field found in this way on the basis of the two-dimensional development is then used to apply aerodynamically functional film to the body around the flow.
- the aerodynamically functional film which basically has a preferred direction based on a plane with regard to the overflow (in the case of riblet film, for example, the longitudinal direction of the riblets), is applied to the body within the field boundary in accordance with the main flow direction of the field in question .
- the aerodynamically functional film is of course attached to the three-dimensional body with any geometry. Since both the field limitation and the main flow direction are based on the two-dimensional development, which ultimately resembles the design of the aerodynamically functional structure of the film, when the field limitation and the main flow direction are transferred back to the actual flow around the body and a preferred direction is more oriented towards it Attachment of the aerodynamically functional film ensures that the lo cal flow direction at any point on the film does not by more than the specified angular range from the preferred direction of the aerodynamically functional film deviates.
- the basically two-dimensionally designed film adapts itself to the three-dimensional surface of the body when it is applied, so that even with more complex surface designs of the body it is ensured that the local flow directions over the entire field or the film attached therein do not exceed the specified angular range of the The preferred direction of the aerodynamically functional film deviates.
- the field limits and main flow directions are selected according to guidelines that can be identified on the body.
- the "identifiable alignment guidelines" can be structural features of the surface of the body, for example edges or gaps in the surface of the body.
- An alignment guideline can also be identified if only two discrete points on the alignment guideline can be clearly identified which can then be marked on the body, for example with the help of guide cords or adhesive strips.
- Corresponding points of an alignment guide can be formed, for example, by structural features of the surface of the body such as holes, screws, rivets, or the like.
- the field boundaries and main flow directions can be selected accordingly on the body identifiable guidelines based on structural features of the surface of the body, it is of course preferred that the corresponding guidelines and / or the discrete points for forming guidelines in the computer model of the Bodies are included so that they can be taken into account when locating fields in the surface segment according to the specifications.
- At least some of the guidelines can also be identified using a projected pattern that is geometrically calibrated onto the body.
- a projected pattern that is geometrically calibrated onto the body.
- an alignment guideline can be projected onto the surface of the body, for example, with the aid of a projector, whose position and alignment relative to the surface of the body is exactly determined or is predetermined, the exact course of the alignment guideline for the projection is determined based on the computer model of the body and the two-dimensional development.
- the main flow direction of a field is selected parallel to an alignment guideline for a field delimitation of the field.
- the aerodynamically functional film can be applied to the body in the correct orientation based on this field delimitation, without a separate alignment guideline for the main flow direction having to be determined and / or taken into account.
- the field boundaries of at least one field on the Disgusting surface segment are straight lines and preferably form a closed polygon with a maximum of 8, preferably with a maximum of 6, more preferably with 4 sides. The latter limits the number of guidelines to be found on the body for the eventual application of the aerodynamically functional film to an easily manageable level. If a field delimitation on the two-dimensional surface is a straight line, it can easily be found - as described above - via just two identifiable discrete points on the body.
- the straight design of the field boundaries in the two-dimensional development can also be advantageous for the preferred provision of one or more cutting strips along the alignment guideline at least one field boundary of the field before the final application of the aerodynamically functional film.
- These cutting tapes are usually narrow adhesive strips with an integrated pulling thread. The adhesive strip is attached to a surface along the desired cutting edge before the film is stuck over it With the pulling thread perpendicular to the surface, both the adhesive strip of the cutting tape and the overlying film are separated exactly along the desired cutting edge.
- the aerodynamically functional film can be cut exactly to the desired field.
- the latter can be of particular importance when - as is preferred - the aerodynamically functional film is applied in a tile-like manner in at least one field in the form of film sections.
- An aerodynamically functional film is often made up in easily manageable sizes, which, however, can be (significantly) smaller than a field to be provided with film that has been found.
- film sections can be attached one after the other and adjacent to one another - that is, tile-like - in the field found, whereby the individual film sections can be correctly aligned by aligning a second film section when applied to a first adjacent, already applied film section.
- the final cutting of the parts of individual film sections that may protrude beyond the field boundaries can, for example, take place via cutting tapes along the alignment line of a field boundary of the field (see above).
- the predetermined angular range is ⁇ 7 ° or less, preferably ⁇ 5 ° or less, more preferably ⁇ 3 ° or less.
- At least two, preferably adjacent fields are preferably found in the surface segment. It is further preferred if so many fields are found that the predetermined surface segment is completely filled with fields.
- the aerodynamically functional film preferably has a riblet structure.
- it is the aerodynamically functional film preferably around a riblet film, the preferred direction of which runs parallel to the longitudinal extent of the ribs.
- the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for applying aerodynamically functional films to a commercial aircraft, for example in the fuselage area of an aircraft.
- FIG. 1-5 various schematic representations of intermediate steps in carrying out the method according to the invention.
- an aerodynamically functional film with a microstructured surface in the form of riblets to a fuselage section of a commercial aircraft above the root of a wing using the method according to the invention is explained as an example.
- the area in which the aerodynamically functional film is to be attached is determined on the real airliner.
- a surface segment 3 is then selected which corresponds to the area 2 in question or at least includes it.
- the surface segment 3 is supplemented in the computer model 1 with flow lines 4 on the basis of a flow simulation carried out immediately before.
- the flow simulation the flow around the computer model 1 of the aircraft in a predetermined flow condition - here during cruise at the normal cruising altitude of the commercial aircraft - from which, among other things, flow lines 4 on the surface of the flow around the body can be derived, which reflect the local flow direction of the ultimate flow relevant for the wall shear stress.
- the surface segment 3 is then - as sketched in Figure 2 - developed together with the flow lines 4 to form a two-dimensional surface 5, so that the flow lines 4 - in developed form - are also contained in the two-dimensional surface 5.
- the two-dimensional surface 5 also contains direct points which can be identified directly on the real aircraft.
- the two-dimensional surface 5 includes the positions 6 of rivets that can be seen on the outer skin of the real aircraft (see FIG. 3).
- the positions 6 can - if they are already included on the computer model 1 - be processed in the processing of the surface segment 3 comparable to the flow lines 4 with.
- a partial area of the developed surface segment 3 together with the flow lines 4 and the positions 6 of the rivets is shown, which includes the area 2 to be provided with aerodynamically functional film.
- the fields 10, 20, 30, 40 are to be covered by a field delimitation 11, 21, 31, 41 in the form of a closed polygon with 4 sides each 11.1-4, 21.1-4, 31.1- 4, 41.1-4 limited.
- the corner points of the field boundaries 11, 21, 31, 41 coincide with individual, clearly identifi ed positions 6 of the rivets visible on the real aircraft.
- the fields 10, 20, 30, 40 are selected so that each side 11.1, 21.1, 31.1, 41.1 of the field delimitation 10, 20, 30, 40 is parallel to the respective main flow direction of the associated field 10, 20, 30, 40 runs.
- Finding the fields 10, 20, 30, 40, so that all of the conditions mentioned are met and properties are achieved, is easily possible using methods that are known per se, and which, for example, can also be computer-implemented.
- the aerodynamically functional film can then be applied to the real one Aircraft are applied, whereby it is ensured that when aligning the aerodynamically functional film in accordance with the main flow direction of the respective field 10, 20, 30, 40, the wall shear stress over the entire field 10, 20, 30, 40 due to the at each point in the field 10 , 20, 30, 40 is only effectively reduced by a maximum of ⁇ 5 ° from the main flow direction deviating local flow direction.
- FIG. 4 showing the procedure using the surface 7 of the aircraft developed on a two-dimensional plane, comparable to FIG Situation indicated on the three-dimensionally shaped surface 7 with the distortions associated therewith in the top view.
- tile-shaped film sections 8 of an aerodynamically functional film with a microstructured surface in the form of riblets are applied to the surface 7, the preferred direction 9 of the film sections 8 or the direction in which the riblets run being parallel be aligned to the field delimitation 10.1, which - provided the riblets run parallel to the edge of the film section 8 - is easily possible.
- the film sections 8 are attached one after the other within the field of 10 tile-like on the surface 7, whereby it is not critical if individual film sections 8 protrude beyond the field boundaries 10.2, 10.3, 10.4: If the field 10 is completely covered by film sections 8, any protruding Parts can be easily removed using the cutting tape along the field boundaries 10.2, 10.3, 10.4.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aerodynamic Tests, Hydrodynamic Tests, Wind Tunnels, And Water Tanks (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019132347.9A DE102019132347A1 (de) | 2019-11-28 | 2019-11-28 | Verfahren zur Applikation von aerodynamisch funktionaler Folie |
| PCT/EP2020/083564 WO2021105316A1 (de) | 2019-11-28 | 2020-11-27 | Verfahren zur applikation von aerodynamisch funktionaler folie |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4065465A1 true EP4065465A1 (de) | 2022-10-05 |
Family
ID=73646316
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20816438.4A Pending EP4065465A1 (de) | 2019-11-28 | 2020-11-27 | Verfahren zur applikation von aerodynamisch funktionaler folie |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12304619B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4065465A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN115003598B (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2020391929B2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102019132347A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2021105316A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023119923A1 (de) | 2023-07-27 | 2025-01-30 | Lufthansa Technik Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Applikation von fluiddynamisch funktionaler Folie auf komplex überströmten Körpern |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB0410375D0 (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2004-06-16 | Airbus Uk Ltd | High lift device for an aircraft |
| WO2008108881A2 (en) * | 2006-09-08 | 2008-09-12 | Steven Sullivan | Method and apparatus for mitigating trailing vortex wakes of lifting or thrust generating bodies |
| FR2927377B1 (fr) * | 2008-02-12 | 2010-06-11 | Thales Sa | Procede de deformation active d'un profil aerodynamique |
| US9352533B2 (en) * | 2009-01-29 | 2016-05-31 | The Boeing Company | Elastomeric riblets |
| AT508274B1 (de) * | 2009-06-12 | 2015-03-15 | Peter Adrian Dipl Ing Leitl | Verfahren zur herstellung einer mikrostrukturierten folie |
| US8413928B2 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2013-04-09 | The Boeing Company | Structurally designed aerodynamic riblets |
| ES2387170B1 (es) * | 2009-11-30 | 2013-08-20 | Airbus Operations S.L. | Metodos y sistemas para optimizar el diseño de superficies aerodinamicas |
| DE102010011750A1 (de) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Flächengebilde zur Reduzierung des Luftwiderstands eines Luftfahrzeugs |
| US8460779B2 (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2013-06-11 | General Electric Company | Microstructures for reducing noise of a fluid dynamic structure |
| CN102716618B (zh) * | 2012-05-29 | 2015-01-28 | 东方电气集团东汽投资发展有限公司 | 一种叶片式除雾器 |
| US10107302B2 (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2018-10-23 | General Electric Company | Durable riblets for engine environment |
| US10450867B2 (en) * | 2016-02-12 | 2019-10-22 | General Electric Company | Riblets for a flowpath surface of a turbomachine |
| DE102016204210A1 (de) * | 2016-03-15 | 2017-09-21 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Grenzschichtbeeinflussendes aerodynamisches Bauteil und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
| EP3472046B1 (de) * | 2016-06-20 | 2022-04-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Aerodynamische artikel und verfahren dafür |
-
2019
- 2019-11-28 DE DE102019132347.9A patent/DE102019132347A1/de active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-11-27 WO PCT/EP2020/083564 patent/WO2021105316A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2020-11-27 US US17/780,529 patent/US12304619B2/en active Active
- 2020-11-27 CN CN202080094619.7A patent/CN115003598B/zh active Active
- 2020-11-27 AU AU2020391929A patent/AU2020391929B2/en active Active
- 2020-11-27 EP EP20816438.4A patent/EP4065465A1/de active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2020391929B2 (en) | 2024-08-01 |
| BR112022010197A2 (pt) | 2022-08-09 |
| CA3159663A1 (en) | 2021-06-03 |
| CN115003598A (zh) | 2022-09-02 |
| WO2021105316A1 (de) | 2021-06-03 |
| DE102019132347A1 (de) | 2021-06-02 |
| AU2020391929A1 (en) | 2022-06-16 |
| CN115003598B (zh) | 2025-10-28 |
| US20230348046A1 (en) | 2023-11-02 |
| US12304619B2 (en) | 2025-05-20 |
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