Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/80—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,2
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
  • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
  • A01N33/08—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds containing oxygen or sulfur
  • A01N33/10—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds containing oxygen or sulfur having at least one oxygen or sulfur atom directly attached to an aromatic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof
  • A01N37/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof the nitrogen atom being directly attached to an aromatic ring system, e.g. anilides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/34—Nitriles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N41/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom
  • A01N41/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom containing a sulfur-to-oxygen double bond
  • A01N41/10—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
  • A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
  • A01N43/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings with sulfur as the ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
  • A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/66—1,3,5-Triazines, not hydrogenated and not substituted at the ring nitrogen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
  • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
  • A01N47/36—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< directly attached to at least one heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
  • A01P13/00—Herbicides; Algicides
  • A01P13/02—Herbicides; Algicides selective

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to compositions and uses of at least one 3-isoxazolidinone analog herbicide selected from 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4-DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,5-DC”), including combinations with a second herbicide.
• 3-isoxazolidinone analog herbicide selected from 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4-DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,5-DC”), including combinations with a second herbicide.
• United States Patent 4,405,357 discloses certain 3-isoxazolidinones which exhibit desirable selective herbicidal activity. Specifically, such compounds are shown to be effective in controlling grassy and broadleaf weed species while leaving legumes, particularly soybeans, unaffected. Among the compounds specifically disclosed in this patent are 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone. Both such compounds are effective against a number of weeds. However, there is still a need for effective combinations of herbicides to reduce or nullify the injury of the crop plants by using selective formulations while not affecting the herbicidal action on the weeds to be controlled.
• the present invention addresses such need.
• the present invention discloses novel compositions for protecting crops from undesirable vegetation.
• One aspect of the invention is directed to a composition containing a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4-DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,5-DC”); and at least one second herbicide and use thereof in controlling undesirable vegetation which interfere with crop growth.
• a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4-DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,5-DC”
• compositions comprising a herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4-DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,5-DC”); at least one formulation component selected from the group consisting of adjuvants for an EC formulation, adjuvants for an SC formulation, and adjuvants for a CS formulation; and optionally, one or more additional active ingredients.
• a herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4-DC”)
• 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone 2,5-DC”
• at least one formulation component selected from the group consisting of adjuvants for an EC formulation, adj
• the disclosed composition contains either 2, 4-DC or 2,5-DC and the second herbicide that is different from the first herbicide, wherein when the first herbicide is 2,4-DC, the second herbicide is not 2,5-DC, and when the first herbicide is 2,5-DC, the second herbicide is not 2,4-DC.
• the first herbicide is 2,4-DC. In another embodiment, the first herbicide is 2,5-DC.
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, dimethachlor, S -metolachlor, pretilachlor, benzofluor, cambendichlor, chloramben, dicamba, bispyribac, pyrithiobac; mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, benfuresate, asulam, barban, alloxydim isoxaflutole, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, acifluorfen, aclonifen, etnipromid, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, imazamethabenz, bromobonil, bromoxynil
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S -metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron-methyl, napropamide, pendimethalin, pethoxa
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of napropamide, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, mesotrione, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, esters thereof and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• compositions that contains a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2,4-DC and 2,5-DC; and at least one second herbicide selected from the group that includes acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S -metolachlor
• susceptible crops include plants from groups such as bananas, beans, beets, Cassava, cereals, citrus, cocoas, coconuts, coffee, corn, cotton, fiber crops, flowers, forage corps, forestry, groundnuts, peanuts, hops, horticultures, non-land crops, oil palm, oilseed rape, peas, pomes , potato, rice, stonefruit, spices, sugarcane, sunflower, tea, tobacco, tomatoes, tree nuts, turf, vegetable crops, vines, and grapes.
• the crops are selected from potato, soybean, corn, rice, sorghum, oilseed rape, barley, rye, cowpea, and canola.
• the present disclosure also describes a method of controlling undesired vegetation in a crop that includes applying to the locus of such vegetation a herbicidally-effective amount of a composition.
• the composition includes a first herbicide and a second herbicide.
• the first herbicide is selected from the group that includes 2,4 DC and 2,5 DC.
• the second herbicide is different from the first herbicide.
• the crop is selected from the group that includes potato, soybean, corn, rice, sorghum, oilseed rape, barley, rye, and canola.
• the second herbicide is selected from the group that includes dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S -metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and agriculturally acceptable salts and esters thereof.
• the term “herbicide” refers to a compositional mixture that is produced, sold, or used in a field in order to kill or otherwise inhibit the growth of unwanted plants such as, but not limited to, deleterious or annoying weeds, broadleaf plants, grasses, and sedges; and can be used for crop protection, edifice protection or turf protection.
• the term “herbicide” includes the end-use herbicidal product.
• This composition can be a pure compound, a solution of chemical compounds, a mixture of chemical compounds, an emulsion, a suspension, a solid-liquid mixture, or a liquid- liquid mixture.
• herbicide also refers to the product that passes through the commercial channels from the manufacturer to the ultimate end user who can either apply the herbicide to the affected field as sold, or mix it with other excipients.
• weed means and includes any plant which grows where not wanted.
• herbicidally effective amount means an amount necessary to produce an observable herbicidal effect on unwanted plant growth, including one or more of the effects of necrosis, death, growth inhibition, reproduction inhibition, inhibition of proliferation, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of unwanted plants.
• herbicidal composition refers to an herbicide, and in addition, to any composition that comprises an herbicidally active ingredient. This composition can be a solution or a mixture. Further, the definition of the term “herbicidal composition” also refers to a product intended for use in manufacturing, or any product intended for formulation or repackaging into other agricultural products.
• herbicidally active ingredient means the active ingredient in the herbicide that causes the herbicide to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any weed.
• Other ingredients of the herbicide that are not herbicidally active ingredients are excipients that aid in forming, storing, or delivering herbicidally active ingredient to the target. Examples of excipients in the present embodiment include, without limitation, an organic liquid in which herbicidally active ingredient is dissolved, a polyurea shell, a water-soluble polymer, and one or more salts.
• 2,4 DC refers to 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone.
• 2,5 DC refers to 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone.
• compositions of the present disclosure can be in any conventional agriculturally useful form, for example, in the form of a twin pack, or in a ready-to-use formulation, or in the form of a tank mix.
• the active compounds can be supplied (either separately or pre-mixed) in any appropriate formulation type, for example an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), a suspension concentrate (SC), a suspo-emulsion (SE), a capsule suspension (CS), a water dispersible granule (WG), an emulsifiable granule (EG), a water in oil emulsion (EO), an oil in water emulsion (EW), a micro-emulsion (ME), an oil dispersion (OD), an oil miscible flowable (OF), an oil miscible liquid (OL), a soluble concentrate (SL), an ultra-low volume suspension (SU), an ultra-low volume liquid (UL), a dispersible concentrate (DC), a wettable powder (WP) or any other technically feasible formulation
• At least one aspect of the present invention is directed to compositions comprising a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2,4 DC and 2,5 DC; and a second herbicide with the proviso that when the first herbicide is 2,4 DC or 2,5 DC, the second herbicide is not 2,5 DC or 2,4 DC respectively.
• the compositions of the present invention either contains 2,4 DC or 2,5 DC in combination with at least another herbicide wherein when the first herbicide is 2,4-DC, the second herbicide is not 2,5 DC, and when the first herbicide is 2,5 DC, the second herbicide is not 2,4 DC.
• composition of the present invention can be in any one of SC, SE, CS, WG, EC, EG, EO, EW, ME, OD, OF, OL, SL, SU, UL, DC, or WP formulation in combination with agriculturally acceptable adjuvants.
• the second herbicides disclosed in connection with the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following:
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethachlor, R / S -metolachlor S -metolachlor, pretilachlor, benzofluor, cambendichlor, chloramben, dicamba, bispyribac, pyrithiobac; mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, benfuresate, asulam, barban, alloxydim isoxaflutole, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, acifluorfen, aclonifen, etnipromid, clomazone, sulfentrazone, fluoronitrofen, fome
• the secon herbicide is selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, glyphosate, glufosinate, saflufenacil, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S -metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron
• the second herbicide is selected from the group that includes dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S -metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and agriculturally acceptable salts and esters thereof.
• the second herbicide is selected from the group that includes metazachlor, napropamide, sulfentrazone, and mesotrione.
• the first herbicide is 2,4 DC and the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, dimethachlor, pretilachlor, dicamba, bispyribac, mesotrione, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, fomesafen, bromoxynil, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, cyhalofop, metamifop, quizalofop, atrazine, aclonifen, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, amicarbazone, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, linuron, ethoxysulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, napropamide, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thif
• the first herbicide is 2,5 DC and the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, dimethachlor, pretilachlor, dicamba, bispyribac, mesotrione, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, fomesafen, bromoxynil, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, cyhalofop, metamifop, quizalofop, atrazine, aclonifen, ametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, amicarbazone, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, linuron, ethoxysulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, napropamide, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, metobromuron, metsulfuron, th
• the second herbicide are any one of dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and agriculturally acceptable salts and esters thereof having particle sizes of less than 250, 100 or preferably 50 microns.
• the second herbicide can be anyone of napropamide, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, mesotrione, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and agriculturally acceptable salts and esters thereof having particle sizes of less than 250, 100 or preferably 50 microns.
• compositions of the present invention selectively protect crops that are a member of the any of the following crop groups including, bananas, beans, beets, cassava, cereals, citrus, cocoas, coconuts, coffee, corn, cotton, fiber crops, flowers, forge corps, forestry, groundnuts, peanuts, hops, horticultures, non-land crops, oil palm, oilseed rape, peas, pomes, potato, rice, stonefruit, spices, sugar cane, Sunflower, tea, tobacco, tomatoes, tree nuts, turf, vegetable crops, vines, grapes.
• the crops are potato, soybean, corn, rice, sorghum, oil seed rape, barley, rye, cowpea or canola.
• crops include, but are not limited to, bananas, plantains, beet: fodder, beets, sugar beets, cassava, barley, barley-spring, barley-winter, oats, oats+triticale-winter, oats-spring, oats-winter, rye, rye-winter, stubble, triticale, triticale+rye, wheat, wheat/barley, wheat-durum, wheat-spring, wheat-winter, citrus, grapefruit, lemons/limes, oranges, cocoa, coconuts, coffee, corn, corn: fodder, corn: grain, corn: sweet, corn+sorghum-spring, cotton, flax, carnation, chrysanthemum, flowers, gladioli, ornamentals: nursery, roses, alfalfa, brassicas: fodder, clover: seed, forage crops, grass-seed, pasture, rangeland, rye: seed, forestry,
• Cucurbits include such crops as Melons: Benincasa spp., Citrullus spp., Cucumis spp., Momordica spp.; Watermelon: Citrullus lanatus ; Pumpkin: Cucurbita pepo ; Squash: Cucurbita argyrosperma , C. ficifolia , C. maxima, C. moschata ; and Cucumber: Cucumis sativus
• the crop includes wheat varieties such as Bloc, Kord, Wyalkatchem and Mace.
• the presently claimed composition are selective against weeds including but are not limited to, fleabane, sowthistle, grass weeds, broadleaf weeds, barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli ), jimsonweed ( Datura stramonium ), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti ), common cockelbur ( Xanthium strumarium ) and hairy beggartickss ( Bidens pilosa ), Italian ryegrass ( Lolium perenne.
• the activity of the first and second herbicide may be additive.
• the combination of first and second herbicides provides an activity that is greater than the expected additive, and thus the combination provides synergistic properties.
• the combined activity is less than expected, the activity is deemed antagonistic.
• combinations of the first and second herbicides provide synergistic effects in terms of weed control.
• synergistic effects of the presently described combinations are observed in such species including annual bluegrass, Benghal dayflower, black nightshade, blackgrass, cheat, common chickweed, common cocklebur, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, hairy beggarticks, Italian ryegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, johnsongrass, littleseed canarygrass, Pennsylvania smartweed, pitted morningglory, purple nutsedge, quackgrass, shepherd's purse, velvetleaf, wild buckwheat, wild mustard, wild oat, wild poinsettia, yellow nutsedge.
• methods of controlling undesired vegetation in a crop are described by applying to the locus of such vegetation an herbicidally-effective amount of a composition containing a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2,4-DC and 2,5-DC and, optionally, a second herbicide that is different from the first herbicide, wherein the crop is selected from wheat, potato, soybean, corn, rice, sorghum, oilseed rape, barley, rye, cowpea, oat, sunflower, and canola.
• the crop is wheat, sunflower and canola.
• the present compositions comprising 2,4-DC or 2,5-DC may be applied pre-emergently or post emergently.
• the amount constituting an effective amount is variable and generally depends on a number of factors such as the type of soil, the expected pattern of rainfall or irrigation, the plant species to be controlled and the susceptibility of the particular crop involved.
• the effective amounts are typically between about 1 and about 4000 grams of the herbicide active ingredient may need to be applied per hectare.
• Such compounds are generally applied at a rate between 75 to about 2000 grams a.i./hectare. In more preferred embodiments, the amounts are applied at a rate of between about 125 and 1500 grams a.i./hectare.
• compositions of the present invention can further contain one or more adjuvants or carriers.
• herbicidal active ingredients are present in concentrations ranging between 0.01% to about 95%.
• agriculturally acceptable carriers constitute about 4% to about 98.5%.
• Surface active or surfactant agents, viscocity enhancing agents, and solvents respectively can constitute about between 1% to 15% of the final formulation by weight.
• the compositions of the present invention are formulated as an EC an SC or a CS.
• uniquie compositions that contains only a 2,4 DC or 2,5 DC in a suitable delivery vehicle.
• the 2,4 DC or 2,5 DC contains amounts ranging from about 25-about 40% w/w
• the calcium chloride is in amount ranging from about 3-about 8% w/w
• the sodium nitrate is in amount ranging from about 3-about 8% w/w
• the present invention can contain a 2,5 DC formulation, wherein the 2,4 DC is in amount of about 36% w/w, the calcium chloride is in amount of about a 6.156% w/w, and the sodium nitrate is in amount of about 6.156% w/w.
• compositions of the present invention contain: (i). a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2,4 DC, and 2,5 DC; (ii) at least one inactive component selected from the group consisting of at least one an antimicrobial, at least one surfactant, at least one thickener, at least one antifoam, at least one antifreeze, at least one solvent, and at least one co-solvent; and (iii). optionally, one or more additional active ingredients.
• a composition for example in a SC form that may contain a surfactant from a very large variety of surfactants known in the art which can also be commercially available.
• Surfactants may belong to different classes such as cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, ionic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants.
• the surfactant can be any surfactant or combination of two or more surfactants useful to dissolve the herbicide compound, for example, in its acid form to produce a microemulsion-forming-concentrate.
• preferred surfactants include cationic, non-ionic, and anionic surfactants. Of these, some even more specific types of preferred surfactants include non-ionic linear or branched alcohol ethoxylate surfactants, anionic phosphoric acid ester surfactants (sometimes referred to as "phosphate ester” surfactants), and cationic ethoxylated tallow amine surfactants.
• Non-ionic surfactants suitable for the present invention include ethoxylated linear alcohol, ethoxylated alkyl phenol, alkyl EO/PO copolymer, polyalkylene glycol monobutyl ether ethoxylated fatty acids/oils, sorbitan laurate, polysorbate, sorbitan oleate, ethoxylated fatty acid alcohols, or alkyl phenols.
• the composition of the preset invention may contain a thickener.
• Suitable thickener are rice, starch, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, guar flour, British gum, starch ethers and starch esters, gum resins, galactomannans, magnesium aluminum silicate, xanthan gum, carrageenan, cellulose derivatives, methyl cellulose, alginates and combinations thereof.
• Other known commercial products may include Lattice NTC 50, Lattice NTC 60, methocel, clay, veegum silica.
• compositions of the present invention may contain an antifreeze agent such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea, calcium chloride sodium nitrate, magensiul chloride and ammonium sulfate.
• Other inactive agents may include an antimicrobial such as Proxel GXL, Bronopol, BHT, BHA, Dowcided A Kathon; solvnts including Aromatic and linear solvents.
• Aromatic solvents include aromatic 100, aromatic 150, aromatice 150 ND, aromatic 200 ND, isopar M, paraffinic oil, Sunspray 6 or 11 N, vegetable oil, methyl ester of fatty acid, Dimethyl caprylamide.
• Anti foam agents such as Xiameter AFE-100, Dow Corning AFs, Dow Corning 1520, 1530, or 1540 may also be used in the presently claimed formulations.
• At least another embodiment is directed to composition containing the 2,4 DC or 2,5 DC in the amounts ranging from about 30-about 50% w/w, preferably about 35-about 45% and more preferably about 40%w/w.
• the compositions of the present invention conatin an antifreeze agents in amounts of ranging from about 1-about 15%, preferably about 3-about 8% and more preferably about 5-about 7% w/w.
• the amounts of the surfactant within the compositions of the present invention ranging from about 1-about 10%, preferably about 3-about 8%, and more preferably about 5-about7% w/w .
• the antifreeze agent is propylene glycol in amount ranging from about 3-about 8 % w/w
• the surfactant is Tergiot in amount ranging from about 6% w/w.
• compositions containing a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4 DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,5 DC”); and a second herbicide; with the proviso that when the first herbicide is 2,4-DC or 2,5-DC, the second herbicide is not 2,5-DC or 2,4-DC respectively.
• a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4 DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,5 DC”
• second herbicide with the proviso that when the first herbicide is 2,4-DC or 2,5-DC, the second herbicide is not 2,5
• the composition is in the form of an SC comprising at least one a surfactant, a thicker and a solvent and optionally an antifoam agent.
• the formulation is a CS formulation comprising a thickener, Reax or lignin derivatives, and a solvent.
• the formulation is an EC formulation comprising a solvent, a surfactant, castor oil ethoxylated or nonyl phenol and DDBS or equivalents thereof.
• the compositions of the present invention are prepared by a process following the steps of combining the herbicidal active ingredient in effective amounts with suitable surface active agent, emulsifier desired amounts, viscosity enhancing agents, and suitable solvent.
• the mixture is further undergoing a milling process until suitable particle size ranging from about 1 to about 250 microns are obtained. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture is milled until 90% of the particle size (D90) is less than about 50 microns.
• One aspect of the invention is directed to a composition
• a composition comprising : i) a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone ("2,4-DC") and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone ("2,5-DC”); ii) at least one formulation component selected from the group consisting of adjuvants for an EC formulation; adjuvants for an SC formulation; and adjuvants for a CS formulation; and iii) optionally, one or more additional active ingredients.
• a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“2,4-DC") and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (“
• the adjuvants for an EC formulation may be selected from the group consisting of pluronic or Tergitol, caster oil ethoxylated or nonyl phenol, DDBS or equivelant, and a solvernt.
• the adjuvants for an SC formulation may be selected from the group consisting of Tergitols, Pluronics, Dextrol, Soprophor FLK, Glycol, Glycerine, Water, antifoam, clay and a thickener.
• the adjuvants for a CS formulation are selected from the group consisting of solvent, polymeric material, Reax or lignin derivatives, salts and thickeners such as xanthan.
• glycols may also be used in CS, EW, SE or SS type formulations as an antifreeze agent.
• the additional active ingredients are selected from the group consisting of herbicides such as clomozone.
• One embodiment of the composition comprises 2,4-DC, propylene glycol and surfactants. In a preferred embodiment the composition comprises about 36% by weight of 2,4-DC, the propylene glycol comprises about 6% by weight, and the surfactant blend comprises about 3% by weight of the composition.
• Another embodiment of the composition comprises 2,4-DC, calcium chloride and sodium nitrate. In a preferred embodiment the composition comprises about 36% by weight of 2,4-DC, the calcium chloride comprises about 6.156% by weight, and the sodium nitrate comprises about 6.156% by weight of the composition.
• the present disclosure describes an agricultural formulation containing about 36% of 2,4-dichlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (410 g/L), about 6% of propylene glycol, about 3% of a surfactant blend, and about 55% of other ingredients, which may include agriculturally acceptable formulation ingredients known to one of skill in the art.
• this agricultural formulation is a suspension concentrate (SC).
• the formulation contains about 36% of 2,4-dichlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (430 g/L), about 6.156% of Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate ( CAS No. 7774-34-7 ), about 6.156% of Sodium Nitrate ( CAS No. 7631-99-4 ), and about 51.69% other ingredients, which may include agriculturally acceptable formulation ingredients known to one of skill in the art.
• this agricultural formulation is a capsule suspension (CS).
• Another aspect of the invention is directed to a composition
• a composition comprising: i) a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone ("2,4-DC”) and 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone ("2,5-DC”); and ii) a second herbicide; with the proviso that when the first herbicide is 2,4-DC or 2,5-DC, the second herbicide is not 2,5-DC or 2,4-DC respectively.
• the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, pretilachlor, benzofluor, cambendichlor, chloramben, dicamba, bispyribac, pyrithiobac, mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, benfuresate, asulam, barban, alloxydim, isoxaflutole, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, acifluorfen, aclonifen, etnipromid, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, imazamethabenz, bromobonil, bromoxynil, methiozolin,
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S-metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron-methyl, napropamide, pendimethalin, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, prop
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of napropamide, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, mesotrione, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, agriculturally acceptable saltsthereof, esters thereof and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• One aspect of the invention is directed to a composition where the first herbicide is 2,4-DC.
• Another aspect of the invention is directed to a composition where the herbicide is 2,5-DC.
• the first herbicide of the composition is 2,4-DC and the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, pretilachlor, benzofluor, cambendichlor, chloramben, dicamba, bispyribac, pyrithiobac, mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, benfuresate, asulam, barban, alloxydim, isoxaflutole, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, acifluorfen, aclonifen, etnipromid, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, imazamethabenz, bro
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S-metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron-methyl, napropamide, pendimethalin, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, prop
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, esters thereof and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• the first herbicide of the composition is 2,5-DC and the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S-metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron-methyl, napropamide, pend
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, esters thereof and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method of controlling undesired vegetation in a crop comprising applying to the locus of such vegetation a herbicidally-effective amount of a composition comprising a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2,4-DC and 2,5-DC and a second herbicide, with the proviso that when the first herbicide is 2,4-DC or 2,5-DC, the second herbicide is not 2,5-DC or 2,4-DC respectively, wherein the crop may be selected from the group consisting of broadleaf crops and grass crops, and the undesired vegetation is selected from the group consisting of grass weeds and broadleaf weeds.
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, pretilachlor, benzofluor, cambendichlor, chloramben, dicamba, bispyribac, pyrithiobac, mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, benfuresate, asulam, barban, alloxydim, isoxaflutole, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, acifluorfen, aclonifen, etnipromid, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, imazamethabenz, bromobonil, bromoxynil, methiozolin,
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S-metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron-methyl, napropamide, pendimethalin, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, prop
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, esters thereof and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• the crop is selected from the group consisting of wheat, potato, soybean, corn, rice, sorghum, oil seed rape, barley, rye, cow pea, oat and canola. In a preferred embodiment the crop is wheat.
• the first herbicide of the method is 2,4-DC. In another aspect of the invention the first herbicide is 2,5-DC.
• the first herbicide is 2,4-DC and the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, pretilachlor, benzofluor, cambendichlor, chloramben, dicamba, bispyribac, pyrithiobac, mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, benfuresate, asulam, barban, alloxydim, isoxaflutole, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, acifluorfen, aclonifen, etnipromid, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, imazamethabenz, bromo
• the second herbicide is selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S-metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron-methyl, napropamide, pendimethalin, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, prop
• the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, esters thereof and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• the first herbicide is 2,5-DC
• the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, pethoxamid, propanil, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, pretilachlor, benzofluor, cambendichlor, chloramben, dicamba, bispyribac, pyrithiobac, mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, benfuresate, asulam, barban, alloxydim, isoxaflutole, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, trifluralin, acifluorfen, aclonifen, etnipromid, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, imazamethabenz, brom
• the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of acetochlor, aclonifen, ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bispyribac, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone ethyl, clomazone, cyhalofop, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, dicamba, diflufenican, dimethachlor, dimethenamid-P, ethalfluralin, ethoxysulfuron, flucetosulfuron, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, isoxaflutole, linuron, mesotrione, metamifop, metazachlor, metobromuron, S-metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsufluron-methyl, napropamide, pendimethalin, pethoxamid, pretilachlor,
• the second herbicide may be selected from the group consisting of dimethenamid-P, napropamide, dimethachlor, S-metolachlor, aclonifen, pyroxasulfone, metazachlor, diflufenican, sulfentrazone, metobromuron, metsulfuron, thifensulfuron, agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, esters thereof and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• the crop is wheat or corn. In a preferred embodiment the crop is wheat.
• Yet another aspect of the invention is directed to a method of controlling undesired vegetation in a crop comprising applying to the locus of such vegetation a herbicidally-effective amount of a composition comprising a first herbicide selected from the group consisting of 2,4-DC and 2,5-DC, wherein the crop may be selected from the group consisting of bananas, beans, beets, cassava, cereals, citrus, cocoas, coconuts, coffee, corn, fiber crops, flowers, forestry, forage crops, grapes, groundnuts, hops, horticultures, non-land crops, oil palm, oilseed rape, peas, peanuts, pomes, potato, rice, spices, stonefruit, sugarcane, sunflower, tea, tobacco, tree nuts, turf, vegetable crops, vines, wheat, and the undesired vegetation may be selected from the group consisting of annual bluegrass, Benghal dayflower, blackgrass, black nightshade, broadleaf signalgrass, Canada thistle, cheat, common cocklebur ( X
• the crop is selected from the group consisting of beets, cereals, corn, groundnuts, peanuts, oil palm, oilseed rape, peas, potato, rice, sugarcane, sunflower, tobacco, vegetable crops, and wheat.
• the crop is wheat.
• new methods of use of 2,4 DC or 2,5 DC alone are described on such crops as bananas, beans, beets, Cassava, cereals, citrus, cocoas, coconuts, coffee, fiber crops, flowers, forestry, forge corps, grapes, groundnuts, hops, horticultures, non-land crops, oil palm, oilseed rape, peas, pomes, potato, spices, stonefruit, sugar cane, Sunflower, tea, tobacco, tree nuts, turf, vegetable crops, vines, wheat.
• the preferred crops are beets, cereals, corn, groundnuts, peanuts, oil palm, oilseed rape, peas, potato, rice, sugar cane, Sunflower, tobacco, vegetable crops, wheat.
• method of controlling undesirable plants and weeds are described using either 2, 4 DC or 2,5 DC alone against annual blue grass, Benghal dayflower, black grass, black night shade, broadleaf signal grass, Canada thistle, cheat, common cocklebur ( Xanthium pensylvanicum ), common ragweed, corn poppies, field violet, giant foxtail, goose grass, green fox tail, guinea grass, hairy beggarticks, herbicide-resistant black grass, horseweed, Italian rye grass, jimsonweed, johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense ), large crabgrass, little seed canary grass, morning glory, Pennsylvania smartweed, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, quack grass, redroot pigweed, shatter cane, sheppard's purse, silky windgrass, sunflower (as weed in potato), wild buckwheat ( Polygonum convolvulus ), wild mustard ( Brassica kaber ), wild oat (Avena
• Example 1 Suspension Concentrate (SC) Formulations of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (2,4-DC)
• Formulation 1A An SC formulation of 2,4-DC was prepared by combining 37.89% 2,4-DC, 1.50% TERGITOL TM XD (Dow Chemical Company), 1.50% DEXTROL TM OC-180 (Ashland Specialty Company), 1.00% of INDULIN ® C, 0.10% of XIAMETER ® AFE 100, 6.0% of propyleneglycol, 0.15 % of KELZAN ® M xanthan gum (CPKelco A Huber Company), 0.15% of PROXEL ® GXL, and 42.00 % water (% by weight).
• the present formulations are prepared using the following microencapsulation procedures as follows: employing the slurry and letdown vessels, attritor, melt TERGITOL ® XD in a 55°C oven prior to use.
• Formulation 1B SC formulation of 2,4-DC was prepared by combining 44.1% 2,4-DC (42.0% active AI), 1.5% TERGITOL TM XD (Dow Chemical Company), 1.17% DEXTROL TM OC-180 (Ashland Specialty Company), 6.0% propyleneglycol, 0.13 % of a 2% aqueous solution of KELZAN ® M xanthan gum (CPKelco A Huber Company) and 46.77 % water (% by weight) and milling the mixture until a particle size of D90 is less than about 50 microns.
• Formulation 1C SC formulation of 2,4-DC was prepared by combining 44.0% 2,4-DC, 1.5% TERGITOL TM XD (Dow Chemical Company), ETHOX ERS 01293 (Ethox Chemicals), 6.0% propyleneglycol, 0.13 % of a 2% aqueous solution of KELZAN ® M xanthan gum (CPKelco A Huber Company), 0.15% DOW AF antifoam (Dow Chemical Company) and 46.7 % water (all % by weight) and milling the mixture until a particle size of D90 is less than about 50 microns.
• Formulation 1D SC formulation of 2,4-DC was prepared by combining 38% 2,4-DC (36% active AI), 1.17% TERGITOL TM XD (Dow Chemical Company), 1.17% DEXTROL TM OC-180 (Ashland Specialty Company), 0.078 XIAMETER ® AFE 100 AF Emulsion (Dow Chemical Company), 0.12 PROXEL TM GXL Antimicrobial (Arch chemicals Inc.) 4.68% propyleneglycol, 3.0% ATTAFLOW ® AF(BASF), 1.0% INDULIN ® C (MeadWestvaco) 0.12 % of a 2% aqueous solution of KELZAN ® M xanthan gum (CPKelco A Huber Company) and 50.662 % water (% by weight) and milling the mixture until a particle size of D90 is less than about 50 microns.
• Formulation 1E SC formulation of 2,4-DC was prepared by combining 37.5% 2,4-DC, 1.5% DEXTROL TM , 1.5% TERGITOL TM XD, 1.0% INDULIN ® C, 0.1% XIAMETER ® AFE 100, 0.15% PROXEL ® GXL, 0.2% KELZAN ® M, 6.0% of propylene glycol, and 52.05% of water.
• Formulation 1F SC formulation of 2,4-DC: Raw Material Wt% 2,4-DC 36.00 DEXTROL ® OC-180 2.00 INDULIN ® C 2.00 TERGITOL ® XD 2.00 Veegum 0.50 Propylene Glycol 6.00 KELZAN ® M 0.30 PROXEL ® GXL 0.15 Water 51.05 total 100.00
• Formulation 1G SC formulation of 2,4 DC with sulfentrazone: Raw Material Wt% 2,4-DC Tech 95% 24.00 Sulfentrazone 12.00 DEXTROL ® OC-180 2.00 TERGITOL ® XD 2.00 Veegum 0.50 Propylene Glycol 6.00 KELZAN ® M 0.30 PROXEL ® GXL 0.15 Water 53.05 total 100.00
• Formulation 1H SC formulation of 2,4 DC with diflufenican: Raw Material Wt% 2,4-DC 20.00 Diflufenican tech 16.00 DEXTROL ® OC-180 2.00 TERGITOL ® XH 1.40 TERGITOL ® XD 2.00 Veegum 0.50 Propylene Glycol 6.00 KELZAN ® M 0.30 PROXEL ® GXL 0.15 Water 51.65 total 100.00
• Formulation 1I SC formulation of 2,4 DC with metolachlor: Raw Material Wt% 2,4-DC 10.00 metolachlor 42.00 AGNIQUE ® CSO-40 5.00 CaDDBS 5.00 TERGITOL ® XD 2.00 Aromatic 150 36.00 total 100.00
• compositions of the present disclosure were tested for herbicidal efficacy in the following manner: Test compositions containing 2,4 DC Example 1B and metazachlor (Butisan ® S, 43.1% active ingredient, BASF) and mixtures of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone and metazachlor, were diluted with water to provide the appropriate test rate concentrations.
• test crops were wheat and canola ( Brassica napus ), the test weeds were Italian ryegrass (IR) ( Lolium perenne. multiflorum ), annual bluegrass (AB) ( Poa annua ), common lambsquarters (CL) ( Chenopodium album ), littleseed canarygrass (LC) ( Phalaris minor ), common chickweed (CC) ( Stellaria media ), and corn poppy (CP) ( Papaver rhoeas ).
• IR Italian ryegrass
• AB Lolium perenne. multiflorum
• AB Poa annua
• common lambsquarters CL
• LC littleseed canarygrass
• CC Phalaris minor
• CC common chickweed
• Stellaria media common chickweed
• corn poppy CP
• Fiber flats designated for treatment were placed in a spray chamber having a static platform and a movable sprayer and height of the spray nozzle was 10.5 inches above the soil level. Once the sprayer was calibrated using water for spray volume of 30 gallons per acre, flats were sprayed with sprayer at a speed to receive a coverage equivalent of 30 gallons per acre. The application rates are those shown in Table 1 below for the individual herbicidal solutions and the herbicide compositions of the present invention. The pre-emergence flats were immediately placed in the greenhouse and watered lightly after treatment. Thereafter they were regularly watered and fertilized for the duration of the test.
• Percent control was determined by a method similar to the 0 to 100 rating system disclosed in " Research Methods in Weed Science,” 2nd ed., B. Truelove, Ed.; Southern Weed Science Society; Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., 1977 .
• the rating system is as follows: Weed Control Rating System Rating Percent Control Description of Main Categories Weed Description 0 No Effect No weed control 10 Very poor weed control 20 Slight Effect Poor weed control 30 Poor to deficient weed control 40 Deficient weed control 50 Moderate Effect Deficient to moderate weed control 60 Moderate weed control 70 Control somewhat less than satisfactory 80 Severe Satisfactory to good weed control 90 Very good to excellent weed control 100 Complete Effect Complete weed destruction Table 1: Percent Crop Injury and Percent Control of Weeds Using Mixtures of 2,4-DC and Metazachlor at 21 and 28 Days After Treatment (DAT) (Three or Four replications) Treatment Rate (gram ai/ha) % Injury/% Control Canola Wheat CP AB IR CL LC CC Non-treated control - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,4-DC + Metazachlor 31.25 + 250 8 68 100 93 93 100 90 100 2,4-DC + Metazachlor 31.25 +
• Example 3 Pre-emergent Herbicidal Evaluation of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone in Mixtures with Napropamide.
• compositions of the present disclosure were tested for herbicidal efficacy in the following manner: Test compositions containing 2,4-DC Example 1C and napropamide (Devrinol ® 50-DF, 50% active ingredient, United Phosphorus Inc.) and mixtures of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone and napropamide, were diluted with water to provide the appropriate test rate concentrations.
• test crop was canola ( Brassica napus ) and wheat, the test weeds were Italian ryegrass (IR) ( Lolium perenne. multiflorum ), annual bluegrass (AB) ( Poa annua ), blackgrass (BG) ( Alopecurus myosuroides ), wild buckwheat (WB) ( Polygonum convolvulus ), common chickweed (CC) ( Stellaria media ), littleseed canarygrass (LC) ( Phalaris minor ) and wild oat (WO) ( Avena fatua ).
• IR Italian ryegrass
• AB Lolium perenne. multiflorum
• AB bluegrass
• BG blackgrass
• WB Wild buckwheat
• CC common chickweed
• LC littleseed canarygrass
• WO wild oat
• Fiber flats designated for treatment were placed in a spray chamber having a static platform and a movable sprayer and height of the spray nozzle was 10.5 inches above the soil level. Once the sprayer was calibrated using water for spray volume of 30 gallons per acre, flats were sprayed with sprayer at a speed to receive a coverage equivalent of 30 gallons per acre.
• the application rates are those shown in Table 2 below for the individual herbicidal solutions and the herbicide compositions of the present invention.
• the pre-emergence flats were immediately placed in the greenhouse and watered lightly after treatment. Thereafter they were watered and fertilized regularly for the duration of the test.
• the control of weeds was evaluated in each experimental test at 27 days after treatment (DAT) for all species. The results, shown as an average of the replications, were compared with results observed in non-treated control flats in the same tests.
• compositions of the present invention provide far supeiro results as compared to the individual agents respectively.
• Percent control was determined by a method similar to the 0 to 100 rating system disclosed in " Research Methods in Weed Science,” 2nd ed., B. Truelove, Ed.; Southern Weed Science Society; Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., 1977 .
• Table 2 Percent Crop Injury and Control of Weeds Using Mixtures of 2,4-DC and Napropamide 27 Days After Treatment (DAT) Four replications) Treatment Rate (gram ai/ha) % inury Control Canola LC BG WB WO AB CC IR 2,4-DC + napropamide 31.2 + 315 12 84 18 22 10 0 93 23 2,4-DC + napropamide 31.2 + 630 10 93 62 30 18 85 95 57 2,4-DC + napropamide 31.2 + 1260 10 96 67 27 37 94 95 53 2,4-DC + napropamide 62.5 + 315 13 78 70 37 33 82 97 60 2,4-DC + napropamide 62.5 + 630 12 96 72 42 37 82 99 79 2,4-DC + napropamide 62.5 + 1260 10 100 83 43 65 83 98 86 2,4-DC + napropamide 125 + 315 18 77 89 73 33 83 99 89 2,4-DC + napropamide 125 +
• compositions of the present disclosure were tested for herbicidal efficacy in the following manner: Test compositions containing 2,4-DC Example 1B and sulfentrazone (Spartan ® 4F, 39.6% active ingredient, FMC Corp.) and mixtures of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone and sulfentrazone, were diluted with water to provide the appropriate test rate concentration.
• the test weeds were Pennsylvania smartweed (PS) ( Polygonum pennsylvanicum), Palmer amaranth (PA) ( Amaranthus palmeri ), velvetleaf (VL) (Abutilon theophrasti ), green foxtail (GF) ( Setaria viridis ), morningglory (MG) ( Ipomoea spp.), yellow nutsedge (YN) ( Cyperus esculentus ), purple nutsedge (PN) ( Cyperus rotundus ), and benghal dayflower (BD) ( Commelina benghalensis ). Crops included in the evaluation were corn, wheat, and cowpea.
• the application rates are those shown in Table 3, 3A, an d 3B below for the individual herbicidal solutions and the herbicide compositions of the present invention.
• the pre-emergence flats were immediately placed in the greenhouse and watered lightly after treatment for herbicide activation. Thereafter they were regularly watered and barrerilized for the duration of the test.
• the control of weeds was evaluated in each experimental test at 28 days after treatment (DAT), 14 DAT for crops.
• DAT days after treatment
• the results shown as an average of the replications, were compared with results observed in untreated control flats in the same tests.
• the results are in Table 3, 3A and 3B below.
• Percent weed control was determined by a method similar to the 0 to 100 rating system disclosed in " Research Methods in Weed Science," 2nd ed., B.
• compositions of the present disclosure were tested for herbicidal efficacy in the following manner: Test compositions containing 2,4-DC Example 1C and mesotrione (Callisto ® Herbicide, 40% active ingredient, Syngenta) and mixtures of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone and mesotrione, were diluted with water to provide the appropriate test rate concentration.
• test weeds were barnyardgrass (BG) ( Echinochloa crus-galli ), jimsonweed (PA) ( Datura stramonium ), velvetleaf (VL) (Abutilon theophrasti ), common cockelbur (CC) ( Xanthium strumarium ) and hairy beggarticks (HB) ( Bidens pilosa ).
• BG barnyardgrass
• PA jimsonweed
• VL velvetleaf
• CC common cockelbur
• HB hairy beggarticks
• Crops included in the evaluation were field corn and sorghum.
• the application rates are those shown in Table 4 below for the individual herbicidal solutions and the herbicide compositions of the present invention.
• the pre-emergence flats were immediately placed in the greenhouse and watered lightly after treatment. Thereafter they were regularly watered and fertilized for the duration of the test.
• the control of weeds and injury to crops was evaluated in each experimental test at 28 days after treatment (DAT).
• DAT 28 days after treatment
• the results, shown as an average of the replications, were compared with results observed in untreated control flats in the same tests and indicated far superior efficacy as compared to its single ingredient counterparts.
• the results are in Table 4 below. Percent control was determined by a method similar to the 0 to 100 rating system disclosed in " Research Methods in Weed Science," 2nd ed., B.
• Example 6 Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) Formulation of 2-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (2,5-DC)
• An EC formulation of 2,5-DC was prepared by combining 46.5 % 2,5-DC, 0.71% of a blend of 80% calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and 20% 6 mole ethylene oxide adduct of nonyl phenol, 5.47% of a blend of 60% calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and 40% of the 30 mole ethylene oxide adduct of nonyl phenol, 1.56 TERGITOL TM XD (Dow Chemical Company), and 45.689 % Aormatic 100 fluid (ExxonMobile Chemical). The mixture was subjected to shear blending for about 1 minute then stirred until a homogenous mixture was obtained.
• Test compositions containing 2,5-DC Example 6 were diluted with water to provide the appropriate test rate concentration.
• test weeds were green foxtail (GF) ( Setaria viridis ), blackgrass (BG) ( Alopecurus myosuroides ), and common chickweed (CC) ( Stellaria media ).
• GF green foxtail
• BG blackgrass
• CC common chickweed
• Crops included in the evaluation were field corn and sorghum.
• the application rates are those shown in Table 5 below for the individual herbicidal solutions and the herbicide compositions of the present invention.
• the pre-emergence flats were immediately placed in the greenhouse and watered lightly after treatment. Thereafter flats were regularly watered and fertilized for the duration of the test.
• the control of weeds and injury to crops was evaluated in each experimental test at 28 days after treatment (DAT), crops were evaluated 14 DAT.
• Example 8 Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) Formulation of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (2,4-DC)
• Example 9A A Capsule Suspension (CS) Formulation of 2,4-DC was prepared using the following microencapsulation procedures as follows:
• Procedure First, heat the aqueous and organic feed vessels. Then heat organic flush unit to 80C for circulated heating of static mixer, and flush solvent to 80C. Initiate heating of microcap unit to a target temp of 85C. Set cure reactor temperature to 55C and prepare data logging.
• Feed Solutions Add the organic solvent to the organic reactor preheated to 80 - 85°C. Charge the 2,4-DC technical and warm to 80-85°C. Hold at temp with stirring until the solution is clear and uniform. Complete preparation of the aqueous phase. Prepare feeds of 43% HMDA, PAPI, and 2% kelzan/2% Proxel solution.
• Unit Setup and Running Next, circulate organic flush stream to heat static mixer and prep it. Setup PAPI and amine feed systems and start recirculation of both lines close to set rates. Once feed solutions and vessels are at set temp, first add the aqueous feed system to the reactor tank. Hold system until set temperature is reached Monitor system and data log for fluctuations feed rates and wait till system is stable. Once stable, transfer the organic phase to the organic feed tank. Hold before feeding forward. Keep the organic flush solvent circulating. Set up a separate waste container to collect 2,4-DC waste. Once ready, feed aqueous forward to the waste container. Slowly increasing the homogenizer speed to around 3000rpm, feed the solvent flush forward within 30 seconds, and then switch to the actual organic feed right away (this keeps the organic return line primed with solvent).
• Cure Reaction and Workup Hold reactor at 55°C for 4 hours. Cool to room temperature. Add the calcium chloride and sodium nitrate salts. Allow each to dissolve before adding more. As necessary, adjust the as is pH using acetic acid to between 6.0 and 7.5. Add the required amount of 2% Kelzan/2% Proxel based on recovery and mix. Sample for assay and continue stirring to hydrate Kelzan Screen through 200 mesh sieve, pack out, and complete physicals. Wt% of Particle Size Wet screens Density 2,4-DC D90 D50 +100 +200 (g/ml) Viscosity pH 36.3% 13.50 7.264 0.19% 0.80% 1.1665 1560 7.34
• Example 9B CS formulation of 2,4-DC:
• Both Examples 9F and 9G were prepared, in separate batches, from 255 gm of 2,4-DC, 45 gm of Aromatic 200ND, 31 gm of PAPI 27, 288 gm of water, 8 gm of REAX 88B, 31 gm of 43% HMDA and 37 gm of sodium nitrate.
• weed control at 85% or higher is acceptable and more importantly desireable. When weeds have 85% or higher injury, they cannot compete with crops for water, nutrients, and physical space, and probability of significant reduction in crop yield is reduced to a minimum. Generally weed control is assessed at 28 DAT. In view of these considerations, synergy was evaluated at 28 DAT while crop safety was assessed at 7 or 14 DAT. Synergy was calculated using the method of Colby.
• the terms “synergy” and “synergistic”, or the phrase “in a synergistic manner”, refer to the in vivo interaction of two or more biologically active compounds, in the present case the 3-isoaxzolidinone compounds with a secondary active compound, so that their combined effect when administered together is greater than the sum of the effects observed when each is administered individually. That is, the herbicidal effect of administering the combination of for example 2,4-DC and the second agent as disclosed above and exemplified below. In this way the applied rate of the herbicidal combination can be lower than the registered use rates, thereby reducing the total chemical burden on the field to which such a combination is applied.
• 'X' is the herbicidal activity in percentage control of the disclosed 3-isoxazolidinone applied as a mixture at rate 'x'.
• the 'Y' term is the herbicidal activity of the second active applied as a mixture at rate 'y'.
• the equation calculates 'E', the herbicidal activity of the mixture of 'X' at rate 'x' with 'Y' at rate 'y'. If 'E' is lower than the observed activity, synergy is present. If the herbicidal effect is strictly additive and no interaction has occurred, 'E' will be equal to or higher than the observed activity.
• inventive combinations described herein provide synergistic weed control_(with the 85% cutoff) in at least 26 weed species.
• These species include annual bluegrass, Benghal dayflower, black nightshade, blackgrass, cheat, common chickweed, common cocklebur, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, hairy beggarticks, Italian ryegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, johnsongrass, littleseed canarygrass, Pennsylvania smartweed, pitted morningglory, purple nutsedge, quackgrass, shepherd's purse, velvetleaf, wild buckwheat, wild mustard, wild oat, wild poinsettia, yellow nutsedge. While synergistic efficacy is at least one unexpected observation, those of ordinaryskill in the art can appreciate the improved safety profile of the same lending the instantly disclosed combination highly desirable in various stages of crop development.
• Crop Injury For the purposes of the present invention, the upper limit of acceptable crop injury (phytotoxicity) is 10% for most crops because injury higher than 10% may result in significant reduction in crop yield. Early crop safety is desirable (within 7 to 14 DAT) in order for the crop to be able to outcompete weeds for water, nutrients, and physical space.
• Example 10 Weed Control with 2,4-DC and Aclonifen Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (CS 36.7%) was applied at 0, 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with aclonifen (53% WP) and Aclonifen rates for alone or tank-mix application were 1500, 1800, or 2100 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. All plant species were direct seeded into 6 x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil.
• Sulfentrazone (Spartan 4F ® 39.6%) at 280 g ai/ha, pendimethalin (Prowl 3.3 ® EC, 37.4%) at 784 g ai/ha, or S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum ® 82.4%) at 1084 g ai/ha were applied as commercial standards.
• Treatments were replicated 3 times and flats were watered after planting but before the treatment and lightly watered after treatment application. Thereafter flats were watered and fertilized routinely. Treatments were applied with compressed air in a track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI.
• Sulfentrazone at 280 g provided control of all weeds except quackgrass, annual bluegrass, and blackgrass. Pendimethalin at 784 g gave control of 5 out of 10 weeds. S -metolachlor at 1064 g controlled only two weeds. The tables below highlight analysis of data representing unexpected synergistic effects of the tested combinations.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. Treatments were applied just after the planting of tall morningglory, wild mustard, common lambsquarters, Italian ryegrass, wild buckwheat, redroot pigweed, common chickweed, corn poppy, and oilseed rape.
• Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Each treatment was replicated three times. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and oilseed rape injury were recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death).
• Oilseed rape injury was rated for bleaching and stunting. Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• the tested weeds include: wild buckwheat ( Polygonum convolvulus, POLCO), velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH), cheat ( Bromus secalinus, BROSE), wild oat ( Avena fatua, AVEFA), radish ( Raphanus sativus, RAPSN), corn poppy ( Papaver rhoeas, PAPRH), yellow foxtail ( Setariapumila, SETLU), Italian ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum, LOLMU).
• the tested crop was Oilseed rape.
• Example 13 Weed Control with 2,4 DC and Diflufenican Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (CS 36.7%) was applied at 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with diflufenican.
• Diflufenican rates for alone or tank-mix application were 50, 75, or 100 g ai/ha. All plant species were direct seeded into 6 x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with bromoxynil. Bromoxynil rates for alone or tank-mix application were 140, 210, or 280 g ai/ha. Thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl + metsulfuron-methyl (Accurate Extra, 37.5%+18.75%+15%) at 31.48 g ai/ha or thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl (Harmony Extra SG, 33.33%+16.67%) at 19.95 g ai/ha were applied as commercial standards, an untreated control was also included for comparison.
• Nonionic surfactant at 0.5% (v/v) was included with commercial standards application. No adjuvant was applied with any other treatments. All plant species were direct seeded into 3" plastic pots using metro-mix as growth media. At treatment application common lambsquarters was 1.75", common chickweed was 2", wild mustard was 2.25”, wild oat was 5.5", wild buckwheat was 2-5", Italian ryegrass was 2-3", wheat was 5.5", and barley was 4.5"in height. Plants were watered well before application and not watered 24 h after application. Plants were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Each treatment was replicated four times. Treatments were applied with compressed air in a track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI.
• a greenhouse study was conducted to determine the weed efficacy of 2,4-DC in combination with S -metolachlor in tank-mix combinations as applied to corn at different rates.
• the weeds tested in this study were redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus, AMARE), Jimsonweed ( Datura stramonium, DATST), black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum, SOLNI), large crabgrass ( Digitaria sanguinalis, DIGSA), Pennsylvania smartweed ( Polygonum pensylvanicum, POLPY), horseweed ( Conyza canadensis, ERICA), wild buckwheat ( Polygonum convolvulus, POLCO).
• the crop tested was Corn (var. Viking).
• Additional treatments included application of premix of pyroxasulfone plus fluthiacet-methyl (Anthem TM 23.3%) at 169.9 g ai/ha and tank-mix of mesotrione (Callisto ® , 40%) at 123 g plus S -metolachlor at 1252 g. Treatments were applied just after the planting of large crabgrass, Jimsonweed, black nightshade, redroot pigweed, Pennsylvania smartweed, horseweed, wild buckwheat, and corn. A non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Additional treatments consisted of premix of pyroxasulfone plus fluthiacet-methyl (Anthem TM 23.3%) at 169.9 g ai/ha, S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum, 82.4%) at 1388 g, and tank-mix of mesotrione (Callisto, 40%) at 123 g plus S -metolachlor at 1252 g.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. Treatments were applied before the emergence of black nightshade, giant foxtail, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, large crabgrass, kochia, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, and barnyardgrass.
• pyroxasulfone controlled all species except common ragweed which was not controlled at any rate.
• 2,4 DC (SC 36%) and isoxaflutole (Balance Flexx ® , 20%) were applied PRE either alone or as tank-mix partners at rates mentioned below.
• 2,4 DC was applied at 500, 750, and 1000 g ai/ha while isoxaflutole was applied at 80, 100, and 120 g ai/ha.
• Two commercial standards, clomazone (Command ® 3ME, 31.4%) at 1120 g ai/ha and mesotrione (Callisto ® 40%) at 105 g were included.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. Treatments were applied PRE to sugarcane (var.
• CTC 20 CTC 20
• ivyleaf morningglory ivyleaf morningglory
• hairy beggarticks ivyleaf morningglory
• yellow nutsedge ivyleaf morningglory
• large crabgrass ivyleaf morningglory
• redroot pigweed ivyleaf morningglory
• Weed species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil. Soil was watered before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Percent weed control and sugarcane injury were recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) using a scale of 0 (no control) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• Tank-mix treatments of 2,4 DC with isoxaflutole at all rates controlled (( ⁇ 85% weed control) ivyleaf morningglory, hairy beggarticks, large crabgrass, and redroot pigweed.
• No tank-mix treatment controlled yellow nutsedge. All tank-mix treatments caused sugarcane bleaching greater than 20%.
• Ivyleaf morningglory control with 2,4 DC alone was achieved at 1000 g whereas hairy beggarticks was controlled at 750 g of 2,4 DC.
• Large crabgrass and redroot pigweed were controlled with 2,4 DC alone at 500 g or higher rates.
• Isoxaflutole alone at 80 g or higher rates controlled hairy beggarticks, large crabgrass, and redroot pigweed.
• Isoxaflutole alone at three rates caused sugarcane bleaching in the range from 26 to 42%.
• Mesotrione at 105 g controlled all weeds except ivyleaf morningglory.
• Clomazone at 1120 g controlled hairy beggarticks, large crabgrass, and redroot pigweed.
• tank-mix combinations of 2,4 DC and isoxaflutole controlled all weeds except yellow nutsedge. All 12 tank-mix combinations caused >20% bleaching on sugarcane at 28 DAT.
• 2,4 DC alone controlled four out of five, Ivyleaf morningglory, hairy beggarticks, large crabgrass and redroot pigweed were controlled.
• the tables below highlight analysis of data representing unexpected synergistic effects of the tested combinations.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. Treatments were applied just after the seeding of annual bluegrass, cheat, wild oat, quackgrass, field violet, blackgrass, littleseed canarygrass, silky windgrass, yellow foxtail, and goosegrass. Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Each treatment was replicated three times. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control was recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control) to 100 (complete plant death). Raw Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4 DC alone provides good coverage against goosegrass.
• 2,4 DC plus clomazone combinations controlled ( ⁇ 85%) goosegrass.
• Cheat was synergistically controlled by the tested combinations. Although wild oat was controlled by 5 combinations, the table below provides specific unexpected synergistic effects by the instant combinations. No combination controlled or suppressed annual bluegrass, blackgrass, or littleseed canarygrass.
• Example 19 2,4 DC Weed Efficacy and Crop Safety When Tank-mixed with Diflufenican and Applied PRE.
• 2,4 DC CS 36.7%
• Diflufenican CS 19.5%
• 2,4 DC 36.7% CS
• OSR oilseed rape
• Herbicide standards tested to compare efficacy and safety included pyroxasulfone at 74.3 g, which controlled all weeds except field violet and was safe on wheat only; pendimethalin applied at 1200 g, controlled corn poppy and field violet and was safe on barley; and a pre-mix of chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron methyl (Report Extra) at 15.8 g, which also controlled corn poppy and field violet, while providing selectivity to wheat.
• 2,4 DC applied alone controlled corn poppy when applied ⁇ 170 g ai/ha and was safe on all crops at all rates.
• Corn poppy and annual bluegrass were controlled with most combinations of 2,4 DC plus diflufenican, while field violet was controlled with all combinations.
• 2,4 DC plus diflufenican controlled Italian ryegrass with most combinations when 2,4 DC was applied at ⁇ 210g. Barley was not injured by any combination while wheat was moderately injured (12%) by one combination; oilseed rape was injured by all tank-mix combinations of 2,4 DC plus diflufenican.
• the tables below highlight the data analysis with concerning the unexpected synergistic effects of the tested combinations.
• Example 20 -2,4 DC plus Dimethenamid-P- Preemergence (PRE) Weed Efficacy.
• 2,4 DC (36.7% CS) applied alone at 125 g ai/ha controlled ( ⁇ 85% injury) Canada thistle, giant foxtail, goosegrass, and common chickweed; at 210 g shepherd's-purse was also controlled by 2,4 DC. All tank mix combinations of 2,4 DC plus dimethenamid-P controlled Canada thistle, giant foxtail, goosegrass, common chickweed, shepherd's-purse, and redroot pigweed. Common lambsquarters was controlled or suppressed (70-84% injury) when 2,4 DC was applied at 250 g as tank mix with any rate of dimethenamid-P. Wild mustard was suppressed with 4 tank-mix combinations; blackgrass was suppressed with one combination.
• Common lambsquarters or wild mustard were suppressed by certain rates of dimethenamid-P alone, blackgrass was not controlled or suppressed by any rate of dimethenamid-P applied alone.
• 2,4 DC (36.7% CS) was applied PRE at 0, 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as a tank-mix with S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum ® , 82.4%) at 0, 267, 534, 801, or 1070 g ai/ha.
• Pyroxasulfone plus fluthiacet-methyl (Anthem TM , 23.3%) applied at 169.9 g ai/ha, and the tank-mix of mesotrione (Callisto ® , 40%) at 123 g plus S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum ® , 82.4%) at 1252 g were included as standards for comparison.
• Quackgrass, common chickweed, velvetleaf, yellow foxtail, green foxtail, common lambsquarters, and barnyardgrass were direct seeded into 6" x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil. Flats were watered after seeding but prior to treatment. After application flats were placed in the greenhouse and lightly watered. Thereafter flats were watered and fertilized routinely. Each treatment was replicated three times. Treatments were applied using compressed air in a track spray chamber at 40 psi and a spray volume of 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle. Visual percent weed control was recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT). Weed control was evaluated using a scale of 0 (no control) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4 DC (36.7% CS) was applied PRE at 0, 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as a tank-mix with S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum ® , 82.4%) at 0, 267, 534, 801, or 1070 g ai/ha.
• Pyroxasulfone plus fluthiacet-methyl (Anthem TM , 23.3%) applied at 169.9 g ai/ha, and the tank-mix of mesotrione (Callisto ® , 40%) at 123 g plus S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum ® , 82.4%) at 1252 g were included as a standards for comparison.
• Johnsongrass, wild mustard, Benghal dayflower, prickly sida, hairy beggarticks, morningglory, common lambsquarters, and goosegrass were direct seeded into 6" x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil. Flats were watered after seeding but prior to treatment. After application flats were placed in the greenhouse and lightly watered.
• Treatments were applied with compressed air in a track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI.
• Visual percent weed control was recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT), using a scale of 0 (no control) to 100 (complete plant death).
• Visual percent sugarcane injury was recorded at 21 and 28 DAT, using a scale of 0 (no injury, observed as bleaching, stunting or necrosis) to 100 (complete plant death).
• Data were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4 DC (36% SC) applied alone at ⁇ 500 g ai/ha controlled ( ⁇ 85% injury) large crabgrass and redroot pigweed.
• 2,4 DC at 1000 g suppressed (70 - 84% injury) hairy beggarticks and morningglory. All tank mix combinations of 2,4 DC plus sulfentrazone controlled large crabgrass, yellow nutsedge, redroot pigweed, hairy beggarticks, and morningglory. Sulfentrazone alone controlled hairy beggarticks at 315 g; all other weeds were controlled with all rates of sulfentrazone.
• 2,4 DC-4 SC applied alone controlled large crabgrass and redroot pigweed at all rates. All 2,4 DC tank-mix combinations with sulfentrazone controlled all weeds in the assay. Sugarcane was safe with all applications of 2,4 DC or sulfentrazone, alone or combined. The table below highlights unexpected synergistic effects of the tested combinations.
• Example 24- PRE efficacy of 2,4 DC and pyroxasulfone tank-mix combinations.
• the tested weeds include Giant foxtail ( Setaria faberi, SETFA), green foxtail ( Setaria virdis, SETVI), yellow foxtail ( Setaria pumila, SETLU), black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum, SOLNI), kochia (Kochia scoparia, KCHSC ) , redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus, AMARE), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia, AMBEL ) , barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli, ECHCG), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis, DIGSA ) .
• Additional treatments consisted of premix of pyroxasulfone plus fluthiacet-methyl (Anthem TM 23.3%) at 169.9 g ai/ha, S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum ® , 82.4%) at 1388 g, and tank-mix of mesotrione (Callisto ® , 40%) at 123 g plus S -metolachlor at 1252 g.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. Treatments were applied before the emergence of black nightshade, giant foxtail, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, large crabgrass, kochia, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, and barnyardgrass.
• a greenhouse study was conducted to determine weed efficacy and crop selectivity with multiple rates of 2,4 DC applied alone or as a tank-mix with pyroxasulfone at various rates PRE against Jimsonweed ( Datura stramonium, DATST); wild poinsettia ( Euphorbia heterophylla, EUHHL), hairy beggarticks ( Bidens pilosa, BIDPI); black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum, SOLNI).
• the crop tested in this study was Corn.
• 2,4 DC-21 (36.7% CS) was applied PRE at 0, 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as a tank-mix with pyroxasulfone (KIH-485, 85% WP) at 0, 50, 65, 80, or 95 g ai/ha.
• 2,4 DC plus pyroxasulfone controlled black nightshade with all tank-mix combinations controlled Jimsonweed with all except one combination, controlled wild poinsettia with two combinations and hairy beggarticks with one combination.
• No tank-mix combination caused bleaching injury ( ⁇ 10%) to corn, 7 combinations caused moderate (11-20%) stunting to corn and 3 combinations caused severe stunting ( ⁇ 20%) to corn.
• 2,4 DC 36% SC
• sulfentrazone Partan 4F ® , 39.6%
• 2,4 DC at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha was applied as tank-mix with sulfentrazone at 105, 210, or 315 g ai/ha.
• Each herbicide was applied alone at the given rates and 2,4 DC alone at 400 g and clomazone (Command 3ME ® 31.4%) at 100 g plus sulfentrazone at 315 g were applied as additional treatments.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. Treatments were applied at the time of planting to yellow nutsedge, purple nutsedge, and benghal dayflower.
• Plant species were planted in fiber flats containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control was recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) using a scale of 0 (no control) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• Example 27 Tank-mix weed efficacy/crop selectivity of 2,4 DC with metazachlor.
• Treatments were applied before the emergence of Italian ryegrass, wild oat, blackgrass, littleseed canarygrass, common chickweed, common lambsquarters, corn poppy, wild mustard, annual bluegrass, canola, and wheat. Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury data were collected at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval. Wheat and corn poppy were rated at 14 and 21 DAT only.
• Clomazone and Metazachlor (Tank-mix) controlled annual bluegrass, Italian ryegrass, littleseed canary grass, lambsquarters, and chickweed. Clomazone and Metazachlor (Premix) however provided control of annul bluegrass, Italian ryegrass, lambsquarters, littleseed canarygrass, and chickweed.
• Example 28 Weed efficacy/crop selectivity with tank-mix combinations of 2,4 DC and metazachlor plus napropamide preemergence (PRE)..
• Alopecurus myosuroides ALOMY
• common lambsquarters Chenopodium album, CHEAL
• littleseed canarygrass Phalaris minor, PHAMI
• common chickweed Stellaria media, STEME
• corn poppy Papaver rhoeas , PAPRH
• silky windgrass Apera spica-venti, APESV.
• the tested crops are wheat and canola.
• 2,4 DC or metazachlor plus napropamide were applied either alone or in three-way combinations at the following rates: 2,4 DC (36% SC) at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha; Metazachlor (43.1% Butisan ® S) at 250, 500, or 750 g ai/ha; and Napropamide (Devrinol ® 50DF) at 315 g ai/ha. Additionally, 2,4 DC was applied alone at 400 g ai/ha.
• Treatments were applied before the emergence of redroot pigweed, Italian ryegrass, wild oat, blackgrass, littleseed canarygrass, common chickweed, common lambsquarters, corn poppy, wild mustard, annual bluegrass, silky windgrass, canola, and wheat. Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury data were collected at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4 DC/ Metazachlor/ Napropamide at all three-way combinations provided good control of redroot pigweed, corn poppy, Italian ryegrass, annual bluegrass, wild oat, lambsquarters, canarygrass, chickweed and silky windgrass. Blackgrass was controlled with eight combinations. No combination was safe on wheat and canola.
• 2,4 DC alone provided control of pigweed and corn poppy at 400 g, Italian ryegrass at ⁇ 200 g, blackgrass and lambsquarters at 400 g, and chickweed at all rates.
• 2,4 DC caused greater than 10% injury to canola at all rates and 2,4 DC was safe on wheat up to 200 g ai/ha.
• Metazachlor plus Napropamide at all combinations provided control of nearly all species at all rates except mustard with metazachlor at ⁇ 500 g and napropamide at 315 g and wild oat and blackgrass at the lowest rates of the combination. No combination was safe on canola and wheat.
• Clomazone/ Metazachlor / Napropamide three-way provided Control of all species except wild mustard and blackgrass that were not controlled with premix. Both tank-mix and premix caused severe injury to wheat and canola.
• the tested weeds include Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne. multiflorum , LOLMU), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis , SINAR), annual bluegrass (Poa annua , POAAN), wild oat ( Avenafatua , AVEFA), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides, ALOMY), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album, CHEAL), littleseed canarygrass ( Phalaris minor, PHAMI), common chickweed ( Stellaria media, STEME), corn poppy ( Papaver rhoeas , PAPRH ), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus , AMARE), silky windgrass (Apera spica-venti , APSEV), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus, POLCO).
• Italian ryegrass Loolium perenne. multiflorum , LOLMU
• wild mustard SINAR
• SINAR annual
• 2,4 DC (36% SC) was applied alone at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha in combination with dimethachlor (Teridox 48%) at 333, 667, or 1000 g ai/ha.
• Other treatments included the single application of 2,4 DC at 400 g ai/ha, dimethachlor alone at rate mentioned previously, and tank-mix of clomazone (Command 3ME 31.4%) plus dimethachlor at 100 + 1000 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Treatments were applied before the emergence of Italian ryegrass, wild oat, wild buckwheat, blackgrass, littleseed canarygrass, common chickweed, common lambsquarters, corn poppy, silky windgrass, redroot pigweed, wild mustard, annual bluegrass, canola, and wheat. Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury data were collected at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4 DC alone gave control of pigweed and Italian ryegrass at ⁇ 200 g ai/ha, corn poppy and wild oat at 400 g, blackgrass at ⁇ 100 g, and common chickweed at all rates.
• 2,4 DC was selective on wheat up to 200 g and on canola up to 100 g. Dimethachlor alone provided control of lambsquarters at 1000 g ai/ha, wild oat, wild buckwheat, littleseed canarygrass, and annual bluegrass at ⁇ 667 g, pigweed, silky windgrass, corn poppy, Italian ryegrass, and chickweed at all rates. Dimethachlor caused 18% injury to canola at 100 g, it was not selective to wheat at any rate.
• Clomazone and dimethachlor controlled all species except wild mustard. Tank-mix combination caused severe injury to wheat and canola.
• Example 30 Weed Control with 2,4-DC, and Dimethachlor plus Metazachlor Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with dimethachlor (48%) and metazachlor (43.1%). Dimethachlor rates for alone or tank-mix application were 500 or 1000 g ai/ha and metazachlor rates were 375 or 750 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard. Treatments were applied before the emergence of Italian ryegrass, wild oat, blackgrass, littleseed canarygrass, common chickweed, common lambsquarters, corn poppy, silky windgrass, redroot pigweed, wild mustard, annual bluegrass, canola, and wheat.
• Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury data were collected at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4-DC alone gave control of pigweed, corn poppy, and Italian ryegrass at ⁇ 200 g ai/ha, wild oat at 400 g, blackgrass at ⁇ 100 g, and common chickweed at all rates.
• 2,4-DC caused 11% injury to wheat at 200 g and 11% injury to canola at 100 g.
• (Dimethachlor + metazachlor) alone provided control of all weed species except mustard. All combinations were not safe on wheat; all combinations showed not more than 15% injury on canola except one with highest rates which caused 28% injury.
• All combinations of 2,4-DC + dimethachlor + metazachlor gave control of all weed species except wild mustard which controlled with only four combinations. All combinations caused severe injury to wheat (>80%) while injury to canola was >20%.
• Example 31 Weed Control with 2,4-DC and Mesotrione Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with mesotrione (Callisto ® 40%) at 25, 50 or 100 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Other treatments included a tank-mix application of mesotrione plus S-metolachlor (Dual II Magnum ® 82.4%) at 100 + 525 g and an application of 2,4-DC at 400 g applied alone only. Treatments were applied before the emergence of Jimsonweed, velvetleaf, hairy beggarticks, common cocklebur, barnyardgrass, sweet corn, yellow corn, and sorghum.
• Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury data were collected at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4-DC alone was safe on sweet corn and yellow corn at all three rates; safe on sorghum at 25 and 50 g, and controlled velvetleaf and Jimsonweed at 50 or 100 g; controlled common cocklebur and hairy beggarticks at 100 g.
• Example 32 Weed Control with 2,4-DC, and Pyroxasulfone plus Sulfentrazone Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 0, 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with pyroxasulfone (WG 85%) at 30, 60 or 90 g ai/ha and sulfentrazone at 105 or 210 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Other treatments included single application of 2,4-DC at 400 g and three-way tank-mix application of clomazone (Command 3ME 31.4%) at 200 g with pyroxasulfone at 90 g plus sulfentrazone either at 105 or 210 g.
• Treatments were applied at the time of planting to Italian ryegrass, green foxtail, littleseed canarygrass, wild oat, quackgrass, dandelion, common chickweed, white clover, yellow nutsedge, redroot pigweed, field bindweed, canola, and wheat. Plant species were planted in fiber flats containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury were recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4-DC alone controlled Italian ryegrass and wild oat at 400 g; common chickweed was controlled at all rates; green foxtail was controlled at ⁇ 100 g; littleseed canarygrass and redroot pigweed were controlled at 200 g. Control of quackgrass, field bindweed, white clover, and yellow nutsedge did not reach 85% with any rate. 2,4-DC was safe on wheat at ⁇ 100 g.
• Example 33 Weed Control with 2,4-DC, and Fluthiacet-Methyl plus Pyroxasulfone Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (46.2%) was applied at 31, 63, 125, 350 or 375 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with Fluthiacet-methyl (CADET ® , 10.3%) at 4.9 g ai/ha and pyroxasulfone (85WG, 85%) at 30, 60, or 90 g ai/ha were applied in combination alone or with 2,4-DC at above mentioned rates.
• ANTHEM ® fluthiacet-methyl, 0.69% plus pyroxasulfone, 22.61%) was included as a standard at labeled rate, Fluthiacet-methyl at 4.9 g ai/ha and pyroxasulfone at 165 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• the following weeds were screened, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, velvetleaf, green foxtail, morningglory, Italian ryegrass, prickly sida, and yellow nutsedge.
• Crops screened were cotton, lentil, mung bean, bush bean, and cowpea. All plants were direct seeded into 6" x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil. Flats were watered after seeding but prior to treatment. After application flats were placed in the greenhouse and lightly watered. Thereafter flats were watered and fertilized routinely. Treatments were applied using compressed air in a track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI.
• Fluthiacet-methyl at 4.9 g plus pyroxasulfone at 30 g was safe on mung bean and cowpea
• Fluthiacet-methyl at 4.9 g plus pyroxasulfone up to 60 g was safe on cotton.
• Bush bean and lentil were injured by all treatments of Fluthiacet-methyl and pyroxasulfone. Anthem was not safe on any crop in the assay
• Example 34 Weed Control with 2,4-DC and Napropamide Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 31.2, 62.5, 125, 250, or 375 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with napropamide (Devrinol ® -50DF) at 315, 630, or 1260 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Clomazone (Command 3ME ® , 31.4%) plus napropamide at 1260 g ai/ha was added as standard. Littleseed canarygrass, common lambsquarters, blackgrass, wild buckwheat, wild oat, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, Italian ryegrass, wild mustard, and canola were direct seeded into 6x10" fiber flats filled with Pennington soil.
• 2,4 DC plus napropamide provided control of common chickweed with all tank-mix combinations.
• Annual bluegrass was controlled with 11 of 15 tank-mixes
• littleseed canarygrass and common lambsquarters were controlled by 12, Italian ryegrass by 10, blackgrass by 9, and wild buckwheat and wild oat by 1 combination.
• Canola was safe with 3 tank-mixes of 2,4-DC plus napropamide.
• 2,4-DC applied alone at 31.2 g ai/ha controlled common chickweed, at 125 g controlled common lambsquarters and injured canola, at 250 g controlled blackgrass and Italian ryegrass. Applied alone 2,4-DC failed to control littleseed canarygrass, wild buckwheat, wild oat, annual bluegrass, and wild mustard.
• Clomazone plus napropamide include as standard for comparison, controlled all weeds except wild mustard and was not safe on canola.
• the table below highlights unexpected synergistic effects of the tested combinations.
• Example 35 Weed Control with 2,4-DC, and Dimethachlor plus Napropamide Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at, 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with dimethachlor (48%) and napropamide (DF 50). Dimethachlor rates for alone or tank-mix application were 500 or 1000 g ai/ha and napropamide rates were 630 or 1260 g ai/ha. A non-treated check was included as reference standard. An application of clomazone (COMMAND ® 3ME, 31.4%) at 100 g ai/ha plus dimethachlor at 1000 g plus napropamide at 1260 g was applied as a standard for comparison.
• Treatments were applied PRE to the following species, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, silky windgrass, Italian ryegrass, corn poppy, littleseed canarygrass, annual bluegrass, shepherd's-purse, blackgrass, wild buckwheat, wild oat, wild mustard, common chickweed, wheat, and canola. All plants were direct seeded into 6 x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil. Flats were watered after seeding but prior to treatment. After application flats were placed in the greenhouse and lightly watered. Thereafter flats were watered and fertilized routinely. Treatments were applied using compressed air at 40 PSI in a track spray chamber and 30 GPA spray volume using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle. Visual percent weed control and crop injury data were recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT).
• 2,4 DC when applied alone at ⁇ 200 g ai/ha controlled common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, Italian ryegrass, corn poppy, blackgrass, wild oat, and common chickweed.
• 2,4 DC plus dimethachlor and napropamide controlled all weeds with all combinations except wild mustard.
• Example 36 Weed Control with 2,4-DC and Metsulfuron-Methyl Tank-mix Combinations.
• LOMU multiflorum multiflorum
• wild oat Avenafatua , AVEFA
• common lambsquarters Chenopodium album , CHEAL
• blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides, ALOMY
• littleseed canarygrass Phalaris minor, PHAMI
• annual bluegrass Poa annua , POAAN
• corn poppy Papaver rhoeas , PARPH
• common chickweed Stellaria media, STEME
• redroot pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus , AMARE
• wild mustard Tinapis arvensis , SINAR
• wild buckwheat Polygonum convolvulus, POLCO. Crops screened were wheat and barley.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with metsulfuron-methyl (60%) at 6, 9, or 12 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• An application of pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil (HUSKIE TM , 26.3%) at 271 g ai/ha and an application of thifensulfuron (HARMONY ® SG, 75%) at 17.4 g ai/ha were included as standards for comparison.
• Treatments were applied POST to the following species at the heights given in parenthesis, Italian ryegrass (2-4"), wild oat (3-4"), common lambsquarters (1"), blackgrass (2-3"), littleseed canarygrass (1-2"), annual bluegrass (0.5"), corn poppy (1"), common chickweed (0.5"), redroot pigweed (1"), wild mustard (1"), wild buckwheat (1"), wheat (3-4"), and barley (2-4"). All plants were direct seeded into 3" plastic pots utilizing Pennington soil. After application plants were placed in the greenhouse and foliage was allowed to dry for 24h. Thereafter plants were watered and fertilized routinely.
• Treatments were applied using compressed air at 40 PSI in a track spray chamber and 30 GPA spray volume using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle. Visual percent weed control and crop injury were recorded at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT), using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data (not included) were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4-DC alone applied to barley was safe at 50 g ai/ha and wheat at wheat at ⁇ 100 g.
• 2,4-DC + metsulfuron-methyl controlled ( ⁇ 85% injury) common lambsquarters, littleseed canarygrass, corn poppy, common chickweed, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard with all combinations, wild buckwheat,, and Italian ryegrass were controlled with two combinations. Wild oat, black grass and annual bluegrass were not controlled by any tank-mix combination. Wheat was not injured by three combinations while barley was safe with one tank-mix combination.
• HUSKIE TM controlled common lambsquarters, corn poppy, redroot pigweed, wild mustard, and wild buckwheat and was safe on barley;
• HARMONY ® controlled common lambsquarters, common chickweed, redroot pigweed, and wild buckwheat and was safe on wheat and barley.
• Example 37 Weed Control with 2,4-DC and Atrazine Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 50, 100 or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with atrazine (4L, 42.6%) at 140, 280, or 560 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• S -metolachlor (DUAL II MAGNUM ® , 82.4%) at 525 g ai/h plus atrazine at 560 g ai/h was included as a standard for comparison.
• Common cocklebur, velvetleaf, Jimsonweed, barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, corn, sweet corn, and sorghum were direct seeded into 6" x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil. Flats were watered after seeding but prior to treatment.
• Common cocklebur was controlled with 6 tank-mix combinations of 2,4-DC plus atrazine.
• 2,4 DC plus atrazine as tank-mix generally well tolerated on corn, sweet corn and on sorghum.
• Example 38 Weed Control with 2,4-DC and Pyroxasulfone Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 0, 50, 100 or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with pyroxasulfone (85%) at 30, 60, or 90 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Pyroxasulfone plus fluthiacet-methyl (ANTHEM TM , 23.3%) applied at 165 g ai/ha was included as a standard for comparison.
• Yellow nutsedge, Italian ryegrass, morningglory, redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, kochia, field bindweed, wheat, and corn were direct seeded into 6" x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil. Flats were watered after seeding but prior to treatment.
• 2,4-DC was selective to ( ⁇ 10% injury) wheat when applied at ⁇ 100 g, and selective to corn when applied at ⁇ 200 g. 2,4-DC plus pyroxasulfone controlled Italian ryegrass, redroot pigweed and kochia with all combinations.
• Velvetleaf was controlled with all combinations except when 2,4-DC was applied at 50 gai/ha and pyroxasulfone was applied at 30 g ai/ha.
• Yellow nutsedge, morningglory or field bindweed were not controlled by any combination of 2,4-DC plus pyroxasulfone. Wheat was injured by 8 of 9 combinations, while corn was injured by 6 of 9 combinations of 2,4-DC plus pyroxasulfone.
• ANTHEM TM applied at 165 g ai/ha controlled all weeds except morningglory and field bindweed.
• Example 39 Weed Control with 2,4-DC, and Pyroxasulfone plus Carfentrazone Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with pyroxasulfone (KIH485 WG 85%) and carfentrazone-ethyl (AimEC ® 22.3%.) Pyroxasulfone rates for alone or tank-mix application were 30, 60, or 90 g ai/ha and the carfentrazone-ethyl rate was 25 g ai/ha. A non-treated check was included as reference standard. Clomazone (COMMAND ® 3ME) at 200 g plus pyroxasulfone at 90 g and carfentrazone-ethyl at 25 g was included as a standard for comparison.
• Redroot pigweed, littleseed canarygrass, Canada thistle, dandelion, green foxtail, wild oat, white clover, yellow nutsedge, Italian ryegrass, common chickweed, quackgrass, field bindweed, canola, and wheat were direct seeded into 6" x 10" fiber flats utilizing Pennington soil. Flats were watered after seeding but prior to treatment. After application flats were placed in the greenhouse and lightly watered. Thereafter flats were watered and fertilized routinely. Treatments were applied using compressed air in a track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI.
• Example 40 Crop Safety with 2,4-DC and Metsulfuron-Methyl Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with metsulfuron-methyl (AllyXP 60%) 60%) at 2, 3, or 4 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl + metsulfuron-methyl (ACCURATE EXTRA ® , 37.5%+18.75%+15%) at 31.48 g ai/ha or thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl (HARMONY EXTRA ® SG, 33.33%+16.67%) at 19.95 g ai/ha were applied as commercial standards.
• Non-ionic surfactant was added to all treatments at 0.5% v/v. All plant species were direct seeded into 3" plastic pots using metro-mix as growth media. At treatment common lambsquarters was 1.75", common chickweed was 2", wild mustard was 2.25”, wild oat was 5.5", wild buckwheat was 2-5", Italian ryegrass was 2-3", wheat was 5.5" and barley was 4.5" in height. Plants were watered well before application and not watered 24 h after application. Plants were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Each treatment was replicated four times. Treated flats were placed in randomized block design in the greenhouse.
• Treatments were applied with compressed air in a track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI.
• Visual percent wheat and barley injury and weed control were recorded at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT), using a scale of 0 (no control/no crop injury) to 100 (complete plant death).
• Data were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• Thifensulfuron-methyl plus tribenuron-methyl plus metsulfuron-methyl or thifensulfuron-methyl plus tribenuron-methyl both controlled wild buckwheat, wild mustard, common chickweed, and common lambsquarters and were safe on barley and wheat; neither standard controlled wild oat or Italian ryegrass.
• Example 41 Crop Safety with 2,4-DC and Thifensulfuron-Methyl Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 0, 125, 170, 210, or 250 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with metsulfuron-methyl (AllyXP 60%) at 50, 75, or 100 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl + metsulfuron-methyl (ACCURATE EXTRA ® , 37.5%+18.75%+15%) at 49 g ai/ha or thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl (HARMONY EXTRA ® SG, 33.33%+16.67%) at 21 g ai/ha were applied as commercial standards.
• Nonionic surfactant was added at 0.5% v/v in all treatments. Treatments were applied to wheat (5.5"), barley (5"), wild oat (5.5"), common chickweed (2"), wild buckwheat (3"), and common lambsquarters (2"). All plant species were direct seeded into 3" plastic pots using metro-mix as growth media and pots were watered well before application and watered 24 h after application. Plants were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Each treatment was replicated four times. Treatments were applied with compressed air in a track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI.
• Thifensulfuron-methyl alone controlled all weeds except wild oat, and was safe on both crops.
• the data suggests that thifensulfuron-methyl has a safening effect as it decreased 2,4-DC injury on wheat and barley. Both barley and wheat injury decreased when 2,4-DC was applied with thifensulfuron-methyl as compared to the same rate of 2,4-DC alone.
• Example 42 Crop Safety with 2,4-DC and Sulfentrazone Tank-mix Combinations.
• a greenhouse study was conducted to determine crop selectivity and weed efficacy of 2,4-DC, with 2,4-DC alone or in combination with sulfentrazone as preemergence (PRE) treatment against the following weeds: Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri , AMAPA); common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia , AMBEL); Pennsylvania smartweed ( Polygonum pensylvanicum , POLPY); velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti , ABUTH); wild oat ( Avena fatua , AVEFA); green foxtail (Setaria viridis, SETVI); momingglory spp. ( Ipomoea spp .); Italian ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum , LOLMU). Crops tested included corn, wheat, cotton, cowpea, and bush bean.
• 2,4-DC (SC 42%) was applied at 0, 31.2, 62.5, 125, 250 or 375 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with sulfentrazone (SPARTAN ® 4F, 39.6%) at 105, 210, or 315 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Palmer amaranth, common ragweed, Pennsylvania smartweed, velvetleaf, wild oat, green foxtail, morningglory, and Italian ryegrass were screened.
• Corn, wheat, cotton (cotton was not rated due to aphid infestation), cowpea, and bush bean (var. Supremo) were also included in the study.
• 2,4-DC applied alone was safe at all rates on all crops at 14 DAT.
• Sulfentrazone alone was safe on corn and bush bean only at 105 g, wheat and cowpea at 105 or 210 g 14 DAT.
• With 15 combinations of 2,4-DC + sulfentrazone 6 were safe on wheat, 8 were safe on cowpea, and 11 were safe on corn.
• 2,4-DC alone was safe on cowpea at all rates (data not included)..
• Sulfentrazone alone at 28 DAT injured both crops at all rates.
• 2,4-DC plus sulfentrazone tank-mixes were safe on cowpea with 6 combinations, while all combinations injured bush bean.
• Example 43 Crop Safety with 2,4-DC, and Pyroxasulfone plus Carfentrazone Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4 DC alone was safe ( ⁇ 10% injury) on canola at ⁇ 200 g ai/ha and safe on wheat at ⁇ 100 g.
• 2,4 DC plus pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone-ethyl was not safe on canola with any tank-mix combination and was safe on wheat with 1 tank-mix combination. Clomazone plus pyroxasulfone plus carfentrazone-ethyl injured both crops.
• 2,4 DC alone provided safer alternative compared to the combinations tested.
• Example 44 Crop Safety with 2,4-DC, and Metazachlor plus Napropamide Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with metazachlor (Butisan ® 43.1%) and napropamide (Devrinol ® 50DF). Metazachlor rates for alone or tank-mix application were 250, 500, and 750 g ai/ha and the napropamide rate was 1260 g ai/ha. A non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• clomazone (COMMAND ® 3ME 31.4%) plus metazachlor plus napropamide at 100 + 750 + 1260 g ai/ha and an application of clomazone (2.13%) plus metazachlor (13%) plus napropamide (13.6%) premix at 1572 g ai/ha.
• Treatments were applied before the emergence of redroot pigweed, Italian ryegrass, wild oat, blackgrass, littleseed canarygrass, common chickweed, common lambsquarters, corn poppy, wild mustard, annual bluegrass, silky windgrass, canola, and wheat.
• Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury data were collected at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4-DC caused greater than 10% injury to canola at all rates.
• 2,4-DC was safe on wheat up to 200 g ai/ha.
• 2,4-DC was coapplied with metazachlor + napropamide at same rates, injury to canola was reduced to dramatically.
• All combinations of metazachlor + napropamide provided control of nearly all species at all rates and did not show selectivity to canola and wheat. The table below highlights unexpected safening effects of the tested combinations.
• Example 45 Crop Safety with 2,4-DC and Mesotrione Tank-mix Combinations.
• 2,4-DC (SC 36%) was applied at 50, 100, or 200 g ai/ha alone or as tank-mix with mesotrione (40%) at 25, 50 or 100 g ai/ha.
• a non-treated check was included as reference standard.
• Other treatments included a tank-mix application of mesotrione plus S -metolachlor (Dual II Magnum 82.4%) at 100 + 525 g and an application of 2,4-DC at 400 g applied alone only. Treatments were applied before the emergence of Jimsonweed, velvetleaf, hairy beggarticks, common cocklebur, barnyardgrass, sweet corn, yellow corn, and sorghum.
• Plant species were planted in fiber flats (6" X 10") containing Pennington soil and flats were watered well before application and watered lightly after application. Flats were watered and fertilized routinely after treatment application. Treatments were applied using compressed air track spray chamber at 30 GPA using a TeeJet 8001E nozzle at 40 PSI. Visual percent weed control and percent visual crop injury data were collected at 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment using a scale of 0 (no control/no injury) to 100 (complete plant death). Data were analyzed using Minitab statistical software at 95% confidence interval.
• 2,4-DC alone was safe on sweet corn and sorghum at the lowest rate while safe on yellow corn at 50 or 100 g ai/ha.
• Mesotrione alone was safe on sweet corn and yellow corn at all three rates; safe on sorghum at 25 and 50 g.
• Example 46 2,4-DC and 2,5-DC safety on sorghum.
• the column method was used to determine clomazone volatility from moist double-sieved Pennington soil.
• Clomazone or clomazone compounds (2,4-DC or 2,5-DC) were applied to the soil at 1000 g ai/ha.
• the amount of clomazone trapped from the column during the 18-hour collection, averaged over four replicates, in units of micrograms was determined.
• the relative amount of volatilization compared to the 4EC formulation (mean value, shown as a percentage) was determined.
• Analysis of extracted methanol samples was conducted utilizing HPLC. The mean of those values, over 4 replicates, was then converted to obtain the total ugs per treatment.

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