EP4061617A2 - 3d-druckvorrichtung mit vorteilhafter bauraumgeometrie - Google Patents
3d-druckvorrichtung mit vorteilhafter bauraumgeometrieInfo
- Publication number
- EP4061617A2 EP4061617A2 EP20823721.4A EP20823721A EP4061617A2 EP 4061617 A2 EP4061617 A2 EP 4061617A2 EP 20823721 A EP20823721 A EP 20823721A EP 4061617 A2 EP4061617 A2 EP 4061617A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- printing device
- emitters
- construction
- unit
- construction field
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/205—Means for applying layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
- B22F12/13—Auxiliary heating means to preheat the material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/30—Platforms or substrates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
- B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
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- B29C64/393—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/10—Formation of a green body
- B22F10/14—Formation of a green body by jetting of binder onto a bed of metal powder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the invention relates to a 3D printing device with an advantageous installation space geometry.
- the European patent EP 0 431 924 B1 describes a method for producing three-dimensional objects from computer data.
- a particle material is applied to a platform in a thin layer by means of a recoater and this is selectively printed with a binder material by means of a print head.
- the particle area printed with the binder connects and solidifies under the influence of the binder and, if necessary, an additional hardener.
- the construction platform is then lowered by a layer thickness or the coater / print head unit is raised and a new layer of particulate material is applied, which is also selectively printed as described above. These steps are repeated until the desired height of the object is reached.
- a three-dimensional object (3D component, molded part) is created from the printed and solidified areas.
- This object made of solidified particulate material is embedded in loose particulate material after its completion and is then freed from it. This is done, for example, by means of a suction device. Left over
- CONFIRMATION COPY then the desired objects, which are then further cleaned of the residual powder, for example by brushing off.
- powder-based rapid prototyping processes work in a similar way, such as selective laser sintering or electron beam sintering or high-speed sintering, in which a loose particle material is applied in layers and selectively with the help of a controlled physical radiation source is solidified.
- a primary goal in the design can also be the provision of a certain construction volume in order to be able to print correspondingly small or large components.
- the construction volume of known 3D printing machines is influenced by many factors.
- process parameters such as the construction volume speed must also be taken into account. This determines how long the 3D printer needs to process a full construction volume.
- the construction volume and construction volume speed are advantageously selected in relation to one another in such a way that a full job can be printed within 24 hours and the system can be started with a new job.
- a 3D printer can be operated in a one-shift operation with high utilization.
- the prerequisite is that the 3D printer can be operated unmanned, e.g. overnight.
- the build volume speed of the 3D printer is very high compared to the build volume, the build volume can also be selected so that a job can be completed within a day shift of 8-10 hours and another job can be built overnight in less than 14 hours can.
- a further reduction in the ratio of construction volume to construction volume speed then requires either a multi-shift presence of the operator or a more extensive automation of the pre- and post-processes in order to be able to use the higher productivity.
- the construction volume of a 3D printer is also defined by process limits.
- the sketch in FIG. 1 shows, for example, a commercially available device such as is used in laser sintering.
- a laser 105 is deflected via a mirror device 106 before it passes through a protective glass and / or a lens system 107 in order to draw a figure 102 on the construction field surface 101.
- the process chamber is limited at the top by the cover 108 in order to maintain the temperature and to avoid convection.
- a square process surface is generally preferred for the device.
- the solidification of the particle material takes place via the introduction of infrared radiation.
- the particulate material is physically bound by a melting process.
- the comparatively poor absorption of thermal radiation in colorless plastics is used here. This can be increased many times over by introducing an IR acceptor (absorber) into the plastic.
- the IR radiation can be brought in via various options, e.g. a rod-shaped IR lamp that is moved evenly over the construction field. The selectivity is achieved through the targeted printing of the respective layer with an IR acceptor.
- the IR radiation couples into the particle material much better than in the unprinted areas. This leads to a selective heating in the layer above the melting point and thus to selective solidification. This process is described e.g. in EP1740367B1 and EP1648686B1.
- the disclosure relates to a 3D printing device with optimized installation space geometry for a high-speed sintering process or a laser sintering process or a sintering process or a multi-jet fusion process, the installation space geometry axes in the size ratio Y >X> Z are present and / or where the ratio of Y: X is between 1.1 and 3.0.
- the disclosure relates to a 3D printing device for use in a high-speed sintering process or a laser sintering process or a sintering process or a multi-jet fusion process, the installation space being characterized by an X-axis and a Y-axis, which form the construction field, and a Z-axis, the size ratio of Y> X> Z being present in the construction space and / or the ratio of Y: X between 1.1 and 3.0 amounts to.
- the disclosure relates to a combination of the installation space geometry disclosed herein with a doubly cooled sintering unit, a first closed cooling air circuit being coupled to a second, preferably fluid-based, cooling air circuit.
- the disclosure relates to a high-speed sintering process or laser sintering process or a sintering process or a multi-jet fusion process for producing a molded part by means of particle material application and selective solidification, the process all others comprises process steps and process means necessary for a 3D printing process, the process being carried out in a construction space which is characterized by an X-axis and a Y-axis, which form the construction area, and a Z-axis, with the size ratio in the construction space Y> X> Z and / or where the ratio of Y: X is between 1.1 and 3.0.
- FIG. 1 shows a sintering machine with a laser according to the prior art
- FIG. 2 shows the influence of each dimension of the process field on the processing speed in additive manufacturing using the high-speed sintering process.
- FIG. 3 shows a scaling of the cooling time t c with the enlargement in one dimension, with constant X and Y.
- FIG. 4 shows that, when viewed as a whole, a preferred dimension ratio of Y> X> Z results from the upper figures, as schematically sketched here.
- the individual layers of the building process are shown as well as the shaped body sections produced on the surface.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of a concept of a device for additive manufacturing using the high-speed sintering method, which results from the considerations disclosed herein regarding the dimensional ratio of the process field; the view from above (XY plane) and from the front (XZ plane) is shown.
- FIG. S2 shows a section through a sintering aggregate device as a consequence of the construction field geometry in the XZ plane.
- Figure S3 shows a sintering unit in the side view (YZ plane) with air flow.
- Figure S4 shows the front of the sintering unit in the XZ plane with fans.
- Figure Hl shows a surface heating according to the prior art.
- Figure H2 shows an infrared surface heating with time and local control and the resulting surface temperature.
- FIG. H3 shows a radiator unit according to the disclosure with an arrangement of measuring instruments shown by way of example.
- FIG. H4 shows an exemplary emitter unit according to the disclosure with an arrangement of groups of infrared emitters which are combined into individual heating circuits.
- FIG. H5 shows an exemplary schematic embodiment of radiators in a radiator unit according to the disclosure with regulation. Detailed description of the disclosure
- the object on which the application is based is achieved by a 3D printing device for use in a high-speed sintering process or a laser sintering process or a sintering process or a multi-jet fusion process, characterized in that the installation space is characterized by an X-axis and a Y-axis, which form the construction field, and a Z-axis, the size ratio of Y> X> Z being present in the installation space and / or the ratio of Y: X between 1, 1 to 3.0, preferably 1.2 to 2.0.
- the object on which the application is based is achieved by a high-speed sintering process or laser sintering process or sintering process or a multi-jet fusion process for producing a molded part by means of particle material application and selective solidification, the process all comprises further process steps and process means necessary for a 3D printing process, the process being carried out in a construction space which is characterized by an X-axis and a Y-axis, which form the construction field, and a Z-axis
- the size ratio Y> X> Z is present and / or where the ratio of Y: X is between 1.1 to 3.0, preferably 1.2 to 2.0.
- “layer construction methods” or “3D printing methods” or “3D methods” or “3D printing” are all methods known from the prior art that enable components to be built in three-dimensional shapes and with the methods used here Further described process components and devices are compatible.
- "Binder jetting" in the sense of the disclosure means that powder is applied in layers to a building platform, the cross-sections of the component on this powder layer are printed with one or more liquids, the position of the building platform is changed by one layer thickness from the last position and these steps are repeated until the component is finished.Binder jetting is also to be understood here as layer construction processes that require a further process component such as exposure to layers, for example with IR or UV radiation.
- a thin layer of plastic granulate such as PA12 or TPU
- a construction platform construction field
- IR absorber infrared absorbing ink
- the construction platform is then irradiated with infrared light.
- the wetted areas absorb the heat, which sintered the powder layer underneath However, powder remains loose.
- the construction platform is lowered by one layer. This process is repeated until the construction of a component is complete.
- the sintered parts are then cooled in the construction space in a controlled manner before they can be removed and unpacked this would also be of advantage if, in addition to a sinter lamp, an ov Eread lamp or a radiator unit is used, which use different wavelength spectra, the wavelength spectrum essentially not overlapping.
- a so-called detailing agent can be printed in, which is used to cool the areas printed with it.
- a variant of the high-speed sintering process is also known as the fusion jet process, in which the printhead a thermally conductive liquid (often referred to as a "fusing agent", which corresponds to the absorber) is sprayed onto a layer of the particulate material the Pressure uses a source of heat (infrared light).
- the areas to which the "fusing agent” has been applied are heated more strongly than the powder without this liquid. Thus, the required areas are melted together.
- Another additive is then used, which is also known as the so-called “detailing agent” and for insulation is being used. This selective impression takes place around the areas on which the "fusing agent” or absorber "was printed. This addition is intended to promote sharp edge formation. This goal is to be achieved by making the temperature differences between printed and unused powder more significant.
- a process with these two pressure fluids can also be referred to as a multi-jet fusion process.
- Laser sintering process in the sense of the disclosure is a 3D printing process in which the particle material is selectively solidified by means of a laser.
- 3D molded part “molded body” or “component” in the sense of the disclosure are all three-dimensional objects produced by means of the method according to the invention and / or the device according to the invention, which have dimensional stability.
- Construction space is the geometric location in which the particulate material fill grows during the construction process through repeated coating with particulate material or through which the fill passes with continuous principles.
- the construction space is made up of a floor, the construction platform, walls and an open top surface, the Construction level, limited. With continuous principles there are usually a conveyor belt and delimiting side walls.
- job box represents a unit that can be moved into and out of the device and allows batch production, with a job box being extended after the process has been completed and a new job box can be run into the device immediately, so that the production volume and thus the device performance is increased.
- job box represents a unit that can be moved into and out of the device and allows batch production, with a job box being extended after the process has been completed and a new job box can be run into the device immediately, so that the production volume and thus the device performance is increased.
- job box represents a unit that can be moved into and out of the device and allows batch production, with a job box being extended after the process has been completed and a new job box can
- particulate material As “building material” or “particulate material” or “powder” or “bulk powder” in the sense of the disclosure, all flowable materials known for 3D printing can be used, in particular in powder form, as a slip or as a liquid. These can be, for example, sand, ceramic powder, glass powder, and other powders made of inorganic or organic materials such as metal powder, plastics, wood particles, fiber materials, celluloses and / or lactose powder and other types of organic, powdery materials.
- the particulate material is preferably a dry, free-flowing powder, but a cohesive, cut-resistant powder can also be used. This cohesiveness can also result from the addition of a binder material or an auxiliary material such as a liquid. The addition of a liquid can result in the particulate material being able to flow freely in the form of a slip.
- particulate material can also be referred to as fluids in the context of the disclosure.
- particulate material and powder are used synonymously.
- the "particle material application” is the process in which a defined layer of powder is generated. This can be done either on the construction platform (construction field) or on an inclined plane relative to a conveyor belt using continuous principles Called “Recoaten”.
- “Selective application of liquid” or “selective application of binder” in the sense of the disclosure can take place after each application of particulate material or, depending on the requirements of the molding and to optimize molding production, also irregularly, for example several times on a particulate material application. A sectional image is printed through the desired body.
- any known 3D printing device that contains the required components can be used as the “device” for carrying out a method according to the disclosure.
- Usual components include coater, construction field, means for moving the construction field or other components in continuous processes, job boxes, metering devices and heat and radiation means and other components known to the person skilled in the art, which are therefore not detailed here.
- the building material according to the disclosure is always applied in a “defined layer” or “layer thickness”, which is set individually depending on the building material and process conditions. It is, for example, 0.05 to 5 mm, preferably 0.06 to 2 mm or 0.06 to 0.15 mm, particularly preferably 0.06 to 0.09 mm.
- a fluid such as particulate material such as mineral or metallic materials or plastics, wood in the form of particles or mixtures thereof is applied to the construction field
- the fluid application unit comprises a fluid outlet and a "doctor blade device”.
- This doctor blade device could be a coater blade.
- any other conceivable suitable doctor blade device could also be used.
- rotating rollers or a nozzle are also conceivable.
- the material supply can flow freely via storage containers or extruder screws, pressurization or other
- a “coater blade” in the sense of the disclosure is an essentially flat metallic component or component made from another suitable material, which is located at the outlet opening of the coater and via which the fluid is released onto the construction platform and smoothed out.
- a coater can be one or have two or more coater blades.
- a coater blade can be an oscillating blade that oscillates in the sense of a rotary movement when it is excited. Furthermore, this oscillation can be switched on and off by a means for generating oscillations.
- the coater blade is arranged “essentially horizontally” or “essentially vertically” in the sense of the disclosure.
- the “storage container” or “preheating container” in the sense of the disclosure is a container that contains particulate material and releases a quantity thereof to the coater after each layer or after any number of layers.
- the storage container can advantageously extend over the entire width of a coater.
- the storage container has a closure at the lower end that prevents the particulate material from accidentally escaping.
- the closure can be designed, for example, as a rotary valve, a simple slide or other suitable mechanisms according to the prior art.
- a storage container within the meaning of the disclosure can contain particulate material for more than one layer.
- the storage container preferably even contains particulate material for the application of 20 or more layers.
- the particulate material either comes from a larger supply in the form of a silo or a big bag via a conveyor or is filled into the container by hand.
- the filling is preferably carried out through an opening on the upper edge.
- the particulate material in the storage container can be conveyed by gravity and no further conveying devices are necessary in the container.
- the storage container may also have vibrating mechanisms that create bridges between the particulate material in the Prevent container.
- the storage container has an area that receives the particulate material, which is usually between the
- a heating means is arranged in the area that receives the particulate material.
- the heating means is arranged in such a way that the particulate material flows around the heating means and thus the heating of the particulate material is improved.
- the storage container can be arranged in a stationary manner, whereby it can then be arranged, for example, above the holding position of the coater or above the construction field. The refilling can then take place, depending on requirements and / or control of the volume, with pre-tempered particulate material by a method of the coater on or below the storage container.
- the storage container can, however, also be connected to the coater in a detachable or non-detachable manner.
- the coater cannot be heated.
- the coater can then have passive insulation.
- the coater can also not be heated at all and also not provided with insulation if the preheated particulate material is delivered to the coater in a volume that essentially corresponds to a layer volume or 1.2 to 2 times that, and so it is can be applied to the construction field with practically no dwell time in the coater and thus essentially without heat loss.
- Coolant in the sense of the disclosure is an agent that can cool a radiator unit, such as water or another liquid or a gas blower stream.
- the “heating phase” in the sense of the disclosure characterizes a heating of the device at the beginning of the method.
- the heating phase is completed when the actual temperature of the device reaches a steady value.
- the "cooling phase” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the duration that is necessary to cool the particulate material so that the components contained therein do not experience any noticeable plastic deformation when removing it from the installation space, or the "cooling time” in the sense of the disclosure is the period of time , which must be waited before the molded bodies produced by the sintering process can be removed from the installation space without being damaged.
- the cooling time is usually the time that is required when the outer sides of the installation space are cooled to the maximum and is usually specified as such that the hottest place in the installation space is safely below the heat deflection temperature of the material used.
- the “absorber” or “IR absorber” or “IR acceptor” in the sense of this disclosure is a medium that can be processed with an inkjet print head or with another matrix-like device that promotes the absorption of radiation for local heating of the building material also be particulate such as black toner.
- Absorbers can be applied uniformly or selectively in different amounts.
- the absorber can be applied, for example, as a mixture of absorbers with different absorption maxima or different absorbers independently of one another, for example one after the other, alternating or with a predetermined sequence
- the strength in the building material can thus be controlled in different amounts and different strengths can be selectively achieved, for example in the molded part to be produced and the jacket surrounding it a strength that is only slightly higher than that of the building material without absorber imprint.
- ABSOR within the meaning of this disclosure refers to the absorption of thermal energy from radiation by the building material. The absorption depends on the type of powder and the wavelength of the radiation.
- energy input means means a source for inputting energy into the installation space and / or the particulate material and / or the areas printed with absorber.
- This can be, for example, an energy source for temperature control or heating of particulate material, also before the absorber input.
- it could also be irradiation of the construction area with fixed or movable radiation sources.
- the absorber is preferably adapted to the type of radiation and preferably optimized not “activated” powder. “Activated” means that the temperature in these areas is increased by the absorber impression compared to the other areas in the construction space and the particle material areas not printed with absorber.
- IR heating specifically means irradiating the construction field with an IR radiator.
- the IR radiator can also be static or can be moved over the construction field with a moving unit. The use of the absorber results in IR heating in the construction site to varying degrees of temperature rises.
- An "IR radiator" within the meaning of this disclosure is a source of infrared radiation. Most of the time, glowing wires in quartz or ceramic housings are used to generate the radiation. Depending on the materials used, there are different wavelengths of the radiation. The wavelength is additional with this type of radiator depending on the performance.
- An “overhead lamp” or “overhead radiator” or “radiator unit” or “radiator unit” or “radiation unit” or “radiant heater” or “Construction field heating” in the sense of the disclosure is a radiation source that is attached above the construction field and forms a functional unit.
- the wavelength of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is stationary and its radiation output can be regulated.
- It is a functional unit that emits electromagnetic radiation of a specific spectrum. It can contain individual emitters or a large number of emitters that can be controlled individually or in groups. Optionally, it essentially covers the entire construction field and is attached to one position in the device or it is smaller than the construction field and can be moved be over the construction site.
- “Sintering” or “melting” in the sense of this disclosure is the term for the partial coalescence of the particles in the powder. In this system, sintering is linked to the build-up of strength.
- the term “sintering window” denotes the difference in temperature between the melting point that occurs when the powder is first heated and the solidification point that occurs when the powder is subsequently cooled.
- the "sintering temperature” is the temperature from which the powder first melts and combines.
- Emitter unit which is located on the edge of the emitter unit and can be separated from the interior.
- the edge area and the inner area form the total area of the emitter unit in terms of its area on which the emitter units are attached.
- Emitter unit which is located inside the emitter unit and can be separated from the edge area.
- “Edge area of the construction field” in the sense of the disclosure refers to the edges of the construction field of the installation space.
- Inner area of the construction field in the sense of the disclosure refers to the area of the construction field of the construction space that can be delimited from the “edge area of the construction field”.
- 3D printer or “printer” or “3D printing machine” or 3D printing device “in the sense of the disclosure refers to the device in which a 3D printing process can take place.
- a 3D printer within the meaning of the disclosure has an application means for building material, e.g. a fluid such as a particulate material, and a solidification unit, e.g. a print head or an energy input means such as a laser or a heat lamp.
- Further machine components known to the person skilled in the art and components known in 3D printing are combined with the above-mentioned machine components depending on the special requirements in the individual case.
- the term “device” can be chosen.
- Construction field is the level or, in a broader sense, the geometric location on which or in which a bed of particulate material grows during the construction process through repeated coating with particulate material.
- the construction field is often made up of a floor, the "construction platform”, walls and an open top surface , the building level. The construction field forms part of the installation space.
- the “printing” or “3D printing” process in the sense of the disclosure refers to the summary of the processes of material application, selective solidification or also printing and adjusting the working height and takes place in an open or closed process or construction space.
- a “receiving plane” in the sense of the disclosure is to be understood as the plane onto which the building material is applied. According to the disclosure, the receiving plane is always freely accessible in one spatial direction by means of a linear movement.
- “Spreading” or “applying” or “laying down” in the sense of the disclosure means any way in which the particulate material is distributed. For example, a larger amount of powder can be presented at the start position of a coating run and fed into the Layer volume can be distributed or spread.
- the “print head” or “means for selective solidification” within the meaning of the disclosure is usually composed of various components. Among other things, these can be print modules.
- the print modules have a large number of nozzles, from which the “binder” is applied in droplet form to the construction field is ejected in a controlled manner.
- the print modules are aligned relative to the print head.
- the printhead is oriented relative to the machine. This means that the position of a nozzle can be assigned to the machine coordinate system.
- the plane in which the nozzles are located is usually referred to as the nozzle plate.
- Another means for selective solidification can also be one or more lasers or other radiation sources or a heat lamp. Arrays of such radiation sources, such as laser diode arrays, can also be considered.
- a print head or one or more lasers can be used for selective treatment of the layer and solidification can be started with other layer treatment agents.
- the particulate material is printed with an IR absorber and then solidified with an infrared source.
- a "print head” one or more print modules can be mounted in a special arrangement in an assembly. The assembly serves in its entirety to wet a surface - here a particulate material on the construction field - with liquid (pressure fluid) according to the DOD principle.
- Print module in the sense of the disclosure denotes a unit for applying a liquid to a surface by means of the so-called ink-jet method according to the DOD principle.
- Layer treatment agents in the sense of the disclosure are all agents that are suitable to achieve a certain effect in the layer. This can include the aforementioned units such as print head or laser, but also heat sources in the form of IR radiators or other radiation sources such as UV radiation. Means for de- or ionization of the layer are also conceivable. What all layer treatment agents have in common is that their zone of action is linearly distributed over the layer and that, like the other layer units such as print head or coater, they have to be guided over the construction field to cover the entire area Layer to achieve.
- Drop-on-demand or “DOD” or “DOD principle” in the sense of the disclosure denotes a method of applying a liquid to a surface, this only being active at the points where the application is desired.
- “Sinter emitter unit” or “sinter unit” or “sinter lamp” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the device with the aid of which particle material surfaces wetted with IR acceptor are heated specifically by means of electromagnetic radiation above the melting temperature.
- a “sintering unit” within the meaning of this disclosure is the energy input means that can heat the process powder (particulate building material, particulate material) above its sintering temperature. It can be stationary. In preferred embodiments, the “sintering unit” is moved over the construction field and is operated in such a way that in Coordination with the other fixture resources sensible layer structure with selective consolidation can be carried out.
- Randomtion converters in the sense of the disclosure are elements which, when exposed to electromagnetic radiation of a certain spectrum, change this spectrum in essential properties of the distribution of the wavelength intensities.
- peak wavelength in the sense of the disclosure is the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation of an approximate Planckian spectrum which has the highest intensity and which obeys Wien's law of displacement. In the case of emitters that do not follow Planck's distribution, the peak wavelength can also denote the wavelength that has the highest intensity.
- the "coupling" of cooling circuits or of a cooling circuit with a cooling part in the sense of the disclosure is when two functionally different parts have a coupling point or connection point at which a heat exchange can take place.
- a closed air cooling circuit is coupled with a liquid-based cooling circuit and thus from the air cooling circuit, which can absorb heat from, for example, a radiation converter, this heat is transferred to the liquid-based cooling circuit and then transported to the environment directly or possibly via another coolant, whereby when a control circuit is used, the temperature at, for example, the radiation converter a target temperature can be set or maintained.
- a "closed" air cooling circuit in the sense of the disclosure means that the air in this circuit is essentially circulated in this circuit and no supply air is supplied from the outside. In a special embodiment, this circuit is sealed so that no contamination such as particles of the building material can penetrate into this circuit and so no maintenance of this circuit is necessary.
- An “air cooling circuit” in the sense of the disclosure is air circulation in a pipe system of the sintering unit, the air or the gas being circulated e.g. by means of other means such as fans.
- a “liquid-based cooling circuit” in the sense of the disclosure is a closed circuit, the coolant of which is a liquid, such as, for example, water, oil or other known liquid coolants.
- the coolant of which is a liquid, such as, for example, water, oil or other known liquid coolants.
- “Surface enlargement” in the sense of the disclosure is any means that enlarges a surface for cooling purposes, such as fins, ribs, etc. in order to increase the cooling capacity.
- Cooling part in the sense of the disclosure is a heat exchanger.
- the object on which the application is based is achieved by a 3D printing device for use in a high-speed sintering process or a laser sintering process or a sintering process or a multi-jet fusion process - which is characterized is that the installation space is characterized by an X-axis and a Y-axis that denotes the Form construction field, and a Z-axis, wherein the size ratio Y>X> Z is present in the installation space and / or wherein the ratio of Y: X is between 1.1 to 3.0, preferably 1.2 to 2.0.
- the object on which the application is based is also achieved by a high-speed sintering process or laser sintering process or a sintering process or a multi-jet fusion process -for producing a molded part by means of particle material application and selective solidification, wherein the method comprises all further method steps and method means necessary for a 3D printing method, the method being carried out in a construction space which is characterized by an X-axis and a Y-axis, which form the construction field, and a Z-axis, where the size ratio Y> X> Z is present in the installation space and / or the ratio of Y: X is between 1.1 to 3.0, preferably 1.2 to 2.0.
- the solution of the present disclosure has the advantage that the process times and printing cycles can be optimized and shortened, which means that the 3D printing process is economically viable compared to known high-speed sintering processes and / or laser sintering processes and / or sintering processes.
- Process and / or can be improved.
- an improved temperature management can be achieved in the method according to the invention, which promotes quality advantages.
- the non-sintered, unbound particulate material can also be spared and recycled.
- the installation space dimensions can be selected in accordance with the above explanations. It can be advantageous if the dimension of the construction field in the Y direction is 50 cm and more and the The construction space dimension in the Z direction is 50 cm and less, more preferably the dimension of the construction area in the Y direction is 60 cm and more and the construction space dimension in the Z direction is 40 cm and less.
- the 3D printing device has a dimension of the X-axis of the construction area of more than 50 cm, the Y-axis of more than 50 cm and / and the Z-axis of 50 cm and less , preferably the X-axis more than 55 cm, the Y-axis more than 60 cm and the Z-axis 50 cm and less, particularly preferably the X-axis 60 cm and more, the Y-axis 100 cm and more and the Z-axis is 40 cm and less.
- the movable units in the 3D printing device according to the disclosure are designed to be narrow, preferably with the coater, the print head and / or the sinter emitter unit being designed to be narrow in the X direction, preferably smaller in total than the construction area in X direction, particularly preferably less than 80% of the construction area in the X direction.
- a 3D printing device is designed with respect to the X and Y axes in accordance with the other structural features, the coater, the print head and / or the sinter emitter unit preferably extending essentially over the length Y and in the X axis be proceeded.
- the printing modules and the printing head are specially designed in order to achieve better heat distribution and / or better heat management.
- the print modules of the print head can be arranged in a comb-like manner. In this way, strips are initially printed during a pass and parallel strips remain unprinted, with in a second pass then the previously unprinted strips are printed.
- a 3D printing device can have such means, the 3D printing device having a means for heat dissipation, preferably wherein one or more or all of the heat-conducting elements are coupled to a coolant.
- a 3D printing device is preferably designed in such a way that the means for removing heat is air or a gas or a gas mixture or a cooling liquid, e.g. oil-based, water or a water-based mixture, or a system of heat pipes.
- the means for removing heat is air or a gas or a gas mixture or a cooling liquid, e.g. oil-based, water or a water-based mixture, or a system of heat pipes.
- the sintering unit is cooled by air or a gas or a gas mixture and / or a cooling liquid and / or with the aid of heat pipes.
- the sintering unit is characterized by a closed air cooling circuit and a liquid-based cooling circuit and the air being circulated in the closed air cooling circuit, preferably by a ventilation means in the air cooling circuit, and / or a cooling liquid or / and is cooled with the help of heat pipes.
- the liquid-based cooling circuit is located on the one facing away from the construction field Side is arranged and / or is coupled to a further coolant, preferably an external coolant.
- the closed air cooling circuit is at least partially routed past a radiation converter, preferably wherein the air cooling circuit is at least partially routed past between two radiation converters.
- means for increasing the surface area are arranged in the air cooling circuit, preferably cooling fins, cooling fins, cooling coils or cooling coils, which are coupled to the liquid-based cooling circuit.
- an IR radiator is arranged between a primary and secondary radiation converter and the liquid-based cooling circuit and, if necessary, a reflector is arranged between the IR radiator and a cooling part through which the liquid flows.
- the liquid-based cooling circuit is cooled by means of a cooling part through which liquid flows on the outside of the sintering unit, the cooling part preferably being a supporting cover.
- cavities for the closed air cooling circuit between the primary and secondary radiation converter and between the primary radiation converter and the supporting cover preferably with surface enlargements of the cooling part through which the liquid flows, and possibly cavities in the side walls of the sintering unit, with all cavities being connected to one another and thus forming a closed air cooling circuit.
- a reflector is arranged in the cavity between the primary radiation converter and the supporting cover.
- the closed air cooling circuit has no connection to the ambient air.
- the 3D printing device comprises one, two or more radiation converters, preferably primary and / or secondary radiation converters.
- the 3D printing device has emitters of broadband electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths, the spectrum of which deviates from one another to a considerable extent, preferably long-wave IR emitters with a peak wavelength between 3 pm and 5.5 pm, combined with emitters with peak wavelengths in the short-wave infrared range between 0 * 7 pm and 2 pm, or long-wave IR emitters combined with emitters of non-coherent electromagnetic radiation with a narrow spectrum between 0.3 pm and 1 .5 pm, preferably in the visible range, or broadband medium-wave IR emitters in the range from 3 pm to 1.6 pm combined with short-wave IR emitters with peak wavelengths in the range from 0.7 pm to 1.6 pm.
- Any suitable emitter can be used, e.g. ceramic radiators, surface radiators, quartz-halogen radiators, quartz-tungsten radiators, heating conductors, quartz glass tubes, carbon radiators, near-infrared radiators, LED arrays with different wavelengths, Gas discharge lamps, incandescent lamps and / or heating wires can be used.
- the 3D printing device comprises an additional emitter unit (emitter unit), the emitter unit being characterized in that it is an array of several emitters, each emitter being individually adjustable with regard to its temperature or a subset of radiators is combined into a group, each group of radiators being controllable with regard to their temperature. It can also be advantageous to combine several radiators into a group, which are set together with regard to their temperature.
- emitter unit the emitter unit being characterized in that it is an array of several emitters, each emitter being individually adjustable with regard to its temperature or a subset of radiators is combined into a group, each group of radiators being controllable with regard to their temperature. It can also be advantageous to combine several radiators into a group, which are set together with regard to their temperature.
- a target temperature is set on each radiator or each group of radiators, with the proviso that the power (watt) of the radiator is not set as the target parameter.
- each radiator or each group of radiators in the radiator assembly is set to a different target temperature.
- the emitter unit has a control loop for setting the target temperature of each emitter and / or for setting the target temperature on the construction field.
- the emitter unit uses an algorithm to set a target temperature on the construction field by means of target temperature setting To achieve emitter unit and / or where the target temperature setting is achieved by defining emitters to a subset of emitters to a group.
- the emitter unit has at least one thermography camera, which is aimed at the construction field, and / or at least one infrared pyrometer and / or at least one temperature sensor, preferably the temperature sensor is a thermocouple or resistance thermometers.
- the thermography camera can preferably be used for local measurement recordings and the infrared pyrometer for calibrating the absolute values.
- thermographic camera is used for local measurement recordings and the infrared pyrometer is used to calibrate the absolute temperature values.
- an emitter unit comprises, a target temperature on the construction field being adjustable by a target temperature setting in the emitter unit in each emitter.
- the disclosure relates to a high-speed sintering method or laser sintering method or sintering method or a multi-jet fusion method for producing a molded part by means of particle material application and selective solidification, the method for all others
- a 3D printing process comprises the necessary process steps and process means, the process being carried out in a construction space which is characterized by an X-axis and a Y-axis, which form the construction field, and a Z-axis, with the size ratio Y in the construction space >X> Z is present and / or where the ratio of Y: X is between 1.1 to 3.0, preferably 1.2 to 2.0.
- it can furthermore be preferred if a storage container is included or used in the device.
- the features of the above-described 3D printing devices according to the disclosure can also advantageously be used and thus an advantageous method according to the disclosure is characterized by any feature or any combination of the features of the device or the device claims.
- a method can be preferred, the method being carried out in an installation space which is characterized in that the application device extends essentially over the length Y and is moved in the X direction.
- a method according to the disclosure can be preferred and advantageous, the method being carried out with a device, the coater, the print head and / or the sinter emitter unit being designed to be narrow in the X direction, preferably smaller in total than the construction area in X- Direction, particularly preferably less than 80% of the construction field in the X direction.
- a method according to the disclosure can be preferred and advantageous, the method being carried out with a device, the coater, the print head and / or the sinter emitter unit extending essentially over the length Y and / or being moved in the X-axis.
- a method according to the disclosure can be preferred and advantageous, the method being carried out with a device, the print modules of the print head being arranged in a comb-like manner. Furthermore, a method according to the disclosure can be preferred and advantageous, wherein the method is carried out with a device, wherein the 3D printing device has a means for heat dissipation, preferably wherein one or more or all heat-conducting elements are coupled to a coolant.
- a method according to the disclosure can be preferred and advantageous, the method being carried out with a device, the means for removing heat being air or a gas or a gas mixture or a cooling liquid, for example oil-based, water or a water-based mixture, or a system from heat pipes.
- the means for removing heat being air or a gas or a gas mixture or a cooling liquid, for example oil-based, water or a water-based mixture, or a system from heat pipes.
- a method according to the disclosure can be preferred and advantageous, the method being carried out with a device comprising a sintering unit, the sintering unit being cooled by air or a gas or a gas mixture and / or a cooling liquid and / or with the aid of heat pipes.
- the 3D printing device comprises one, two or more radiation converters, preferably primary and / or secondary radiation converters.
- the 3D printing device having emitters of broadband electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths, the spectrum of which deviates from one another to a considerable extent, preferably long-wave IR emitters with a peak wavelength between 3 pm and 5.5 pm, combined with emitters with peak wavelengths in the short-wave infrared range between 0.7 pm and 2 pm, or boring IR emitters combined with emitters of non-coherent ones Electro-magnetic radiation with a narrow spectrum between 0.3 pm and 1.5 pm, preferably in the visible range, or broadband medium-wave IR emitters in the range from 3 pm to 1.6 pm combined with short-wave IR emitters with peak wavelengths in Range 0.7 pm to 1.6 pm.
- a storage container is included or used in the device.
- the installation space in a 3D printing machine can be divided into two areas, namely the two-dimensional construction field (X and Y axes) and the Z axis.
- the construction site should be selectively printed with an absorber.
- This is usually done using print heads that work according to the DOD (drop-on-demand) principle.
- Such printheads have an array of nozzles that can be controlled individually.
- In order to print a complete image with absorber such print heads are guided over the construction field on one or two axes, depending on the number of nozzles and the area to be printed. It is important that the absorber is applied to all printed areas with approximately the same resolution. This is also easier to represent with Cartesian movement of the print head by means of linear axes than with the use of cylindrical coordinates.
- the design of the construction site can vary. A distinction can be made between square and rectangular construction fields. The comparison should be made with the same building area. The optimization takes place here in terms of a short process time.
- each layer is produced by the three processes of coating, printing and sintering and that different units must be run over the entire construction field for each of these three processes.
- the units can be moved via different or combined axle systems, depending on their design.
- the coating takes place via a linear coater, which is moved on an axis over the construction field at a constant speed and in the process applies a new layer to the construction field.
- the coating speed depends on the configuration of the coater and is typically 80 mm / s to 400 mm / s.
- the sintering takes place in turn by means of a radiation source, which is also typically linear and also extends over an entire side of the construction field.
- the radiation source should be moved across the construction field at a uniform speed across the linear direction of propagation. Depending on the power of the lamp and the material to be processed, speeds of 80 mm / s to 400 mm / s also result.
- the radiation unit can be moved coupled with the coater.
- the sintering can take place at the same time as the layer application.
- the layer is applied when the coupled application-sintering unit is moved in one direction and the sintering process occurs when the coupled application-sintering unit moves in the other direction.
- the absorber is printed using a print head, which usually works according to the DOD principle. For reasons of printing speed, several print modules, which combine individually controllable nozzles to form a nozzle array, are combined for this purpose.
- the print head which is composed of one or more such arrays, is then moved over the construction field either in a meander shape or only along one axis, depending on the embodiment. The latter is possible if the print head extends over an entire side of the construction field and has the desired resolution in this direction. Is the printhead narrower, it has to be guided several times over the construction field and moved in between at right angles to the direction of travel.
- the print head is equipped in a comb-shaped manner with nozzle arrays, so that it spans the entire side of a construction field, but has to be shifted once across it in order to print the entire construction field in two passes.
- the transverse movement of the print head is minimized with only two passes.
- the printing speed is typically 300 - 600 mm / s and is therefore faster than the coating or sintering speed.
- the printing movement can be at least partially integrated into the coating / sintering process in terms of time via a clever arrangement of the print head and its axes of movement.
- the overflow on both sides of the traversing movement of the coater is added, so that it is easy to see that a rectangular construction field, which is coated over its short side, can be processed in a shorter time.
- the dimension transverse to the coater travel direction is negligible with regard to the loss of time, as long as the printing unit used is also scaled. However, there is a minimum time to move and position the printhead. If the printing unit is not a printing unit the width of a building field, a positioning time must be added to this time t PH , which is usually less than the time lost in the coating direction, since the repositioning speed is not subject to any process-related restrictions other than mechanical stress.
- a construction area optimized for high-speed sintering processes or another 3D printing process mentioned herein is more rectangular in terms of process time, the form factor being the ratio of the long to the short side of the rectangle Limiting the edge effects in the range from 1.2 to 2 should be relatively small.
- the total process duration is linearly linked to the Z dimension. That means a doubling of the Z-dimension also means a doubling of the total process time.
- the feed in the Z-direction is defined by the time of an entire shift cycle and also scales with the thickness of a shift. Come to the advancing time t s should still tart and t s d, which result from the fact that the entire device is heated and the particulate material cake must be cooled before the moldings produced can be removed.
- the duration required for the start and end shifts is added Create to thermally isolate the moldings from the environment and, in the case of the starter layers, to achieve temperature and control equilibrium.
- the Z dimension is the most important in this consideration. Because unlike the Z dimension, the construction field length in the coating direction is also included in the determination of the construction time in a linear manner, but with a smaller factor. Doubling the length in the coating direction also increases the construction time. Due to the additional travel lengths in this axis, which are independent of the dimensional change, the extension of the construction time will be less than a factor of 2. An enlargement of the construction area transversely to the coating direction with simultaneous upscaling of the print head has no effect on the construction time.
- the Z dimension is the most critical dimension in the Cartesian installation space and should be chosen to be the smallest of the three dimensions in order to reduce the construction time as much as possible.
- the lower sensible limit is defined by the range of components to be built.
- the advantage of the Z dimension is that it can be selected variably with each job and only the maximum size is defined by the system.
- the graph in FIG. 3 relates not to the direct production time of a shaped body, but to the cooling time t c , which is important for removal, whereby the X and Y dimensions are considered to be constant here for the purpose of illustration.
- the cooling time of the powder cake can be calculated with the differential equations for heat conduction using the finite element method.
- the spatial-temporal development of the temperature field T (x, y, z, t) is given by the relationship: pcdT _ d 2 T d 2 T d 2 T l dt dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
- p is the density of the material
- c is the thermal capacity
- l is the thermal conductivity.
- the change in the heat flow through the boundary surfaces A of the volume, measured in W / m 2 depends on the temperature difference between the two boundary surfaces T w and T «, as well as the heat transfer coefficient a:
- T 4 law is based on the size of the surface A, the temperature-dependent emissivity e (T) and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant s.
- FIG. 2 the influence of each dimension of the process field on the processing speed in additive manufacturing using the high-speed sintering process is shown graphically.
- a preferred dimension ratio of Y>X> Z results, as schematically sketched in FIG. 4.
- the individual layers of the building process are shown as well as the shaped body sections produced on the surface.
- Customary dimensions for molded plastic bodies can be up to 1 meter in one direction. Since this market is to be served in the additive manufacturing process according to, for example, the high-speed sintering process, a process field size of this order of magnitude seems sensible, at least in one spatial dimension. As a result of the considerations, this dimension can be called Y following consistent naming. This results in a range of ⁇ 1 meter for the X dimension. Furthermore, following the paradigm of productivity, the Z direction should again be the smallest.
- the reason for this is the low removal temperature of approx. 40 ° C compared to the processing temperature of 170 ° C or 130 ° C in the high-speed sintering process PP Powder Type A.
- This value in the Z direction also depends on the expansion in the X direction, but this is limited by the fact that X> Z should apply.
- the shape of the sintering unit results from the considerations for the construction field geometry.
- an assembly that is as narrow as possible in the X direction follows.
- a long and relatively narrow sintering device poses particular challenges for temperature management, which can only be taken into account by means of a special type of design. Due to the large base area of the unit, the amount of heat generated by secondary effects on the radiator unit and the absorbed spectrum of the two spectrum converters can no longer be taken into account by the conventional cooling device with the device cover through which the fluid flows. The result is overheating of the spectrum converter, which in turn would cause undesired secondary radiation, or a greatly reduced service life of the radiator unit.
- the air circulation can be generated, for example, by fans and / or by feeding in compressed air and using diffusers.
- FIG. 5 A concept of a device for additive manufacturing according to a high-speed sintering process, which is an example of the considerations relating to the dimensional ratio of the process field, is described by way of example in FIG. 5.
- the view from above (XY plane) and from the front (XZ plane) is shown.
- the installation space has the dimensions 600 x 1000 x 400 mm 3 .
- the sintering unit according to the disclosure and is advantageously described in combination with the disclosure for the design of the installation space, equipped with a self-contained air circulation S205, as shown schematically in FIG. S2 in a section through the device in the XZ plane.
- the air in the unit is passed through the cavity between the spectrum converters S203, S204 and past cooling fins S201, which are connected to the cooling cover. This enables a strong increase in the efficiency of the heat dissipation made possible by the cover through which water flows.
- the continuous air flow dissipates the heat more evenly, which benefits the local continuity of the emitted radiation spectrum.
- the sintering unit in the side view (YZ plane) with the air flow drawn in in FIG. S3 reveals a recess S307 on the side walls through which the cooling air is passed. This ensures that the Spectrum converter at its hottest point, since it is furthest away from heat-conducting components, it is adequately cooled.
- the air flow S304 is generated and maintained by fans S303. Clearly recognizable is the important aspect that the continuous air flow circulates in a closed housing.
- the emitter unit although equipped with a high output and adapted spectrum, can also be operated in environments where there is a high risk of contamination, e.g. from dust.
- radiator unit that regulates the construction field temperature with the installation space geometry described above and the dimensions described above, depending on the special requirements of the 3D printing device and its special design requirements.
- the inhomogeneous temperature distribution on the object surface H202 can be compensated for by means of different emitter powers, as shown in FIG. H2.
- Individual infrared radiators H201 are combined at the edge areas of the radiator unit to form their own heating circuits, which are operated with a higher output compared to those in the middle of the unit.
- 5 different surface temperatures H205 of the infrared panel heater H201 are sketched. The surface temperatures are approximated as closely as possible to the location-dependent heating curve H205 previously calculated from geometric and physical considerations. The result is a relatively homogeneous temperature field H204 on the object surface.
- An H206 infrared pyrometer is used to regulate the resulting temperatures, but this time it is coupled with a thermography camera H207, which is able to record the temperature distribution of the object surface in a spatially resolved manner.
- the measurement data from the thermography camera can now be used to control the individual surface emitters in a targeted manner and thus to compensate for any unevenness in the local constancy of the object surface temperatures, which in particular includes the edge areas of these.
- a corresponding surface element is assigned to each individual radiator on the object surface.
- the infrared pyrometer is used to correct the absolute value, thus guaranteeing the prevention of temperature drift in the measurements of the thermography camera and ensuring that the temperature field remains constant over time.
- thermography camera H302
- infrared pyrometer H305
- H304 a temperature sensor
- H304 a set of rules as a measured value. If the set of rules is designed as a PID controller, it can be used to minimize the time it takes for the heater to reach the temperature setpoint. The prerequisite for this is that the heating output of the individual heating elements has been given sufficient reserve.
- a radiator can be used with a maximum output of 650 watts, but the radiator temperature to be achieved in the equilibrium state is already reached at 200 watts. It is then possible for the controller to maximize the power provided until the target temperature is reached, in order to reduce it again to the steady state within a short time when it is reached. The reaction time can thus be reduced to well below 20 seconds, which is within the shift cycle time of a sinter printer. Thus it is now possible for the system to react in good time to temperature fluctuations.
- this method can greatly reduce the lengthy heating-up time until the steady state is reached, by up to a quarter.
- thermography cameras H302 and infrared pyrometer H305 to enable contactless object surface temperature measurements with the smallest possible angle error and to keep the distance between unit and object surface small. A smaller distance results in higher energy efficiency.
- the H304 are conventional temperature sensors, e.g. thermocouples or resistance thermometers, which continuously measure the surface temperature of the infrared radiators and therefore the emitted power due to the Stefan-Boltzmann law and, together with the other two measuring devices, provide the input values for the setpoint control.
- the target temperature of the individual heating elements is calculated using the following relationship:
- the heat flow Q 12 between the radiator and the corresponding construction field element with temperature Tc should be minimized by adapting its temperature T 2.
- the so-called viewing factors F I2 and F 2i are decisive.
- the view factors describe the orientation of both surfaces to one another, where F 2i denotes the radiation flow from the radiator to the construction field and F i2 denotes the opposite path. Finding the solution to the setpoint temperatures for each heating element can be obtained by loosening the system Differential equations can be achieved using the finite element method.
- radiator fields can easily be staggered, i.e. arranged in combination.
- calibration data can still be generated and thus the measuring accuracy of the instruments used can be improved by comparing the measured data obtained with one another. In this way, almost any construction site geometry and size are possible without a new complex and cost-intensive construction step.
- radiator groups of the radiator assembly (H400) can be formed, (H401) to (H406), which can each be controlled together.
- HVAC radiator groups of the radiator assembly
- H401 can be formed separately at the 2nd order discontinuities, at the corners of the object surface to be heated, since a stronger heat flow is to be expected there due to the cooler environment.
- the situation is similar when considering the edges (H405) and (H406) of the object surface to be heated, which are separated in order to compensate for differences between the front and rear of the device. (H203) and (H204) do this for the interior.
- FIG. H5 schematically shows an embodiment of a corresponding regulation, as it can be used in the exemplary embodiments in FIGS. H3 and H4. Variations in the temperature distribution on the object surface are measured using a thermography camera. A surface element is also covered by an infrared pyrometer. The temperatures of this surface element measured with the thermography camera are averaged and compared with the measured value of the pyrometer. The camera is then readjusted until these two values are the same.
- the correction factor obtained is then applied to the remaining measurement data.
- the corrected data are now transferred to the interlockings of the heating elements via an algorithm.
- the algorithm has the task of assigning a corresponding surface element to each individual radiator.
- the overlap of the surface elements is also taken into account here. The reason for this is that the individual radiator also reaches neighboring surface elements due to the radiation cone that is formed.
- the algorithm must take into account the geometric arrangement of the individual radiators, because neighboring radiators influence each other. In the worst case, this could lead to an unwanted oscillation of the performance of the individual heating circuits over time.
- the target temperatures of the individual heating elements are calculated by the algorithm and passed on to the controller of each heating circuit.
- the controllers for example designed as conventional PID controllers, compare the temperature setpoint and actual value and ensure that the specified setpoint temperature of the infrared radiators is reached in as little time and deviation as possible by controlling the electrical power that is fed to these radiators.
- a cycle of the entire regulation preferably takes place at a defined point in time per shift cycle of the The construction process takes place so that the measurement is not hindered by the sintering device, coater and print head units, which are moving over the construction field surface in the meantime.
- FIG. H5 schematically shows an embodiment of a control system according to the disclosure, whereby variations in the temperature distribution on the object surface can be measured by means of a thermography camera and temporal fluctuations can be compensated for by means of an infrared pyrometer and the absolute temperature value can be calibrated.
- the measurement data obtained are fed to an algorithm which uses them to calculate the temperature setpoints for each infrared emitter and forwards them to the PID controller.
- FIG. H5 shows schematically an embodiment of a corresponding regulation, as it can be used in the exemplary embodiments in FIGS. H3 and H4.
- the solver algorithm which has the task of calculating the target temperatures of the individual heating elements, does this on the basis of physical relationships that describe the heat flow.
- the view factors Fi j represent an important component here.
- the view factors describe the orientation of both surfaces to one another, where F 2I denotes the radiation flow from the radiator to the construction field and F 12 denotes the opposite path.
- F 2I denotes the radiation flow from the radiator to the construction field
- F 12 denotes the opposite path.
- the view factors of two opposing, finite surfaces have the general form
- the view factor Fy is thus defined by the finite opposing surfaces A, and A j of the radiator and the construction field, as well as their respective angles to the unit normals on these cos Qi and cos 0 j , and the distance between the surfaces Ry.
- a radiator unit according to the disclosure can be constructed in such a way that a radiator not only illuminates a surface element, i.e. an area (partial area) of the construction field, but the entire construction field.
- the main radiation is projected onto a core area (surface element) and radiation also strikes around this core area.
- every surface element of the entire construction field exchanges radiation with the radiator or the radiator assembly. This now applies to each individual radiator in the radiator unit.
- the geometric arrangement of emitters, such as their size, distance from the construction field and distance from one another, as well as the geometry of the construction field to be heated, i.e. its orientation, length and width, are described by means of the aforementioned view factors.
- heat flows due to convection and heat conduction in particle material and emitter unit which in turn are temperature-dependent, are included in the calculation during the construction and operation of a emitter unit according to the disclosure. This applies in particular to the edge areas of the construction field and the radiator unit, as there is increased convection and heat conduction here due to the discontinuity. Furthermore, additional heat conduction due to the attachment of the radiator unit and the coolant required for shielding the machine housing can be taken into account.
- Finding a solution for these target temperatures (T_n, soll) for each radiator n can be achieved by solving the system of equations by means of a solver using the finite element method.
- a solver can do the calculations within the time of a shift cycle due to advances in the computing power of modern computer systems and optimizations in the individual computing steps.
- the setpoint values calculated in this way for the individual radiators are now transferred to a set of controllers, which have the task of setting these setpoint temperatures on the radiators in the shortest possible time.
- the controllers for example designed as conventional PID controllers, compare the temperature setpoint and actual value (T_n, ist) and ensure that the specified setpoint temperature of the radiators (e.g. infrared radiators) is reached in the shortest possible time and with as little deviation as possible by using the electrical Control the power (P_n) that is fed to these radiators by varying the mean voltage applied.
- T_n temperature setpoint and actual value
- P_n electrical Control the power
- the temperature distribution is then measured again.
- correction factors are now derived, which will be included in future calculations.
- the system is thus able to dynamically respond to manufacturing tolerances in the structure and malfunctions, such as a change in the ambient conditions or changes in the composition of the particulate material, for example due to aging of the recycled material added to the printing process react. Signs of aging in the device itself are also automatically corrected. Running in the 3D printer over several weeks, as is customary with the state of the art, is also avoided.
- a cycle of the entire control system preferably takes place at a defined point in time per shift cycle of the build-up process, so that the measurement is not hindered by the units of the sintering device, coater and print head, which are moving over the construction field surface during this time. Changes in the interaction with the radiation field or changes in the temperature of the units used in the creation of the layer no longer have any effect, since the shading of the construction field can be hidden in terms of time and location.
- the 3D printer can be operated in a stable manner even under fluctuating environmental conditions, which therefore also includes operation in areas with higher or lower ambient temperatures. This leads to a cost advantage, since it eliminates costs for e.g. air conditioning of the environment.
- the molded body parts that have already been produced change physical parameters such as the thermal conductivity in the particulate material or the emissivity of the printed surface. In devices according to the state of the art, this repeatedly leads to interruptions of the printing process due to uncontrollable process states and even damage to the machine. In the present case, the position of the components in the installation space is known.
- the slice image data for the application of the IR acceptor are already available and can be fed to the solver algorithm and taken into account by it. This is now able to react dynamically to different degrees of filling of the particle material surface. In principle, it is also possible in this way to automatically place the moldings in the installation space in a process-optimized manner. This eliminates the time-consuming and complex work step of a manual arrangement of the molded bodies to be produced in the virtual installation space. This is associated with great time and cost savings. For example, there is no need for training on component placement and fine adjustment required to operate sintering machines. According to the prior art, molded bodies are often created several times in order to ensure optimal orientation and parameterization, which is known in the specialist field as so-called "ghost jobs". Since these repeated preliminary test prints are omitted, this leads to a significant reduction the manufacturing costs.
- the required repeat accuracy which is important for industrial production, can be achieved, so that a closer tolerance of the molded bodies produced can take place.
- an increase in quality is also achieved.
- radiator fields overlapping fields that are covered by a group of radiators or by different radiator units
- calibration data can still be generated and thus the measuring accuracy of the instruments used can be improved by comparing the measured data obtained with one another. In this way, almost any construction site geometry and size are possible without a new complex and cost-intensive construction step.
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DE102019007983.3A DE102019007983A1 (de) | 2019-11-18 | 2019-11-18 | 3D-Druckvorrichtung mit vorteilhafter Bauraumgeometrie |
PCT/DE2020/000285 WO2021098898A2 (de) | 2019-11-18 | 2020-11-17 | 3d-druckvorrichtung mit vorteilhafter bauraumgeometrie |
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EP (1) | EP4061617A2 (de) |
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DE102019000796A1 (de) | 2019-02-05 | 2020-08-06 | Voxeljet Ag | Wechselbare Prozesseinheit |
CN114850490B (zh) * | 2022-03-31 | 2024-03-26 | 芯体素(杭州)科技发展有限公司 | 基于3d打印的电子散热器制作方法 |
CN115070065B (zh) * | 2022-06-27 | 2024-09-06 | 广州赛隆增材制造有限责任公司 | 一种冷却装置及电子束增材制造设备 |
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US5204055A (en) | 1989-12-08 | 1993-04-20 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Three-dimensional printing techniques |
GB0317387D0 (en) | 2003-07-25 | 2003-08-27 | Univ Loughborough | Method and apparatus for combining particulate material |
DE102004020452A1 (de) | 2004-04-27 | 2005-12-01 | Degussa Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von dreidimensionalen Objekten mittels elektromagnetischer Strahlung und Auftragen eines Absorbers per Inkjet-Verfahren |
DE102009055966B4 (de) * | 2009-11-27 | 2014-05-15 | Voxeljet Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen dreidimensionaler Modelle |
US8944802B2 (en) * | 2013-01-25 | 2015-02-03 | Radiant Fabrication, Inc. | Fixed printhead fused filament fabrication printer and method |
DE102015006533A1 (de) * | 2014-12-22 | 2016-06-23 | Voxeljet Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von 3D-Formteilen mit Schichtaufbautechnik |
WO2017019102A1 (en) * | 2015-07-30 | 2017-02-02 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Three-dimensional object production |
DE102015014964A1 (de) * | 2015-11-20 | 2017-05-24 | Voxeljet Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung für 3D-Druck mit engem Wellenlängenspektrum |
DE102016216682A1 (de) * | 2016-09-02 | 2018-03-08 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum generativen Herstellen eines dreidimensionalen Objekts |
JP2018049233A (ja) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | パナソニック液晶ディスプレイ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
EP3529047A4 (de) * | 2017-02-10 | 2020-07-08 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Verschmelzen von baumaterialien |
US20210197466A1 (en) * | 2017-04-13 | 2021-07-01 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Reflective barriers |
JP2020524221A (ja) * | 2017-06-15 | 2020-08-13 | ユニフォーミティ ラブズ, インコーポレイテッドUniformity Labs, Inc. | 積層造形のための複数層で設定値可変とする融着及び堆積の方式 |
US11351724B2 (en) * | 2017-10-03 | 2022-06-07 | General Electric Company | Selective sintering additive manufacturing method |
CN108015281A (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-05-11 | 广东汉邦激光科技有限公司 | 3d打印装置及其打印方法 |
WO2019245515A1 (en) * | 2018-06-17 | 2019-12-26 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Additive manufacturing |
GB2584493A (en) * | 2019-06-07 | 2020-12-09 | Xaar 3D Ltd | Radiation source assembly and apparatus for layer-by-layer formation of three-dimensional objects |
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2019
- 2019-11-18 DE DE102019007983.3A patent/DE102019007983A1/de active Pending
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2020
- 2020-11-17 WO PCT/DE2020/000285 patent/WO2021098898A2/de unknown
- 2020-11-17 EP EP20823721.4A patent/EP4061617A2/de active Pending
- 2020-11-17 CN CN202080079876.3A patent/CN114829110A/zh active Pending
- 2020-11-17 US US17/777,328 patent/US20230081209A1/en active Pending
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CN114829110A (zh) | 2022-07-29 |
WO2021098898A2 (de) | 2021-05-27 |
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