Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
  • C10M169/044—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of non-macromolecular and macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
  • C10M169/048—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution, non-macromolecular and macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
  • C10M125/24—Compounds containing phosphorus, arsenic or antimony
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
  • C10M135/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
  • C10M135/10—Sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
  • C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M139/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M127/00 - C10M137/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M145/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
  • C10M145/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate monocarboxylic
  • C10M145/14—Acrylate; Methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2201/085—Phosphorus oxides, acids or salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
  • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/049—Phosphite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a lubricating composition
• a lubricating composition comprising:(a) an oil of lubricating viscosity having a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 2.8 to 3.6 cSt and a viscosity index of 104 to 130; (b) 1.2 to 5.0 wt % of at least one borated dispersant, wherein at least one borated dispersant is further functionalised with a sulphur or phosphorus moiety; (c) a calcium-containing detergent present in an amount to deliver at least 110 ppm to 700 ppm of calcium; (d) at least two phosphorus-containing compounds, wherein the phosphorus-containing compounds are present in an amount to deliver 360 to 950 ppm of phosphorus to the lubricating composition, wherein at least 150 ppm of the phosphorus is delivered by a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite; and (e) 0.1 wt % to 5 wt
• ATFs automatic transmission fluids
• Many additive components are typically included in an ATF, providing such performance characteristics as lubrication, dispersancy, friction control (for clutches), anti-wear durability (e.g., gear wear) and pump durability, fuel economy, anti-shudder performance, anti-corrosion and anti-oxidation performance.
• the additive components are consumed which may detrimentally damage transmissions.
• US 5,578,236 discloses a power transmission fluid composition wherein said composition has on a weight basis an oil-soluble boron content of about 0.001 to about 0.1%, an oil-soluble phosphorus content of about 0.005 to about 0.2%, and either no metal additive content or an oil-soluble metal content as one or more metal-containing additives of no more than about 100 ppm; wherein said composition comprises: a) at least about 50 wt % based on the total weight of said composition of one or more hydrotreated mineral oils in the range of about 55N to about 125N; b) about 5 to about 40 wt % based on the total weight of said composition of hydrogenated poly-.alpha.-olefin oligomer fluid having a viscosity in the range of about 2 to about 6 cSt at 100 °C; c) on an active ingredient basis, about 5 to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of said composition of an acrylic viscos
• US 2011-0239971 discloses a method for improving copper corrosion performance of a lubricating oil composition comprising (a) a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity; and (b) one or more dispersants containing one or more basic nitrogen atoms, the method comprising adding to the lubricating oil composition an effective amount of one or more copper corrosion performance improving agents of the general formula Si-X4 or a hydrolysis product thereof, wherein each X is independently a hydroxyl-containing group, hydrocarbyloxy-containing group, acyloxy-containing group, amino-containing group, monoalkyl amino-containing group or dialkyl amino-containing group.
• EP 1 705 235 discloses an automatic transmission fluid composition
• an automatic transmission fluid composition comprising: (a) a major amount of a base oil; (b) one or more friction modifiers, wherein total nitrogen content provided by the one or more friction modifiers is greater than or equal to about 300 ppm; and (c) one or more ashless dispersants, wherein the total nitrogen content provided by the one or more ashless dispersants is greater than or equal to about 500 ppm; wherein the automatic transmission fluid has a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C of from about 4 cSt to about 6.5 cSt and a Brookfield viscosity at -40 0 C of from about 4,000 cP to about 20,000 cP.
• US 5,840,663 discloses a composition and method of improving the anti-shudder durability of a power transmitting fluid comprising: a major amount of a lubricating oil; and an anti-shudder improving effective amount of an additive combination comprising: a reaction product of an isomerized alkenyl substituted succinic anhydride and a polyamine, an oil-soluble alkyl phosphite, an ashless dispersant with alkyl side chains of greater than 1500 molecular weight; a nitrogen containing corrosion inhibitor, and optionally, a metallic detergent which is a salt of an alkali, or alkaline earth metal.
• the anti-shudder durability of these fluids can be further improved by optionally incorporating overbased metallic detergents.
• US 7,737,092 (Ward et al., published 11 August 2005 ) discloses a composition suitable for use as a lubricant for a transmission, comprising: (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) a dispersant; (c) a calcium detergent; (d) a magnesium detergent; and (e) an inorganic phosphorus compound; wherein at least one of (b), (c), and (d) is borated.
• the formulations of Ward are suitable for use as fluids for transmissions, especially continuously variable transmissions. Ward also discloses that continuously variable transmissions (CVT) represent a radical departure from conventional automatic transmissions.
• CVT continuously variable transmissions
• US 20020151441 discloses an automatic transmission fluid, comprising: a major amount of a base oil, and a minor amount of an additive comprising at least about 0.10 weight % of a metal-containing detergent, a dispersant, and a mixture of at least two different friction modifiers.
• the automatic transmission fluid has anti-shudder durability, and friction durability.
• US 20090305922 discloses an automatic transmission lubricating oil composition, and particularly to an automatic transmission lubricating oil composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity, an ashless dispersant, an anti-oxidant, a phosphorus-based anti-wear agent and a friction-modifier, wherein more than 310 ppm of phosphorus is contained, thereby being useful for lubricating or operating an automatic transmission comprising a transmission clutch using a slip lock-up torque converter and a paper based clutch material and a planetary gear system, especially six-speed automatic transmission.
• a lubricating oil composition contains: at least one lubricating base oil selected from the group consisting of a mineral lubricating base oil and a synthetic lubricating base oil; (a) a neutral phosphorus compound; (b) at least one acid phosphorus compound selected from the group consisting of a specific acid phosphate amine salt and a specific acid phosphite; and (c) a sulphur compound.
• the lubricating oil composition may be an automatic transmission fluid with a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 5 mm 2 /s.
• An objective of the present invention is to provide a lubricating composition capable of lubricating an automatic transmission.
• the lubricating composition may be capable of providing at least one property including friction control (for clutches), improved fuel economy, anti-wear durability (e.g., gear wear) and pump durability, and anti-shudder performance.
• the lubricating composition may for instance, be capable of providing improved fuel economy, and anti-wear durability.
• the transitional term "comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
• the term also encompass, as alternative embodiments, the phrases “consisting essentially of' and “consisting of,” where “consisting of' excludes any element or step not specified and “consisting essentially of' permits the inclusion of additional un-recited elements or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method under consideration.
• C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite is intended to include both a mono- C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite and di- C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite.
• the C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite comprises a di- C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite.
• (meth)acrylic As used herein the expression "(meth)acrylic”, (meth)arylate” and related terms is intended to encompass both acrylic functionality as well as methacrylic functionality. Typically the (meth)acrylic”, (meth)arylate” and related terms is intended to include a methacrylic or methacrylate.
• the lubricating composition of the present invention may further comprise 0.1 wt % to 5 wt % of a (meth)acrylic polymer having star architecture.
• the lubricating composition of the present invention may further comprise 0.1 wt % to 5 wt % of a linear (meth)acrylic polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality, wherein the linear polymer has a weight average molecular weight of greater than 25,000 to 400,000 (or to 350,000).
• the amount of boron in the lubricant composition disclosed herein may be 150 to 400 parts per million by weight.
• the lubricating composition disclosed herein further comprises 0.3 wt % to 1.2 wt % of an amine antioxidant.
• the lubricating composition disclosed herein further comprises 0.5 wt % to 3.5 wt % of a friction modifier component comprising at least two ashless friction modifiers.
• the lubricating composition disclosed herein further comprises 0.3 wt % to 1.2 wt % of an amine antioxidant; and 0.5 wt % to 3.5 wt % of a friction modifier component comprising at least two ashless friction modifiers.
• the lubricating composition disclosed herein may in one embodiment of the invention have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 3.6 to 4.8 cSt (mm 2 /s); and a Brookfield viscosity at -40°C may be at most 6,800 cP (mPa ⁇ s).
• the invention provides a method of lubricating an automatic transmission comprising supplying to the automatic transmission a lubricating composition disclosed herein.
• the invention provides for the use of the lubricating composition disclosed herein to provide at least one of friction control (for clutches), improved fuel economy, anti-wear durability (e.g., gear wear) and pump durability, and anti-shudder performance for an automatic transmission.
• friction control for clutches
• anti-wear durability e.g., gear wear
• pump durability e.g., pump durability
• anti-shudder performance for an automatic transmission.
• the automatic transmission includes continuously variable transmissions (CVT), infinitely variable transmissions (IVT), Toroidal transmissions, continuously slipping torque converted clutches (CSTCC), stepped automatic transmissions or dual clutch transmissions (DCT).
• CVT continuously variable transmissions
• IVT infinitely variable transmissions
• CSTCC continuously slipping torque converted clutches
• DCT dual clutch transmissions
• the present invention provides a method of lubricating an automatic transmission and a lubricating composition as disclosed above.
• the viscosity index is determined by employing ASTM method D2270-10e1.
• the kinematic viscosity at 100°C is measured by the methodology of ASTM D445-12.
• Brookfield viscosity is measured by ASTM D2983-09 at -40°C (Brookfield viscosity at -40°C).
• the lubricating composition may have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 3.6 to 4.8 cSt (mm 2 /s), or 4.0 to 4.6 cSt (mm 2 /s), or 4.0 to 4.4 cSt (mm 2 /s), or 4.0 to 4.2 cSt (mm 2 /s).
• the lubricating composition may have a Brookfield viscosity at -40 C of at most 6,800 cP (mPa ⁇ s).
• the Brookfield viscosity at -40°C may be 3,000 to 6,800 cP (mPa ⁇ s).
• the lubricating composition may have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 3.6 to less than 4.5 cSt (mm 2 /s); and a Brookfield viscosity at -40°C may be 3000 to at most 6,800 cP (mPa ⁇ s).
• the lubricating composition may have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 4.0 to 4.4 cSt (mm 2 /s); and a Brookfield viscosity at -40°C may be 3,000 to 6,800 cP (mPa ⁇ s).
• the oil of lubricating viscosity of the invention has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 2.8 to 3.6 cSt (mm 2 /s), or 2.9 to 3.5 cSt (mm 2 /s), or 3.0 to 3.4 cSt (mm 2 /s).
• the kinematic viscosity at 100°C is measured by the methodology of ASTM D445-12.
• the oil of lubricating viscosity of the invention may also be defined as an API Group II+ base oil. API Group II+ base oils are known and described for example in SAE publication entitled " Design Practice: Passenger Car Automatic Transmissions", fourth Edition, AE-29, published 2012, page 12-9 . US 8,216,448 also defines a API Group II+ as a "Group II plus base oil” having a viscosity index greater than or equal to 110 and less than 120.
• the oil of lubricating viscosity of the invention may have a viscosity index (VI) of at 104 to 130, or least 105, or at least 110, or at least 115 to 130.
• the viscosity index may be in the range of 104 to 125, or 110 to less than 120.
• the oil of lubricating viscosity has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 2.8 to 3.6 cSt (mm 2 /s) and a viscosity index of 110 to less than 120;
• Examples of an oil of lubricating viscosity of the present invention include base oils sold under the registered trade names of S-Oil, Nexbase, Yubase, Petrocanada, and Chevron neutral oil 110RLV.
• the oil of lubricating viscosity of the invention may be present at 60 wt % to 97.5 wt %, or 70 wt % to 95 wt %, or 80 wt % to 95 wt % of the lubricating composition.
• the oil of lubricating viscosity of the invention with a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 2.8 to 3.6 cSt (mm 2 /s) may also be blended with a conventional oil of lubricating viscosity (i.e., an oil of lubricating viscosity other than that defined by the present invention).
• a conventional oil of lubricating viscosity i.e., an oil of lubricating viscosity other than that defined by the present invention.
• the conventional oil of lubricating viscosity may be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines.
• the five base oil groups are as follows: Group I (sulphur content >0.03 wt %, and/or ⁇ 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group II (sulphur content ⁇ 0.03 wt %, and ⁇ 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group III (sulphur content ⁇ 0.03 wt %, and ⁇ 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index ⁇ 120); Group IV (all polyalphaolefins (PAOs)); and Group V (all others not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV).
• the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises an API Group I, Group II (other than the oil of lubricating viscosity defined by the present invention), Group III, Group IV, Group V oil or mixtures thereof.
• the conventional oil of lubricating viscosity is an API Group I, Group II (other than the oil of lubricating viscosity defined by the present invention), Group III, Group IV oil or mixtures thereof.
• the conventional oil of lubricating viscosity is often an API Group II (other than the oil of lubricating viscosity defined by the present invention), Group III or Group IV oil or mixtures thereof.
• the conventional oil of lubricating viscosity may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquid synthetic procedure as well as other gas-to-liquid oils.
• the conventional oil of lubricating viscosity may be an API Group IV oil.
• the amount of Group IV oil may be 0 wt % to 20 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %, or 1 wt % to 15 wt %, or 5 to 10 wt % of the lubricating composition.
• the amount of the oil of lubricating viscosity present is typically the balance remaining after subtracting from 100 wt % the sum of the amount of performance additives of the present invention.
• the lubricating composition may be in the form of a concentrate and/or a fully formulated lubricant. If the performance additives of this invention are in the form of a concentrate (which may be combined with additional oil to form, in whole or in part, a finished lubricant), the ratio of the of performance additives to the oil of lubricating viscosity and/or to diluent oil include the ranges of 1:99 to 99:1 by weight, or 80:20 to 10:90 by weight.
• the lubricating composition includes a calcium-containing detergent.
• the calcium-containing detergent is present in an amount to deliver 130 ppm to 600 ppm, or 160 ppm to 400 ppm of calcium.
• the calcium-containing detergent may be an overbased detergent, a non-overbased detergent, or mixtures thereof.
• the detergent may be overbased.
• Patents describing the preparation of overbased calcium-containing detergents include U.S. patents 2,501,731 ; 2,616,905 ; 2,616,911 ; 2,616,925 ; 2,777,874 ; 3,256,186 ; 3,384,585 ; 3,365,396 ; 3,320,162 ; 3,318,809 ; 3,488,284 ; and 3,629,109 .
• TBN values quoted and associated range of TBN is on "an as is basis,” i.e., containing conventional amounts of diluent oil.
• Conventional amounts of diluent oil typically range from 30 wt % to 60 wt % (often 40 wt % to 55 wt %) of the detergent component.
• the calcium-containing detergent may be a non-overbased detergent (may also be referred to as a neutral detergent).
• the TBN of a non-overbased may be 20 to less than 200, or 30 to 100, or 35 to 50 mg KOH/g.
• the TBN of a non-overbased calcium-containing detergent may also be 20 to 175, or 30 to 100 mg KOH/g.
• the TBN may be lower (for example 0 to 50 mg KOH/g, or 10 to 20 mg KOH/g).
• the calcium-containing detergent may be an overbased detergent, which may have a TBN of greater than 200 mg KOH/g (typically 250 to 600, or 300 to 500 mg KOH/g).
• the calcium-containing detergent may be formed by the reaction of a basic calcium compound and an acidic detergent substrate.
• the acidic detergent substrate may include an alkyl phenol, an aldehyde-coupled alkyl phenol, a sulphurised alkyl phenol, an alkyl aromatic sulphonic acid (such as, alkyl naphthalene sulphonic acid, alkyl toluene sulphonic acid or alkyl benzene sulphonic acid), an aliphatic carboxylic acid, a calixarene, a salixarene, an alkyl salicylic acid, or mixtures thereof.
• the metal basic compound is used to supply basicity to the detergent.
• the basic calcium compound is a compound of a hydroxide or oxide of the metal.
• the oxides and/or hydroxides may be used alone or in combination.
• the oxides or hydroxides may be hydrated or dehydrated, although hydrated is typical.
• the basic calcium compound may be calcium hydroxide, which may be used alone or mixtures thereof with other metal basic compounds. Calcium hydroxide is often referred to as lime.
• the metal basic compound may be calcium oxide which may be used alone or mixtures thereof with other metal basic compounds.
• the detergent when the alkyl phenol, the aldehyde-coupled alkyl phenol, and the sulphurised alkyl phenol are used to prepare a calcium-containing detergent, the detergent may be referred to as a calcium phenate.
• the calcium phenate may be an alkyl phenate, an aldehyde-coupled alkyl phenate, a sulphurised alkyl phenate, or mixtures thereof.
• the TBN of a calcium phenate may vary from less 200, or 30 to 175 typically 150 to 175) mg KOH/g for a neutral phenate to 200 or more to 500, or 210 to 400 (typically 230 to 270) mg KOH/g for an overbased phenate.
• the alkyl group of a phenate (i.e., an alkyl phenate) may contain 4 to 80, or 6 to 45, or 8 to 20, or 9 to 15 carbon atoms.
• the calcium-containing detergent may be a sulphonate, or mixtures thereof.
• the sulphonate may be prepared from a mono- or di- hydrocarbyl-substituted benzene (or naphthalene, indenyl, indanyl, or bicyclopentadienyl) sulphonic acid, wherein the hydrocarbyl group may contain 6 to 40, or 8 to 35 or 9 to 30 carbon atoms.
• the hydrocarbyl group may be derived from polypropylene or a linear or branched alkyl group containing at least 10 carbon atoms.
• a suitable alkyl group include branched and/or linear decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonodecyl, eicosyl, un-eicosyl, do-eicosyl, tri-eicosyl, tetra-eicosyl, penta-eicosyl, hexa-eicosyl or mixtures thereof.
• the hydrocarbyl-substituted sulphonic acid may include polypropene benzenesulphonic acid and/or C 16 -C 24 alkyl benzenesulphonic acid, or mixtures thereof.
• a calcium sulphonate detergent may be a predominantly linear alkylbenzene sulphonate detergent having a metal ratio of at least 8 as is described in paragraphs [0026] to [0037] of US Patent Application 2005065045 (and granted as US 7,407,919 ).
• the linear alkyl group may be attached to the benzene ring anywhere along the linear chain of the alkyl group, but often in the 2, 3 or 4 position of the linear chain, and in some instances predominantly in the 2 position.
• a calcium sulphonate detergent may have TBN of less than 100, or less than 75, typically 20 to 50 mg KOH/g, or 0 to 20 mg KOH/g.
• a calcium sulphonate detergent may have a TBN greater than 200, or 300 to 550, or 350 to 450 mg KOH/g.
• the detergent may be borated or non-borated.
• the calcium-containing detergent may be an overbased calcium sulphonate, an overbased calcium phenate, or mixtures thereof.
• the detergent may be an overbased calcium sulphonate.
• the calcium-containing detergent may be in a mixture with a having zinc-, barium-, sodium-, or magnesium- containing detergent.
• the zinc-, barium-, sodium-, or magnesium- containing detergent is also well known in the art and described in the same references describing a calcium-containing detergent.
• the TBN and metal ratios may however, differ slightly.
• the zinc-, barium-, sodium-, or magnesium- containing detergent may be a phenate, a sulphur-containing phenate, sulphonate, salixarate or salicylate.
• a zinc-, barium-, sodium-, or magnesium- containing detergent may be a magnesium phenate, a magnesium sulphur-containing phenate, or a magnesium sulphonate.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds may be an acid, salt or ester; and may be a friction modifier, an antiwear agent, an extreme pressure agent or mixtures thereof.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds are in the form of a mixture of two or three, or two to four (typically two or three) phosphorus-containing compounds.
• the phosphorus-containing compound may be metal-containing or metal free (prior to being mixed with other components).
• the phosphorus-containing compound may be present in an amount to deliver 400 ppm to 900 ppm, or 500 ppm to 850 ppm, or 525 ppm to 800 ppm of phosphorus.
• the phosphorus-containing compound may be derived from a phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, thiophosphoric acid, thiophosphorous acid, or mixtures thereof.
• the phosphorus-containing compound may be a non-ionic phosphorus compound.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds comprise two or more (possibly up to four) non-ionic phosphorus compounds.
• the non-ionic phosphorus compound may have an oxidation of +3 or +5.
• the different embodiments comprise phosphite ester, phosphate esters, or mixtures thereof.
• the phosphorus-containing compound comprises a non-ionic phosphorus compound (a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite) and an amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester.
• the phosphorus-containing compound comprises a non-ionic phosphorus compound that is a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite, or mixtures thereof.
• the C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite of the invention includes those represented by the formula: wherein each R′′′ may be independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 4 to 6 carbon atoms, typically 4 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of the R'" groups is hydrocarbyl.
• the C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite comprises dibutyl phosphite.
• the C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite may deliver at least 175 ppm, or at least 200 ppm of the total amount of phosphorus delivered by the phosphorus-containing compounds.
• the C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite may deliver at least 45 wt %, or 50 wt % to 100 wt %, or 50 wt % to 90 wt % or 60 wt % to 80 wt % of the total amount of phosphorus from the phosphorus-containing compound.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds may comprise a second phosphite whose formula is similar to that disclosed above, except R'" may contain 2 to 40, 8 to 24 or 11 to 20 carbon atoms, with the proviso that the second phosphite is not a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite.
• suitable hydrocarbyl groups include propyl, dodecyl, butadecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, propenyl, dodecenyl, butadecenyl, hexadeencyl, or octadecenylgroups.
• alk(en)yl is intended to include moieties that have an alkyl and/or alkenyl group.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds include a mixture of a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite (typically dibutyl phosphite) and a C 12-18 alk(en)yl hydrogen phosphite and optionally phosphoric acid.In different embodiments the phosphoric acid is present or absent.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds include a mixture of a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite (typically dibutyl phosphite) and a C 16-18 alk(en)yl hydrogen phosphite.
• the alk(en)yl hydrogen phosphite be may an alkyl hydrogen phosphite, and alkenyl hydrogen phosphite, or a mixture of alkenyl hydrogen phosphite and alkyl hydrogen phosphite.
• the alk(en)yl hydrogen phosphite be may a mixture of alkenyl hydrogen phosphite and alkyl hydrogen phosphite and optionally phosphoric acid.
• the phosphoric acid may be present or absent.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds include a mixture of a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite (typically dibutyl phosphite) and a C 11-14 alk(en)yl hydrogen phosphite.
• the alk(en)yl hydrogen phosphite be may an alkyl hydrogen phosphite, and alkenyl hydrogen phosphite, or a mixture of alkenyl hydrogen phosphite and alkyl hydrogen phosphite.
• the alk(en)yl hydrogen phosphite may be a mixture of alkenyl hydrogen phosphite and alkyl hydrogen phosphite and optionally phosphoric acid.
• the phosphorus-containing compounds include a mixture of a C 4-6 hydrocarbyl phosphite (typically dibutyl phosphite) and phosphoric acid.
• the lubricating composition of the invention in one embodiment includes a package that comprises a phosphorus-containing compound and a non-ionic phosphorus compound that is a hydrocarbyl phosphite.
• the lubricating composition further comprises a C 8-20 hydrocarbyl phosphite, or a C 12-18 hydrocarbyl phosphite, or C 16-18 hydrocarbyl phosphite.
• the lubricating composition of the invention may or may not contain phosphoric acid. In one embodiment the lubricating composition further includes phosphoric acid.
• the borated dispersant of the invention may be a succinimide dispersant, a Mannich dispersant, a polyolefin succinic acid ester, amide, or ester-amide, or mixtures thereof.
• the non-borated dispersant may be a borated succinimide dispersant.
• the borated dispersant may be based upon a borated polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant, wherein the polyisobutylene of the borated polyisobutylene succinimide has a number average molecular weight of 750 to 2200, or 750 to 1350, or 750 to 1150.
• the borated dispersant may be used alone or as part of a mixture of borated dispersants. If a mixture of borated dispersants is used, there may be two to five, or two to three or two borated dispersants.
• a second borated dispersant may also be a borated polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant (provided it is chemically different from the first borated dispersant), wherein the polyisobutylene of the borated polyisobutylene succinimide has a number average molecular weight of 750 to 2200, or 750 to 1350, or 750 to 1150.
• the lubricating composition containing one or more borated dispersant may also further comprise a non-borated dispersant.
• the non-borated may be a polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene of the borated polyisobutylene succinimide has a number average molecular weight of 750 to 2200, or 750 to 1350, or 750 to 1150.
• borated and non-borated polyisobutylene succinimide are known in the art and may be prepared with a polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of 950.
• the borated and non-borated dispersant may be formed by reaction of a substituted acylating agent with a polyamine (typically having two or more reactive sites).
• the substituted acylating agent may be a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and the polyamine.
• the polyamine may be an alkylenepolyamine.
• the alkylenepolyamine may include an ethylenepolyamine, a propylenepolyamine, a butylenepolyamine, or mixtures thereof.
• propylenepolyamine include propylenediamine, dipropylenetriamine and mixtures thereof.
• the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, polyamine still bottoms and mixtures thereof.
• the borated and non-borated dispersant may be obtained/obtainable from reaction of succinic anhydride by an "ene” or “thermal” reaction, by what is referred to as a “direct alkylation process.”
• the "ene” reaction mechanism and general reaction conditions are summarised in " Maleic Anhydride", pages, 147-149, Edited by B.C. Trivedi and B.C. Culbertson and Published by Plenum Press in 1982 .
• the non-borated dispersant prepared by a process that includes an "ene” reaction may be a polyisobutylene succinimide having a carbocyclic ring present on less than 50 mole %, or 0 to less than 30 mole %, or 0 to less than 20 mole %, or 0 mole % of the dispersant molecules.
• the "ene” reaction may have a reaction temperature of 180°C to less than 300°C, or 200 °C to 250°C, or 200°C to 220°C.
• the borated and non-borated dispersant may also be obtained/obtainable from a chlorine-assisted process, often involving Diels-Alder chemistry, leading to formation of carbocyclic linkages.
• the process is known to a person skilled in the art.
• the chlorine-assisted process may produce a non-borated dispersant that is a polyisobutylene succinimide having a carbocyclic ring present on 50 mole % or more, or 60 to 100 mole % (typically 100 mole %) of the dispersant molecules.
• Both the thermal and chlorine-assisted processes are described in greater detail in U.S. Patent 7,615,521 , columns 4-5 and preparative examples A and B.
• the borated dispersant(s) of the present invention may be prepared in such a way to have a N:CO ratio of 0.9:1 to 1.6:1, or 0.95:1 to 1.5:1, or 1:1 to 1:4.
• the non-borated dispersant may have a carbonyl to nitrogen ratio (CO:N ratio) of 5:1 to 1:10, 2:1 to 1:10, or 1:1 to 1:10, or 1:1 to 1:5, or 1:1 to 1:2.
• CO:N ratio carbonyl to nitrogen ratio
• the non-borated dispersant may have a CO:N ratio of 1:1 to 1:10, or 1:1 to 1:5, or 1:1 to 1:2.
• the borated and non-borated dispersant may also be post-treated by conventional methods by a reaction with any of a variety of agents.
• agents include urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles, carbon disulphide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, maleic anhydride, nitriles, epoxides, and phosphorus compounds.
• the non-borated dispersant is typically present at 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 7 wt %, or 1 wt % to 4 wt %, or 1.5 wt % to 3 wt % of the lubricating oil composition.
• the dispersant may be a reaction product prepared by heating together: (a) a dispersant (such as a polyisobutylene succinimide) and (b) 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or a hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole which is substantially insoluble in a hydrocarbon oil of lubricating viscosity at 25°C, and further either (c) a borating agent or (d) an inorganic phosphorus compound, or both (c) and (d), said heating being sufficient to provide a reaction product of (a), (b), and (c) or (d) which is soluble in said hydrocarbon oil at 25°C.
• a dispersant such as a polyisobutylene succinimide
• the reaction product can typically contain 0.5 to 2.5 weight percent sulfur derived from component (b), or 1 to 2 weight percent, or 1.25 to 1.5 weight percent sulfur. It can likewise contain 0.2 to 0.6 weight percent boron from component (c), or 0.3 to 1.1 percent phosphorus from component (d), or such amounts from both components (c) and (d).
• Borated dispersants may be prepared by borating using a variety of agents selected from the group consisting of the various forms of boric acid (including metaboric acid, HBO 2 , orthoboric acid, H 3 BO 3 , and tetraboric acid, H 2 B 4 O 7 ), boric oxide, boron trioxide, and alkyl borates. These agents are described in more detail above.
• the borating agent is boric acid which may be used alone or in combination with other borating agents.
• the borated dispersant may be prepared by blending the boron compound and a N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide and heating them at a suitable temperature, typically 80 °C to 250 °C, 90 °C to 230 °C, or 100 °C to 210 °C, until the desired reaction has occurred.
• An inert liquid may be used in performing the reaction.
• the liquid may include but are not limited to toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dimethylformamide and mixtures thereof.
• the borated dispersant may also be a product prepared by heating together:
• the mixture of dispersant substrate, dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound and the mercaptothiadiazole is treated with a borating agent and optionally also with a phosphorus acid or anhydride.
• the components may be combined and reacted in any order.
• the borating agent may be a pre-treatment process or a post-treatment process.
• boric acid and optionally also phosphoric acid
• the intermediate borated dispersant may be reacted with the mercaptothiadiazole and the dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound.
• the dispersant substrate, dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound and mercapthothiadiazole may be first reacted, and then the product treated with a borating agent (and optionally with phosphoric acid, a phosphorus acid).
• a phosphorylated succinimide dispersant may be prepared by reacting a phosphorus acid with a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride to prepare a mixed anhydride-acid precursor, and then reacting the precursor with a polyamine to form a phosphorus-containing dispersant. The phosphorus-containing dispersant may thereafter be reacted with the dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound and mercaptothiadiazole; and with the borating agent.
• the components are typically reacted by heating the borating agent and optionally the phosphorus acid compound (together or sequentially) with the remaining components, that is, with the dispersant substrate, dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound and the dimercaptothiadiazole, although other orders of reaction are possible, as described above.
• the heating will be at a sufficient time and temperature to assure solubility of resulting product, typically 80-200°C, or 90-180°C, or 120-170°C, or 150-170°C.
• the time of reaction is typically at least 0.5 hours, for instance, 1-24 hours, 2-12 hours, 4-10 hours, or 6-8 hours.
• the length of time required for the reaction is determined in part by the temperature of the reaction, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Progress of the reaction is generally evidenced by the evolution of H 2 S or water from the reaction mixture. Typically, the H 2 S is derived from one or more of the sulphur atoms in the dimercaptothiadiazole.
• the reaction product may typically contain 0.5 to 2.5 weight percent sulphur derived from component (iii), or 1 to 2 weight percent, or 1.25 to 1.5 weight percent sulphur. It may likewise contain 0.2 to 0.6 weight percent boron from component (iv), or 0.3 to 1.1 percent phosphorus from component (e), or such amounts from both components (iv) and (v).
• the reaction may be conducted in a hydrophobic medium such as an oil of lubricating viscosity which may, if desired, be retained in the final product.
• the oil should typically be an oil which does not itself react or decompose under conditions of the reaction. Thus, oils containing reactive ester functionality are typically not used as diluent. Oils of lubricating viscosity are described in greater detail above.
• the relative amounts of the components which are reacted are, expressed as parts by weight prior to reaction are typically 100 parts of (i) the dispersant, per 0.75 to 6 parts of (ii) the dimercaptothiadiazole or substituted dimercaptothiadiazole, and 0 or 0.01 to 7.5 parts of (iii) the borating agent, and 0.01 to 7.5 parts of (v) the phosphorus acid compound, provided that the relative amount of (iii) + (v) is at least 0.075 parts.
• the relative amounts are 100 parts of (i), 1.5 to 3 parts of (ii), 0 to 4.5 parts of (iii), and 0 to 4.5 parts of (v), provided that (iii) + (v) is at least 1.5 parts. In another embodiment, the relative amounts are 100 parts (i) : 1.5 to 2.2 parts (ii) : 3.7 to 4.4 parts (iii) : 1.5 to 4.4 parts (v).
• relative amounts of the components which are reacted are, expressed as parts by weight prior to reaction are typically 100 parts of (i) the dispersant, per 5-5000 parts per million of (ii) the dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound, 0.75 to 6 parts of (iii) the dimercaptothiadiazole or substituted dimercaptothiadiazole, and 0 to 7.5 parts of (iv) the borating agent and 0 to 7.5 parts of (v) the phosphorus acid compound, provided that the relative amount of (ii) + (iii) + (iv) + (v) is at least 1.5 parts.
• the relative amounts are 100 parts of (i), 1.5 to 6 parts of (ii), 5-1000 parts per million of (iii), 0 or 0.01 to 4.5 parts of (iv), and 0 to 4.5 parts of (v), provided that (iii) + (iv) + (v) is at least 1.5 parts.
• the relative amounts are 100 parts (i) : 1.5 to 5.0 parts (ii) : 25-500 parts per million (iii) : 3.7 to 4.4 parts (iv) : 0 to 4.4 parts (v).
• the product prepared by heating comprises a dispersant substrate.
• the dispersant of the invention is well known and include a succinimide dispersant (for example N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides), a Mannich dispersant, an ester-containing dispersant, a condensation product of a fatty hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acylating agent with an amine or ammonia, an alkyl amino phenol dispersant, a hydrocarbyl-amine dispersant, a polyether dispersant, a polyetheramine dispersant, a viscosity modifier containing dispersant functionality (for example polymeric viscosity index modifiers (VMs) containing dispersant functionality), or mixtures thereof.
• the dispersant substrate is a succinimide, or mixtures thereof.
• the dispersant substrate may be a polyisobutylene succinimide.
• the borated dispersant is prepared by reaction in the presence of a 1,3-dicarboxylic acid or 1,4-dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound, or reactive equivalents thereof, or mixtures thereof, which is reacted or complexed with the dispersant.
• reactive equivalents thereof include acid halides, esters, amides or mixtures thereof.
• aromatic component is typically a benzene (phenylene) ring or a substituted benzene ring, although other aromatic materials such as fused ring compounds or heterocyclic compounds are also contemplated.
• the dicarboxylic acid aromatic compound may be bound to the dispersant by salt formation or complexation, rather than formation of covalently bonded structures such as amides, which may also be formed but may play a less important role.
• the presence of the dicarboxylic acid aromatic compound within the present invention is believed to impart corrosion inhibition properties to the composition.
• suitable dicarboxylic acids include 1,3-dicarboxylic acids such as isophthalic acid and alkyl homologues such as 2-methyl isophthalic acid, 4-methyl isophthalic acid or 5-methyl isophthalic acid; and 1,4-dicarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid and alkyl homologues such as 2-methyl terephthalic acid.
• 1,3-dicarboxylic acids such as isophthalic acid and alkyl homologues such as 2-methyl isophthalic acid, 4-methyl isophthalic acid or 5-methyl isophthalic acid
• 1,4-dicarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid and alkyl homologues such as 2-methyl terephthalic acid.
• Other ring substituents such as hydroxy or alkoxy (e.g., methoxy) groups may also be present in certain embodiments.
• the aromatic compound is terephthalic acid.
• the borated dispersant is prepared by reaction in the presence of a dimercaptothiadiazole which is reacted as a part of the "product prepared by heating.” This is in addition to any dimercaptothiadiazole which may be present within a lubricating composition as a separate corrosion inhibitor. Examples include 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole or a hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof.
• oligomers of hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole typically form by forming a sulphur-sulphur bond between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole units to form oligomers of two or more of said thiadiazole units.
• the borated dispersant is prepared by reaction in the presence of a phosphorus acid compound.
• the phosphorus acid compound may contain an oxygen atom and/or a sulphur atom as its constituent elements, and is typically a phosphorus acid or anhydride.
• This component includes the following examples: phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid, hypophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus tetroxide, phosphorous pentoxide (P 2 O 5 ), phosphorotetrathionic acid (H 3 PS 4 ), phosphoromonothionic acid (H 3 PO 3 S), phosphorodithionic acid (H 3 PO 2 S 2 ), phosphorotrithionic acid (H 3 PO 2 S 3 ), and P 2 S 5 .
• phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid or their anhydrides are typically used.
• a salt, such as an amine salt of a phosphorus acid compound may also be used. It is also possible to use a plurality of these phosphorus acid compounds together.
• the phosphorus acid compound is often phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid or their anhydride.
• the phosphorus acid compound may also include phosphorus compounds with a phosphorus oxidation of +3 or +5, such as, phosphates, phosphonates, phosphinates, or phosphine oxides.
• phosphorus compounds with a phosphorus oxidation of +3 or +5 such as, phosphates, phosphonates, phosphinates, or phosphine oxides.
• the phosphorus acid compound is an inorganic phosphorus compound.
• the borated dispersant is typically present at 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 7 wt %, or 1 wt % to 4 wt % of the lubricating oil composition.
• viscosity modifier As used herein ranges below for the viscosity modifier are measured by GPC using polystyrene standards with a weight average molecular weight ranging from 350 to 2,000,000.
• the lubricating composition contains 0.1 wt % to 5 wt % (or 0.5 wt % to 4 wt %) of a linear polymer having dispersant functionality.
• Compounds of this type are known in the art and are considered different from dispersants and the molecular weights are lower than that of the linear polymer of the present invention.
• the lubricating composition of the invention in one embodiment includes a linear polymer with a weight average molecular weight of 5,000 to 25,000, or 8000 to 20,000.
• the linear polymer includes a poly(meth)acrylate, or mixtures thereof.
• the linear polymer may be present in the compositions described herein at 0.1 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 4 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 3 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 4 wt % of the lubricating composition.
• the linear polymer may have a composition that comprises a poly(meth)acrylate polymer derived from a monomer composition comprising:(a) 50 wt % to 95 wt %, or 60 wt % to 80 wt % of an alkyl (meth)acrylate, wherein the alkyl group of the (meth)acrylate has 10 to 15 carbon atoms; (b) 1 wt % to 40 wt %, or 4 wt % to 35 wt % of an alkyl (meth)acrylate, wherein the alkyl group of the (meth)acrylate has 1 to 9 carbon atoms; (c) 1 wt % to 10 wt %, or 1 wt % to 8 wt % of a dispersant monomer, (d) 0 wt % to 4 wt %, or 0 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0 wt % of a vinyl aromatic
• the Star polymer may be derived from a monomer composition comprising C 12-15 alkyl (meth)acrylate (about 80 wt %), and about 20 wt % of a mixture of monomers composed of methyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, and ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate.
• the linear polymer may be derived from a monomer composition comprising 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate (30 wt %), C 12-15 alkyl (meth)acrylate (68.2 wt %), and dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylate (1.8 wt %).
• the linear polymer includes a poly(meth)acrylate (typically a polymethacrylate) with units derived from a mixture of alkyl (meth)acrylate ester monomers containing, (a) 8 to 24, or 10 to 18, or 12 to 15 carbon atoms in the alcohol-derived portion of the ester group and (b) 6 to 11, or 8 to 11, or 8 carbon atoms in the alcohol-derived portion of the ester group, and which have 2-(C 1-4 alkyl)-substituents, and optionally, at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid esters containing 1 to 7 carbon atoms in the alcohol-derived portion of the ester group and which are different from (meth)acrylic acid esters (a) and (b), vinyl aromatic compounds (or vinyl aromatic monomers); and nitrogen-containing vinyl monomer; provided that no more than 60% by weight, or no more than 50% by weight, or no more than 35% by weight of the esters contain not more than 10 carbon atoms in the
• the linear polymer of this type is described in more detail in US 6,124,249 , or EP 0 937 769 A1 paragraphs [0019] and [0031] to [0067].
• the linear polymer may further contain a third monomer.
• the third monomer may be styrene, or mixtures thereof.
• the third monomer may be present in an amount 0% to 25% of the polymer composition, or from 1% to 15% of the composition, 2% to 10% of the composition, or even from 1% to 3% of the composition.
• the mole ratio of esters (a) to esters (b) in the copolymer ranges from 95:5 to 35:65, or 90:10 to 60:40, or 80:20 to 50:50.
• the esters are usually aliphatic esters, typically alkyl esters.
• the ester of (a) may be a C 12-15 alkyl (meth)acrylate and the ester of (b) may be 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate.
• the ester groups in ester (a) contain branched alkyl groups.
• the ester groups may contain 2 to 65%, or 5 to 60% of the ester groups having branched alkyl groups.
• the branched alkyl groups may be ⁇ -branched and may contain 8 to 60, or 8 to 30, or 8 to 16 carbon atoms.
• branched alkyl groups may be derived from 2-ethylhexanol, 2-butyloctanol, 2-hexyldecanol, 2-octyldodecanol, 2-decyltetradecanol, or mixtures thereof, or commercially available alcohols such as Isofol ® branched Guerbet alcohols available from Sasol.
• the C 1-4 alkyl substituents may be methyl, ethyl, and any isomers of propyl and butyl.
• the weight average molecular weight of the linear poly(meth)acrylate may be 45,000 or less, or 35,000 or less, or 25,000 or less, or 8000 to 25,000, or, 10,000 to 35,000, or 12,000 to 20,000.
• the linear polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality may be used as a sole dispersant viscosity modifier present at 0.5 wt % to 4 wt % of a linear (meth)acrylic polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality, wherein the linear polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 5,000 to 25,000, or 10,000 to 20,000, and wherein oil the of lubricating viscosity has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 2.8 to 3.1 cSt (mm 2 /s) and a viscosity index of 104 to 130.
• the lubricating composition in one embodiment may contain only two linear polymer viscosity modifiers having dispersant functionality, wherein the linear polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 5,000 to 25,000, or 10,000 to 20,000,
• the lubricating composition of the invention includes a viscosity modifier comprises a star polymer and linear polymer described herein.
• the lubricating composition may comprise 0.1 wt% to 4 wt % (or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %) of a linear (meth)acrylic polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality, wherein the linear polymer has a weight average molecular weight of greater than 25,000 to 400,000 (or to 350,000) or 30,000 to 150,000.
• the linear (meth)acrylic polymer a weight average molecular weight of greater than 25,000 to 400,000 (or to 350,000) may be considered chemically similar to the linear (meth)acrylic polymer a weight average molecular weight of 5,000 to 25,000 except the weight average molecular weight is different.
• the lubricating composition may comprise a linear polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality comprises:0.1 wt % to 4 wt % (or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %) of a linear (meth)acrylic polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality, wherein the linear polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000; and 0.1 wt % to 4 wt % (or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %) of a linear (meth)acrylic polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality, wherein the linear polymer has a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 to 250,000 (or 30,000 to 150,000).
• the lubricating composition may comprise a linear polymer viscosity modifier having dispersant functionality comprises 0.1 wt % to 4 wt % (or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %) of a linear (meth)acrylic polymer having dispersant functionality wherein the linear polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 5,000 to 25,000 or 10,000 to 20,000, and the composition further comprises 0.1 wt % to 4 wt % (or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %) of a (meth)acrylic polymer having star architecture.
• star polymer disclosed herein may also be described in WO 2007/127660 (published on 8 November 2007, by Baker et al. and assigned to The Lubrizol Corporation ), paragraphs [0021] to [0061].
• Baker discloses composition and methods of preparation of a variety of star polymers.
• the star polymer may contain greater than 50 wt %, or 55 wt % or more, or 70 wt % or more, or 90 wt % or more, or 95 wt % or more, or 100 wt % of a non-diene monomer (that is to say, non-diene monomer units or units derived from polymerisation of one of more non-diene monomers).
• a non-diene monomer that is to say, non-diene monomer units or units derived from polymerisation of one of more non-diene monomers.
• diene monomers include 1,3-butadiene or isoprene.
• examples of a non-diene of the present invention may include styrene, (meth)acrylates, acrylates, or mixtures thereof.
• the star polymer may be a polymer derived from (meth)acrylates, or mixtures thereof, and is free of styrene.
• the molecular weight of the viscosity modifier has been determined using known methods, such as GPC analysis using polystyrene standards.
• Methods for determining molecular weights of polymers are well known. The methods are described for instance: (i) P.J. Flory, “Principles of star polymer Chemistry", Cornell University Press 91953), Chapter VII, pp 266-315 ; or (ii) " Macromolecules, an Introduction to star polymer Science", F. A. Bovey and F. H. Winslow, Editors, Academic Press (1979), pp 296-312 .
• the weight average and number average molecular weights of the polymers of the invention are obtained by integrating the area under the peak corresponding to the star polymer of the invention, which is normally the major high molecular weight peak, excluding peaks associated with diluents, impurities, uncoupled star polymer chains and other additives.
• the (meth)acrylic polymer having star architecture has three or more arms that comprise a poly(meth)acrylate polymer is derived from a monomer composition comprising: (a) 50 wt % to 100 wt % of an alkyl (meth)acrylate, wherein the alkyl group of the (meth)acrylate has 12 to 15 carbon atoms;(b) 0 wt % to 40 wt % of an alkyl (meth)acrylate, wherein the alkyl group of the (meth)acrylate has 1 to 9 carbon atoms; (c) 0 wt % to 10 wt % of a dispersant monomer, (d) 0 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0 wt % of a vinyl aromatic monomer (typically styrene); and (e) 0 wt % to 20 wt %, or 0
• the (meth)acrylic polymer having star architecture may have three or more arms that comprise a poly(meth)acrylate polymer is derived from a monomer composition comprising:(a) 60 wt % to 95 wt % of an alkyl (meth)acrylate, wherein the alkyl group of the (meth)acrylate has 12 to 15 carbon atoms;(b) 5 wt % to 30 wt % of an alkyl (meth)acrylate, wherein the alkyl group of the (meth)acrylate has 1 to 9 carbon atoms; (c) 0 wt % to 10 wt % of a dispersant monomer, (d) 0 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0 wt % of a vinyl aromatic monomer (typically styrene); and(e) 0 wt % to 20 wt %, or 0
• the star polymer may have a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 to 1,300,000, or 125,000 to 1,000,000, or 150,000 to 950,000, or 200,000 to 800,000.
• SSI shear stability index
• the test procedure is set out in both CEC-L-45-99 or equivalent test method DIN 51350-6-KRL/C.
• the star polymer SSI may be in the range of 0 to 100, or 0 to 80, or 0 to 60, or 0 to 50, 0 to 20, or 0 to 15, or 0 to 10, or 0 to 5.
• An example of a suitable range for the SSI includes 1 to 5, 10 to 25, or 25 to 65.
• the star polymer may be a homopolymer or a copolymer, that is, its arms may be homopolymeric or copolymeric (i.e., containing two or more monomer types). In one embodiment the star polymer may be a copolymer.
• the star polymer may be a star polymer having a random, tapered, di-block, tri-block or multi-block architecture. Typically the star polymer has random or tapered architecture.
• the star polymer may have arms that may have a block-arm architecture, or hetero-arm architecture, or tapered-arm architecture.
• Tapered-arm architecture has a variable composition across the length of a star polymer arm.
• the tapered arm may be composed of, at one end, a relatively pure first monomer and, at the other end, a relatively pure second monomer.
• the middle of the arm is more of a gradient composition of the two monomers.
• hetero-arm star polymers contain arms which may vary from one another either in molecular weight, composition, or both, as described in Hsieh et al. (Chapter 13 (pp. 333-368) of "Anionic Polymerization, Principles and Practical Applications” by Henry Hsieh and Roderic Quirk (Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, 1996 ) (hereinafter referred to as Hsieh et al.).
• a portion of the arms of a given star polymer may be of one polymeric type and a portion of a second polymeric type.
• More complex hetero-arm star polymers may be formed by combining portions of three or more polymeric arms with a coupling agent.
• hetero-arm stars may be prepared by combining several batches of polymers with living characteristics prior to linkage and core formation.
• the above-described monomers are based on methacrylic acid rather than acrylic acid.
• methacrylic polymers have better low temperature properties than do acrylic polymers.
• the amount of acrylic monomers present in the reaction mixture to form the polymer arms or in the resulting polymer arms themselves may be 0 to 5 mole % , or 0.001 to 2 mole % or 0.01 to 1 mole percent or 0.05 to 0.5 mole percent, or less than 0.1 mole percent.
• the star polymer with branched, comb-like, radial or star architecture may have 2 or more arms, or 5 or more arms, or 7 or more arms, or 10 or more arms, for instance 12 to 100, or 14 to 50, or 16 to 40 arms.
• the star polymer with branched, comb-like, radial or star architecture may have 120 arms or less, or 80 arms or less, or 60 arms or less.
• the star polymer may be obtained/obtainable from a controlled radical polymerisation technique.
• a controlled radical polymerisation technique include RAFT, ATRP or nitroxide mediated processes.
• the star polymer may also be obtained/obtainable from anionic polymerisation processes.
• the star polymer may be obtained/obtainable from RAFT, ATRP or anionic polymerisation process.
• the star polymer may be obtained/obtainable from RAFT or ATRP polymerisation process.
• the star polymer may be obtained/obtainable from a RAFT polymerisation process.
• RAFT or ATRP polymerization process are preferred to other polymerization techniques when preparing star polymers because polar vinyl monomers, including (meth)acrylates and (meth)acrylamides may be prone to side reactions during anionic polymerisation, making anionic polymerization less desirable.
• groups that may be transferred by a radical mechanism include halogens (from a halogen-containing compound) or various ligands.
• groups that may be transferred is described in US 6,391,996 , or paragraphs 61 to 65 of International Publication WO 2006/047398 .
• RAFT polymerisation chain transfer agents are important. A more detailed review of suitable chain transfer agents is found in paragraphs [0066] to [0071] of International Publication WO 2006/047398 .
• a suitable RAFT chain transfer agent includes 2-dodecylsulphanylthiocarbonyl-sulphanyl-2-methyl-propionic acid butyl ester, cumyl dithiobenzoate or mixtures thereof.
• a discussion of the star polymer mechanism of RAFT polymerisation is shown on page 664 to 665 in section 12.4.4 of Matyjaszewski et al.
• the star polymers may be prepared by techniques known in the art to prepare either core-first or arm-first approaches.
• the star polymer is prepared by an "arm-first" approach using RAFT or ATRP (typically RAFT) polymerization techniques.
• the (meth)acrylic polymer having star architecture may be prepared from known monomers such as alkyl (meth)acrylate.
• Alkyl (meth)acrylates include, for example, compounds derived from saturated alcohols, such as methyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-methylpentyl (meth)acrylate, 2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate, 2-butyloctyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, nonyl (meth)acrylate, isooctyl (meth)acrylate, isononyl (meth)acrylate, 2-tert-butylheptyl (meth)acrylate, 3-isopropylheptyl (meth)acrylate, decyl (meth)acrylate, undecyl (meth)acrylate, 5-methylundecyl (meth)acrylate,
• the alkyl (meth)acrylates with long-chain alcohol-derived groups may be obtained, for example, by reaction of a (meth)acrylic acid (by direct esterification) or methyl (meth)acrylate (by transesterification) with long-chain fatty alcohols, in which reaction a mixture of esters such as (meth)acrylate with alkyl groups of various chain lengths is generally obtained.
• These fatty alcohols include Oxo Alcohol ® 7911, Oxo Alcohol ® 7900 and Oxo Alcohol ® 1100 of Monsanto; Alphanol ® 79 of ICI; Nafol ® 1620, Alfol ® 610 and Alfol ® 810 of Condea (now Sasol); Epal ® 610 and Epal ® 810 of Ethyl Corporation; Linevol ® 79, Linevol ® 911 and Dobanol ® 25 L of Shell AG; Lial ® 125 of Condea Augusta, Milan; Dehydad ® and Lorol ® of Henkel KGaA (now Cognis) as well as Linopol ® 7-11 and Acropol ® 91 of Ugine Kuhlmann, as well as Isofol ® branched Guerbet alcohols from Sasol.
• the star polymer may be further functionalised in the core or the polymeric arms with a nitrogen-containing monomer.
• the nitrogen-containing monomer may be referred to as a dispersant monomer.
• the nitrogen-containing monomer may include a vinyl-substituted nitrogen heterocyclic monomer, a dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylate monomer, a dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylamide monomer, a tertiary-(meth)acrylamide monomer, ureido (meth)acrylate, or mixtures thereof.
• the core or polymeric arms further comprise a (meth)acrylamide or a nitrogen containing (meth)acrylate monomer.
• a suitable nitrogen-containing vinyl monomer include N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl carbonamides such as N-vinyl-formamide, vinyl pyridine, N-vinylacetoamide, N-vinyl-n-propionamides, N-vinyl hydroxyacetoamide, N-vinyl imidazole, N-vinyl pyrrolidinone, N-vinyl caprolactam, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), dimethylaminoethyl-(meth)acrylate (DMAEMA), dimethylaminobutylacrylamide, dimethylamine-propyl(meth)acrylate (DMAPMA), dimethylamine-propyl-acrylamide, dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl-acrylamide, or mixtures thereof.
• a dispersant monomer may also be oxygen-containing compound.
• the oxygen-containing compound may include hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates such as 3-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediol (meth)acrylate, 1,10-decanediol (meth)acrylate, carbonyl-containing (meth)acrylates such as 2-carboxyethyl (meth)acrylate, carboxymethyl (meth)acrylate, oxazolidinylethyl (meth)acrylate, N-(meth-acryloyloxy)formamide, acetonyl (meth)acrylate, N-methacryloylmorpholine, N-methacryloyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N-(2-methacryloyloxy
• suitable non-carbonyl oxygen containing compounds capable of being incorporated into the copolymer include (meth)acrylates of ether alcohols, such as tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, vinyloxyethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, methoxyethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 1-butoxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 1-methyl-(2-vinyloxy)ethyl (meth)acrylate, cyclo-hexyloxymethyl (meth)acrylate, methoxymethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, benzyloxymethyl (meth)acrylate, furfuryl (meth)acrylate, 2-butoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethoxyethoxymethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, allyloxymethyl (meth)acrylate, 1-ethoxybutyl (meth)acrylate, methoxymethyl (me
• the star polymer may be prepared from a bifunctional monomer divinylbenzene, dipentaerythritol hexamethacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, tripentaerythritol octamethacrylate, tripentaerythritol octaacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, bis-acrylates and methacrylates of polyethylene glycols of molecular weight 200-4000, polycaprolactonediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene
• the linear or star (meth)acrylate may contain 0 wt % to 30 wt % or 0 wt % to 20 wt % of a Ci-Cio, or C 1 -C 8 acrylate group.
• the acrylate groups may for instance be ethyl acrylate or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
• the lubricating composition of the present invention may further comprise 0.1 wt % to 5 wt % (0.1 wt % to 4 wt % or 0.2 wt % to 3 wt %) of a polymer having comb architecture.
• the polymer having comb architecture may be a comb polymer comprising, in the main chain, repeat units which are derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers, and repeat units which are derived from low molecular weight monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene monomers having from 8 to 17 carbon atoms, alkyl(meth)acrylates having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, vinyl esters having from 1 to 11 carbon atoms in the acyl group, vinyl ethers having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, (di)alkyl fumarates having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, (di)alkyl maleates having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, and mixtures of these monomers, wherein the molar degree of branching is in the range from 0.1 to 10 mol % and the comb polymer comprises a total of at least 80% by weight, based on the weight of the repeat units, which are derived from
• the polymer having comb architecture may have a glass transition temperature in the range from -30 to 100 °C.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have repeat units which are derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers have a number-average molecular weight in the range from 500 to 10 000 g/mol.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have at least 90% by weight of repeat units which are derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers and repeat units which are derived from low molecular weight monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene monomers having from 8 to 17 carbon atoms, alkyl(meth)acrylates having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, vinyl esters having from 1 to 11 carbon atoms in the acyl group, vinyl ethers having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, (di)alkyl fumarates having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, (di)alkyl maleates having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group, and mixtures of these monomers.
• styrene monomers having from 8 to 17 carbon atoms
• alkyl(meth)acrylates having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms in the alcohol group
• vinyl esters having from 1 to 11 carbon atoms in the acyl group
• the polymer having comb architecture may have a molar degree of branching in the range from 0.8% to 6.0%, or 0.8% to 3.4%.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have the iodine number of less than or equal to 0.2 g per g of comb polymer.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have the repeat units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers which are derived from monomers selected from the group consisting of C2-C10-alkenes and/or C4-C10-alkadienes.
• the repeat units may be derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers which comprise at least 80% by weight of groups which are derived from monomers selected from the group consisting of C2-C10-alkenes and/or C4-C10-alkadienes, based on the weight of the repeat units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have the repeat units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers comprising groups which are derived from non-olefinic monomers selected from the group of styrenes, (meth)acrylates, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, fumarates and maleates.
• the repeat units may be derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers comprising at most 20% by weight of groups which are derived from non-olefinic monomers selected from the group of styrenes, (meth)acrylates, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, fumarates and maleates, based on the weight of the repeat units.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have repeat units derived from polyolefin-based macromonomers having a melting point of less than or equal to -10 °C.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have repeat units which are derived from styrene, and repeat units which are derived from n-butyl methacrylate.
• the repeat units may be derived from styrene, and repeat units which are derived from n-butyl acrylate.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have repeat units which are derived from methyl methacrylate and repeat units which are derived from n-butyl methacrylate.
• the polymer having comb architecture may have a weight-average molecular weight in the range from 50,000 to 500,000 g/mol.
• the process to prepare the polymer having comb architecture may be continuous or batch-wise, typically batch-wise.
• the process to prepare the polymer having comb architecture may be carried out in the absence or presence of a solubilizing carrier medium, typically in the presence of a solubilizing carrier medium.
• the carrier medium is selected from the group of the base oil and/or the aromatic hydrocarbons.
• the lubricating composition of the present invention may optionally contain at least two friction modifiers.
• Useful friction modifiers for the present invention are described below.
• the friction modifier may be formed by the condensation of the hydroxyalkyl compound with an acylating agent or an amine.
• an acylating agent or an amine.
• the friction modifier disclosed in US Patent Application 60/725360 may be an amide represented by the formula R 1 R 2 N-C(O)R 3 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrocarbyl groups of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 3 is a hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a group formed by the condensation of said hydroxyalkyl group, through a hydroxyl group thereof, with an acylating agent.
• Preparative Examples are disclosed in Examples 1 and 2 (paragraphs 68 and 69).
• the amide of a hydroxylalkyl compound is prepared by reacting glycolic acid, that is, hydroxyacetic acid, HO-CH 2 -COOH with an amine.
• the friction modifier may be a secondary or tertiary amine being represented by the formula R 4 R 5 NR 6 , wherein R 4 and R 5 are each independently an alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 6 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, a hydroxyl-containing alkyl group, or an amine-containing alkyl group.
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently an alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 6 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, a hydroxyl-containing alkyl group, or an amine-containing alkyl group.
• the friction modifier may be derived from the reaction of a carboxylic acid or a reactive equivalent thereof with an aminoalcohol, wherein the friction modifier contains at least two hydrocarbyl groups, each containing at least 6 carbon atoms.
• An example of such a friction modifier includes the reaction product of isostearic acid or an alkyl succinic anhydride with tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane. A more detailed description of such a friction modifier is disclosed in International Publication WO04/007652 ) in paragraphs 8 and 9 to 14.
• the friction modifier includes fatty amines, borated glycerol esters, fatty acid amides, non-borated fatty epoxides, borated fatty epoxides, alkoxylated fatty amines, borated alkoxylated fatty amines, metal salts of fatty acids, fatty imidazolines, metal salts of alkyl salicylates (may also be referred to as a detergent), metal salts of sulphonates (may also be referred to as a detergent), condensation products of carboxylic acids or polyalkylene-polyamines, or amides of hydroxyalkyl compounds.
• the friction modifier includes a fatty acid ester of glycerol.
• the final product may be in the form of a metal salt, an amide, an imidazoline, or mixtures thereof.
• the fatty acids may contain 6 to 24, or 8 to 18 carbon atoms.
• the fatty acids may branched or straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated. Suitable acids include 2-ethylhexanoic, decanoic, oleic, stearic, isostearic, palmitic, myristic, palmitoleic, linoleic, lauric, and linolenic acids, and the acids from the natural products tallow, palm oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, and Neat's foot oil.
• the fatty acid is oleic acid.
• the metal When in the form of a metal salt, typically the metal includes zinc or calcium; and the products include overbased and non-overbased products. Examples are overbased calcium salts and basic oleic acid-zinc salt complexes which may be represented by the general formula Zn 4 Oleate 6 O.
• the condensation product When in the form of an amide, the condensation product includes those prepared with ammonia, or with primary or secondary amines such as diethylamine and diethanolamine.
• the condensation product of an acid with a diamine or polyamine such as a polyethylenepolyamine.
• the friction modifier is the condensation product of a fatty acid with C8 to C24 atoms, and a polyalkylene polyamine, and in particular, the product of isostearic acid with tetraethylenepentamine.
• the friction modifier includes those formed by the condensation of the hydroxyalkyl compound with an acylating agent or an amine.
• the friction modifier disclosed in WO2007/044820 includes an amide represented by the formula R 12 R 13 N-C(O)R 14 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are each independently hydrocarbyl groups of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 14 is a hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a group formed by the condensation of said hydroxyalkyl group, through a hydroxyl group thereof, with an acylating agent.
• the amide of a hydroxylalkyl compound is prepared by reacting glycolic acid, that is, hydroxyacetic acid, HO-CH 2 -COOH with an amine.
• the friction modifier includes a secondary or tertiary amine being represented by the formula R 15 R 16 NR 17 , wherein R 15 and R 16 are each independently an alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 17 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, a hydroxyl-containing alkyl group, or an amine-containing alkyl group.
• R 15 and R 16 are each independently an alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 17 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, a hydroxyl-containing alkyl group, or an amine-containing alkyl group.
• the friction modifier includes a reaction product of a di-cocoalkyl amine (or di-cocoamine) with glycolic acid.
• the friction modifier includes compounds prepared in Preparative Examples 1 and 2 of WO 2008/014319 .
• the friction modifier includes those derived from the reaction product of a carboxylic acid or a reactive equivalent thereof with an aminoalcohol, wherein the friction modifier contains at least two hydrocarbyl groups, each containing at least 6 carbon atoms.
• An example of such a friction modifier includes the reaction product of isostearic acid or an alkyl succinic anhydride with tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane. A more detailed description of such a friction modifier is disclosed in US Patent Application 2003/22000 (or International Publication WO04/007652 ) in paragraphs 8 and 9 to 14.
• the friction modifier includes an alkoxylated alcohol.
• alkoxylated alcohols A detailed description of suitable alkoxylated alcohols is described in paragraphs 19 and 20 of US Patent Application 2005/0101497 .
• the alkoxylated amines are also described in US Patent 5,641,732 in column 7, line 15 to column 9, line 25.
• the friction modifier includes a hydroxyl amine compound as defined in column 37, line 19, to column 39, line 38 of US Patent 5,534,170 .
• the hydroxyl amine includes borated as such products are described in column 39, line 39 to column 40 line 8 of US Patent 5,534,170 .
• the friction modifier includes an alkoxylated amine e.g., an ethoxylated amine derived from 1.8 % Ethomeen TM T-12 and 0.90 % Tomah TM PA-1 as described in Example E of US Patent 5,703,023 , column 28, lines 30 to 46.
• alkoxylated amine compounds include commercial alkoxylated fatty amines known by the trademark "ETHOMEEN” and available from Akzo Nobel.
• ETHOMEEN TM materials is ETHOMEEN TM C/12 (bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-cocoamine); ETHOMEEN TM C/20 (polyoxyethylene[10]cocoamine); ETHOMEEN TM S/12 (bis[2-hydroxyethyl]soyamine); ETHOMEEN TM T/12 (bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-tallow-amine); ETHOMEEN TM T/15 (polyoxyethylene-[5]tallowamine); ETHOMEEN TM 0/12 (bis[2-hydroxyethyl]oleyl-amine); ETHOMEEN TM 18/12 (bis[2-hydroxyethyl]octadecylamine); and ETHOMEEN TM 18/25 (polyoxyethylene[15]octadecylamine). Fatty amines and ethoxylated fatty amines are also described in U.S. Patent 4,741,848 .
• the friction modifier includes a polyol ester as described in US Patent 5,750,476 column 8, line 40 to column 9, line 28.
• the friction modifier includes a low potency friction modifier as described in US Patent 5,840,662 in column 2, line 28 to column 3, line 26. US Patent 5,840,662 further discloses in column 3, line 48 to column 6, line 25 specific materials and methods of preparing the low potency friction modifier.
• the friction modifier includes a reaction product of an isomerised alkenyl substituted succinic anhydride and a polyamine as described in US Patent 5,840,663 in column 2, lines 18 to 43. Specific embodiments of the friction modifier described in US Patent 5,840,663 are further disclosed in column 3, line 23 to column 4, line 35. Preparative examples are further disclosed in column 4, line 45 to column 5, line 37 of US Patent 5,840,663 .
• the friction modifier includes an alkylphosphonate mono- or di- ester sold commercially by Rhodia under the trademark Duraphos ® DMODP.
• condensation of a fatty acid and a polyamine of the invention typically result in the formation of at least one compound selected from hydrocarbyl amides, hydrocarbyl imidazolines and mixtures thereof.
• the condensation products are hydrocarbyl imidazolines.
• the condensation products are hydrocarbyl amides.
• the condensation products are mixtures of hydrocarbyl imidazolines and hydrocarbyl amides.
• the condensation product is a mixture of hydrocarbyl imidazolines and hydrocarbyl amides.
• the fatty acid of the invention may be derived from a hydrocarbyl carboxylic acid.
• the hydrocarbyl group may be alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl, although alkyl is typical, and the hydrocarbyl groups may be linear or branched.
• the fatty acid contains 8 or more, 10 or more, more 13 or 14 or more carbon atoms (including the carbon of the carboxy group).
• the fatty acid contains 8 to 30, 12 to 24, or 16 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Other suitable carboxylic acids may include the polycarboxylic acids or carboxylic acids or anhydrides having from 2 to 4 carbonyl groups, typically 2.
• the polycarboxylic acids may include succinic acids and anhydrides and Diels-Alder reaction products of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with unsaturated carboxylic acids (such as acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fumaric, crotonic and itaconic acids).
• unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fumaric, crotonic and itaconic acids.
• the fatty carboxylic acids include fatty monocarboxylic acids containing 8 to 30, 10 to 26, or 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
• Suitable fatty acids may include caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosic acid and, tall oil acids.
• the fatty acid is stearic acid, which may be used alone or in combination with other fatty acids.
• the polyamines of the invention may be acyclic or cyclic, preferably acyclic; and linear or branched, preferably linear.
• the polyamines may be alkylenepolyamines selected from the group consisting of ethylenepolyamines, propylenepolyamines, butylenepolyamines and mixtures thereof.
• propylenepolyamines may include propylenediamine and dipropylenetriamine.
• Particularly useful ethylenepolyamines are selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-N'-[2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl]-1,2-ethanediamine, polyamine still bottoms and mixtures thereof.
• the polyamines may be ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminoalkanes.
• Suitable ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminoalkanes may include diaminopropanes, diaminobutanes or mixtures thereof.
• Specific diaminoalkanes are selected from the group consisting of N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propane diamine, 3,3'-diamino-N-methyldipropylamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propane diamine, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-(1,3-propane diamine) and mixtures thereof.
• other polyamines may include di-(trimethylene)triamine, piperazine, diaminocyclohexanes and mixtures thereof.
• One or both friction modifiers may in one embodiment be nitrogen-containing compounds, typically both friction modifiers are nitrogen-containing.
• one of friction modifiers is the condensation product of a fatty acid with C8 to C24 atoms, and a polyalkylene polyamine, and in particular, the product of isostearic acid with tetraethylenepentamine.
• the mixture of at least two friction modifiers may be present at 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.9 wt % or 0.1 wt % to 0.4 wt %, or 0.4 wt % to 1.0 wt %, of the lubricating composition
• the lubricating composition of the invention includes an amine antioxidant.
• the amine antioxidant may be a phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine (PANA) or a hydrocarbyl substituted diphenylamine, or mixtures thereof.
• the hydrocarbyl substituted diphenylamine may include mono- or di-C 4 to C 16 -, or C 6 to C 12 -, or C 9 - alkyl diphenylamine.
• the hydrocarbyl substituted diphenylamine may be octyl diphenylamine, or di-octyl diphenylamine, dinonyl diphenylamine, typically dinonyl diphenylamine.
• the amine antioxidant may be present at 0.2 wt % to 1.2 wt %, or 0.3 wt % to 1.0 wt %, or 0.4 wt % to 0.9 wt % or 0.5 wt % to 0.8 wt %, of the lubricating composition.
• the lubricating composition be optionally include at least one other antixodiant that is known and includes sulphurised olefins, hindered phenols, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, and mixtures thereof.
• the hindered phenol antioxidant often contains a secondary butyl and/or a tertiary butyl group as a sterically hindering group.
• the phenol group is often further substituted with a hydrocarbyl group and/or a bridging group linking to a second aromatic group.
• Suitable hindered phenol antioxidants include 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-ethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-propyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or 4-butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or 4-dodecyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.
• the hindered phenol antioxidant may be an ester and may include, e.g., Irganox TM L-135 from Ciba, or butyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate.
• the secondary antioxidant may be present at 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.9 wt % or 0.1 wt % to 0.4 wt %, or 0.4 wt % to 1.0 wt %, of the lubricating composition.
• the lubricating composition may further contain other performance additives.
• Other performance additives include corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, pour point depressants, demulsifiers, metal deactivators or seal swell agents.
• Corrosion inhibitors include 1-amino-2-propanol, amines, triazole derivatives including tolyl triazole, dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives, octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine.
• Foam inhibitors that may be useful in the compositions of the invention include polysiloxanes, copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexylacrylate and optionally vinyl acetate; demulsifiers including fluorinated polysiloxanes, trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers.
• Pour point depressants that may be useful in the compositions of the invention include polyalphaolefins, esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers, poly(meth)acrylates, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides.
• Demulsifiers include trialkyl phosphates, and various polymers and copolymers of ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Metal deactivators include derivatives of benzotriazoles (typically tolyltriazole), 1,2,4-triazoles, benzimidazoles, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazoles or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazoles.
• the metal deactivators may also be described as corrosion inhibitors.
• Seal swell agents include sulfolene derivatives, Exxon Necton-37 TM (FN 1380) and Exxon Mineral Seal Oil TM (FN 3200).
• Lubricants Invention and Reference Lubricating Oil Compositions
• Inventive fluids are prepared as summarized below by adding to the named base oil (or oil of lubricating viscosity) 13.85 wt % of an additive package described below.
• the base oil of each inventive lubricant has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C in the range of 2.8 to 3.6 cSt (mm 2 /s) and a viscosity index of between 110, and less than 120.
• the mixture of antiwear agents comprises phosphoric acid, dibutyl phosphite, and a dihydrocarbyl C16-18 hydrogen phosphite (wherein the hydrocarbyl groups are a mixture of alkyl and alkenyl groups).
• the mixture of friction modifiers includes between 3 and 6 friction modifiers.
• the other additives treated at 4.24 wt % include a mixture of phenolic and aminic antioxidants, a carboxylic acid ester, borate esters, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, antifoam agents, seal swell agents, and diluent oil.
• the linear polymer may be derived from a monomer composition comprising methyl methacrylate (14.1 wt %), 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (4.7 wt %), C 12-15 alkyl methacrylate (75.1 wt %), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (6.1 wt %).
• the weight average molecular weight of the linear polymer is 15,000.
• a comparative example is evaluated based upon a Ford Type A MERCON ® LV ATF and Shell ATF TM 134FE
• ASTM D2882 Pump Test This procedure assesses lubricant antiwear properties using an electric motor driven Vickers 104-C vane pump. The weight loss of the pump vanes and cam rings are recorded after 100 hours of continuous operation, followed by visual inspection for scoring and scuffing.
• the Falex wear/EP test described in ASTM D-3233 is used to assess the friction, wear and extreme pressure (EP) properties of a lubricating fluid.
• a rotating steel journal is run between two stationary steel V-blocks immersed in the test fluid.
• Load is applied to V-blocks in 250-lbf (1112 N) increments with the load maintained constant for 1 minute at each load increment until failure to maintain torque or by seizure of the blocks against the pin.
• the test was conducted with fluid temperatures of 100 & 150°C.
• the lubricating compositions are then evaluated by determining the kinematic and Brookfield viscosities (by employing ASTM methods D445 at 40 °C and 100 °C (kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, KV40 and 100 °C, KV100) and D2983 at -40°C (Brookfield viscosity at -40 °C, BV-40) respectively). The results obtained are also shown in the table.
• Inventive Examples 5 to 11 are prepared in a similar way to INV1, except lubricating composition of each lubricant is summarized as follows: INV5 INV6 INV7 INV8 INV9 INV10 Borated succinimide dispersant (wt %) 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 overbased calcium-containing sulphonate detergent (delivering ppm of calcium) 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 A mixture of phosphorus-containing antiwear agents 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 Total amount of Phosphorus from dibutyl phosphite (ppm) 356 ppm 356 ppm 356 ppm 356 ppm 356 ppm 356 ppm 356 ppm Total amount of Phosphorus in lubricant ( ppm) 689 689 689 689 689 689 Mixture of amine-containing friction modifiers (wt %) 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.
• the star polymers of INV7 to INV10 have a weight average molecular weight of about 540,000; 740,000; 920,000; and 1,200,000 respectively.
• the star polymers are prepared from a monomer mix methacrylate described below.
• the star polymers are prepared by RAFT polymerization process.
• INV C 12-15 C1-C9 Difunctional Mononer 7 81 19 E 8 81 19 E 9 81 19 E 10 81 19 E E Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
• INV C12-C15 C1-C9 Acrylate Monomer ⁇ Difunctional Monomer 11 80 19 1.0 12 70 30 0 E Footnote: ⁇ is 2 Ethylhexylacrylate
• the linear dispersant polymethacrylate copolymer (HLW) is a second dispersant viscosity modifier.
• the HLW of INV5 has a weight average molecular weight of 15,000; and is derived from a monomer mix of 68.2 wt % C 12-15 alkyl methacrylate, 30 wt % of 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate; and 1.8 wt % of dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylate.
• the mixture of antiwear agents comprises phosphoric acid, dibutyl phosphite, and a dihydrocarbyl C16-18 hydrogen phosphite (wherein the hydrocarbyl groups are a mixture of alkyl and alkenyl groups).
• the mixture of friction modifiers includes between 3 and 6 friction modifiers.
• the other additives treated at 4.24 wt % include a mixture of phenolic and aminic antioxidants, a carboxylic acid ester, borate esters, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, antifoam agents, seal swell agents, and diluent oil.
• INV5 to INV10 are evaluated for viscometric properties and summarized below: Lubricant KV40 (mm 2 /s) KV100 (mm 2 /s) BV-40 (mm 2 /s) INV5 17.55 4.12 4010 INV6 17.31 4.08 3720 INV7 18.26 4.28 3940 INV8 18.22 4.28 4200 INV9 18.27 4.32 4230 INV10 18.42 4.37 4450
• hydrocarbyl substituent or “hydrocarbyl group” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character.
• hydrocarbyl groups include:

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