Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
  • B22C7/00—Patterns; Manufacture thereof so far as not provided for in other classes
  • B22C7/02—Lost patterns
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
  • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
  • B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
  • B22C9/082—Sprues, pouring cups
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
  • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
  • B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
  • B22C9/04—Use of lost patterns
  • B22C9/043—Removing the consumable pattern
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
  • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
  • B22C9/20—Stack moulds, i.e. arrangement of multiple moulds or flasks
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
  • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
  • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould

Definitions

• metal is understood in the present context to mean both pure metals and metal alloys.
• the mold can retain these ends during cooling and contraction of the solidified metal. This then generates tensile forces in the part which can generate cracks and local recrystallizations, in particular at the transitions between the ends and the central part of the part. This phenomenon can be further aggravated by a temperature gradient along the mold cavity, between the end connected to the supply channel and an opposite closed end. Disclosure of the invention
• the present disclosure aims to remedy these drawbacks by proposing a foundry mold which makes it possible to reduce cracks and recrystallization phenomena due to the internal stresses induced, during the cooling of the metal in the mold, by the differences between the contraction rate thermal of metal and mold.
• the mold may include at least a first mold cavity extending along a main horizontal axis, from a first end to a second end, and a first pair of arms. food.
• a first feed arm of the first pair of feed arms may be oriented with a main axis in a substantially vertical direction and connected to the first end of the first mold cavity, while a main axis of a second feed arm of the first pair of feed arms may be substantially parallel to the first feed arm and connected to the second end of the first mold cavity.
• the mold can be configured so that any cross section of the first and second feed arms of the first pair of feed arms, perpendicular to a vertical axis, has an area greater than any cross section of the cavity of the mold. molding perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
• the mold may include docking heads connecting the first and second ends of the first mold cavity to the respective supply arms of the first pair of supply arms, each docking head having a cross section, perpendicular to the horizontal axis, with an area greater than any cross section of the first mold cavity perpendicular to the horizontal axis, but less than any cross section of the first and second feed arms of the first pair of feed arms perpendicular to the vertical axis.
• the first and second feed arms of the first pair of feed arms may have cross sections, perpendicular to the vertical axis, with areas increasing upward along the vertical axis. .
• the mold may comprise a first row of molding cavities, including the first molding cavity, each molding cavity of the first row of Mold cavities extending along a respective horizontal axis from a first end to a respective second end, the first end of each mold cavity of the first row of mold cavities being connected to the first supply arm of the first pair of feed arms, and the second end of each mold cavity of the first row of mold cavities being connected to the second feed arm of the first pair of feed arms.
• a part can be formed in each mold cavity of the first row of mold cavities between the feed arms of the first pair of feed arms.
• the mold can be configured such that any cross section of the first and second feed arms of the first pair of feed arms, perpendicular to a vertical axis, is greater than any cross section of each mold cavity of the first plurality of mold cavities perpendicular to the respective horizontal axis.
• the mold may comprise at least a second row of mold cavities and a second pair of feed arms, each mold cavity of the second row of mold cavities extending, along a respective horizontal axis, from a first end to a respective second end, the first end of each mold cavity of the second row of mold cavities being connected to the first feed arm of the second pair of feed arms, and the second end of each mold cavity of the second row of mold cavities being connected to the second feed arm of the second pair of feed arms.
• the mold can be configured such that any cross section of the first and second feed arms of the second pair of die arms. feed, perpendicular to a vertical axis, is also greater than any cross section of each mold cavity of the second row of mold cavities perpendicular to the respective horizontal axis.
• the upper ends of the supply arms can be connected to a supply cup, for example by channels of supply of liquid metal.
• At least the first mold cavity can be configured to mold a turbomachine blade extending from a blade head to a blade root along the horizontal axis.
• turbomachine is understood in this context to mean any machine in which a transfer of energy between a flow of fluid and at least one vane can take place, such as, for example, a compressor, a pump, a turbine, a propeller, or a combination of at least two of these.
• this blade To transmit this energy between the blade and a rotating shaft, this blade typically forms part of a rotor comprising a journal and a plurality of blades each extending radially from a blade root to a blade head in a corresponding radial direction with respect to an axis of rotation of the journal.
• These blades being subjected to particularly high mechanical and thermal stresses, and being able to present, in particular at their trailing edges, thicknesses of material particularly fine, it is particularly desirable in this field to avoid any local defect such as cracking, shrinkage or recrystallization.
• the mold can be configured as a shell mold.
• shell mold is understood to mean a mold formed by granules of a refractory material bound by a slurry baked around the cavities of the mold.
• the mold may in particular be formed by a plurality of superimposed layers, each comprising granules bound by the slip.
• a seventh aspect of this disclosure relates to a method of making this mold, comprising the steps of dipping a non-permanent model in a slip, dusting of the non-permanent model, after dipping, with granules of a refractory material to form a layer of refractory material granules coated with slip, removal of the non-permanent pattern of a shell formed by the granules of refractory material coated with slip, and firing of the shell.
• An eighth aspect of this disclosure relates to a foundry process comprising the steps of casting a metal in the liquid state in such a foundry mold, cooling and solidifying the metal in the mold, and removing the solidified metal from the mold.
• this method can also include a step of preheating the mold in an oven before the casting step, and the mold being kept in the oven until and during the casting step.
• the preheating step is carried out in a first oven, and the casting step in a second oven, different from the first oven.
• Figure 1A is a first sectional view of a foundry mold according to one aspect of the invention
• Figure 1 B is a sectional view, perpendicular to Figure 1 along the plane IB-IB,
• Figure 2A is a side view of a cluster of non-permanent models intended to form the mold of Figures 1A and 1B,
• FIG. 2B is a front view of the cluster of FIG. 2A
• FIG. 3A illustrates a dipping step in a method of manufacturing the mold of FIGS. 1A and 1B from the cluster of FIGS. 2A and 2B,
• FIG. 3B illustrates a sprinkling step in the method of manufacturing the mold of FIGS. 1A and 1B from the cluster of FIGS. 2A and 2B,
• FIG. 3C illustrates a baking step in the method of manufacturing the mold of FIGS. 1A and 1B from the cluster of FIGS. 2A and 2B,
• FIG. 4A illustrates a preheating step in a foundry process using the mold of FIGS. 1A and 1B,
• FIG. 4B Figure 4B illustrates a casting step in the foundry process using the mold of Figures 1A and 1B,
• FIG. 4C Figure 4C illustrates a cooling step in the foundry process using the mold of Figures 1A and 1B,
• FIG. 4B illustrates a deheating step in the foundry process using the mold of FIGS. 1A and 1B
• Figure 5 illustrates in detail the propagation of two solidification fronts from a central area of a mold cavity of the mold of Figures 1A and 1B.
• a foundry mold 1 is illustrated in Figures 1 A and 1 B.
• the mold 1, which is of the type called "shell mold » Can include several cavities of molding 2.
• Each of these molding cavities 2 can extend, along a first horizontal axis X, from a first end 2a to a second end 2b, such that the first horizontal axis X forms its main axis, and be formed to mold a turbomachine blade extending from a blade head to a blade root along this first horizontal axis X.
• the technical teachings of the present disclosure are also applicable to the foundry of other types of rooms.
• the mold 1 can also include several pairs of feed arms, each possibly comprising a first feed arm 3 and a second feed arm 4.
• Each of these feed arms 3, 4 can be oriented according to a respective main axis in the direction of a substantially vertical Z axis.
• Each pair of feed arms 3, 4 can be associated with a row of molding cavities 2 vertically offset from one another.
• the first end 2a of each mold cavity 2 can be connected to the first feed arm 3 of the respective pair of feed arms 3, 4 by a first docking head.
• the second end 2b of each mold cavity 2 be connected to the second feed arm 4 of the respective pair of feed arms 3, 4 by a second docking head 6.
• the pairs of feed arms 3, 4 can be laterally offset with respect to each other in the direction of a second horizontal axis Y, substantially perpendicular to the first horizontal axis X.
• the mold cavities 2 can thus be arranged in several parallel rows densely occupying the volume of the mold. mold 1.
• the first and second mooring heads 5, 6 may correspond, respectively, to the blade root and to a blade head heel.
• the mold 1 may have, at its top, a feed bucket 7 in the form of a funnel, connected to the tops of the feed arms 3, 4 of each pair of feed arms by a network supply channels 8.
• each mooring head 5,6 may have a cross section St with an area A t , perpendicular to the horizontal X axis, greater than the area A c of any cross section Sc of the corresponding mold cavity 2, perpendicular to the horizontal X axis, but less than the area A b of any cross section Sb of the feed arm 3,4 corresponding to the first pair of feed arms perpendicular to the vertical axis Z.
• each feed arm 3, 4 can have cross sections Sb with area A b increasing towards the next top the vertical axis. As illustrated in Figure 1A, this can be achieved with an angle of divergence ⁇ of, for example, between 5 and 15 ° between opposite edges of the feed arm3, 4.
• solidification metal which can be triggered within each mold cavity 2, where the cross section is the narrowest, will be able to extend to the feed arms 3, 4 with two solidification fronts 10,11 opposed and always wider, thus avoiding shrinkage defects which can be caused by constrictions in the mold cavities.
• the walls of the mold 1 are less thick at these places than at other places of the mold 1.
• a first step in a process for manufacturing the mold 1 may be the creation of a non-permanent cluster 21 comprising a plurality of models 22, such as that illustrated in Figures 2A and 2B.
• the parts of the cluster 21 intended to form hollow volumes in the mold 1, such as the models 22 intended to form the molding cavities 2, the vertical arms 23 intended to form the feed arms 3, 4, the cone 24 intended to form the feed cup 7, and the connections 25 connecting this cone 24 and the arms feed 3, 4 to form the feed channels 8, can be formed from a material with a low melting temperature, such as a wax or modeling resin.
• a material with a low melting temperature such as a wax or modeling resin.
• models 22 represent such blades oriented horizontally.
• the non-permanent cluster 21 can also include refractory elements to ensure its structural integrity, such as descendants (not shown). These descendants can be located on the sides, in order to free up the space under the supply cup 7 to accommodate therein additional molding cavities 2, but it is also conceivable to have only one refractory descendant arranged, for example. example, centrally under cone 24.
• a slip B as illustrated in Figure 3A
• a refractory sand S, c ' that is, granules of refractory material, as illustrated in Figure 3B.
• the materials used for the slip B and the refractory sand, as well as the particle size of the refractory sand S can, for example, be those disclosed in the publications of French patent application FR 2870 147 A1 and FR 2 870 148 A1.
• the slip B can for example contain particles of ceramic materials, in particular in the form of flour, with an inorganic colloidal binder and possibly adjuvants depending on the rheology desired for the slip, while the refractory sand S can also be ceramic.
• the ceramic materials which can be considered for the slip B and / or the refractory sand S there are alumina, mullite and zircon.
• the inorganic colloidal binder may, for example, be a water-based mineral colloidal solution, such as in particular colloidal silica.
• the adjuvants can include a wetting agent, a thinner and / or a texturizer.
• steps of soaking and dusting can be repeated several times, optionally with different slips B and S sands, until a shell C of sand impregnated with slip of a desired thickness is formed around the cluster 21.
• This thickness can be adapted to the different places of the mold, for example by locally limiting some of the sprinkles.
• the cluster 21 coated with this shell C can then be heated, for example in an autoclave 200 at a temperature between 160 and 180 ° C and at a pressure of 1 MPa, to melt and evacuate from the inside of the shell the material at low melting temperature of the cluster 21. Then, in a step of baking at a higher temperature, for example between 900 and 1200 ° C, the slip B can solidify so as to consolidate the refractory sand S to form the refractory walls of the mold 1, as illustrated in FIG. 3C.
• a foundry process using the mold 1 before proceeding with the casting of the metal in the liquid state in this mold 1, one can proceed to a step of preheating this mold 1, as illustrated in FIG. 4A .
• the mold 1 can be heated in the oven 100, which can reach a first temperature T 1 .
• T 1 a first temperature
• the metal can be poured into the mold at a second temperature T2, higher than the first temperature Ti.
• the temperature difference DT between the second temperature T2 and the first temperature T 1 can be limited, for example not greater than 170 ° C, or even 100 ° C, or even 80 ° C
• the metal is, for example , an equiaxial nickel-based alloy of the René 77 type, with a solidus at 1240 ° C and a liquidus at 1340 ° C
• the second temperature T 2 can be, for example, 1450 ° C
• the first temperature then be 1350 ° C, with a DT deviation not greater than 170 ° C.
• the mold 1 can still be maintained in the oven 100 during a first step of cooling and solidification of the metal M in the mold 1, in which the cooling rate dT / dt of the furnace 100 can be controlled and limited, for example, to about 7 ° C / min maximum.
• This upper limit at cooling augorge also makes it possible to limit the forces exerted on the metal by the difference in thermal contraction between the mold 1 and the metal which cools. Nevertheless, the thermal contraction of the metal M, greater than that of the refractory walls of the mold 1, will cause buckling of the metal in the supply arms 3, 4, shown in dotted lines in FIG. 4C, which buckling will exert a stress in compression on the metal M in the molding cavities 2, so as to at least partially balance the tensile stresses caused by the thermal contraction of the metal M in the molding cavities 2. It is thus possible to avoid stress concentrations that could disturb the crystallization of the metal and create weak points in the parts resulting from this foundry process.
• René 77 type alloy is an equiaxed polycrystalline alloy
• the metal will form, during its solidification, a plurality of grains of substantially identical size, typically of the order of 1 mm , but of more or less random orientation.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
• Casting Devices For Molds (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=71452277

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Family Cites Families (8)

• 2019
  • 2019-11-21 FR FR1912996A patent/FR3103400B1/fr active Active
• 2020
  • 2020-11-13 EP EP20823888.1A patent/EP4061557B1/de active Active
  • 2020-11-13 CN CN202080083628.6A patent/CN114761151A/zh active Pending
  • 2020-11-13 US US17/756,288 patent/US11745254B2/en active Active
  • 2020-11-13 WO PCT/FR2020/052078 patent/WO2021099721A1/fr unknown

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events