Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
  • H03H9/02—Details
  • H03H9/05—Holders; Supports
  • H03H9/08—Holders with means for regulating temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
  • H03B5/30—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element being electromechanical resonator
  • H03B5/32—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element being electromechanical resonator being a piezoelectric resonator
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B1/00—Details
  • H03B1/02—Structural details of power oscillators, e.g. for heating
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
  • H03H9/46—Filters
  • H03H9/462—Microelectro-mechanical filters
  • H03H9/465—Microelectro-mechanical filters in combination with other electronic elements
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
  • H03H9/46—Filters
  • H03H9/54—Filters comprising resonators of piezoelectric or electrostrictive material
  • H03H9/542—Filters comprising resonators of piezoelectric or electrostrictive material including passive elements
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
  • H03L1/00—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply
  • H03L1/02—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply against variations of temperature only
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
  • H03L1/00—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply
  • H03L1/02—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply against variations of temperature only
  • H03L1/04—Constructional details for maintaining temperature constant
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
  • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
  • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
  • H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
  • H03H9/02—Details
  • H03H9/02007—Details of bulk acoustic wave devices
  • H03H9/02086—Means for compensation or elimination of undesirable effects
  • H03H9/02102—Means for compensation or elimination of undesirable effects of temperature influence
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
  • H03H9/02—Details
  • H03H9/02244—Details of microelectro-mechanical resonators
  • H03H9/02433—Means for compensation or elimination of undesired effects
  • H03H9/02448—Means for compensation or elimination of undesired effects of temperature influence
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
  • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators
  • H03H9/02—Details
  • H03H9/02535—Details of surface acoustic wave devices
  • H03H9/02818—Means for compensation or elimination of undesirable effects
  • H03H9/02834—Means for compensation or elimination of undesirable effects of temperature influence

Definitions

• the field of the invention is that of precision frequency sources.
• the invention relates to a temperature-controlled radiofrequency (or RF) resonator and to a corresponding RF oscillator.
• RF radiofrequency
• the invention thus has numerous applications, whether for analog applications, for example in fields requiring the generation of precision RF signals, or else for digital applications, for example in fields requiring the generation of precision clocks. .
• the frequency sources are necessary for the generation of periodic signals of any kind, both for analogue (eg for the generation of RF carriers) and digital applications (eg for the generation of clocks intended to clock digital circuits based on rockers).
• RF frequencies are based on the use of one (or more) resonant element making it possible to filter, around the resonant frequency of the resonant element in question, a periodic signal maintained within an oscillator.
• the use of such a resonant element makes it possible in particular to improve the performance in terms of phase noise of the periodic signal maintained within the oscillator via the filtering effected by the resonant element.
• the resonant frequency of such a resonant element is a function of its temperature. This is why the sources of known precision frequencies use a temperature control of the resonant element that they implement.
• FIG. 1 illustrates such a temperature controlled RF resonator 100 according to a known implementation. More particularly, the RF resonator 100 comprises an insulating thermal enclosure 110 inside which are implemented:
• a resonant element 120 configured to provide an output RF signal 120s when energized by an input RF signal 120th. More particularly, the output RF signal 120s corresponds to the input RF signal 120e filtered around the RF resonant frequency of the resonant element 120;
• a heating element 130 configured to provide thermal energy within the thermal enclosure 110 when powered by a low frequency electrical signal 130ali, or LF, power.
• the heating element 130 is a resistor producing heat by the Joule effect when an electric current passes through it (electric current which in this case corresponds to the electric signal 130ali).
• the electrical signal 130ali it is desired that the electrical signal 130ali be continuous, or DC, (for "Direct Current” in English).
• DC for "Direct Current” in English
• the signal in question is again more generally LF, knowing that the BF terminology covers the ideal case DC according to the present application.
• such an electrical signal 130ali is intended to be controlled via a control loop.
• the electrical signal 130ali varies over time, whether this is when the servo-control loop is closed, or else when the servo-control setpoint changes (eg to follow the variations. in temperature measured by temperature probe 140).
• the spectrum of variations of the electrical signal 130ali is in this implementation limited in frequency by the bandwidth of the control loop. In practice, the variations in question are thus LF, as opposed to the resonant frequency RF of the resonator 100; and
• a temperature probe 140 configured to deliver an electrical signal 140mes BF for measuring as a function of the temperature present inside the thermal enclosure 110.
• the temperature probe 140 is a variable resistor as a function of the temperature.
• the electrical measurement signal 140mes BF is in this case a current whose intensity is a function of the temperature when the temperature probe 140 is subjected to a given potential difference.
• the RF resonator 100 comprises six input / output ports 100es1 to 100es6 (a given input / output port being understood in the present application as comprising a single electrical connection (eg a single conductor propagating the various incoming signals. (s) / outgoing).
• the six input / output ports 100esl to 100es6 pass through the insulating thermal enclosure 110 so as to electrically connect the various aforementioned elements present inside the thermal enclosure 110 to a external electrical circuit, for example an oscillator for generating and sustaining the input 120th RF signal More specifically: the input / output port 100esl allows the input 120th RF signal to be propagated from outside the enclosure 110 for the resonant element 120;
• the input / output port 100es2 makes it possible to propagate the output RF signal 120s from the resonant element 120 to the outside of the enclosure 110;
• the input / output port 100es3, respectively the input / output port 100es4, makes it possible to propagate the electric power signal 130ali BF from, respectively to, a power supply external to the enclosure 110 to, respectively from, the heating element 130;
• the input / output port 100es5, respectively the input / output port 100es6, makes it possible to propagate the electrical signal 140mes BF of measurement from, respectively to, the temperature probe 140 to, respectively from, outside the pregnant 110.
• Such an RF resonator 100 is conventionally embedded within an RF oscillator in order to generate a precision RF signal.
• precision frequency sources are finding more and more applications in which the criterion of electrical energy consumption is important, for example when they are on-board a device in energy autonomy, or having access limited to such energy resources (eg in a radiocommunication terminal, satellite, laptop, etc.).
• a temperature-controlled RF resonator comprising an insulating thermal enclosure inside which are implemented:
• At least one resonant element configured to deliver an output RF signal when fed by an input RF signal, the output RF signal corresponding to the input RF signal filtered around a resonant frequency of said at least one resonant element;
• At least one heating element configured to provide thermal energy within the thermal enclosure when said at least one heating element is supplied by a low frequency electrical signal, or LF, of supply;
• At least one temperature probe configured to deliver an electrical signal LF for measuring a function of a temperature inside the thermal enclosure.
• Such an RF resonator comprises at least one input / output port passing through the insulating thermal enclosure, said at least one input / output port propagating at least:
• the invention proposes a new and inventive solution for reducing the electrical energy consumption of a temperature-controlled RF resonator.
• input / output ports (a given input / output port being understood as comprising a single electrical connection (eg a single conductor propagating the various incoming / outgoing signals) passing through the insulating thermal enclosure) in order to propagate both an RF signal and an LF signal makes it possible to minimize the number of openings present in the enclosure. In this way, thermal losses are reduced, which makes it possible to reduce the energy consumption linked to the heating of the enclosure.
• the RF resonator further comprises inside the insulating thermal enclosure:
• the RF path on which the RF signals propagate and on which said at least one resonant element is implemented, the RF path comprising decoupling means blocking the LF electrical components.
• Such decoupling means comprise for example one (or more) capacitors.
• the decoupling means comprise said at least one resonant element.
• the LF / RF decoupling is obtained in a simple and efficient manner.
• a resonant element of the MEMS, piezoelectric, or even SAW or BAW type is used, such resonant elements naturally exhibiting a capacitive effect at LF.
• the RF resonator further comprises inside the insulating thermal enclosure:
• first LF path on which propagates the LF electrical supply signal and on which said at least one heating element is implemented, the first LF path comprising at least a first trap circuit blocking the RF electrical components;
• the second LF path on which propagates the LF electrical measurement signal and on which said at least one temperature probe is implemented, the second LF path comprising at least one second trap circuit blocking the RF electrical components.
• the trap circuit (s) comprises an inductor, implemented in the form of a discrete element or in a distributed form (e.g. via a section of printed track behaving like an inductor at RF frequencies).
• the trap circuit (s) can also be implemented in the form of a higher order filter circuit having better rejection at a given RF frequency than a single inductor.
• a first end of the RF path and a first end of the first LF path are electrically connected to a first input / output port passing through the insulating thermal enclosure; and / or a second end of the RF path and a first end of the second LF path are electrically connected to a second input / output port passing through the insulating thermal enclosure.
• the RF resonator comprises the first LF path and said second LF path.
• a second end of the first LF path and a second end of the second LF path are electrically connected to a third input / output port passing through the insulating thermal enclosure.
• an RF oscillator comprising an RF resonator according to any one of the above embodiments.
• the RF resonator of the RF oscillator comprises the first LF path and / or the second LF path (according to any one of the aforementioned embodiments in which the RF resonator comprises the first and / or the second BF path in question).
• the RF resonator comprises the first and / or the second BF path in question.
• the first input / output port is electrically connected to both at least: a first end of an RF path of the oscillator propagating the input RF signal, respectively the output RF signal, the first end of the RF path of the oscillator comprising first decoupling means blocking the LF electrical components; and
• the second input / output port is electrically connected to both at least:
• the second LF path of the oscillator comprising at least a second oscillator trap circuit blocking the RF electrical components.
• the second end of the first LF path of the RF resonator and the second end of the second LF path of the RF resonator are electrically connected to a third input / output port passing through the insulating thermal enclosure.
• the third input / output port is electrically connected to an electrical ground of the RF oscillator.
• FIG. 1 already discussed above in relation to the section “Prior art and its drawbacks”, illustrates a temperature-controlled RF resonator according to a known implementation
• FIG. 2 illustrates a temperature-controlled RF resonator according to one embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 3 illustrates an RF oscillator comprising the temperature controlled RF resonator of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 4a and FIG. 4b illustrate the phase noise performances obtained for the oscillator of FIG. 3 in relation to an oscillator comprising the known RF resonator of FIG. 1.
• the general principle of the invention is based on the reuse of one (or more) input / output port of a temperature controlled RF resonator to propagate both an RF signal (eg the 120th input RF signal or the output RF signal 120s) and an LF signal (eg the electrical power supply signal 130ali BF or the measurement electrical signal 140mes BF) used by some of the elements present inside the insulating thermal enclosure of the RF resonator. In this way, thermal losses are reduced, which makes it possible to reduce the energy consumption linked to the heating of the enclosure.
• an RF signal eg the 120th input RF signal or the output RF signal 120s
• an LF signal eg the electrical power supply signal 130ali BF or the measurement electrical signal 140mes BF
• a temperature-controlled RF resonator 200 according to one embodiment of the invention.
• the RF resonator 200 takes up part of the constituent elements of the RF resonator 100 discussed above in relation to FIG. 1. More particularly, the RF resonator 200 also comprises an insulating thermal enclosure 110 inside which are implemented:
• a resonant element 120 configured to provide the output RF signal 120s when fed by the input RF signal 120e.
• the output RF signal 120s corresponds to the input RF signal 120th filtered around the RF resonant frequency of the resonant element 120.
• multiple resonant elements are used to enhance the filtering. of the RF signal, and therefore the noise performance even though the size of the solution is affected.
• a heating element 130 configured to provide thermal energy within the enclosure 110 when the heating element 130 is supplied by the electric power signal 130ali BF.
• the heating element 130 is for example a resistance producing heat by the Joule effect when an electric current passes through it, which in this case corresponds to the electric signal 130ali.
• several heating elements are used, for example in a distributed manner inside the enclosure 110 in order to make the temperature uniform.
• a temperature probe 140 configured to deliver the electrical measurement signal 140mes BF proportional to a temperature inside the thermal enclosure 110.
• the temperature probe 140 is for example a variable resistor as a function of the temperature.
• the electrical measurement signal 140mes BF is in this case a current whose intensity is a function of the temperature when the temperature probe 140 is subjected to a given potential difference.
• several temperature probes are used, for example in a distributed manner inside the enclosure 110 in order to better estimate the temperature.
• the RF resonator 200 includes two input / output ports, 200esl and 200es2, passing through the thermal insulating enclosure 110, each of the two input / output ports in question propagating an RF signal, 120e or 120s, and a signal BF, 130ali or 140mes.
• the reuse of the input / output ports 220esl, 200es2 in order to propagate both an RF signal, 120e or 120s, and an LF signal, 130ali or 140mes makes it possible to minimize the number of openings present in the enclosure. 110. In this way, heat losses are reduced, which makes it possible to reduce the energy consumption linked to the heating of the enclosure 110. In fact, the energy consumption is essentially linked to the power to be supplied to compensate for the heat losses. due to the various accesses between the interior and the exterior of the enclosure 110.
• the order of magnitude of the consumption of an oscillation circuit can be from a few tens to a few hundred microwatts, while the consumption of the elements present in the enclosure 110 is of the order of 100 mW.
• the resonant element 120 is placed in a vacuum, thus limiting convection.
• the radiation is in turn controlled by the coating of the housing surrounding the area to be maintained at the set temperature.
• the thermal conduction is due to the various physical elements making the link between the zone to be heated and the outside of the enclosure 110. These elements are the electrical wires and the mechanical support.
• a 25 ⁇ m diameter gold bridging wire has a resistivity of 26 MK .W 1 .rrf 1 . This resistivity is divided by the number of wires necessary for the implementation of the resonator.
• a thermal resistance of 2.5 kK.W 1 is obtained, which gives an equivalent resistance of 1, 9 kK-W ⁇ -m 1 with three wires 1 mm long (configuration of Fig. 2 for example) and 1.7 kK.W 1 . m 1 with five wires always 1 mm long (configuration of Fig. 1 for example).
• the consumption with five wires can thus be estimated at 85.5 mW in the case of a temperature variation of 145 K inside the enclosure 110, and that of the configuration with three wires at 75 mW, i.e. 12% reduction in energy consumption by moving from five input / output ports to three input / output ports.
• the same calculation performed for wires 100 ⁇ m in length gives a 33% reduction in power consumption by going from five input / output ports to three input / output ports.
• the start-up time (ie the time necessary to bring the elements of the RF resonator 200 to the desired temperature and therefore to correctly stabilize its resonant frequency on the desired frequency) is linked to the calorific mass of the RF resonator 200, and therefore to the thermal leaks among others.
• the start-up time of the RF resonator 200 is thus also reduced compared to the start-up time of the known RF resonator 100.
• a single input / output port is reused in order to propagate both an RF signal and an LF signal through the enclosure 110.
• a gain is still obtained by terms of heat losses, although to a lesser extent, compared to the case of FIG. 2 or more input / output ports are reused.
• 200esl input / output port propagates both input 120th RF signal and 130ali BF power supply electrical signal.
• a first end of the 200crf RF path (the 200crf RF path being the path on which the resonant element 120 is implemented and along which the RF signal propagates within the enclosure 110 as illustrated by the arrow in dotted lines 200crf in the figures) and a first end of the first path BF 200cbfl (the first path BF 200cbfl being the path on which the heating element 130 is implemented and along which the electrical signal 130ali BF of power supply propagates within the enclosure 110 as illustrated by the dotted arrow 200cbfl in the figures) are electrically connected to the input / output port 200esl.
• the input / output port 200es2 propagates both the output 120s RF signal and the 140mes LF electrical measurement signal.
• a second end of the 200crf RF path and a first end of the second BF 200cbf2 path are electrically connected to the input / output port 200esl.
• the role of the RF ports of the RF resonator 200 are reversed, with the RF resonator 200 being symmetrical in terms of its RF path 200crf.
• one input / output port propagates both the output RF signal and the power supply LF electrical signal
• another input / output port propagates both the input and output 120th RF signal.
• the 200crf RF path comprises decoupling means blocking the LF electrical components.
• the electrical supply signal 130ali BF is routed to the first path BF 200cbfl.
• the electrical measurement signal BF 140mes is routed to the second path BF 200cbf2.
• the decoupling means in question comprise the resonant element 120 itself. Indeed, certain resonant elements such as those of the MEMS type, or of the piezoelectric type, or of the SAW or BAW type naturally exhibit a capacitive effect making it possible to block the LF electrical components.
• the decoupling means comprise one (or more) capacitor, for example implemented in the form of a discrete element. In other embodiments, the decoupling means comprise a higher order high pass circuit allowing better rejection of certain LF frequencies.
• the first path BF 200cbfl comprises a first circuit 200cbl blocking the RF electrical components.
• the second path BF 200cbf2 comprises a second trap circuit 200cb2 also blocking the RF electrical components.
• the RF signals 100e and 100s are routed to the RF path 200crf.
• the first 200cbl and second 200cb2 trap circuits comprise an inductor, implemented in the form of a discrete element or in a distributed form (e.g. via a section of printed track behaving like an inductor at RF frequencies).
• the first trap circuit 200cbl and / or the second trap circuit 200cb2 comprises a plurality of elements (discrete or distributed) in order to obtain a higher order filter circuit having better rejection at a frequency.
• RF given as a simple inductor.
• a second end of the first path BF 200cbfl and a second end of the second path BF 200cbf2 are electrically connected to a third port input / output 200es3.
• the number of openings present in the enclosure 110 is further reduced, as well as the heat losses.
• an RF oscillator 300 comprising the RF resonator 200.
• the RF resonator 200 makes it possible to filter the oscillation signal maintained by the active part 310 of the oscillator in order to obtain good performance, for example in terms of phase noise.
• the active part 310 also makes it possible to measure the electrical signal BF 140mes of measurement delivered by the temperature probe 140 and to generate the electrical signal BF 130ali for supplying the heating element 130 according to the value measured for the 140mes electrical signal.
• the functions of measuring the electrical signal LF 140mes and generating the electrical signal LF 130ali are deported from the active part 310 dedicated as such in this case to the generation and maintenance of the oscillations. RF.
• 200esl input / output port is electrically connected to both:
• a first LF path of oscillator 300 propagating the electrical power supply signal 130ali LF and comprising a first trap circuit 300cbl of oscillator 300 blocking the RF electrical components.
• the 200es2 input / output port is electrically connected to both:
• a second LF path of oscillator 300 propagating the 140mes LF electrical measurement signal and comprising a second trap circuit 300cb2 of oscillator 300 blocking the RF electrical components.
• the first 300cbl and second 300cb2 plug circuits of oscillator 300 comprise an inductor, implemented in the form of a discrete element or in a distributed form (eg via a section of printed track behaving like an inductor at RF frequencies).
• the first trap circuit 300cbl of oscillator 300 and / or the second trap circuit 300cb2 of oscillator 300 comprises a plurality of elements (discrete or distributed) in order to obtain a filter circuit d 'higher order exhibiting better rejection at a given RF frequency than a simple inductor.
• the first 300mdl and second 300md2 decoupling means comprise one (or more) capacitor, for example implemented in the form of a discrete element.
• the first decoupling means 300mdl and / or the second decoupling means 300md2 are implemented in the form of a higher order high-pass circuit allowing better rejection of certain LF frequencies.
• the input / output port 200es3 is electrically connected to the electrical ground of the oscillator 300.
• the input / output ports in question are each electrically connected to the electrical ground of the oscillator 300.
• phase noise (NF) performance obtained for oscillator 300 in a configuration where it is configured to resonate at 418 MHz.
• curve 400a2 (Fig. 4a) illustrates the phase noise measured for oscillator 300 as a function of the frequency offset with respect to the resonant frequency of resonator 200 and for a given temperature inside the enclosure 110 (here 62 ° C);
• the curve 400al (Fig. 4a) illustrates the phase noise measured for a so-called reference oscillator having the same constituent elements as the oscillator 300 apart from the known RF resonator 100 which is used instead of the resonator RF 200.
• the phase noise is here also measured as a function of the frequency offset with respect to the resonant frequency of the resonator 100 and for the same temperature given inside the enclosure 110 (here 62 ° C) .
• curves 400bl and 400b2 (Fig. 4b) illustrate the phase noise measured respectively for oscillator 300 and for the reference oscillator, at 100 Hz offset from the resonant frequency of the resonator implemented in the oscillator in question, and as a function of the temperature (each of the curves 400b1 and 400b2 is normalized with respect to the value of the curve 400b2 at 28.5 ° C);
• the curves 400b3 and 400b4 (Fig. 4b) illustrate the phase noise measured respectively for the oscillator 300 and for the reference oscillator, at 1 kHz offset from the resonant frequency of the resonator used in the oscillator in question, and as a function of the temperature (each of the curves 400b3 and 400b4 is normalized with respect to the value of the curve 400b4 at 28.5 ° C);
• curves 400b5 and 400b6 (Fig. 4b) illustrate the phase noise measured respectively for oscillator 300 and for the reference oscillator, at 10 kHz offset from the resonant frequency of the resonator implemented in the oscillator in question, and as a function of the temperature (each of the curves 400b5 and 400b6 is normalized with respect to the value of the curve 400b6 at 28.5 ° C).

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
• Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
• Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)

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• 2019
  • 2019-06-21 FR FR1906710A patent/FR3097706B1/fr active Active
• 2020
  • 2020-05-28 EP EP20727687.4A patent/EP3987659A1/de active Pending
  • 2020-05-28 WO PCT/EP2020/064923 patent/WO2020254090A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2020-05-28 JP JP2021576309A patent/JP2022542215A/ja active Pending
  • 2020-05-28 US US17/620,829 patent/US11716054B2/en active Active
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