EP3997448A1 - Dispositif d'imagerie par rayons x et procédé d'imagerie associé - Google Patents
Dispositif d'imagerie par rayons x et procédé d'imagerie associéInfo
- Publication number
- EP3997448A1 EP3997448A1 EP20747056.8A EP20747056A EP3997448A1 EP 3997448 A1 EP3997448 A1 EP 3997448A1 EP 20747056 A EP20747056 A EP 20747056A EP 3997448 A1 EP3997448 A1 EP 3997448A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- image
- ray
- sample
- images
- ray source
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010603 microCT Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009607 mammography Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002601 radiography Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000003484 anatomy Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
- A61B6/484—Diagnostic techniques involving phase contrast X-ray imaging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/035—Mechanical aspects of CT
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4035—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the source being combined with a filter or grating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4208—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/50—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications
- A61B6/502—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for diagnosis of breast, i.e. mammography
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/5211—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of medical diagnostic data
- A61B6/5217—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of medical diagnostic data extracting a diagnostic or physiological parameter from medical diagnostic data
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/041—Phase-contrast imaging, e.g. using grating interferometers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/40—Imaging
- G01N2223/401—Imaging image processing
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to an X-ray imaging device using a simplified architecture, the device being able to be applied mainly to the field of medical imaging, but also to that of X-ray imaging for characterization of materials, or in the field of security (for example for checking baggage at airports).
- Phase contrast imaging has revolutionized X-ray imaging over the past twenty years and has made it possible to create contrasts in materials known to be transparent to X-rays, by measuring the phase change of X-rays, due to the refraction of X-rays when passing through the sample 111 121 [3] .
- This technique uses information concerning the changes in the phase of an X-ray beam which passes through an object, in order to obtain an image of this object.
- phase contrast imaging indirectly measures the phase shift caused by the sample, the latter being transformed into a variation in intensity which can be measured by an X-ray detector.
- This type of imaging is widely used with synchrotron sources [41 [51 [61 [71 .
- sources for computer-assisted micro-tomography are known in particular, for example of the nanofocus or microFocus type, sources for image intensifier type apparatus, sources for mammography type apparatus, and x-ray sources, and computed tomography sources.
- the advantage of traditional X-ray sources over sources such as a synchrotron source lies in their cost, less expensive, their size, more compact and their ease of handling.
- phase contrast X-ray imaging devices are known using these conventional X-ray sources [13] 1141 [151 .
- these devices are complex, require X-ray sources with high spatial coherence, or even involve large doses of radiation for the formation of the images.
- they require great mechanical stability, which is achieved to the detriment of the width of the field of view or of the level of resolution of the images obtained.
- phase contrast X-ray imaging devices that are easy to use and that can use conventional sources as X-ray sources.
- an X-ray imaging device in particular in phase contrast, comprising:
- a spatial intensity modulator having a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness, able to be crossed by an X-ray beam from the X-ray source, and to form an X-ray beam spatially modulated in intensity
- a sample support capable of supporting a sample, said sample being intended to be crossed by at least part of said X-ray beam spatially modulated in intensity and transmitting a refracted X-ray beam spatially modulated in intensity, the sample , when it is on said support, being located at a distance d from the X-ray source,
- an X-ray detection system located at a distance D from the X-ray source, and comprising a two-dimensional X-ray sensor provided with a plurality of photo-detector elements, each having the same given size, said system detection device being able, in a first configuration of the device in which the device does not include a sample, to detect a first beam of X-rays coming from
- an electronic processing unit able to receive the first electrical signal and to process it so as to generate a first image comprising a plurality of pixels, each having the same given size, and to receive the second electrical signal and to process it from so as to generate a second image, and able to generate, from said first image and of said second image, at least one image characteristic of said sample,
- said imaging device being characterized in that the difference between the maximum thickness and the minimum thickness of the spatial intensity modulator, called average roughness, is between two and twenty times the size of the pixels of the first image, said size being equal to the product of the size of the photo-detector elements times the d / D ratio.
- the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator is between two and fifteen times the size of the pixels of the first image.
- the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator is between two and ten times the size of the pixels of the first image.
- the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator is between three and seven times the size of the pixels of the first image.
- the disadvantage is that said at least one characteristic image of said sample has poor resolution.
- the photo-detector elements can be of the same square shape and each have the same given size equal to the length of the side of the square shape.
- the photo-detector elements may have the same rectangular shape and each have the same given size equal to the length of the rectangular shape.
- the photo-detector elements can be of the same hexagonal shape and each have the same given size equal to the distance separating two vertices of the hexagonal shape that are diametrically opposed.
- the electronic processing unit is able to generate said at least one characteristic image of said sample, from the difference between said first image and said second image.
- the electronic processing unit may be able to generate said at least one characteristic image of said sample as a function of the phase gradient of the refracted X-ray beam received by the X-ray detection system in the second configuration of the device. .
- the spatial intensity modulator comprises an element chosen from a metal, a metalloid, a light element and their mixtures, the atomic number of said element being between 13 and 80.
- the element of the spatial intensity modulator can be chosen from aluminum, silicon, iron, copper, titanium, nickel, silver, tin, gold, and their mixtures.
- the spatial intensity modulator comprises powder and / or particles.
- the spatial intensity modulator is fabricated by three-dimensional printing, abrasion, or molding.
- the X-ray source has an energy of between 10 and 300 keV.
- This energy can be obtained by using an X-ray tube capable of accelerating electrons between two electrodes with a peak potential difference of between 10 and 300 kVp.
- the X-ray source has an energy of between 20 and 300 keV.
- the X-ray source has an energy of between 20 and 180 keV.
- the X-ray source has an energy of between 20 and 120 keV.
- the X-ray source has an energy of between 15 and 120 keV.
- the X-ray source is chosen from a source for computer-assisted micro tomography, for example of the nanofocus or microFocus type, a source for an image intensifier type device, a source for a mammography type device, and a x-ray source.
- the material of the spatial intensity modulator can be chosen as a function of the energy of the X-rays emitted by the X-ray source.
- the material of the spatial intensity modulator can be chosen so that its visibility, equal to the ratio of the standard deviation of the distribution of the intensities of the pixels of the first image L ef (x, y) on the average of the intensities of the pixels of the first image L ef (x, y), that is to say between 0.02 and 0.30.
- the material of the spatial intensity modulator is chosen so that its visibility is between 0.05 and 0.20.
- the material of the spatial intensity modulator can be chosen from silicon, titanium and aluminum.
- the material of the spatial intensity modulator can be chosen from among copper, iron, cobalt and nickel.
- the material of the spatial intensity modulator can be chosen from silver, zinc, tin and molybdenum.
- the material of the spatial intensity modulator can be chosen from gold and tungsten.
- the underlying advantage of the choice of material forming the spatial intensity modulator is that it allows the use of x-ray sources of different energies, especially high energies, which are currently difficult to use, and a wide range of image resolutions.
- the sample holder is mounted to rotate about an axis of rotation orthogonal to the main direction of the X-ray beam coming from the X-ray source, to allow rotation of the sample. around the x-ray source.
- the assembly formed by the X-ray source and the X-ray detection system is rotatably mounted around the sample holder, to allow the rotation of the assembly formed by the X-ray source and the X-ray detection system is mounted to rotate around the sample.
- the present invention also relates to an X-ray imaging method, implementing an X-ray imaging device as described above.
- this is a two-dimensional imaging method, comprising the following steps:
- f generate, by the electronic processing unit, from said at least one first image and from said at least one second image, at least one image chosen from among a transmission image, an image of the gradient of the differential phase in two directions orthogonal and parallel to a plane perpendicular to the main direction of the x-ray beam from the x-ray source, an image of the phase, and an image of the scattering of the sample.
- the imaging method is a three-dimensional imaging method, comprising the following steps:
- the c / receive and process, by the electronic unit, the first electrical signal, so as to generate at least one first image, d / in the second configuration of the device, in the case where either the sample support is mounted to rotate about an axis of rotation orthogonal to the main direction of the X-ray beam coming from the X-ray source, or the whole formed by the x-ray source and the x-ray detection system is rotatably mounted around the sample holder, detecting the second x-ray beam and transforming it into a second electrical signal, for N given positions (1,. ..N), the N given positions being either positions of the sample, each corresponding to a given rotation of the sample support, or positions of the assembly formed by the X-ray source and the X-ray detection system.
- N N given positions
- f generate, by the electronic processing unit, from said at least one first image and from all the second images, at least one image chosen from among a three-dimensional transmission image, a three-dimensional image of the gradient of the differential phase in two directions orthogonal and parallel to a plane perpendicular to the main direction of the X-rays from the X-ray source, a three-dimensional image of the phase, and a three-dimensional image of the scattering of the sample.
- a plurality of first images and a plurality of second images are generated and combined to generate by the electronic processing unit at least one two-dimensional or three-dimensional image chosen from among a transmission image, an image of the phase gradient in two directions orthogonal and parallel to a plane perpendicular to the main direction of the X-ray beam from the X-ray source, an image of the phase, and an image of the scattering of the sample.
- the latter is a method for temporal monitoring of structures contained in a sample, during a time interval T, comprising the following steps:
- a plurality of first images and a plurality of second images are generated and combined to generate by the electronic processing unit at least one sequence of N successive images, said N successive images being transmission images, gradient images of the differential phase in two directions orthogonal and parallel to a plane perpendicular to the main direction of the X-rays coming from the X-ray source, images of phase, or images of the sample scattering.
- the latter can further comprise a step of processing at least one sequence of N successive images to obtain elastographic data of the structures of the sample. .
- the general advantage of the invention is to simplify an X-ray imaging device, as well as the associated imaging process, by resorting to conventional X-ray sources and to easy-to-manufacture and easy-to-manufacture equipment. to be implemented, in particular to optimized spatial intensity modulators.
- optimized spatial intensity modulators thanks to the specific choice of the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator, it is possible to use in the device a wide variety of conventional X-ray sources, in particular at high energies, and to obtain a wide range. resolutions of the images obtained. It is possible, in particular, to improve the level of detail visible on the images obtained by the device, with conventional sources of X-rays.
- Figure 1 schematically illustrates an X-ray imaging device according to the invention in a first and a second configuration.
- FIG. 2 shows two images obtainable with respectively the first and the second configuration of the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows various top view photographs of a first type of spatial intensity modulators that can be used in the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows various top view photographs of a second type of spatial intensity modulators that can be used in the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 5 shows a series of images obtained according to a first embodiment of the imaging method according to the invention, with a first type of spatial intensity modulator.
- FIG. 6 shows two images of the same sample obtained with two pairs of X-ray source and spatial modulator of different intensity.
- FIG. 7 shows different images of a finger obtained according to a first embodiment of the imaging method according to the invention, with a second type of spatial intensity modulator, and a conventional X-ray of the finger.
- FIG. 8 shows a conventional radiography obtained by computer-assisted tomography of a sample, a two-dimensional image of the same sample obtained with a second embodiment of the imaging method according to the invention, with a first type of spatial modulator d intensity, and a volume rendering image of the same sample obtained according to a second embodiment of the imaging method according to the invention.
- FIG. 9 shows a series of images of a sample composed of a latex glove, a sample of polystyrene and a metal wire, obtained according to a third embodiment of the imaging method according to invention, with application to
- Figure 1 schematically illustrates an X-ray imaging device 1 according to the invention in two different configurations, without a sample to be imaged, as shown in part (a) of Figure 1, and with a sample E to be imaged, as shown in part (b) of Figure 1.
- an X-ray source 2 illuminates a spatial intensity modulator 3.
- spatial modulator of intensity is understood to mean an object of substantially planar shape, and having a thickness, making it possible, through its spatial structure, to spatially modulate the intensity of an XF-ray beam which passes through it.
- the XF-ray beam After passing through the spatial intensity modulator 3, the XF-ray beam exhibits a spatial modulation of intensity.
- the distance D is measured along the axis orthogonal to the spatial intensity modulator 3 and to the x-ray detection system 5 and passing through the x-ray source 2.
- the x-ray detection system 5 comprises a two-dimensional X-ray sensor provided with a plurality of photo-detector elements 5a, each having the same given size, each of the photo-detector elements 5a receiving a portion of the X-ray beam F.
- Each of the photo-detector elements 5a may be square or rectangular, the size of the photo-detector element 5a denoting either the length of the side of the square, or either the length or the width of the rectangle.
- An electronic processing unit 6 is used to receive the first electrical signal S éiec-ref and process it so as to generate a first image L éf (x, y) comprising a plurality of pixels, each having the same given size.
- An example of the first image L éf (x, y) is presented in image (a) of figure 2.
- a sample E to be imaged is positioned on a sample support 4, positioned downstream of the spatial intensity modulator 3, at a distance d from the x-ray source 2.
- the distance d is measured along the z axis orthogonal to the spatial intensity modulator 3 and to the x-ray detection system 5, and passing through the x-ray source 2.
- refraction is meant the deviation from the z axis of the rays, due to the local variations in refractive index encountered by them when passing through the sample E.
- a reference beam F is shown schematically as a full train, which is not refracted.
- a beam F 'refracted following passage through the sample E is shown diagrammatically in broken lines.
- the X-ray detection system 5 detects the refracted beam F ', which has passed through the spatial intensity modulator 3 then the sample E, and transforms it into a second electrical signal S eiec-ech .
- the electronic processing unit 6 is used to receive the second electrical signal S éiec ech and process it so as to generate a second image ch (x, y).
- An example of a second image ch (x, y) is image (b) in Figure 2.
- the electronic processing unit 6 can generate at least one characteristic image of the sample E.
- the X-ray imaging device 1 is a speckle imaging device (in English Speckle).
- the speckle imaging devices use spatial modulation of the intensity of a beam of rays passing through a spatial intensity modulator in order to image a sample placed downstream of the spatial intensity modulator
- the spatial intensity modulator can be in the form of a random object 181 1121. Traditional examples of random objects are sandpaper, biological filters, silica, or steel wool.
- the electronic processing unit 6 can generate at least one characteristic image of the sample E from the difference between a first image L ef (x, y) and a second image ch (x, y).
- the image resulting from the subtraction Lch (x, y) - Léf (x, y) represents a direct measure of the refraction of the sample.
- an intensity modulation is present only in the places of the image where the sample E is present.
- An example of such an image ch (x, y) - L ef (x, y) is illustrated in Figure 5 (c) which will be described later.
- the image resulting from the subtraction L ch (x, y) - L ef (x, y) can in fact be subsequently processed by the electronic processing unit 6 to obtain one or more final images of the phase of l 'sample, by phase reconstruction methods (in English "phase retrieval").
- UMPA unified modulated pattern analysis
- the electronic processing unit 6 can generate at least one characteristic image of the sample E as a function of the phase gradient of the refracted X-ray beam F 'received by the detection system 5 in the second device configuration (1).
- Images (d) and (e) in FIG. 5 are the images of the phase gradient of the X-ray beam F ′ refracted by the sample E along the horizontal x and vertical y directions.
- the images of the phase gradient along the horizontal x and vertical y directions can then be processed by the electronic processing unit 6 to obtain one or more final images of the phase of the sample, for example by digital processing methods based on the principle of conservation of flow. An example of these methods is the technique called "optical flow" [171 .
- the spatial intensity modulator 3 has an average roughness, defined by the difference between the maximum thickness and the minimum thickness of the spatial intensity modulator.
- the average roughness is chosen so as to be between two and twenty times the size of the pixels of the first image L ef (x, y), in order to optimize the quality of the characteristic image of the sample E.
- the size of the pixels of the first image L ef (x, y) is equal to the product of the size of the photo-detector elements 5a of the X-ray detection system 5 and the ratio D / d.
- the X-ray imaging device 1 is a device requiring little equipment and easy to use.
- Figures 3 and 4 show several photographs of spatial intensity modulators 3 that can be used in an X-ray imaging device 1 according to the invention, according to two embodiments of the modulators.
- FIG. 3 shows several photographs of spatial intensity modulators 3 according to a first embodiment. These intensity 3 spatial modulators were designed using metal powders placed on PMMA plates. Photograph (a) shows a spatial intensity modulator 3 made from 90 micron average particle size iron powder. This spatial intensity modulator thus has an average roughness of 90 microns. Photograph (b) shows an intensity 3 spatial modulator made from copper powder with an average particle size of 300 microns. This spatial intensity modulator thus has an average roughness of 300 microns. Photograph (c) shows a spatial intensity modulator 3 made from copper powder with an average particle size of 36 microns. This spatial intensity modulator thus has an average roughness of 36 microns. Thus, from a powder of given average particle size, it is possible to manufacture a spatial intensity modulator according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows photographs of spatial intensity modulators 3 according to a second embodiment.
- These intensity 3 spatial modulators were manufactured by three-dimensional printing of materials marketed under the names PLA®, CopperFill® and BronzeFill® by the company Colorfabb.
- the geometric profile of these spatial intensity modulators 3 was modeled by generating, for each of the spatial intensity modulators 3, an image in gray levels, the gray level representing the thickness in microns of the spatial intensity modulator 3.
- the grayscale images were obtained by generating a noise defined by an average value and a standard deviation (also called dispersion).
- the mean value and standard deviation are 300 microns and 150microns.
- the average roughness is 300 microns.
- the mean and standard deviation are 500 microns and 250 microns.
- the average roughness is 250 microns.
- intensity 3 spatial modulator manufacturing methods thus make it possible to manufacture a wide range of intensity 3 spatial modulators, making it possible to adapt them to a wide variety of imaging devices. by X-rays 1 according to the invention.
- the geometric characteristics of spatial intensity modulators for example, the average particle size of a powder, or the average value and standard deviation of the noise of a grayscale image used in the model of the geometric profile d 'a spatial intensity modulator 3, are determined by the type of sources used and the desired image resolution.
- These methods of manufacturing spatial intensity modulators 3 which can be used within the scope of the invention are only examples and other methods can be considered, such as abrasion or molding.
- EXAMPLE 2 Two-dimensional image of a fly
- a first embodiment of the X-ray imaging method according to the invention which is a two-dimensional imaging method, is used to image a sample consisting of a fly.
- the X-ray source 2 used is a source for X-ray microtomography sold under the name EasyTom XL® by the company Rx Solutions.
- the spatial intensity modulator 3 used consists of a copper powder with an average particle size of 45 microns placed between two plates of PMMA. The average roughness of this modulator is 45 microns.
- the X-ray source 2 illuminates the sample supported by a sample holder 4.
- An X-ray detection system 5 coupled to an electronic processing unit 6 makes it possible to generate a first image l ref (x, y) in the image.
- the X-ray detection system 5 is placed at a distance D equal to 560 mm from the source of X-ray 2.
- Sample E is placed at a distance d equal to 27mm from the X-ray source.
- the photo-detector elements 5a of the X-ray detection system 5 are square in shape and have a physical size of 127 ⁇ m.
- the X-ray detection system 5 coupled to the electronic processing unit 6 then makes it possible to generate a second image L ch (x, y) obtained in the second configuration of the X-ray imaging device 1, in which the latter ci comprises the sample to be observed E.
- the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator 3 is in this case equal to 7.3 times the size of the pixels of the first image Lf (x, y).
- FIG. 5 shows a series of images obtained according to this first embodiment of the X-ray imaging method according to the invention.
- Images (a) and (b) respectively illustrate the image L éf (x, y) and the image L ch (x, y).
- Image (c) illustrates the difference between image L ef (x, y) and image L ch (x, y).
- Images (d) and (e) illustrate the gradient of the differential phase of the X-ray beam 'refracted by the sample E in two directions orthogonal to each other and parallel to a plane perpendicular to the main direction of the X-rays.
- image (f) represents an image of the phase of sample E, reconstructed by processing, by the processing unit 6, of images (d) and (e) of the gradient of the differential phase.
- Figure 6 shows a comparison between an image (a) of the same sample E (fly) obtained by phase contrast with an X-ray imaging device using a synchrotron type X-ray source and sandpaper as a spatial intensity modulator, and an image (b) of the phase of the X-ray beam 'refracted by the sample E, obtained with the X-ray imaging device 1 according to the invention described above.
- the image (b) was corrected by a magnification factor, in order to compare the images (a) and (b) with a similar size of the sample E.
- a synchrotron-type source is a powerful source of X-rays produced by electrons of high energy accelerated by electromagnetic waves and circulating in a storage ring.
- the contrast of image (b) is higher than that of image (a).
- EXAMPLE 3 Two-dimensional image of a finger
- the first embodiment of the imaging method according to the invention which is a two-dimensional imaging method, is used to image a sample consisting of a finger.
- the X-ray imaging device 1 here comprises an X-ray source 2 of the source type for a moving hoop marketed under the name Arcadis Avantic® by the company Siemens, as well as a spatial modulator of intensity consisting of a 3D printed membrane based on the material sold under the name PLA® by the company Colorfabb.
- the average roughness of this modulator is 80 microns.
- the X-ray detection system 5 is placed at a distance D equal to 100cm from the X-ray source 2.
- the sample E is placed at a distance d equal to 32cm from the X-ray source.
- the photo-detector elements 5a of the x-ray detection system 5 are square in shape and have a size of 225 microns.
- the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator 3 is in this case equal to 1, 1 times the size of the pixels of the first image Léf (x, y).
- FIG. 7 shows a series of images of a sample E consisting of a finger which can be obtained with the imaging device described above.
- the image (a) is an image of the refraction in the horizontal direction x, which is proportional to the gradient of the phase of the X-ray beam 'refracted by the sample E in this direction, in a plane perpendicular to the principal direction rays coming from the X-ray source 2.
- Image (b) is an image of the refraction in the vertical direction y, which is proportional to the gradient of the phase of the X-ray beam 'refracted by the sample E in this direction, in a plane perpendicular to the main direction of the rays coming from the X-ray source 2.
- the image (c) is an image of the phase of the X-ray beam 'F' refracted by the sample E, calculated by integration digital images (a) and (b).
- Image (d) shows, for comparison, a conventional x-ray of the finger.
- a conventional radiograph is a photograph of one or more anatomical structures resulting from exposure to an X-ray beam of this or these anatomical structures without a spatial intensity modulator, where the black areas correspond to air and the areas white correspond to bony structures. It can be observed that the quality of the image (c) is at least as good as that of the image (d), with in particular a better contrast and an absence of diffusion cone on the right part of the image, while using a conventional x-ray source.
- EXAMPLE 4 Three-dimensional image of a fly
- the second embodiment of the imaging method according to the invention is implemented, which is a three-dimensional imaging method, to image the sample E consisting of the fly of Example 2 .
- the equipment used corresponds to that used to obtain the images in FIG. 5, with an X-ray source 2 as an X-ray microtomography source marketed under the name EasyTom XL® by the company Rx Solutions and for spatial intensity modulator 3 a spatial intensity modulator made of copper powder with an average particle size of 45 microns. The average roughness of this spatial intensity modulator is 45 microns.
- the sample support 4 E is mounted to rotate about an axis of rotation orthogonal to the main direction of the X-rays coming from the X-ray source 2.
- the X-ray detection system 5 is placed at a distance D equal to 530mm of the X-ray source 2.
- the sample E is placed at a distance d equal to 25mm from the X-ray source.
- the photo-detector elements 5a of the X-ray detection system 5 are square in shape and have a size from 127pm.
- the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator 3 is in this case equal to 7.5 times the size of the pixels of the first image L ef (x, y).
- the sample support 4 E is placed in different positions, by successive rotations relative to the X-ray source 2.
- a two-dimensional image of the sample E is recorded by the detection system 5 for each defined position of the support 4.
- the set of two-dimensional images of the fly makes it possible to reconstruct a three-dimensional rendering of the fly.
- image (a) represents a conventional radiography of sample E obtained with a conventional X-ray source of the source type for X-ray microtomography, without the use of a spatial intensity modulator.
- image (b) represents a two-dimensional image of the same fly obtained according to the second embodiment of the X-ray imaging method according to the invention, with the same relative position of the sample E with respect to the source of X-ray 2 used only for image (a).
- Image (b) has much less noise than image (a) and is much more contrasted.
- the image (c) is a volume rendering image of the sample E obtained with the second embodiment of the X-ray imaging method according to the invention and by combining the various two-dimensional images corresponding to each of the positions of the support 4 which were obtained by rotation.
- a volume render image is a two-dimensional projection of a series of three-dimensional data.
- the third embodiment of the imaging method according to the invention is used to characterize the elasticity of a sample E consisting of an assembly formed by a latex glove, polystyrene and a wire rope.
- the X-ray source 2 is here a synchrotron type source.
- the spatial intensity modulator 3 is made of copper powder with an average particle size of 45 ⁇ m. The average roughness of this spatial intensity modulator is 45 microns.
- the X-ray detection system 5 is placed at a distance D equal to 156 m from the X-ray source 2.
- the sample E is placed at a distance d equal to 145 m from the X-ray source.
- the photo-detector elements 5a of the x-ray detection system 5 are square in shape and have a size of 23 microns.
- the average roughness of the spatial intensity modulator 3 is in this case equal to 2.1 times the size of the pixels of the first image l ref (x, y).
- a sound wave of frequency 100 and 250 Hz, playing the role of the excitation wave, is triggered during a time interval T 1 min. This sets the sample E in motion.
- the temporal monitoring of the speckles generated by the spatial intensity modulator 3 then makes it possible to reconstitute the field of the maximum displacement at any point of the sample E.
- l image (a) shows an image of the projection of sample E at time t captured in 2 ms.
- Image (b) illustrates the maximum displacement of each point of sample E.
- Image (c) illustrates the value of the Young's modulus of each point in sample E.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1907827A FR3098593B1 (fr) | 2019-07-11 | 2019-07-11 | Dispositif d’imagerie par rayons x et procede d’imagerie associe |
| PCT/FR2020/051140 WO2021005283A1 (fr) | 2019-07-11 | 2020-06-30 | Dispositif d'imagerie par rayons x et procédé d'imagerie associé |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP3997448A1 true EP3997448A1 (fr) | 2022-05-18 |
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| EP20747056.8A Withdrawn EP3997448A1 (fr) | 2019-07-11 | 2020-06-30 | Dispositif d'imagerie par rayons x et procédé d'imagerie associé |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US20220273254A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3997448A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN114207418A (fr) |
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| WO (1) | WO2021005283A1 (fr) |
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| CN119198803B (zh) * | 2024-11-29 | 2025-03-14 | 中国科学技术大学 | 基于dic的近场散斑扫描相衬成像方法及系统 |
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| EP0091400A1 (fr) * | 1982-04-02 | 1983-10-12 | GRETAG Aktiengesellschaft | Procédé et dispositif de focalisation d'un rayon de lumière cohérente |
| CN102802529B (zh) * | 2009-06-16 | 2015-09-16 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 用于微分相衬成像的校正方法 |
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- 2020-06-30 EP EP20747056.8A patent/EP3997448A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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| FR3098593B1 (fr) | 2022-07-29 |
| CN114207418A (zh) | 2022-03-18 |
| FR3098593A1 (fr) | 2021-01-15 |
| WO2021005283A1 (fr) | 2021-01-14 |
| US20220273254A1 (en) | 2022-09-01 |
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