EP3994230A1 - Utilisation du 2,3,3,3-tétrafluoropropène pour le chauffage d'une batterie au lithium - Google Patents
Utilisation du 2,3,3,3-tétrafluoropropène pour le chauffage d'une batterie au lithiumInfo
- Publication number
- EP3994230A1 EP3994230A1 EP20740376.7A EP20740376A EP3994230A1 EP 3994230 A1 EP3994230 A1 EP 3994230A1 EP 20740376 A EP20740376 A EP 20740376A EP 3994230 A1 EP3994230 A1 EP 3994230A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- temperature
- refrigerant
- equal
- tetrafluoropropene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
- B60H1/00278—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit for the battery
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
- B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
- H01M10/6561—Gases
- H01M10/6563—Gases with forced flow, e.g. by blowers
- H01M10/6564—Gases with forced flow, e.g. by blowers using compressed gas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
- H01M10/6571—Resistive heaters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/66—Heat-exchange relationships between the cells and other systems, e.g. central heating systems or fuel cells
- H01M10/663—Heat-exchange relationships between the cells and other systems, e.g. central heating systems or fuel cells the system being an air-conditioner or an engine
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
- B60H2001/00307—Component temperature regulation using a liquid flow
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/22—All components of a mixture being fluoro compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/24—Only one single fluoro component present
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene for heating a lithium battery, that is, comprising a lithium salt as an electrolyte.
- HFO-1234yf 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
- GWP global warming potential
- Electric vehicles have a battery comprising electrochemical cells.
- Each electrochemical cell has a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator and an electrolyte.
- the operation of the battery can be more or less affected, or even the battery can be more or less degraded, depending on the temperature.
- Document FR 2 937 906 describes a method for heating and / or air conditioning a motor vehicle interior using a reversible refrigerant loop in which circulates a refrigerant comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. . This process is also suitable for hybrid vehicles designed to operate alternately on a heat engine and an electric motor.
- Document EP 2 880 739 discloses a system for charging an electric vehicle battery which at the same time makes it possible to control the temperature of the vehicle battery as well as the temperature of the passenger compartment.
- Document US 5,305,613 describes a heating and air conditioning system for the passenger compartment of an electric vehicle that is operated before starting the vehicle to increase the comfort of the driver.
- Document US 201 1/0139397 describes a method for controlling the temperature of the compartment of an electric vehicle, by means of a refrigerant circuit.
- the refrigerant circuit is in particular coupled with the battery.
- the invention relates firstly to the use of a refrigerant comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene for heating a battery of an electric vehicle comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising a lithium salt and the negative electrode comprising metallic lithium as an electrochemically active material.
- the lithium salt of the electrolyte is selected from LiPFe, LiFSI, LiTDI, LiPOF, ⁇ B ⁇ O, LiF2B (C2C> 4) 2, L1BF4, UNO3, LiCICL and mixtures thereof.
- the battery is maintained at a temperature between a minimum temperature ti and a maximum temperature t 2 .
- the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 10 ° C and the maximum temperature t 2 is less than or equal to 40 ° C, preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 15 ° C and the temperature maximum fe is less than or equal to 30 ° C, and more preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 16 ° C and the maximum temperature fe is less than or equal to 28 ° C.
- the refrigerant circulates in a vapor compression circuit.
- the vapor compression circuit is also suitable for heating the passenger compartment of the vehicle and / or for cooling the passenger compartment of the vehicle and / or for cooling the battery of the vehicle.
- the refrigerant consists essentially of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.
- the refrigerant comprises about 78.5 wt% 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and about 21.5 wt% difluoromethane.
- the invention also relates to a method of conditioning the battery of an electric vehicle, said battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising a lithium salt and the electrode.
- negative comprising graphite or a lithium-containing material as an electrochemically active material, the method comprising:
- the lithium salt of the electrolyte is selected from LiPFe, LiFSI, LiTDI, LiPOF, ⁇ B ⁇ O, LiF2B (C2C> 4) 2, L1BF4, UNO3, LiCICL and mixtures thereof.
- the method comprises:
- the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 10 ° C and the maximum temperature t2 is less than or equal to 40 ° C, preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 15 ° C and the maximum temperature fe is less than or equal to 30 ° C, and more preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 16 ° C and the maximum temperature fe is less than or equal to 28 ° C.
- the maintenance of the vehicle battery at a temperature between ti and t2 is carried out alternately by cooling the battery with the refrigerant fluid and by heating the battery.
- the heating of the battery is also partially effected by an electrical resistance.
- the refrigerant circulates in a vapor compression circuit. In some embodiments, the refrigerant consists essentially of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.
- the refrigerant comprises about 78.5 wt% 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and about 21.5 wt% difluoromethane.
- the present invention makes it possible to meet the need expressed above. It makes it possible to ensure optimal operation of the batteries of electric vehicles and to avoid their degradation, and more particularly of batteries whose electrochemical cells comprise an electrolyte based on lithium salt and a negative electrode comprising graphite or a material. containing metallic lithium as an electrochemically active material. This material has the advantage of imparting greater energy density than conventional negative electrode materials. Indeed, metallic lithium has a capacity of approximately 3860 mAh / g.
- electric vehicle (optionally “hybrid”) is meant a motorized device capable of moving or transporting people or equipment, the motor of which is supplied with electrical energy by a motive battery (preferably in all, but possibly only in part. in the case of a hybrid electric vehicle).
- a motive battery preferably in all, but possibly only in part. in the case of a hybrid electric vehicle.
- the motive battery is called more simply “battery” in the context of the present application.
- the electric vehicle is preferably an electric automobile. Alternatively, it can be an electric truck or an electric bus.
- the battery comprises at least one electrochemical cell, and preferably a plurality. Each electrochemical cell comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte interposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
- Each electrochemical cell can also include a separator, in which the electrolyte is impregnated.
- the electrochemical cells can be assembled in series and / or in parallel in the battery.
- negative electrode is meant the electrode which acts as an anode when the battery delivers current (that is to say when it is in the process of discharging) and which acts as a cathode when the battery is discharged. is charging.
- the negative electrode typically comprises an electrochemically active material, optionally an electronically conductive material, and optionally a binder.
- positive electrode is meant the electrode which acts as a cathode when the battery delivers current (that is to say when it is in the process of discharging) and which acts as anode when the battery is discharged. is charging.
- the positive electrode typically comprises an electrochemically active material, optionally an electronically conductive material, and optionally a binder.
- electrochemically active material a material capable of reversibly inserting ions.
- electronically conductive material means a material capable of conducting electrons.
- the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell can in particular comprise, as electrochemically active material, metallic lithium.
- This metallic lithium can be in essentially pure form, or in the form of an alloy.
- the lithium-based alloys which may be used, mention may be made, for example, of lithium-aluminum alloys, lithium-silica alloys, lithium-tin alloys, Li-Zn, LhBi, LhCd and LhSB. Mixtures of the above materials can also be used.
- the negative electrode can be in the form of a film or a rod.
- An example of a negative electrode may include a live lithium film prepared by laminating, between rolls, a lithium strip.
- the positive electrode comprises an electrochemically active material, preferably of the oxide type, and preferably chosen from sodium dioxide.
- manganese (MnC), iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, lithium-manganese composite oxides (for example LixMn204 or LixMnC), oxides of lithium-nickel compositions (for example LixNiC> 2) , lithium-cobalt composition oxides (for example LixCoC> 2), lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxides (for example LiNi-i-yCoyC), lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxides (for example LiNixMnyCozC with x + y + z 1), lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxides enriched in lithium (for example Lii + x (NixMnyCoz) i-x02), composite oxides of lithium and transition metal, composite oxides of lithium -manganese-nickel of spinel structure (for example Li x Mn
- a lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum composite oxide with a high nickel content (UNixCoyAlz with x
- NMC532 LiNio, 5Mno, 3Coo, 202
- NMC622 LiNio, 6Mno, 2Coo, 202
- NMC811 LiNio, 8Mno, iCoo, i02
- each electrode may also comprise, besides the electrochemically active material, an electronically conductive material such as a carbon source, including, for example, carbon black, carbon Ketjen ®, carbon Shawinigan, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers (eg, gas-phase formed carbon fibers or VGCF), non-powdery carbon obtained by carbonizing an organic precursor, or a combination of two or more thereof.
- an electronically conductive material such as a carbon source, including, for example, carbon black, carbon Ketjen ®, carbon Shawinigan, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers (eg, gas-phase formed carbon fibers or VGCF), non-powdery carbon obtained by carbonizing an organic precursor, or a combination of two or more thereof.
- Other additives may also be present in the material of the positive electrode, such as lithium salts or inorganic particles of ceramic or glass type, or even other compatible active materials (for example, sulfur).
- the material of each electrode can also include a binder.
- binders include linear, branched and / or crosslinked polyether polymeric binders (eg, polymers based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), or poly (propylene oxide) (PPO) or of a mixture of the two (or an EO / PO co-polymer), and optionally comprising crosslinkable units), water-soluble binders (such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber) ), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), ACM (acrylate rubber)), or fluoropolymer type binders (such as PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), and combinations thereof.
- binders, such as those soluble in water can also include an additive such as CMC (carboxymethylcellulose).
- the separator can be a porous polymer film.
- the separator may consist of a porous polyolefin film such as ethylene homopolymers, propylene homopolymers, ethylene / butene copolymers, ethylene / hexene copolymers, ethylene / methacrylate copolymers, or multilayer structures of the above polymers.
- the electrolyte can consist of one or more lithium salts dissolved in a solvent or a mixture of solvents with one or more additives.
- the lithium salt or the lithium salts can be chosen from LiPFe (lithium hexafluorophosphate), LiFSI (lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide), LiTDI (2-trifluoromethyl-4, Lithium 5-dicyanoimidazolate), LiPOF 2 , ⁇ B ⁇ O, LiF 2 B (C2C> 4) 2, LiBF 4 , LiNOs, UCI04.
- the solvent (s) can be chosen from the following non-exhaustive list: ethers, esters, ketones, alcohols, nitriles and carbonates.
- ethers such as, for example, dimethoxyethane (DME), methyl ethers of oligoethylene glycols of 2 to 5 oxyethylene units, dioxolane, dioxane, dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and their mixtures.
- DME dimethoxyethane
- methyl ethers of oligoethylene glycols of 2 to 5 oxyethylene units dioxolane, dioxane, dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and their mixtures.
- esters mention may be made of phosphoric acid esters or sulfite esters. Mention may be made, for example, of methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, gamma butyrolactone or mixtures thereof.
- ketones mention may in particular be made of cyclohexanone.
- alcohols there may be mentioned, for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol.
- nitriles mention may be made, for example, of acetonitrile, pyruvonitrile, propionitrile, methoxypropionitrile, dimethylaminopropionitrile, butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, valeronitrile, pivalonitrile, isovaleronitrile, glutaronitroxy 2aronitrile - methylglutaronitrile, 3-methylglutaronitrile, adiponitrile, malononitrile, and mixtures thereof.
- cyclic carbonates such as, for example, ethylene carbonate (EC) (CAS: 96-49-1), propylene carbonate (PC) (CAS: 108-32-7) , butylene carbonate (BC) (CAS: 4437-85-8), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (CAS: 616-38-6), diethyl carbonate (DEC) (CAS: 105-58-8 ), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC) (CAS: 623-53-0), diphenyl carbonate (CAS 102-09-0), methyl phenyl carbonate (CAS: 13509-27-8), carbonate of dipropyl (DPC) (CAS: 623-96-1), methyl and propyl carbonate (MPC) (CAS: 1333-41 -1), ethyl and propyl carbonate (EPC), carbonate of vinylene (VC) (CAS: 872-36-6), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) (CAS:
- the additive (s) may be chosen from the group consisting of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate, 4-vinyl-1, 3-dioxolan-2-one, pyridazine, vinyl pyridazine, quinoline, vinyl quinoline, butadiene, sebaconitrile, alkyldisulfides, fluorotoluene, 1, 4-dimethoxytetrafluorotoluene, t-butylphenol, di-t-butylphenol, tris (pentafluorophenyl) borane, oximes, epoxides aliphatics, halogenated biphenyls, metacrylic acids, allyl ethyl carbonate, vinyl acetate, divinyl adipate, propanesultone, acrylonitrile, 2-vinylpyridine, maleic anhydride, methyl cinnamate, phosphonates, vinyl containing silane compounds, 2-cyan
- HFO-1234yf refers to 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.
- refrigerant means a fluid capable of absorbing heat by evaporating at low temperature and low pressure and of rejecting heat by condensing at high temperature and high pressure, in a vapor compression circuit. , depending on the application considered.
- a refrigerant can consist essentially of a single compound or be a mixture of several compounds.
- the invention uses a refrigerant comprising HFO-1234yf.
- Other heat transfer compounds may or may not be present in the refrigerant in combination with HFO-1234yf.
- the refrigerant can be combined with lubricants and / or additives, to form a heat transfer composition.
- the heat transfer composition is present and circulates in the vapor compression circuit.
- the refrigerant of the invention consists essentially of, or even consists of, HFO-1234yf.
- this refrigerant comprises HFO-1234yf in admixture with one or more other heat transfer compounds, such as hydrofluorocarbons and / or hydrofluoroolefins and / or hydrocarbons and / or hydrochlorofluoroolefins and / or CO2 .
- hydrofluorocarbons mention may in particular be made of difluoromethane (HFC-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1, 1, 2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (FIFC-134a), 1, 1 -difluoroethane (FIFC-152a), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1, 1, 1, 2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (FIFC-227ea), 1 , 1, 1 -trifluoropropane (FIFC-263fb) and mixtures thereof.
- HFC-32 difluoromethane
- HFC-125 pentafluoroethane
- HFC-134 1, 1, 2,2-tetrafluoroethane
- FIFC-134a 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane
- FIFC-152a 1, 1 -difluoroethane
- hydrofluoroolefins mention may in particular be made of 1, 3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze), in cis and / or trans form, and preferably in trans form; and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1,123).
- HFO-1234ze 1, 3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
- HFO-1,123 trifluoroethylene
- hydrochlorofluoroolefins mention may in particular be made of 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd), in cis and / or trans form, and preferably in trans form.
- HCFO-1233zd 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
- this refrigerant comprises at least 50% HFO-1234yf, or at least 60% HFO-1234yf, or at least 70% HFO-1234yf, or at least 80% HFO-1234yf, or at least 90% HFO-1234yf, or at least 95% HFO-1234yf, by weight.
- the refrigerant consists essentially, if not consists, of HFO-1234yf and HFC-32.
- the content of HFO-1234yf is preferably from about 60 to about 95% by weight, more preferably from about 70 to about 90% by weight, more preferably from about 75 to about 85% by weight, preferably still about 78.5% by weight;
- the HFC-32 content is preferably from about 5 to about 40% by weight, more preferably from about 10 to about 30% by weight, more preferably from about 15 to about 25% by weight, and more preferably about 21.5% by weight.
- the additives which can be added to the refrigerant to form the heat transfer composition can in particular be chosen from nanoparticles, stabilizers, surfactants, tracers, fluorescent agents, odorous agents and solubilizing agents.
- the total amount of additives does not exceed 5% by weight, in particular 4%, in particular 3% and very particularly 2% by weight or even 1% by weight of the refrigerant.
- the HFO-1234yf contains impurities. When they are present, they may represent less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5%, preferably less than 0.1%, preferably less than 0.05% and preferably less than 0.01% ( by weight) relative to HFO-1234yf.
- One or more lubricants may be present in the heat transfer composition. These lubricants can be chosen from esters of polyols (POE), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), or polyvinyl ethers (PVE).
- POE polyols
- PAG polyalkylene glycols
- PVE polyvinyl ethers
- the lubricants can represent from 1 to 50%, preferably from 2 to 40% and more preferably from 5 to 30% (by weight) of the heat transfer composition.
- the heating of the battery according to the invention is preferably carried out (at least partially) by means of an installation, which comprises a vapor compression circuit.
- the vapor compression circuit contains the above refrigerant, which provides heat transfer.
- the vapor compression circuit is also suitable for cooling the vehicle battery.
- the vapor compression circuit is also suitable for heating the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
- the vapor compression circuit is also suitable for air conditioning (cooling) the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
- the vapor compression circuit may include different branches equipped with separate heat exchangers, the refrigerant circulating or not circulating in these branches, depending on the mode of operation.
- the vapor compression circuit may include means for changing the direction of circulation of the refrigerant, comprising for example one or more three-way or four-way valves.
- the main steps of the heat transfer process are carried out cyclically and include:
- the evaporation of the refrigerant can be carried out from a liquid phase or from a two-phase liquid / vapor mixture.
- the compressor can be hermetic, semi-hermetic or open.
- Hermetic compressors include a motor part and a compression part which are confined in a non-removable hermetic enclosure.
- Semi-hermetic compressors include a motor part and a compression part which are directly assembled against each other. The coupling between the engine part and the compression part is accessible by separating the two parts by disassembly.
- Open compressors have a motor part and a compression part which are separate. They can operate by belt drive or by direct coupling.
- a compressor it is possible to use in particular a dynamic compressor, or a positive displacement compressor.
- Dynamic compressors include axial compressors and centrifugal compressors, which can be single or multi-stage. Mini centrifugal compressors can also be used.
- Positive displacement compressors include rotary compressors and reciprocating compressors.
- Reciprocating compressors include diaphragm compressors and reciprocating compressors.
- Rotary compressors include screw compressors, rotary lobe compressors, scroll (or scroll) compressors, liquid ring compressors, and vane compressors.
- the screw compressors can preferably be twin-screw or single-screw.
- the implementation of the invention is particularly advantageous when a scroll compressor is used because of its good performance under typical conditions of a motor vehicle.
- the compressor may include a device for injecting steam or liquid. Injection involves introducing refrigerant in the liquid or vapor state into the compressor at an intermediate level between the start and end of compression.
- the compressor can be driven by an electric motor or by a gas turbine (for example powered by the exhaust gases of a vehicle) or by gearing.
- the evaporator and the condenser are heat exchangers. It is possible to use any type of heat exchanger in the invention, and in particular cocurrent heat exchangers or, preferably, countercurrent heat exchangers.
- counter-current heat exchanger a heat exchanger in which heat is exchanged between a first fluid and a second fluid, the first fluid at the inlet of the exchanger exchanging heat with the heat exchanger.
- second fluid at the outlet of the exchanger, and the first fluid at the outlet of the exchanger exchanging heat with the second fluid at the inlet of the exchanger is meant.
- countercurrent heat exchangers include devices in which the flow of the first fluid and the flow of the second fluid are in opposite, or nearly opposite, directions. Exchangers operating in cross-current mode with a counter-current tendency are also included among the counter-current heat exchangers.
- the heat exchangers can in particular be U-tube, horizontal or vertical tube bundle, spiral, plate or finned exchangers.
- the installation can also optionally include at least one heat transfer fluid circuit used to transport heat (with or without change of state) between the circuit of the heat transfer composition and the battery.
- the installation does not include a heat transfer fluid circuit used to transport heat between the heat transfer composition circuit and the battery.
- a heat exchanger of the circuit containing the heat transfer composition ensures a heat exchange between the refrigerant and the air, which is then blown onto the coil to ensure the heat exchange. with the battery itself.
- a heat exchanger of the circuit containing the heat transfer composition is in contact with the battery or integrated into the battery.
- the installation can also optionally include two vapor compression circuits (or more), containing identical or different heat transfer compositions.
- vapor compression circuits can be coupled together.
- the installation comprises a single vapor compression circuit.
- the refrigerant can be superheated between evaporation and compression, that is to say it can be brought to a temperature higher than the end of evaporation temperature, between evaporation and compression.
- evaporation start temperature is meant the temperature of the refrigerant entering the evaporator.
- end of evaporation temperature is meant the temperature of the refrigerant during the evaporation of the last drop of refrigerant in liquid form (saturated vapor temperature or dew point temperature).
- the evaporation start temperature is equal to the evaporation end temperature at constant pressure.
- the term “superheating” denotes the temperature differential between the maximum temperature reached by the refrigerant before compression (i.e. the maximum temperature reached by the refrigerant at the end of the superheating step) and the end of evaporation temperature.
- This maximum temperature is generally the temperature of the refrigerant entering the compressor. It can correspond to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator.
- the refrigerant can be at least partly superheated between the evaporator and the compressor (for example by means of an internal exchanger).
- the superheating can be adjusted by an appropriate adjustment of the parameters of the installation, and in particular by an adjustment of the expansion module.
- the superheating may be 1 to 25 ° C, preferably 2 to 10 ° C, preferably 3 to 7 ° C and more preferably 4 to 6 ° C.
- the refrigerant can be sub-cooled between the condensation and the expansion, that is to say it can be brought to a temperature below the end of condensation temperature, between the condensation and the expansion. relaxation.
- temperature of the start of condensation is meant the temperature of the refrigerant in the condenser when the first liquid drop of refrigerant appears, called the vapor saturation temperature or dew point temperature.
- end of condensation temperature is meant the temperature of the refrigerant during the condensation of the last fluid bubble. refrigerant in gaseous form, called liquid saturation temperature or bubble temperature.
- sub-cooling denotes the possible temperature differential (in absolute value) between the minimum temperature reached by the refrigerant before expansion (that is, say the minimum temperature reached by the refrigerant at the end of the sub-cooling step) and the end of condensation temperature.
- This minimum temperature is generally the temperature of the refrigerant entering the expansion module. It can correspond to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the condenser.
- the refrigerant can be at least partly sub-cooled between the condenser and the expansion module (for example by means of an internal exchanger).
- the subcooling when present, may be 1 to 50 ° C, preferably 1 to 40 ° C, preferably 1 to 30 ° C, preferably 1 at 20 ° C, from 1 to 15 ° C, preferably from 1 to 10 ° C and more preferably from 1 to 5 ° C.
- the expansion module can be a thermostatic valve called a thermostatic or electronic expansion valve with one or more ports, or a pressostatic expansion valve that regulates the pressure. It can also be a capillary tube in which the expansion of the fluid is obtained by the pressure drop in the tube.
- the invention relates to the use of a refrigerant comprising HFO-1234yf for heating the above battery.
- battery temperature is generally meant the temperature of an outer wall of one or more of its electrochemical cells.
- the temperature of the battery can be measured using a temperature sensor. If several temperature sensors are present in the battery, the battery temperature can be considered as being the average of the different measured temperatures.
- the above heating can be done while the vehicle battery is charging. Alternatively, it can be carried out when the battery is discharged, in particular when the vehicle engine is on. It is to prevent the battery temperature from being too low due to the outside temperature.
- the heater in question makes it possible to raise the temperature of the battery by at least 5 ° C, or by at least 10 ° C, or by at least 15 ° C, or by at least 20 ° C, or at least 25 ° C or at least 30 ° C.
- the outside temperature during heating of the battery is less than or equal to 5 ° C, preferably less than or equal to 0 ° C, more preferably less than or equal to -10 ° C, more preferably less or equal to -15 ° C, more preferably less than or equal to -20 ° C.
- outside temperature is meant the ambient temperature outside the vehicle.
- an electrical resistance contributes partially to heating the battery, either at different times than heating by the vapor compression circuit, or simultaneously.
- only the vapor compression circuit is responsible for heating the battery.
- the heating of the battery is continuous over a period of time.
- the heating of the battery alternates with periods of interruption or even periods in which the battery is cooled.
- the battery can be done in particular by means of the vapor compression circuit described above.
- the heating and optionally the cooling make it possible to maintain the temperature of the battery within an optimum temperature range, in particular when the vehicle is in operation (engine on), and in particular when the vehicle is moving. Indeed, if the temperature of the battery is too high, the performance of the latter is likely to decrease and the battery to degrade.
- the temperature of the vehicle battery is thus maintained between a minimum temperature ti and a maximum temperature t2.
- the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 10 ° C and the maximum temperature t2 is less than or equal to 40 ° C, preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 15 ° C and the maximum temperature fe is less than or equal to 30 ° C, and more preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 16 ° C and the maximum temperature fe is less than or equal to 28 ° C.
- a feedback loop is advantageously present, to modify the operating parameters of the installation as a function of the temperature of the battery which is measured, in order to ensure that the desired temperature is maintained.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1907557A FR3098221B1 (fr) | 2019-07-05 | 2019-07-05 | Utilisation du 2,3,3,3-tétrafluoropropène pour le chauffage d’une batterie au lithium |
| PCT/FR2020/050946 WO2021005277A1 (fr) | 2019-07-05 | 2020-06-03 | Utilisation du 2,3,3,3-tétrafluoropropène pour le chauffage d'une batterie au lithium |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3994230A1 true EP3994230A1 (fr) | 2022-05-11 |
Family
ID=69172843
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20740376.7A Withdrawn EP3994230A1 (fr) | 2019-07-05 | 2020-06-03 | Utilisation du 2,3,3,3-tétrafluoropropène pour le chauffage d'une batterie au lithium |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12247154B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3994230A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP7697922B6 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN114080440A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3098221B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021005277A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20260036432A (ko) * | 2023-04-18 | 2026-03-17 | 솔스티스 어드밴스드 머티리얼즈 유에스 인코포레이티드 | 유연형 히트펌프를 이용한 차량용 공조 시스템 |
| KR20260039839A (ko) * | 2024-09-13 | 2026-03-23 | 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 | 자동차의 배터리 열 관리 방법 및 그 장치 |
Family Cites Families (16)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3267993B2 (ja) | 1991-11-27 | 2002-03-25 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 車両用エアコンディショニングシステム |
| FR2937906B1 (fr) * | 2008-11-03 | 2010-11-19 | Arkema France | Procede de chauffage et/ou climatisation d'un vehicule. |
| US20170080773A1 (en) * | 2008-11-03 | 2017-03-23 | Arkema France | Vehicle Heating and/or Air Conditioning Method |
| SG176215A1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2012-01-30 | Arkema Inc | Aqueous polyvinylidene fluoride composition |
| DE102009043316A1 (de) | 2009-09-28 | 2011-03-31 | Valeo Klimasysteme Gmbh | Verfahren zur Steuerung der Innenraumtemperatur eines elektrisch betriebenen Fahrzeugs und Klimaanlagensystem |
| EP2751180A1 (fr) | 2011-08-29 | 2014-07-09 | E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company | Compositions comportant du 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane et une oléfine fluorée et leurs utilisations |
| JP6201434B2 (ja) | 2012-07-18 | 2017-09-27 | 株式会社デンソー | 冷凍サイクル装置 |
| US8751085B2 (en) | 2012-08-03 | 2014-06-10 | Chrysler Group Llc | Method and system for battery charging and thermal management control in electrified vehicles |
| KR102163731B1 (ko) * | 2013-11-22 | 2020-10-08 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 리튬 전지용 전해질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 전지 |
| JP6318100B2 (ja) | 2015-01-27 | 2018-04-25 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 全固体二次電池、これに用いる固体電解質組成物および電池用電極シートならびに電池用電極シートおよび全固体二次電池の製造方法 |
| US11100083B2 (en) | 2015-01-29 | 2021-08-24 | Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp | Read only bufferpool |
| KR102044426B1 (ko) | 2015-12-04 | 2019-11-13 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 전지모듈들을 균일하게 냉각시킬 수 있는 간접 냉각 시스템 및 이를 포함하는 전지팩 |
| CN108028336B (zh) | 2016-01-12 | 2021-08-06 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 具有用于单元模块的稳定固定装置的电池模块组件 |
| KR102196263B1 (ko) | 2016-11-30 | 2020-12-29 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 액상 냉매 사용에 대해 안정성이 향상된 냉각 구조를 가지는 전지팩 |
| FR3062714A1 (fr) * | 2017-02-06 | 2018-08-10 | Valeo Systemes Thermiques | Circuit de gestion thermique et echangeur thermique associe |
| JP6724888B2 (ja) | 2017-03-16 | 2020-07-15 | 株式会社デンソー | 機器温調装置 |
-
2019
- 2019-07-05 FR FR1907557A patent/FR3098221B1/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-06-03 EP EP20740376.7A patent/EP3994230A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2020-06-03 US US17/597,250 patent/US12247154B2/en active Active
- 2020-06-03 JP JP2022500003A patent/JP7697922B6/ja active Active
- 2020-06-03 WO PCT/FR2020/050946 patent/WO2021005277A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2020-06-03 CN CN202080049203.3A patent/CN114080440A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP7697922B6 (ja) | 2025-07-28 |
| JP2022538480A (ja) | 2022-09-02 |
| WO2021005277A1 (fr) | 2021-01-14 |
| JP7697922B2 (ja) | 2025-06-24 |
| US20220315821A1 (en) | 2022-10-06 |
| FR3098221A1 (fr) | 2021-01-08 |
| CN114080440A (zh) | 2022-02-22 |
| US12247154B2 (en) | 2025-03-11 |
| FR3098221B1 (fr) | 2023-12-08 |
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