EP3963307A1 - Dispositif de mesure de la viscosite d'un fluide, en particulier pour des fluides actifs - Google Patents
Dispositif de mesure de la viscosite d'un fluide, en particulier pour des fluides actifsInfo
- Publication number
- EP3963307A1 EP3963307A1 EP20723822.1A EP20723822A EP3963307A1 EP 3963307 A1 EP3963307 A1 EP 3963307A1 EP 20723822 A EP20723822 A EP 20723822A EP 3963307 A1 EP3963307 A1 EP 3963307A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- viscosity
- rheometer
- rotation
- parts
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
- G01N11/10—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material
- G01N11/14—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material by using rotary bodies, e.g. vane
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
- G01N11/10—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material
- G01N11/14—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material by using rotary bodies, e.g. vane
- G01N11/142—Sample held between two members substantially perpendicular to axis of rotation, e.g. parallel plate viscometer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0089—Biorheological properties
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for measuring the viscosity of a fluid and in particular of a biological fluid containing, for example, microorganisms such as suspensions of motile bacteria, microalgae, microtubules, etc.
- the rheology of the fluids and the activity of the bacteria are parameters that simultaneously affect performance. Rheology controls the properties of mass and heat transfer while the activity of bacteria influences the amounts produced. It is therefore important to be able to measure both the rheology and the activity of living microorganisms such as bacteria in order to determine whether they are "dead" or active.
- the measurement of the dynamics of bacteria namely the power of the biological "engine", the swimming speed, the diffusion, the characteristic sizes of the bacteria, the concentrations, the nature of the strains, is mainly based on observations under an optical microscope and video acquisition of their trajectories in a fluid at rest. It is then necessary to record a large volume of data and then analyze them in order to establish a statistic on the whole of a population. Such a process is long and in particular requires expertise in data analysis.
- a device for measuring the viscosity such as a rheometer makes it possible to produce a rheogram, a curve giving the viscosity of a fluid, that is to say its resistance to flow as a function of the shear rate applied to it. and which corresponds to a speed gradient imposed between the layers of a fluid.
- Such a measurement is classic for so-called "passive" fluids and makes it possible to understand the hydrodynamic behavior at the macroscopic scale of fluids.
- rheometers Numerous devices for measuring viscosity are known, such as rheometers.
- a rheometer makes it possible to know the fundamental quantities such as the rate of shear, shear stress T (t) and viscosity.
- Rotary rheometers are the most widely used.
- the solution studied fills the space between two coaxial parts (the rotor and the stator).
- the angle of rotation f ( ⁇ ) can also be measured at any time t.
- a rheometer therefore makes it possible to study the effect of the properties of the particles of a suspension on the rheological properties.
- rheometers such as those with coaxial cylinders of the Searle or Couette type.
- a very common Searle type rheometer is suitable for fluid samples: the inner cylinder constituting the rotor offers a large contact surface, to increase the resistive torque and therefore the sensitivity.
- the air gap which can be modified from 0.2 to 3 mm, makes it possible to study “particle” or charged samples (example: molten polymer product).
- the shear rate is variable in the measurement volume: zero at the center and maximum at the periphery.
- a rheogram is established, that is to say a curve giving the viscosity of a fluid as a function of the shear rate applied to it.
- active fluids rheograms of suspensions of motile bacteria, called active fluids.
- a device for measuring the viscosity such as a Couette rheometer comprising two concentric metallic cylinders.
- the internal cylinder is immersed in the external cylinder, also called the cup, the surface between the air and the fluid is reduced and the suspension which is between the metal cylinders is then quickly found under anaerobic conditions. This insufficient diffusion of a quantity of oxygen leads to the suffocation of the bacteria after a few minutes.
- Current rheometers cannot maintain the swimming activity of bacteria for several hours.
- ORC Oxygen Release Compound
- rheometers there are also rheometers, one of the supports of which is made of a porous material.
- document AU3107577 discloses a device for measuring the rheological properties of biological fluids such as blood, saliva, cervical mucus which are heterogeneous fluids, composed of several liquid fractions of chemical compositions, of molecular weights and of different rheological properties.
- One of the rheometer support surfaces is made porous so that the low viscosity components are absorbed into the porous component, leaving only the high viscosity components in the test area.
- Such a device thus makes it possible to carry out measurements of rheological properties of reproducible values, on the components of high viscosity, in particular avoiding variations in the measurements linked to the random structural variations of this type of heterogeneous composition.
- a device for determining the coagulation point at which the blood forms a clot.
- This device consists of a rheometer in which one of the measuring supports is provided porous and in which endothelial cells and fibroblasts are introduced so as to constitute a biomimetic surface of the blood.
- These porous structures are microporous polymer films therefore incorporating living cells.
- a rotor is made of a porous material, in this case hardened mortar, to study suspensions with a high concentration of mortar or cement.
- the porosity of the material makes it possible to absorb an excess of water contained in the solution, which makes it possible to avoid a "slip" layer on the rotor which would adversely affect the analyzes.
- the porosity of the material used in these devices makes it possible either to absorb part of the suspension, that is to say a porosity allowing the absorption of water or other fluids, or to incorporate elements making it possible to create an environment favorable to the suspension.
- an oscillating rheometer intended to measure the rheological properties of blood samples or the blood coagulation capacity.
- This rheometer has two surfaces (plates) between which a blood sample is introduced.
- one of the plates is porous and covered with a gas permeable membrane. Below the porous plate, a gas flow circulates which allows, passing through the porous plate and the gas permeable membrane, to maintain the pressure equilibrium inside the sample being analyzed.
- This device dedicated to the analysis of blood samples makes it possible to control the environment of the blood sample, in particular the gas composition of the blood, in relation to the coagulation conditions studied, by making it possible in particular to control the level of oxygen, d nitrogen and CO2.
- the porous support is covered with a gas permeable membrane and cannot be used without this membrane which forms a barrier for the fluid studied.
- the cited geometries do not subject the samples to homogeneous and identical shear for the entire volume of the sample. The methods considered therefore make it possible to obtain a pseudo viscosity.
- the present invention aims to provide a rheometer in which it is possible to maintain a level of oxygen or any other suitable gas, sufficient and constant in the suspension studied to maintain a metabolic activity of the living microorganisms studied contained. in said solution.
- the invention relates to a device for measuring the viscosity of a fluid such as a rheometer comprising two coaxial parts, one of which is rotated with respect to the other which remains fixed, a space or compartment reception being arranged between the two parts to receive the fluid to be studied, characterized in that at least one of said parts is made of a porous material.
- the invention thus relates to a device for measuring the viscosity of an active fluid such as a suspension comprising living microorganisms, such as a rheometer comprising two coaxial parts, one of which is rotated relative to the other. , a receiving compartment being provided between the two parts to accommodate a fluid to be studied, characterized in that at least one of said parts is made of a porous material, permeable to gases, while being impermeable to the suspension and to microorganisms it contains.
- the measuring device according to the invention due to the porosity of the material, which is an unclosed porosity, constituting one of the parts defining the space in which the suspension to be studied is located allows, by keeping this space in the air, to carry out continuous, repeatable and precision measurements on fluids, in particular biological fluids, the chemical composition of which needs to be controlled, in particular at the level of the pH, the oxygen concentration, or still controlled using injections of antibiotics, active ingredients or any other element of interest, for example elements that can influence or modify the environment in which the microorganisms are found.
- the injections can in particular be carried out by diffusion linked to the porosity of the part, by point injection using an orifice made in one of the parts of the device according to the invention.
- the porosity of the material is in a range of 5 to 40%.
- the size of the pores is advantageously chosen to be non-wetting in the suspension and less than the size of the microorganisms in suspension, preferably of size less than 20 microns.
- the porous material is chosen not to wetting the fluid placed in the rheometer, or at least with pores small enough so that the fluid does not flow through, and therefore impermeable to the fluid of the suspension.
- the porous material has a pore size such that it has a permeability to gases, while being impermeable to the suspension and to the microorganisms it contains.
- the porous material according to the invention has pores with a size of less than 20 microns, in particular when it is made of PTFE. Even more preferably, the pores are 1 micron in size.
- the material used is permeable to gases and allows the diffusion of gases (such as oxygen) with a diffusion coefficient close to that in air, preferably between 2.5 and 3.5. 10 -9 m 2 / s.
- gases such as oxygen
- a porous material exhibiting such permeability is advantageously impermeable to a suspension and to the microorganisms contained therein.
- the material being permeable to gaseous fluids such as air oxygen can thus diffuse through the material constituting at least one of the parts.
- a suspension which contains bacteria needing oxygen and which is housed in the reception space between the coaxial parts is no longer in an anaerobic environment, oxygen being able to diffuse towards the suspension in sufficient quantity. to maintain the metabolic activity of bacteria of the suspension.
- the gas is different from oxygen and may in particular be nitrogen or carbon dioxide, for example.
- the porous material permeable to gaseous fluids can be used to supply another gas to the solution studied, depending on the type of living microorganisms in suspension, which again makes it possible to control the chemical composition of the active fluid.
- a material whose porosity and permeability to gaseous fluids are suitable is chosen from porous plastic materials such as ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), sintered materials such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), a silico-aluminous ceramic such as C530 mullite, or a polymer material through which gases can diffuse such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane).
- porous plastic materials such as ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), sintered materials such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), a silico-aluminous ceramic such as C530 mullite, or a polymer material through which gases can diffuse such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane).
- parts of the viscosity measuring device made of ABS the porosity of which is adjustable during manufacture, in PMDS through which a gas such as oxygen diffuses with a diffusion coefficient of 2.5 and 3.5 10 9 m 2 / s very similar to that in air as well as in sintered C530 mullite, the porosity of which is 24%, combine the desired properties of porosity and permeability to gases.
- the part made of ABS can be easily produced with additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing.
- the manufacture of a PTFE molded part is carried out by compression and sintering of PTFE granules or by any other additive manufacturing method.
- the manufacture of a mullite part is carried out by precision machining.
- a part in PDMS is advantageously produced by molding, and also has the advantage of being transparent, which can allow the observation of microorganisms and thus enrichment of the measurements made.
- the device for measuring the viscosity is a Couette rheometer, for example such as that known under the reference “low shear Contraves LS-30”.
- the fluid to be analyzed is thus placed between the two concentric cylindrical surfaces formed by an external cylinder in the form of an environmental cup and an internal cylinder fixed on a torsion wire and which hangs in the center of the solution.
- the bucket constitutes the rotor and is rotated at an adjustable constant speed.
- the cup is made of a porous material permeable to gaseous fluids and in particular to air.
- the cup is thus made of ABS, for example made using three-dimensional printing.
- the internal cylinder can also be made of a porous material or else for the internal and external cylinders to both be made of porous material.
- the cup made of porous material becomes the fixed part but still offers the possibility of controlling the environment of the fluid studied in the receiving compartment consisting of the air gap between the two parts of the rheometer.
- the rheometer is of the type with parallel plates (plane-plane, PP).
- the plates can be made of a porous material, permeable to gaseous fluids, thus also making it possible to control the environment of the fluid under study.
- the rheometer is of the plane cone type, and in this case, one or both of the parts of the cone and of the plane are made of a porous material.
- a measuring device comprising a part made of porous material permeable to gaseous fluids thus makes it possible to control the environment of the fluid studied, in particular at the level of the pH and of the oxygen concentration.
- the porosity can also make it possible to control the chemical composition of the biological fluid studied, by allowing the diffusion of antibiotics, active ingredients, acting on the living microorganisms in the fluid. Provision can also be made for an orifice to be made in the bottom of the cup, for example to allow injection of active ingredients into the suspension.
- the invention also relates to a method for measuring the viscosity of an "active" fluid comprising active particles such as living motile microorganisms, using a measuring device according to the invention, comprising the following steps
- the invention also relates to a method for analyzing an active fluid from the curve obtained during the measurement method.
- the values are obtained by linear adjustment of the data over predefined ranges, by calibration carried out on fluids of known viscosity (such as water) making it possible to translate the signal into viscosity.
- the temporal variations of the signals during the starting or stopping phases also give useful information such as the concentration of microorganisms, for example bacteria, or the existence of collective movement.
- FIG. 1 a schematic view of a viscosity measuring device according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2a a perspective view of a bucket for a device of Figure 1;
- FIG. 2b a view in longitudinal section of the bucket of FIG. 2a;
- FIG. 2c a top view of the bucket of Figure 2a
- FIG. 3 a curve obtained with a viscosity measuring device according to the invention provided with a PTFE cup;
- FIG. 4 a curve similar to that of FIG. 3 with a PDMS bucket
- FIG. 5 a curve similar to that of Figure 3 with an ABS bucket
- FIG. 6 a curve representing the measurement of the viscosity as a function of the shear rate
- FIG. 7 a schematic view of a measuring device according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 a schematic view of a viscosity measuring device according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 9 a schematic view of a viscosity measuring device according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- a Couette rheometer 1 has two concentric cylindrical parts 11 and 12.
- One of these parts has the shape of a cup 12 and is mounted to be driven in rotation around it. 'an axis of rotation R thus constituting a rotor.
- This air gap thus forms a receiving space or compartment 13 for an active fluid whose viscosity is to be studied.
- the internal part 1 1 is fixed to a twist wire 14.
- the cup 12 preferably has a substantially frustoconical shape, and is made for example by 3D printing in ABS.
- This material allows the cup 12 to have a porosity of the order of 10% and the pore size of which is less than 15 ⁇ m is suitable for not allowing the suspension and the bacteria studied to diffuse and nevertheless giving it permeability to gaseous fluids. , and in particular to oxygen for which the diffusion coefficient through the porous ABS is of the order of approximately ⁇ 10 9 m 2 / s; value very close to that in the air.
- the bottom 12a of the bucket 12 has in particular a conical shape with an angle a of 20 °, for example, the stator part 1 1 is of a shape complementary to the internal shape of the bucket 12 as shown in Figure 2b and of suitable dimensions for create the air gap in which the suspended solution is introduced.
- the reception space 13 accommodates a volume of 1 ml. In this volume of 1 ml, there is preferably an amount ranging from 10 6 to 10 1 ° bacteria per ml.
- the bacteria used are Escherichia coli (E.Coli).
- the bucket 12 is rotated at an adjustable constant speed thus allowing the flow of the fluid which then exerts a torque of forces on the torsion wire 14.
- the variation of the torque with the speed of rotation allows after processing of the recorded signal to deduce the viscosity of the fluid and its dependence on the shear rate which is controlled by the speed of rotation of the bucket 12.
- the concentric parts 1 1 and 12 are metallic and the area between the air and the fluid contained in the space 13 is reduced to approximately 15 mm 2. Therefore, when the fluid is a suspension containing living microorganisms such as bacteria, there cannot be diffusion of a sufficient quantity of oxygen to maintain the metabolic activity of the bacteria.
- the cup 12 is made of PTFE. The cup 12 thus produced has a pore size of 10 ⁇ m and an air permeability allowing the diffusion of oxygen towards the suspension in the space 13.
- a measurement was first carried out using a reference fluid such as a buffered aqueous solution or a solution without bacteria.
- the bucket 12 was thus rotated, at a shear rate of 0.04 s -1 , 30 seconds between the instants 1.5 min and 2 min.
- the amplitude of the signal increases rapidly before becoming constant as can be seen in curve 10 of figure 3.
- the signal decreases sharply and stabilizes. The difference between these two values makes it possible to determine the viscosity of the fluid.
- curve 10 makes it possible to measure a viscosity of 0.9 mPa.s.
- FIG. 3 shows that the curve 20 of the signal obtained is markedly different from the curve 10 of the signal of the reference fluid. Indeed, once the rotation of the bucket 12 has been initiated, the signal increases and then slowly relaxes before reaching a plateau. Once the rotation is stopped, the signal drops sharply before increasing again and regaining its value before measurement. The difference between the two plates gives the viscosity of the suspension with the bacteria.
- viscosity values 5 to 100% lower than that of the carrier fluid alone are systematically found.
- the difference between these two viscosity values makes it possible to measure the activity of bacteria.
- temporal variation is also an indicator of the activity of living microorganisms.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 represent the same measurements carried out respectively with a cup 12 in PDMS and a cup 12 in ABS having respectively an air permeability of about 3.10 -9 m 2 / s and a pore size of 10 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 6 represents the measurement of the viscosity of a fluid loaded with bacteria for different shear rates (that is to say by changing the speed of rotation of cup 2) using a Couette rheometer ( of the type known under the trade name Contraves LS-30) provided with a cup 12 made of porous material according to the invention and preferably as in FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c and with a rheometer of the state of the art .
- a Couette rheometer of the type known under the trade name Contraves LS-30
- Such a rheometer makes it possible to explore the range from 0.01 to 60 s -1 .
- the viscosity measuring device it is possible to establish curves making it possible to identify important characteristics of bacterial activity, such as the average speed, the frequency of change of orientation, the diffusion coefficient or the concentration.
- the measurement requires recording the rheometer signal with a frequency of at least two measurements per second.
- the rheometer must allow controlled changes over time in its rotational speed.
- FIG 7 there is shown a Searle rheometer 2 according to the invention which has two concentric cylindrical parts 21 and 22.
- One of these parts has the shape of a cup 22 and is fixed while the other is mounted. rotatable about an axis of rotation R thus constituting a rotor.
- Inside this bucket 22 is thus engaged the part 21 of cylindrical shape complementary to the bucket 22 but whose outer radius R1 is less than the inner radius R2 of the bucket 22 so as to leave an air gap between the two parts 21, 22.
- This air gap thus forms a reception space 23 for a fluid whose viscosity is to be studied.
- the cup 22 is preferably made of a porous material permeable to gaseous fluids.
- the rheometer 3 is of the type with parallel plates (plane-plane, PP).
- one of the plates 31 is driven in rotation with respect to to the plate 32 and one or both can be made of a porous material, permeable to gaseous fluids, thus also making it possible to control the environment of the fluid studied housed in the space 33 between the plates.
- the rheometer 4 is of the plane cone type, and in this case, one or both of the parts of the cone 41 and of the plane 42 are made of a porous material thus allowing the study of the fluid housed in the space 43 formed between the cone 41 and the plane 42.
- a measuring device comprising a part made of a porous material permeable to gases thus makes it possible to control the environment of the suspension under study, in particular with regard to the pH and the oxygen concentration.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1904555A FR3095697B1 (fr) | 2019-04-30 | 2019-04-30 | Dispositif de mesure de la viscosité d’un fluide, en particulier pour des fluides actifs |
| PCT/EP2020/061961 WO2020221833A1 (fr) | 2019-04-30 | 2020-04-29 | Dispositif de mesure de la viscosite d'un fluide, en particulier pour des fluides actifs |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3963307A1 true EP3963307A1 (fr) | 2022-03-09 |
Family
ID=67810851
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20723822.1A Withdrawn EP3963307A1 (fr) | 2019-04-30 | 2020-04-29 | Dispositif de mesure de la viscosite d'un fluide, en particulier pour des fluides actifs |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3963307A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3095697B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2020221833A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115615872B (zh) * | 2022-09-30 | 2025-09-12 | 河南中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种判定卷烟燃烧外观质量的方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU3107577A (en) * | 1977-11-30 | 1979-06-07 | Ovutime Inc | Viscometer |
| FR2597498B1 (fr) * | 1986-04-18 | 1990-02-02 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede pour la retention et le maintien de l'activite de micro-organismes dans des structures porteuses de ladite activite, structures resultantes et leurs applications analytiques et biotechnologiques |
| GB0507981D0 (en) * | 2005-04-20 | 2005-05-25 | Uws Ventures Ltd | Method of determining the point at which coagulating blood forms a clot |
| GB0703004D0 (en) * | 2007-02-15 | 2007-03-28 | Uws Ventures Ltd | Apparatus and method for measuring rheological properties of blood |
| JP2008261724A (ja) * | 2007-04-12 | 2008-10-30 | Mie Univ | 回転粘度計 |
-
2019
- 2019-04-30 FR FR1904555A patent/FR3095697B1/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-04-29 WO PCT/EP2020/061961 patent/WO2020221833A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2020-04-29 EP EP20723822.1A patent/EP3963307A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2020221833A1 (fr) | 2020-11-05 |
| FR3095697A1 (fr) | 2020-11-06 |
| FR3095697B1 (fr) | 2024-02-16 |
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