EP3923741A1

EP3923741A1 - Method for producing a product from one or more biological materials or mixtures thereof, product produced according to said method and use of such a product

Info

Publication number: EP3923741A1
Application number: EP19755801.8A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Christoph DENKEL; Daniel Heine; Michael WHYTE; Carlotta SARTORI; Tobias Kistler
Original assignee: Luya Foods Ag
Current assignee: Luya Foods Ag
Priority date: 2019-02-13
Filing date: 2019-07-23
Publication date: 2021-12-22
Also published as: WO2020164680A1; JP7412436B2; CA3130259A1; CH715836A2; US20220132893A1; JP2022520456A; IL285449A; CN113631050A; SG11202108882UA

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a product from one or more biological materials or mixtures thereof. The invention further relates to a product produced by the method according to the invention. The invention also relates to the use of such a product.

Description

Process for producing a product from one or more biological substances or mixtures thereof, a product produced according to this process and the use of such

Product

description

genus

The invention relates to a method for producing a product from one or more biological substances or mixtures thereof.

The invention also relates to a product produced by the method according to the invention.

The invention also relates to the use of such a product.

State of the art

It is known to produce structured, vegetarian or vegan meat-like products in the extrusion process, one with regard to their composition isotopic mass is processed and broken down by high temperatures and shear forces, in order to then be structured with decreasing temperatures by a shear gradient directed from the outside inwards and the resulting displacement of the different levels of the extrusion body against each other. Such products are known, for example, under the name “Beyond Meat”. The disadvantage of such extrusion processes is the high thermal load on the products to be manufactured. The composition of the products is often defined by the desired product structure. Adjustments to the recipe, which mostly contain soy, wheat or pea protein with different hydrocolloid mixtures and flavorings, for example, force extensive and expensive experiments to optimize process and product design [1].

It is known in this context to produce such products from dried isolates or high concentrates, which requires a high input of energy in relation to the process. In addition, due to the high pressures and temperatures, extrusion cooking processes are not considered to be gentle on the product and therefore they cannot be used for the production of organic products in Switzerland, for example [2].

In some cases, such products are also referred to or understood as meat substitutes that have only gone through a process in which a - mostly vegetable - fluid aggregates and thus concentrates and then condenses. is done. An example of this is tofu. The disadvantage here is that the structuring of the product results from the random internal structure of the insoluble constituents of the fluid, the structure having to be described as isotropic. The strength of the product results indirectly from the dry matter to be set when pressing the precipitated material. In principle, soluble proteins that are made insoluble are used for structuring. All other ingredients, such as carbohydrates, fibers or insoluble proteins, are usually not used, so that a side stream occurs [3].

Naturally fermented products based on protein-rich legumes are another example of products that are referred to or perceived as meat substitutes. With soy-based tempeh, the mycelial growth of the mold Rhizopus oligosporus is used to guide the inoculated soybeans into the structure typical of the product. The structuring of the product results from the random structure of the substrate elements connected to one another by mycelium. A characteristic of tempeh is that the growth of the mycelium takes place in the spaces between the soybeans. A disadvantage compared to many other products is that the whole soybean or, in some cases, partially shredded, but rather complete in terms of composition, is used, whereby the products usually have a very typical soy note from a sensory point of view [4]. The firmness of the product results primarily from the comparatively high dry matter of the soybean, the texture is primarily due to the texture properties of the soybean or its fragments (“nibs”). The cavities in which the fungus can grow are defined from the random structure and the shape of the soybeans and can hardly be influenced with tempeh. The fermentation also requires a longer swelling phase for the soybeans. In the literature there are also references to an okara-based tempeh, but here the entire mass is fermented without paying special attention to the structuring and combination of structuring levels [5].

A product is also known under the name Tempeh, which is usually understood to mean fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus, a mold that is typically used in Asia to ferment soaked soybeans. It is also known to take this term a little broader, according to which tempeh is understood to mean the fermentation of grains or other by-products of food processing in addition to soybeans. A process is known in which the soybean is first cleaned, then boiled for 5 - 10 minutes, then swollen for 15 - 17 hours, then revealed, washed and drained, after which inoculation with Rhizopus oligosporus is added, which leads to a fermentation of 35 - 37 hours to create the finished tempeh. The disadvantage with regard to the manufacturing process of the product is first of all that the freedom of action with regard to the product composition is restricted. The product appears compact in the mouth and must therefore be processed through further process steps in order to achieve the mouthfeel, for example similar to that of meat patties. Another disadvantage is that the product is not very juicy. Another disadvantage is that due to superficial fermentation (the fungal mycelium only penetrates the outermost, superficial layer of the soybeans), the anti-nutritional substances in the substrate can only be partially enzymatically degraded, so that the digestibility of the product cannot be beneficially influenced [6 ]

task

The invention is based first of all on the object of creating a method for producing a product from one or more biological substances with a different composition of dry matter, in particular a food / pharmaceutical / cosmetic product, which compared to conventional products in terms of its sensory properties such as Texture and mouthfeel should be adjustable depending on the area of application of the product.

Furthermore, the invention is based on the object of providing a product produced by the method according to the invention which can be used in a variety of ways, for example in the field of food or cosmetics or the pharmaceutical industry, here in particular for medical products. Finally, the invention is based on the object of providing a product made by the process according to the invention in a variety of ways, for example as a meat substitute or as structured elements in soups, curries and other sauces or as a substitute for cream cheese products or as a matrix for the absorption and release of active ingredients in the body or the skin to use.

Solution of the problem concerning the procedure

This task is achieved by a method for manufacturing a product from one or more biological substances or mixtures thereof, which, if necessary after cleaning, after setting the dry matter, if necessary subsequent thermal treatment such as boiling and crushing and if necessary further preprocessing for change the material properties and / or the nutritional properties of the starting material, are extruded, and are arranged by the extrusion process of a strand or strands to form a starting matrix which has channels, pores or cavities that are completely or partially open to the outside, in which or between which one or Several fungi / fungi and possibly other fermenting microorganisms grow that are introduced into or applied to the starting matrix in the form of the vegetative or permanent form before, during or after the extrusion process and said / said fungus / fungi are crosslinked with the starting matrix / network and / or in this waxing sen while the said starting matrix is subjected to a fermentation process or co-fermentation process and the texture and / or the firmness of the product is significantly shaped and / or co-shaped by the cross-linking and / or growing in of the fungus (s) and that the product made from the starting matrix then, if necessary, is divided into predetermined dimensions, packaged and fed to other uses, solved.

The comminuted starting material, the substrate for fermentation, can be better interpenetrated by fungi and / or microorganisms than, for example, a soybean in tempeh fermentation, since it destructures due to the process. The penetration depth can be controlled via the strand thickness. While the bean or bean pieces represent the product-building element in tempeh production, these elements are created in the new process by extrusion of the raw material through one or more nozzles. The ratio of the volume of pores, channels and cavities in the starting matrix to the volume filled by strands and / or strand pieces can be adjusted, as can the composition of the starting matrix or the starting material (for example, nutritionally, optimized in terms of taste or based on the wishes of the consumer), which significantly influences the texture of the product. The interface that is available for fermentation and crosslinking of the strands with one another can be adjusted, and thus the mechanical product properties / texture. Preprocessing, for example through an upstream extrusion, is suitable for the to change the mechanical and / or theological properties of the starting material, such as an increase in elasticity. In this case, it may be that the overall product texture is more strongly influenced by this pretreatment, i.e. by the overlaid fungal fermentation, although the amount of fungal fermentation is still relevant, either for the texture properties and / or for the taste and / or nutritional properties. While the fungal mycelium is primarily, but not exclusively, desired for adjusting the texture, co-fermentation with microorganisms can primarily, but not only, modify the product in terms of nutritional physiology and / or taste. The mushrooms or their spores / permanent forms are either added to the starting materials to be extruded or applied to them after the extrusion process. The same applies to other microorganisms that grow primarily in or on the starting matrix and, if necessary, excrete excretion products into unfilled spaces, while the fungi either grow into or on the starting matrix, or out of it, but also between the strands of the starting matrix grow through the unfilled space and thus create another structuring component for the product. The entire technological approach is basically applicable to any conceivable starting material, provided that it allows at least one of the listed fungi to grow and can be arranged in a matrix with channels, pores and / or cavities. A considerable advantage of the method is also that to produce a meat-like structure / texture in a minimal design, only one starting material such as okara and a fungus or fungal spores are needed, which is in clear contrast to other meat alternatives, which are usually made up of a variety of ingredients, including thickeners, stabilizers and the like.

Further inventive developments

Claim 2 describes a method for the production of a structured body, which is traversed by unfilled cavities (open channels, pores or cavities), solid and fermented, and formed on the basis of modulatable masses (synonymous with starting material), wherein

(a) at least one rheologically and texture-adjustable, modulatable mass that builds up the body forms a directional or non-directional mesostructure that is freely adjustable in terms of its arrangement over wide areas (equivalent to starting matrix), which forms the substrate (equivalent to starting matrix) and the cavities (equivalent to with pores, channels, cavities) for one or more fermentations and a basic structure that is decisive for the overall texture (synonymous with the starting matrix);

(b) by introducing at least one co- and / or superimposed microstructure (synonymous with fungal mycelium or network structure), induced by one or more fermentations, in such a way that partially or completely coherent, filament-like network structures caused by fungal growth (synonymous with micro-level) in, on and between the mesostructural elements (synonymous with extruded strands or strand pieces);

By choosing the volume proportion of unfilled cavities, channels or pores, compartments in the overall object, by choosing their arrangement and by choosing the ratio between mesostructure surface and mesostructure volume, the growth of the mycelium as a whole and the penetration and direction of the mesostructure with mycelium and thus the network structures as a whole can be set and (d) the totality of the structuring elements at the micro and meso level in the interplay cause an adjustable (i) hardening, (ii) rheological properties and (iii) sensory relevant texturing.

Claim 3 is characterized in that the biological substances or mixtures of these, if necessary also with the addition of further substances, include those substances that affect the fungus / fungi or their spores / permanent forms and possibly the microorganism / microorganisms or whose permanent forms allow and / or promote a desired germination and / or growth and / or metabolic activity due to the material composition as well as the set dry matter content and / or further suitable treatment steps, such as biological substances, or mixtures of these, with an increased protein content in the dry matter, such as peas, soy, quinoa, chickpeas, tofu, seitan, gluten, cream cheese masses, processed cheese masses, ricotta and / or with an increased fiber content in the dry mass, such as okara, spent grains, whole grain cereals largely insoluble residues from fat protein extraction and / or increased fat content in the dry matter, such as almonds, cashew, soy and / or high carbohydrate content in the dry matter, such as wheat or other cereals or pseudo-cereals and / or hydrocolloid-based such as gels based on gelatine, pectin, starch, possibly with further additives and / or paste-based such as pastes based on concentrated dispersions of any powder or powder mixtures such as milk protein, whey protein isolate or vegetable protein concentrates or isolates, possibly with further additives and / or material that has already been fermented and then comminuted again, the water content being adjusted in each case in such a way that the substances have a flow limit or that the flow limit is thermally induced, for example in the form of thermoreversible gelation. In principle, all materials / substances are conceivable that allow at least the fungus used to find such growth conditions that it grows and thus forms a mycelium. The dry masses can be very different, with hydrocolloids gel-like structures can already be formed with a dry mass below one mass percent, with some very oil-containing seeds even dry masses of even more than 60 percent by weight can be extruded to a starting matrix. The starting materials can be, for example, intact biological substances such as seeds, but also intermediate products of a process such as the still malleable tofu mass after precipitation or processed cheese mass, as a starting material that is generated from a finished product. In the procedure according to claim 4, the growth and / or the metabolic activity of the fungus / fungi growing in the pores, channels or cavities of the starting matrix and / or that growing in, on or between the strand / the strands / the strand pieces or metabolically active microorganisms thermally and / or by gassing with, for example, CO2, N2 or mixtures thereof and / or by changing the fermentation conditions such as the relative humidity and / or temperature and / or by filling the pores, channels, cavities and / or by high-pressure treatment and / or by cooling and / or by freezing and / or by other suitable methods, controlled during or after the fermentation and / or partially or completely ended. As a result, advantageous or stable or largely stable texture or an advantageous or stable or largely stable aroma / aroma profile can be achieved by such a measure or further change processes can be slowed down, adapted or completely eliminated. The formation of desired aromas and / or textures can thus be induced or the development of undesired aromas and / or changes in texture can be slowed down or completely eliminated.

According to patent claim 5, the taste and / or texture of edible products is determined by the fungus (s) that have grown in the pores, channels and / or cavities and / or by other, in the pores, channels, Cavities and / or microorganisms introduced into the starting material (s) and / or by the duration and / or the temperature profile of the fermentation process and / or by adjusting the water content of the product during or after fermentation and / or by the composition of the biological starting material and / or by the volume fraction of pores, channels, cavities in the starting matrix and / or by the arrangement of the pores, channels, cavities and / or by the quantity of the interface between the entirety of the strands and the entirety of the pores, channels, cavities and / or controlled by the diameter (s) of the strands and / or by gas exchange with the environment and / or by a process engineering pretreatment that adjusts the rheology of the starting material. The texture and / or the aroma can be set variably through the interaction of different factors, with the same basic approach either different texture and / or sensory features can be achieved or different starting materials can be processed into products with similar sensory and / or textural features become.

The procedure according to patent claim 6 is characterized in that the water content of the starting matrix is changed during or after the fermentation process. The textural properties of the product can be controlled or controlled during or after fermentation, as can growth and / or the metabolic activity of the fungi and / or microorganisms. The fermentation and / or downstream changing processes can be controlled.

According to patent claim 7, the method is characterized in that the extrusion process simultaneously and / or in parallel and / or subsequent extrusion process steps produces a body as a starting matrix, which consists of several extruded strands lying above and / or next to and / or one behind the other, which materially or functionally connect in one piece on their surfaces lying one against the other and between them form cavities, channels or pores in which the fungus (s) is (are) arranged. The punctual contact surfaces ensure that the fermentation takes place as large as possible, over which crosslinking between the strands can take place. In addition, the network of cavities, channels and pores allows gas to be exchanged with the environment, so that, among other things, oxygen is made accessible to the fungus (s). The arrangement of the strands and / or strand pieces can be controlled by means of process engineering measures, that is to say the properties of the product such as the texture can also be controlled via it. The fungal mycelium growing in the cavities, channels and pores ensures the creation of one or an additional elastic product component and, depending on the product and its characteristics, resistance to bite and / or the perception of elastic components in the product mass when chewing. A further advantageous procedure describes claim 8, in which the biological starting material or the biological starting materials is then comminuted to predetermined size (s) during the extrusion process in the form of an endless strand. In comparison to a locally predetermined depositing of the strands, a random arrangement of strand pieces, which are produced as described above, can lead to specific textures, with the advantage of a higher production speed and lower production costs. By choosing the average length of the strand pieces, the average diameter of the pores, channels and cavities can be controlled, which changes the texture of the product. The degree of packing of the starting matrix can also be adjusted by using strands of different lengths and / or thicknesses.

According to patent claim 9, the growth and / or the metabolic activity of the fungus / fungi can be interrupted and / or changed and / or controlled after a period of time provided for the respective starting material. Due to the extensive cavities, fluids can also be bound by capillary forces, so that marinades, for example, can easily interpenetrate the product, so that a taste can be set quickly and easily. The method according to claim 10 is characterized in that the pores, channels or cavities not filled by the fungus (s) are completely or partially filled with flavorings and / or vitamins and / or antioxidants during or after the fermentation process.

The pores, channels or cavities not filled by the fungi / fungus are completely or partially filled or provided with medicaments and / or wound healing agents, for example healing ointment, antibiotics, burn ointment and / or the like, during or after the fermentation process.

A further advantageous procedure is described in claim 11, in which the starting matrix is produced from the starting material okara as follows:

- Step 1: Okara with a dry content of 15 to 25 [% by weight] is used as the raw material, as is the case in soy milk and tofu production;

- Step 2: the Ökara is heated to 95 +/- 1 [ ^° C] with constant stirring and held there for 60 +/- 1 [minutes]. The mass is then further stirred and cooled to 40 +/- 1 [° C];

- Step 3: the pH of the okara mass is adjusted to 5.2 +/- 0.1 by adding lactic acid (80 [%, weight percentage]);

- Step 4: the treated okara is pressed through a filter cloth with a mesh size of 0.5 [millimeters] in order to obtain a dry content of 25 +/- 0.5 [%, by weight]; - Step 5: the mass is transferred to Pacojet containers and frozen at -22 to -25 [° C]; the frozen mass is comminuted with the Pacojet PJ2E (Pacojet AG, Zug, Switzerland) using the “standard” pacotizing blade and the splash guard with pre-scraper; the particle size is reduced to a D90 of 600 to 800 [micrometers]; the particle size measurement takes place in a Beckmann Coulter Counter LS 13320, with a water module at 20 +/- 1 [° C];

Step 6: 10 +/- 0.1 [g] Rhizopus oligosporus starter culture (Makrobiotik Hohrenk, Germany) are added per 1500 +/- 10 [g] okara mass;

- step 7; the mass is mixed in a Kennwood Major Swiss Edition mixer for 5 [minutes] at level 5, and then transferred to a sterile plastic bag with a layer thickness of 25 [mm], vacuumed to a pressure of 200 [mbar] and to a temperature of 20 +/- 1 [° C] brought;

- Step 8: the mass is transferred into tubular extrusion cartridges through a cut corner of the plastic bag with as little air as possible;

- Step 9: the poured okara mass (also called substrate) is kept at 20 +/- 1 [° C] and is ready for extrusion;

- Step 10: then the mass is extruded through a 1.8 [millimeter] nozzle, and an object defined by a CAD program is built up in layers on a glass, steel or plastic plate; the process is analogous to the fused deposition modeling method in 3D printing, in which two-dimensional layers are built up on top of one another in order to generate three-dimensional objects; this happens at an ambient temperature of 20 +/- 1 [° C] and a humidity of 85 [%];

- Step 11: the generated objects are transferred to an incubator (Binder APT.Iine ™, with microprocessor program RD3, Binder GmbH, Germany) and stored for 48 +/- 2 [hours] at 25 +/- 1 [° C] and 85 [%] Fermented humidity. The objects are covered with baking paper (type irrelevant) during fermentation;

- Step 12: after fermentation, the objects are transferred into sterile plastic bags and vacuumed at 200 [mBar];

- Step 13: the filled and vacuum-sealed bags are shock-frozen to -17 to -19 [° C] and stored at this temperature until they are used.

Soy-based Rhizopus oligosporus is considered a safe germ, so that no approval problems in terms of the Novel Food Regulation are to be expected in Europe. At the moment there is no sensible use for okara, so that an estimated 3 million tons of okara is fed to animals or bio-gasification worldwide. Okara is considered nutritionally beneficial as it has a high fiber content.

In the method described in claim 12, the extruded strands are divided into predetermined sizes in a subsequent process, for example by a rotating knife, after the strand exit. Claim 13 describes a method in which the previously empty pores, channels or cavities penetrated with fungal mycelia / fungal mycelia after fermentation are partially or completely provided with a flowable and / or partially or completely solidifying material, the solidification via an additional fermentation with the help of another bioactive organism, enzymatically, via thermo-reversible mechanisms, ionically induced, by heating or by other processes. Through the filling, the sensory perception or the texture can be modified again; it is also conceivable that above all the juiciness is improved, which is of great advantage, for example, in the production of meat-like products. In addition, aroma characteristics predestined for a first impression can be clearly emphasized if they can emerge more easily from the filling than from the fermented starting matrix. Furthermore, substances, flavors or substances can also be added to the product that can change the growth of the fungus or fungi if present during the fermentation process. On the other hand, fermentation can also be controlled indirectly.

In the ratio of the nozzle diameter to the diameter / equivalent diameter of the particles or structures contained in the mass, the extruded strands can be less than 1.5, preferably less than 2, in particular less than 5, further preferably less than 10. During the extrusion process it should be ensured that the nozzles do not block. Depending on the material and theological and shape properties of the particles or structures, the lower critical ratio mentioned is different.

The starting material for the starting matrix is extruded into a product strand and / or product strands and / or product strand pieces by means of extrusion, co-extrusion or multi-extrusion processes, the product strand then being retained as an endless strand or disintegrating into individual pieces and / or being divided and the Temperature of the product strand and / or the product strands and / or the product strand pieces directly at the nozzle or perforated plate outlet 2 to 99.5 [° C], preferably 5 to 99 [° C], more preferably 7 to 80 [° C], more preferably 10 to 70 [ ° C], more preferably 12 to 60 [° C], more preferably 12 to 45 [° C], most preferably 15 to 25 [° C] - claim 14. The division has the advantage that in the case of a random pile, the The volume ratio between channels / cavities and extruded strands can be changed as well as the mean diameter of the channels / cavities. Depending on the starting material, especially the selected dry matter, the extruded strand can automatically disintegrate after it emerges or can occur randomly during defined extrusion due to theological effects while the strand is being deposited. Co- or multi-extrusion processes offer the advantage that the theological properties and the functionality of the strands can be changed. For example, growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting starting materials can be combined in order to control the growth of the fungi and / or microorganisms and thus the entire aroma and texture formation. Also, starting materials that are more problematic from a sensory point of view can be hidden as an inner mass in a co-extruded strand, while the outer mass tends to emphasize. The same would apply to the visual design of the product. In the case of multi-extrusion, different starting materials could be combined in one product without having to mix them beforehand, which can advantageously influence the texture of the product. Upstream heating with or without mechanical energy input can also be positive in order to adjust the theological properties such as elasticity in terms of process technology.

Advantageously, the nozzle or the nozzles and the support on which the starting material (s) discharged from the nozzle or nozzles is applied can be moved relative to one another, so that either a chaotic, random pile or a predetermined distribution the applied matrix strands is carried out in predetermined angular assignments to one another - claim 15. The first method is fast and cheap, but does not allow a defined arrangement of the strands, so that structure / texture properties can be set within relatively narrower limits. The second method is much slower, but allows a large width in terms of the arrangement of the strands and thus texture. The second method is particularly advantageous when spatially resolved different textures and / or aroma perceptions are to be generated in a product, that is, when anisotropic distributions of starting material or several starting materials are necessary or necessary are desired. The first method is designed for random distributions of product strands / strand pieces and allows only very limited anisotropic structures.

A concentric layer containing at least 80% of the spores of the co-extrudate can be extruded by co-extruding around a central strand piece, this layer, based on the co-extruded strand, 25 to 70%, preferably 40 to 60%, represents the volume of the cross section of the product strand or strand piece. Such a method is particularly advantageous, among other things, in order to be able to either reduce the required amount of inoculation material or, in the case of fermentation with several fungi and / or microorganisms, to have these spatially separated from one another at the start of the fermentation.

In claim 16, a method is described in which the extruded strands or strand pieces are foamed with gas inclusions that are caused by expansion of a compressed gas, for example CO2, N2O, O2 or by gas formation in the course of a fermentation, such as CO2, by foaming the material before it is introduced into the product, for example with CO2, O2, N2, air or by a chemical reaction, such as that of a carbonate with an acid or by expanding water into water vapor within the strands or strand pieces. This enables a caloric reduction, also a change in texture, depending on the gas also promoting an internal fermentation, which can change the sensory properties as well as the texture.

The oxygen generated during fermentation is fed to the fermenting starting matrix. Since most fungi / molds need oxygen to grow, the access of oxygen can have a growth-promoting effect.

The biological substances for the starting matrix are subjected to a thermal or other treatment such as PEF or high pressure and the total germ count, based on the starting germ content, by 50 [%], preferably by 90 [%], further preferably 99 [%] or 99.9 [%] or 99.99 [%] or 99.999 [%] is reduced. This results in a reduction in wild fermentations, for example associated with the development of off-flavors. In addition, the risk of the growth of possibly pathogenic microorganisms can be reduced. The swelling of the material in preparation for shredding improves the extrudability.

In the procedure according to claim 17, the fermentation process of the product is carried out at temperatures between 10 and 50 [° C], preferably between 12 and 45 [° C], more preferably between 15 and 35 [° C], more preferably between 15 and 32 [° C], in particular between 18 and 28 [° C] and in some fermentations the temperature changes during the fermentation becomes. The growth of the microorganisms and the metabolism can be controlled via the temperature. In the case of a fermentation consisting of more than one organism, the relative growth in comparison to one another as well as the temporal dominance of an organism can be controlled, with effects on sensory and texture.

Claim 18 describes a method in which the fermentation is carried out at a relative ambient humidity between 30 and 100 [%], preferably between 30 and 98 [%], in particular between 40 and 95 [%], further preferably between 55 and 95 [%], for example in particular between 70 and 95 [%], based on the atmosphere surrounding the product. By changing the dry matter during fermentation, the growth of the fungus (s) and / or the microorganisms and the microstructure of the product are advantageously changed. For example, if the water content is reduced during the cooking process, the product becomes less soft or remains firm to the bite, depending on the raw material.

The overflow velocity of the atmosphere surrounding the product around the product is less than 50 [cm / s], preferably less than 15 [cm / s], more preferably less than 5 [cm / s], even more preferably less than 1 [cm / s ], in particular less than 0.5 [cm / s], for example less than 0.1 [cm / s]. Especially with Rhizopus oligosporus, the overflow of air / gas must be avoided, otherwise this The mycelium begins to sporulate (gray / black color of the product on the surface). On the other hand, the water withdrawal can be regulated by the overflow with air. As a compromise, the starting matrix, similar to that used in tempeh production, can also be packed in perforated bags for fermentation, but then at the expense of the water exchange with the environment.

Advantageously, according to patent claim 19, the fungi / fungal spores / molds / mold spores used for the fermentation come from the genus Rhizopus, for example Rhizopus oligosporus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus arrhizus and / or elegans from the genus Actinomocur, for example Actinomocur, for example Actinomocur. meitauza and / or from the genus Aspergillus, for example Aspergillus oryzae and / or from the genus Penicillium, for example Penicillium candidum, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium glaucum, and / or from the genus Geotrichum, for example Geotrichum candidum, and / or from a other genus that is suitable for changing the texture and / or sensory properties of the product, as well as the microorganisms from the genus Bacillus, for example Bacillus subtilis spp, used for microbial fermentation or co-fermentation. natto and / or from the genus Neurospora, for example Neurospora intermedia and / or from the genus Lactobacillus, for example Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus reuteri and / or from the genus Lactococcus, for example Lactococcus lactis and / or from the genus Propionibacterium, for example Propionibacterium or from the genus Zymomo- nas, for example Zymomonas mobilis and / or from the genus Leuconostoc, for example Leuconostoc mesenteroides and / or from another genus which is suitable for changing the texture and / or sensory properties of the product. Depending on the microorganism, a different sensory and texture of the product is achieved.

According to claim 20, the inoculation / inoculation of the starting matrix with fungal mycelium and / or fungal spores and / or mold mycelium and / or mold spores takes place in such a way that they are, for example, mixed with the starting material and / or sprayed onto the starting matrix and / or the product in and / or is soaked with a suspension of said fungal mycelium and / or said fungal spores and / or said mold mycelium and / or said mold spores. The formation of a fungal mycelium from crushed pieces of mycelium or fungal spores ensures that the starting matrix is networked. The different variants take into account the fact that in some extrusion techniques the inoculum has to be added to the product later, as it would not survive the extrusion process unscathed, for example when using higher temperatures.

After fermentation, the fermentation products are subjected to destructuring, the products formed from the fermented starting matrix during fermentation being crushed, chopped up or broken up into smaller ones

Units are divided. The shredded material can be used as a pre-structured Basic material for other products are used, which are structured in a superordinate manner and combined in a new way and networked with one another.

Side streams of food production are used with largely insoluble components such as natural fibers and non-water-soluble proteins to produce the starting matrix.

The extruded strands have an initial matrix which has different diameters of the different strands in a section orthogonal to their longitudinal axis. The strands are arranged one above the other in the form of a network and form channels, pores or cavities between them.

In the procedure according to claim 21, the starting material is in the extrusion process through nozzles or openings, such as in a perforated plate, with a clear diameter of 0.4 to 9 [millimeters], preferably 0.5 to 7 [millimeters], preferably 0.8 to 5 [millimeters], preferably 1 to 3.5 [millimeters], again preferably between 1 and 2.5 [millimeters], in particular 1.1 to 2 [millimeters], conveyed through, the diameter of the openings in the case of parallel or consecutive extrusion processes having the same or different diameters. The mechanical properties of the fermented products can be significantly changed due to the different diameters of the strands and, as a consequence, due to the different relative penetration depths of fungi. Conditionally Due to the different structure resolutions, a changed destructuring behavior in the mouth also induces different textures. Also suitable for changing the texture are product strands or strands of different thicknesses in the same product in the case of chaotic heap, since the combination of the above-mentioned different relative penetration depths in connection with differently sized channels, cavities, pores changes the texture.

The strands forming the starting matrix to be fermented are further processed by extruding the starting material through perforated plates with openings of 0.4 to 9 [millimeters], preferably 0.5 to 7 [millimeters], preferably 0.8 to 5 [millimeters], preferably 1 to 3.5 [millimeters] preferably from 1 to 2.5 [millimeters], in particular from 1.1 to 2 [millimeters], the diameters of the openings having the same diameter or different diameters. A large number of strands can be extruded in parallel using perforated plate extrusion, so that the production speed is greatly increased. Different diameters can lead to the packing density in the pile being increased and the crosslinking to be adjusted by fermentation, with effects on sensory and texture.

The openings in the perforated plate are dimensioned differently. The pile of randomly arranged strands and / or strand pieces is shaped and / or compacted after the extrusion process, the strands or strand pieces being partially pressed together and materially or functionally connected in one piece with one another close to the surface. This results in an improved production speed combined with the shaping into a product. The formation of the starting matrix for fermentation and shaping are separated from each other. Pre-compression can change the internal structure of the starting matrix, with effects on the cross-linking during fermentation and on the texture as a whole.

In the case of a co-extruded starting matrix to be fermented, the mass fractions are changed at least once relative to one another on the entire extruded strand during the extrusion process. This would allow locally different raw material ratios to be achieved in one strand with a single extrusion process.

By means of co-extrusion, a concentric layer can be coated around a strand / piece of strand, in which at least 80% of the spores of the co-extrudate are contained, with this layer, based on the co-extruded strand, 25 to 75%, preferably 40 up to 60% of the cross-section of the strand / strand piece. The fermentation is carried out at a relative ambient humidity between 40 and 100%, preferably between 50 and 99%, even more preferably between 60 and 99%, again preferably between 70 and 98%, in particular between 75 and 95%, based on that surrounding the product The atmosphere.

The substrate phase is applied by a directional or non-directional 3D extrusion.

The dimensions of the body correspond in all spatial directions to at least three times the characteristic diameter of the mesostructural elements, preferably at least five times, in an even more preferred embodiment ten times and in an even more preferred embodiment twenty times the characteristic diameter of the mesostructural elements.

The phases used to create the mesostructure are pasty, extrudable masses with flow limits, for example on the basis of vegetable-based, protein-containing, fiber-containing products, for example okara, spent grains, pomace, etc. After leaving the extrusion device, the strand shape is largely retained and does not run if there is a flow limit, which usually has to be given. Advantageously, according to claim 22, the dry matter of the product at the start of fermentation is preferably 0.5 to 70 [percent by weight], in a more preferred embodiment 1 to 60 [percent by weight], in an even more preferred embodiment 1.5 to 55 [percent by weight], in an even more preferred embodiment 2 to 50 [percent by weight], in an even more preferred embodiment 3 to 50 [percent by weight], in an even more preferred embodiment 5 to 45 [percent by weight], in an even more preferred embodiment 7 to 40 [percent by weight], most preferably 15 to 40 [percent by weight] . Depending on the desired product, the dry matter can be selected very differently and also depends very much on the material used, in particular on the amount of low molecular weight components and the fat content.

By adjusting the ratio of unfilled and filled spaces, the overall texture can be adjusted, since the fungus growth is changed, as is the overall mechanical properties of the product.

The masses used are at least one or more different masses, each composed of one or more, preferably co-extruded, phases, the composition being dynamically changeable during the application process. By combining several raw materials without mixing, the texture of the product can be influenced directly. Through the co-extrusion of different masses, the mechanical properties shafts as well as the penetration of the strand with mycelium can be adjusted with corresponding effects on the overall texture. The entire sensor system of the product is also set with it.

The body is traversed by filament-like network structures caused by fungal growth. With regard to the mechanical properties of the product, elastic components are introduced through the mycelium. This is based on extensive networking of the mycelium with one another and with the substrate on which the fungus grows.

The method according to claim 23 is characterized in that the partially or completely contiguous, filament-like fermentation forming network structures caused by fungal growth takes place with one or more fungal cultures, and comprises a volume fraction of the volume of the unfilled cavities of at least 0.1 [%].

The spores forming the mycelium are distributed isotropically in a mass with a typical cross section of the mesostructural elements formed therefrom, and / or are predominantly concentrated in the outer 40% (v / w) of the mesostructural elements, and / or have the distribution of the spores in the typical cross section of the measurement structure elements formed have a gradient from the center to the location of maximum distance from the center or at least 95% can be found on the surface of the mesostructural elements.

Within a product, spores of different genera of mycelium-forming filamentous fungi, for example Rhizopus oligosporus, Actinomucor elegans and optionally additional microorganisms such as Propionibacterium freudenreichhii, Zymomonas mobilis, whose preferred spatial localization in the body can be described as isotropic or defined anisotropic. By spatially different distribution of the fermentation organisms, locally different textures can be generated, which is expressed in a changed superordinate texture perception. In addition, it is conceivable that a co-fermentation is carried out with microorganisms which, present next to one another, behave differently than separately with regard to the overall aroma expression.

When using several different genera of spore-forming fungi (especially molds), these are preferably present in the same or different compartments before the start of fermentation.

Solution of the problem related to the product

The procedure according to claim 24 is characterized in that the product consists of at least one layer, preferably two or more layers, consists of extruded strands or strand pieces that are integrally connected to one another, materially or functionally, of one or more biological material / materials and one or more fungi / fungi / mold / molds and possibly microorganisms, with between adjacent extruded strands of the starting matrix wholly or partially, Outwardly open cavities, pores or channels are present which are completely or partially filled by the fungus / fungi / mycelium and / or microorganism / microorganisms or their excretion products. By applying the starting material via extrusion processes, (a) the contact surface for fermentation can be defined, (b) the space for fungal mycelium growth and / or microorganism growth and / or for the enrichment of segregated products and thus the destructuring behavior in the mouth, the perception of aromas as well the mechanical product properties can be adjusted. The largely coherent cavities, pores, channels with connection to the product surface allow fermentation that requires oxygen. It is also conceivable to generate several independent, not directly connected output matrices, which are connected to one another via fermentation, such as several nested high cylinders of different diameters that do not touch but are fused / connected with mycelium during the fermentation. The partial filling of the spaces with mycelium allows the product to be subsequently equipped with a further phase, the

May have aromas or other sensory relevant functions. Further advantageous configurations

Further advantageous embodiments are described in claims 25 to 29.

Claim 25 is characterized in that, in the case of edible products, the taste and / or the texture via the fungus (s) introduced into the pores, channels and / or cavities and / or by other fungi (s) in the pores, channels, cavities and / or microorganisms introduced into the starting material (s) and / or by the duration and temperature profile of the fermentation process and / or by adjusting the water content of the product during or after fermentation and / or by the composition of the biological starting material and / or by the volume fraction of pores, channels, cavities in the starting matrix and / or by the arrangement of the pores, channels, cavities and / or by the quantity of the interface between strands and pores, channels and cavities and / or by the diameter (s) of the strands and / or by gas exchange with the environment and / or by a process technology setting the rheology of the starting material Pretreatment is defined. The texture and / or the aroma can be developed differently due to the interaction of various factors, with either different texture and / or sensory features being achievable with the same basic approach or different starting materials can be processed into products with similar sensory and / or textural characteristics.

Claim 26 describes a product in which several plies or layers of extruded product strands are arranged in predetermined or chaotic angular arrangements above and / or next to and / or one behind the other. This results in the advantage of different textures with methods that are different in speed and with different precision in terms of positioning the strands.

The product according to patent claim 27 is characterized in that the starting material for the starting matrix consists of biological substances or mixtures of these, which are due to the fungus / fungi or their spores / permanent forms and possibly the microorganism / microorganisms or their permanent forms the material composition as well as the set dry matter content and / or other suitable treatment steps allow and / or promote a desired germination and / or growth, such as biological substances with increased protein content in the dry matter, such as peas, soy, quinoa, chickpeas, tofu, seitan , Cream cheese masses, processed cheese masses, ricotta and / or with increased fiber content in the dry mass, such as okara, spent grains, whole grain cereal products, largely insoluble residues from fat / protein extraction and / or increased fat content in the dry mass, such as almonds, cashew, Soy and / or high carbohydrates stop in the dry matter, such as wheat or other cereals or pseudo-cereals and / or hydrocolloid gels such as gels based on gelatin, pectin, starch and / or pastes such as concentrated dispersions of any powder such as milk protein, whey protein isolate or vegetable protein concentrates or isolates, where the The water content is adjusted in such a way that the substances have a flow limit. Different starting materials can be used for this product, so that the overall product can also be nutritionally optimized by mixing relevant masses or any other ingredients / ingredients.

The channels, pores or cavities are only partially filled by the fungus / fungi and / or microorganisms or their excretion products and in the remaining cavities or the like another substance, for example flavor enhancers and / or vitamins and / or antioxidants and / or colorants and / or Äromastoff arranged. The structure of the product allows different substances to be added to the product afterwards, depending on the requirements, so that the same matrix can be used to produce differently flavored products, for example.

The cavities, channels or pores are provided with an anti-inflammatory and / or healing drug. The cavities, channels or pores that are not filled by the fungus are provided with a cosmetically active substance, for example a cream, an antiaging agent or the like.

Advantageously, the product according to claim 28 is characterized in that the proportion of cavities, channels or pores is 20 to 85 [%, volume proportion], preferably 20 to 75 [%, volume proportion], again preferably 25 to 75 [%, volume proportion], again preferably between 25 and 70 [%, volume fraction], particularly preferably 25 to 60 [%, volume fraction], most preferably 30 to 55 [%, volume fraction]. The volume fraction of pores, channels and cavities (and the distribution of these ) largely determines the overall texture, as this allows the growth of the mycelium and its overall mechanical properties to be controlled.

Claim 29 is characterized in that the firmness of the product measured after fermentation compared to the firmness of the underlying starting matrix before fermentation by at least a factor of 20, preferably by a factor of at least 12, more preferably by a factor of 8, even more preferably by a factor of at least Factor 5, more preferably by at least a factor of 3.5, more preferably by at least a factor of 2, even more preferably by at least a factor of 1.5, even more preferably by at least a factor of 1.2, most preferably by at least a factor of 1.1, with the strength being the maximum Force is determined with a penetration measurement using a flat, round cylinder geometry with a diameter of 8 millimeters, which penetrates at a speed of 0.5 cm per second into a product body measuring 20 millimeters x 20 millimeters x 20 millimeters with a penetration depth of 10 millimeters at room temperature .

Solution of the problem regarding the use

The use according to claim 30 is characterized in that the product can be used as a meat substitute.

The product can be used as a bandage or dressing pad for wound treatment. The product can also be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics, for example the product can be used as a face mask and contains substances that care for the skin.

According to claim 31, the product can be used as a meat-like paddy.

Claim 32 is characterized in that the product is used as a spreadable, structured mass, for example as cream cheese or spread. According to claim 33, the product serves as lasagne sheets, noodles or other pasta-like products.

Claim 34 describes the use of a product which is used as a flavoring powder after grinding in soups, in sauces or as a condiment.

The mass used has a lipid content of 0 to 70 [percent by weight], a protein content measured as nitrogen of 0 to 95 [percent by weight], a fiber content of 0 to 80 [percent by weight] and a carbohydrate content of 0 to 95 [percent by weight] and others Ingredients, each based on the dry matter.

The masses are composed or spatially structured in such a way that, due to their composition, they inhibit or promote the growth of the cohesive, filament-like network structures caused by fungal growth.

Soluble, in the sense of the Osborne classification, albumins and globulins, and water-insoluble, in the sense of the Osborne classification, prolamins and glutelins, proteins are part of the formulation of the phases, with these proteins in all degrees of purification from a protein content of more than 0.01%, in a preferred one Execution of more than 0.1% in an even more preferred embodiment of more than 1% and in an even more preferred embodiment of more than 5%, measured in the substrate before fermentation as total nitrogen, in a preferred embodiment as oligopeptide or higher, in an even more preferred embodiment as polypeptides or higher, each alone or in mixtures as the gravimetrically predominant element.

The combination of mesostructuring by means of a mass having a flow limit and one or more fermentations for microstructuring is also proposed. The mesostructure serves as (a) a fermentation framework and substrate for a mushroom and / or a further fermentation and (b) as a phase that co-determines the overall texture and sensory properties. The extent and structure of the fungal growth is controlled in that the substrate of the fermentation organism (s), for example a fiber-rich, plant-based mass, is arranged in a 3D structure and 3D shape, in each case in the x, y, z-direction, for example through a strand-like 3D micro-extrusion in space. By providing unfilled cavities in the structure, according to the invention, tailor-made growth conditions (a tailor-made nutrient and / or oxygen supply and / or moisture distribution and / or retention) of the fungus and / or other microorganisms and thus a defined and directed growth of the mycelium between and adjustable into the substrate. The dimensions of the body in all spatial directions preferably correspond to at least three times the characteristic diameter of the mesostructural elements, preferably five times, in an even more preferred embodiment ten times and in an even more preferred embodiment twenty times the characteristic diameter of the mesostructural elements.

The dry matter of the product is preferably 1-50% (w / w), in a more preferred embodiment 3-45% (w / w), in an even more preferred embodiment 5-40% (w / w), in an even more preferred embodiment 7-35% (w / w).

The mesostructural elements used each comprise at least one or more different masses, each of which can be composed of several, preferably coextruded, phases, the composition being dynamically changeable during the application process.

The body is advantageously traversed three-dimensionally by filament-like network structures caused by fungal growth, with the partially or completely connected, filament-like network structures caused by fungal growth forming fermentation with one or more fungal cultures and a volume fraction of the volume of the unfilled cavities of at least 0.1 % includes. Advantageously, (i) the spores forming the mycelium are distributed isotropically in a mass and in the typical cross-section of the mesostructural elements formed therefrom, and / or (ii) predominantly concentrated in the outer 40% (v / w) of the mesostructural elements, and / or (iii) the distribution of the spores in the typical cross-section of the mesostructure elements formed has a gradient from the center to the location of maximum distance from the center, or (iv) at least 95% is found on the surface of the mesostructure elements.

Spores of different genera of mycelium-forming filamentous fungi, for example Rhizopus oligosporus, Actinomucor elegans or microorganisms such as Propionibacterium Freudenreichhii, Zymomonas mobilis, whose preferred spatial localization in the body can be described as isotropic or defined anisotropic, can be used within a product.

When several different types of spores are used, they are preferably present in the same or different compartments before the start of fermentation.

The at least one mass has a lipid content of 0-70% (w / w), a protein content measured as nitrogen of 0-50% (w / w) and a carbohydrate content of 0-80% (w / w). The mass can furthermore be composed or spatially structured in such a way that, due to its composition, it inhibits or promotes the growth of the cohesive, filament-like network structures caused by fungal growth, overall or spatially locally.

This scalability of the growth occurs, for example, via the ratio of substrate volume to the volume of unfilled cavities, via the ratio of surface to substrate volume, through the overall structure of the substrate, the absolute diameter of the substrate strands, through the substrate composition and substrate dry matter, as well as the spatial arrangement of substrate and empty / unfilled cavities as well as the suitability of the structure to be able to carry out any kind of gas exchange with the atmosphere surrounding the object / body (forced or forced; mediated directly or via connected mycelial structures).

The substrate-free cavities produced in a targeted manner are preferably connected to one another and, in principle, allow gas to be exchanged with the atmosphere surrounding the object, so that oxygen required for fermentation can migrate into the product, but the gas atmosphere within the product can also be adjusted. Through the growth of a microscopically and / or mesoscopically and / or macroscopically coherent and / or penetrating fungal mycelium, the substrate is solidified, the individual substrate elements / strands with- connected to each other and from a rheological point of view the overall object is significantly more solid and elastic. Compared to tempeh production, the process according to the invention has great freedom with regard to the selection and composition of the substrate, for example with regard to sensor technology, growth modulation by promoting and inhibiting substances, the substrate properties and the directed and selectively adjustable formation of the overall structure and overall strength and texture through the combination three-dimensional substrate arrangement as well as superimposed mushroom fermentation. Another advantage over the classic soybean-based tempeh process is that insoluble proteins as well as fibers and other ingredients derived from the natural matrix can be used in any mixtures, preferably directly from the moist, non-dried sidestream of conventional production. For example, okara can be used as a substrate as a by-product of soy milk and tofu production. This means that very inexpensive substrates can be used, which can also be nutritionally optimized by mixing with other materials. The combination of 3D substrate arrangement with mushroom fermentation leads to a new class of structured objects / products that can be further developed as meat alternatives, among other things.

As an alternative to the 3D substrate arrangement by extrusion in the x, y, z direction, it is possible to generate higher throughputs, theoretically, infinitely long, one or more substrate phase (s), for example via a perforated plate in the x, y direction to extrude parallel strands of any diameter, diameter distribution and to a limited extent also in the z-direction by rotating or periodically oscillating feeds in the extrusion direction and thus to orient them. Optionally, the parallel strands can also be arranged randomly to form an object, and such an object can be shaped and / or compacted by further suitable measures.

The structure of the applied substrate mass has repetitive elements, especially in the case of small product bodies, but anisotropic structural elements can also exist when viewed macroscopically. The masses are applied, for example, via strand-wise extrusion, but can also be achieved using other processes with comparable results.

In a basic version, the substrate phase can be interpreted as an emulsion, suspension or suspoemulsion. In one possible embodiment, the substrate phase is applied as a foam. The overrun is between 1 and 200% and is preferably generated by expansion of a dissolved gas or, for example, also by gas release from chemical substances, but in a further embodiment also by water evaporation in connection with a previous pressure phase. The three-dimensional structure of the substrate mass, for its part, indirectly determines the overall structure that is formed by the fungal fermentation and that directs the internal cross-linking by fungal mycelium. In contrast to classic tempeh fermentation with soybeans, the resulting product structure and texture can be controlled. Through the special arrangement of the substrate strands in combination with the set rheological properties of the substrate mass, different structure and texture perceptions can be generated, some of which can be described as meat-like.

Various materials are suitable as substrates, which are composed of proteins (0-100%) and / or carbohydrates (0-100%) and / or fats (0-50%) and other minor components (<10%) and so on are designed to be extrudable. For example, it can be extruded from nozzles in a range of 0.1 - 30 mm, the dimensions being matched to the nozzles. Preference is given to using masses that represent secondary streams from conventional production, such as okara, grain bran, press cakes from oil production and mixtures thereof, fruit and vegetable pulp, spent grains, and pressed sugar beet residues. Nutritional or sensory deficits in these masses are preferably corrected by mixing them with other masses. Typical dry masses of such masses are 15 to 85% (w / w), these dry masses can be adjusted by mechanical dewatering, but also by partial thermal processes or combinations. To increase the availability of nutrients for the mushroom mycelium or other (partial) fermentations as well as to modify the flow properties and / or particle size distribution of the masses, the masses can be further mechanically broken down (for example by fine grinding, ball milling or cryomechanical-abrasive processes such as processing in the Pacojet). For hygienic and technological reasons, the masses can be subjected to a step before they are used as a substrate that reduces the number of germs, such as thermal treatment or the use of PEF, high pressure, US or combinations thereof. A further effect of such a treatment can be the digestion and, associated therewith, a simpler utilization / use of the substrate constituents by the fungal mycelium or the formation, degradation or removal of sensory-relevant compounds or precursors therefrom, as well as compounds that result in a fermentative activity desired setting of the sensor system of the product.

The substrate phases can also be modified by incorporating further materials / substances such as carbohydrates, hydrocolloids, crosslinking ions. In a further embodiment, for example fermenting microorganisms and / or fungi and / or enzymes can be added, which can lead to crosslinking and / or solidification and / or modification of the theological properties of the substrate phase before, during or after fermentation. The basic phases used to create the mesostructure are pasty, extrudable masses with flow limits, based on vegetable-based fiber-containing products, for example okara, grains, pomace etc., based on protein-rich products such as tofu masses, gluten or others protein-rich masses etc., the proteins of which can be soluble or insoluble and are present in different concentrations, dried or as a flowable concentrate or isolate.

The supply of oxygen in the property takes place through a largely continuous network of unfilled cavities. The corresponding volume proportion of unfilled cavities is between 10% and 80% and is determined by the arrangement of the substrate network. The unfilled cavities are traversed and filled by mycelium depending on the distance between the limiting substrate strands and the growth conditions. The growth can be controlled so that, on the one hand, the penetration of the substrate, as well as the connection of the substrate strands and thus the overall product properties can be defined. The growth can also be modulated by the partial oxygen pressure and the absolute amount of oxygen available. Different growth conditions can be set within an object by locally different relationships between the substrate phase and the gas phase in order to be able to generate targeted macrostructures. One advantage of the free choice of substrate is that two or more different substrate phases can easily be used. A big advantage of this option is that you can change the micro, mesostructure and macrostructure in a targeted manner, which affects the texture, sensors and optics. In a simple embodiment, phases of the same material with different concentrations can be used. In a more complex version, different materials can also be used. For example, tofu mass and okara mass can be processed into a common product, with the separate phases being used at the same time as structuring aids, since they can have different theological and texture properties due to their composition, and on the other hand can be penetrated by the mycelium to different degrees, which can also lead to rheological and textural differences.

To set texture and / or rheological features, growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting (or rather growth-favorable or rather growth-unfavorable) substrate phases with regard to the penetration or crosslinking by mycelium can be used. The different phases can either be generated by separating a common starting material or comprise completely different starting materials. In addition to the use of anti-nutritional factors, an increase in the fat content of the substrate used can also be considered as a growth inhibitor. Next to the In the dispersed presence of fat, fat can also be used completely or partially as a coating of a substrate strand in order to make it more difficult or to prevent growth into the substrate phase at the coated / coated areas. Instead of arranging a growth-promoting and a growth-inhibiting phase to one another, these can also be co-extruded like the fat phase described, so that the growth of the fungal mycelium in the two-phase substrate strand can be limited, provided that the growth-inhibiting phase can be found in the core of the strand. This can be desirable in order to adjust the texture or to generally limit the amount of fungal mycelium without having to forego essential, texture-adjusting or theological features.

In one possible embodiment of the invention, none of them have a substrate phase or mushroom myce! filled compartments of the object after a (first) fermentation filled with a further, flowable phase and solidified in different forms. The solidification can take place (i) via a further fungal fermentation, (ii) an additional fermentation with the help of a further bioactive organism, (iii) enzymatically, (iv) via thermo-reversible mechanisms, (v) ionically induced or other processes and can take place inside the object may differ in comparison to areas near the surface (example: final, solidified second phase, still flowable inside). The flowable phase can have different compositions, different dry matter and different theological properties. Loading Preferably, the same material is used from which the continuous substrate phase already consists, also preferably material which has been partially or completely separated from the material used as the substrate phase in one or more preceding steps, with or without mixing with other materials, in particular those which allow an adjustment of the strength or the theological properties in the gelled / solidified state or make it possible in the first place. To modulate the sensor system, fat and / or hydrocolloids / carbohydrates, in particular, emulsified or dispersed, can be added. The compartments can be filled at different points in time of the fermentation of the substrate phase and when the fungal mycelium is different, in order to be able to use a strengthening activity of the fungal mycelium if necessary. In a further embodiment, the filling can only take place at any later time, for example before further processing or by a consumer. In a further embodiment, substances / substances can be added to the filling phase which subsequently change the properties or the growth of the fungal mycelium or the substrate phase.

In an exemplary embodiment, okara with an initial dry matter of 18% is adjusted to a dry matter of 21% by mechanical pressing, mixed with soybean oil (5%, w / w) and homogenized and heated to 95 ° C for 60 min, cooled, with fungal spores (Rhizopusoligosporus) added, vacuumed and filled into cartridges. An object the size of 20x20x20 mm is marked with a Gas phase content of 50% is provided in layers, in that the substrate strands are each arranged rotated 90 ° to each other from layer to layer and the strands are arranged in a regular pattern so that the mean distances between the strands are the same. The object is incubated for 72 hours at 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 90%, then packaged, vacuum-sealed and stored in a cool place or frozen.

In a further exemplary embodiment, okara is pressed with a dry matter of 18%, the dry matter is adjusted to 28%, soybean oil (5%, w / w) is added and heated to 95 ° C for 60 min, cooled, mixed with mushroom spores, vacuumed and filled in cartridges. An oval object measuring 100x50x18 mm is created in layers with a gas phase proportion of 25% by always orienting the substrate strands in one direction, horizontally oscillating in terms of position so that the strands touch each other from layer to layer at the maximum point of oscillation. The object is incubated for 72 hours at 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 90%. After the fermentation is complete, the cavities are filled with soy milk, concentrated to a dry matter of 25%, and gelled with GDL at 25 ° C for 5-10 hours. After gelation, the object is then packaged, vacuum-sealed and stored in a cool place or frozen. The fermentations run preferably at temperatures between 15 and 40 ° C with an air humidity of rel. 20-99%. In the case of fermentation with a fungus or a combination of fungi, or in the case of co-fermentation with microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, the fermentation temperature is chosen so that, in addition to the best possible growth, sporulation is avoided.

Possible types of fungi for fermentation are filamentous growing fungi of the genus Rhizopus (for example Rhizopus oligosporus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus arrhizus), actinomucorelegans (typically used for the production of meitauza), Aspergillus oryzae (typically used for the production of.) natto (typically for the production of natto), Neurospora intermedia (typically for the production of “oncom” or “ontjom”, i.e. fermented peanut press cake). The accompanying bacterial flora can also contribute to the fact that the fermented end products naturally have nutritional advantages, for example increased vitamin content or better digestibility (Rhizopus oligosporus, Aspergillus oryzae). Possible types of bacteria for fermentation are, for example, lactic acid bacteria (for example Lc. Lactis, Lb. Bulgaricus, Prop.bact. Freudenreichii, Lb. Reuteri) or Zymomonasmobilis). A fermentation within the meaning of the invention requires at least one fermentation with a mycelium-forming fungus, but can contain further mycelium-forming or non-mycelial fungi and non-mycelial-forming microorganisms. The fermentations can be carried out as singular fermentations as well as co- or multiple fermentations. Fungi are used, for example, for structuring (formation of a microstructure), enrichment with nutritionally valuable compounds / substances (e.g. vitamins), modulation of digestibility, as well as taste formation (e.g. by breaking down unwanted compounds or by segregating sensory beneficial compounds or by providing substances that can be further used by other fermentation cultures), microorganisms, for example for the formation of taste (for example for the breakdown of unfavorable sensory active compounds, segregation of sensory advantageous compounds, combinations thereof, provision of substances that can be further used by other fermentation cultures), structuring ( for example by changing the pH value, cross-linking of structures within the substrate), for partial degradation of the substrate and / or the release of mod ululating substances through degradation and / or excretion, to change the optical aspects (for example the color), for enrichment with nutritionally advantageous compounds / substances (for example vitamins), modulation of the digestibility or for improved shelf life. Overall, the combinations are primarily chosen so that the sensory properties (taste, texture) can be tailored. In the case of co- or multiple fermentation, the organisms can functionally complement one another or act synergistically with one another. With a suitable combination of co- or multiple fermentations, a meat-like sensory system (especially chicken taste in terms of taste and a fibrous texture / structure) can be created.

In another embodiment, the fungal spores are distributed anisotropically in the object in such a way that the substrate contains significantly fewer spores in some places in the object than in other places. The degree of anisotropy is achieved, for example, by combining a spore-free or spore-poor phase and a spore-rich phase in an object by extruding two phases separately from one another. In a further embodiment, the spores are distributed anisotropically within the substrate strands by co-extruding two substrate phases - a spore-free or spore-poor and a spore-rich phase - in such a way that the concentration of spores is preferably increased in the outer phase compared to the inner phase .

In a further embodiment, the inoculation with spores takes place after the extrusion and the construction of the object either by spraying the interfaces with a spore-containing, atomized liquid or by wetting the entire object by immersing it in a spore-containing fluid, in particular when a previous acting step has exceeded a critical temperature for spore vitality. Anisotropy distributions are also achieved when products are inoculated with more than one type of fungal spores, the spores are introduced into separate substrate masses and localized differently in the object.

The products produced are characterized, among other things, by the fact that the mechanical strength of the products usually increases over the fermentation time. The further preparation usually changes the firmness of the objects to lower firmnesses, the extent of the reduction depending on the type of preparation. In a preferred embodiment, the objects remain dimensionally stable when boiled in water or when cooked in steam and do not expand.

In one possible embodiment, the substrate phase is arranged either free-standing or with the aid of devices in such a way that a tube-like structure is created, limited by the substrate phase in two spatial directions and unlimited in the third dimension. In a first step, mycelium is formed by fermentation and the substrate phase solidifies; in a further step, the tubular structure is either flowed through or filled with a fluid. In a subsequent fermentation, the composition or the chemical and physical properties of the flowing or standing fluid are modified by interaction with the fungal mycelium and / or interaction with the substrate phase. The fungal mycelium is supplied with oxygen via the outer te of the tube formed by the substrate phase. The formation of the tube can be supported by the application of a perforated material, which on the one hand allows an oxygen supply to the fungal mycelium within the tube, but on the other hand also reduces or prevents the leakage of the liquid in the tube and gives the whole structure a minimum of strength. After fermentation, the fluid is separated again, filtered and dried.

In a further embodiment, a random arrangement of the substrate phase is selected, the object is fermented and then completely filled with a fluid and fermented for a further period of time. After fermentation, the fluid is separated again, filtered and dried. Such a fluid is characterized by the fact that the enzymatic activity of the mycelium has caused, among other things, a partial hydrolysis of the proteins and thus a sensory change.

The two fermentation objects or objects produced specifically for this purpose can again be subjected to a partial or complete destructuring step after the fermentation. For example, a rather coarsely comminuted object can represent the basic mass for a meat paddy, a more finely comminuted object as well as a more or very coarsely comminuted object can serve as a mass for a subsequent wet extrusion in a wide temperature range. A method for producing a structured body, which is permeated, solid and fermented with unfilled cavities for the purpose of and during fermentation, is conceivable, which is gebil det on the basis of modulatable masses, wherein

(a) at least one theologically and texturally adjustable, modulatable mass that builds up the body forms a directional or non-directional mesostructure that can be freely adjusted in terms of its arrangement over a wide area, which forms the substrate and the cavities for one or more fermentations and a basic structure that is also decisive for the overall texture forms as well

(b) through the introduction of at least one co- and / or superimposed microstructure, induced by one or more fermentations in such a way that partially or completely coherent, filament-like (network structures caused by fungal growth) are generated in, on and between the mesostructural elements and

(c) that by choosing the volume proportion of unfilled compartments in the overall object, by choosing their arrangement and by choosing the ratio between mesostructure surface and mesostructure volume, the growth of the mycelium as a whole and the penetration and direction of the mesostructure with mycelium

(d) and thus in their entirety the network structures are adjustable and that the totality of the structuring elements on the micro and meso level in their interaction cause an adjustable (i) solidification, (ii) theological properties and (iii) sensory relevant texturing.

The substrate phase can be applied by a directional or non-directional 3D extrusion.

The partially or completely contiguous, filament-like fermentation, which forms network structures caused by fungal growth, comprises one or more fungal cultures and a volume fraction of the volume of the unfilled cavities of at least 0.1%.

The spores forming the mycelium are present in a mass and isotropically distributed in the typical cross section of the mesostructural elements formed therefrom, and / or (ii) are predominantly concentrated in the outer 40% (v / w) of the mesostructural elements, and / or (iii ) the distribution of the spores in the typical cross-section of the mesostructural elements formed has a gradient from the center to the location of maximum distance from the center or (iv) at least 95% can be found on the surface of the mesostructural elements. The masses used have a lipid content of 0-70% (w / w), a protein content measured as nitrogen of 0-50% (w / w) and a carbohydrate content of 0-80% (w / w) as well as other ingredients.

In the drawing, the invention is illustrated - partly schematically - using exemplary embodiments:

1 shows the exit of several extruded matrix strands from an extruder, shown partly broken away;

2 shows the application of extruded matrix strands to another strand layer by means of a nozzle, shown broken away;

3 shows the representation of several extrusion nozzles connected in parallel;

4 shows a perforated plate with differently designed openings from which strands of material can emerge;

5 shows an extrusion device with different extrusion nozzles and a motor-driven, rotating knife connected downstream in the conveying direction of the extruded strands; 6 shows a chaotic pile of extruded strands of material;

7 strand pieces, arranged chaotically;

8 fragmented strands;

9 shows the representation of a matrix body made of extruded strands of material arranged at right angles in different planes to one another, in a side view;

10 shows the embodiment shown in FIG. 9 in plan view;

1 1 shows a further embodiment in which the material strands are arranged at angles to one another;

FIG. 12 shows a representation similar to FIG. 9 on a larger scale, shown in perspective; FIG.

13 preparation of the starting material and formation of the starting matrix, fermentation, packaging; 14 Preparation of the starting material and formation of the discharge matrix, fermentation, packaging, and

15 preparation of the starting material and formation of the discharge matrix, fermentation, packaging;

The reference number 1 shows a part of an extruder which has several outlet nozzles, not shown in detail, from which, in the embodiment shown, a total of four product strands 2 emerge, which combine to form a chaotic pile 3 under the influence of gravity. Depending on requirements, the product strands 2 can be subdivided in a time or volume-determined manner, in particular cut off, after which the pile 3 is transported away intermittently.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, a nozzle 4, possibly movable by a motor, is shown, with several product strands 5 being arranged parallel and at a distance from one another. In the embodiment shown, the nozzle 4 discharges the product strand 6 at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the product strands 5. Several such layers of product strands 5, 6 can be arranged one above the other and / or next to one another and complement one another to form a body.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 3, four nozzles 7 are arranged parallel and at a distance from one another and are assigned to an extruder (not shown) from which product strands 8 emerge and are, for example, separated in a time or volume-controlled manner. The product strands 8 can combine to form a chaotic pile 9 or else be combined in some other way to form a product body.

Fig. 4 shows a perforated plate 10 which is assigned to an extruder, not shown. The perforated plate 10 has outlet openings 11 different in diameter, from which product strands emerge.

In the illustration in FIG. 5, part of an extruder is shown at 12, which has nozzles 13 of the same or different diameters, from which product strands emerge. Downstream in the conveying direction is a rotating knife 14 which divides the product strands. These can then be transported away individually or joined together to form a body at any angle.

FIG. 12 shows a product 15 which consists of several layers of product strands arranged one above the other. In the embodiment shown, a mushroom mycelium 16 grows between the cavities. For the sake of simplicity, this is the case only shown in two places. Of course, the corresponding fungus grows in the various cavities of the product body 15.

FIG. 6 shows a further chaotic pile 17 composed of a practically endless strand, while in FIG. 7 a pile 18 composed of divided product strands is shown. In Fig. 8, the pile 19 consists of divided product strands.

Figures 9, 10 and 11 show various product bodies. For example, the product body 20 in FIG. 9 has a similar structure to the product body in FIG. 12 and consists of several layers of product strands each running at right angles with their longitudinal axes to one another, which also applies to the embodiment according to FIG. 10, while the embodiment according to FIG 11 the product body 21 consists of product strands 22 running at an acute angle to one another. However, the angles can also differ from position to position.

The features described in the patent claims and in the description as well as evident from the drawing can be essential for the implementation of the invention both individually and in any combination. Reference number

Extruder

Product strand, strand, matrix strand, mesostructural element, structuring element

Heap

jet

Product strand, strand, matrix strand, mesostructural element, structuring element nozzle

Heap

Perforated plate

Outlet opening

Extruder

jet

knife

Product, product body, body Fungus, mycelium, microorganism, network structures

Heap

Product body, product, body of product strand, strand, matrix strand, mesostructural element, structuring element

Channels, pores, cavities, unfilled cavities

bibliography

[1] Heine, D., Rauch, M., Ramseier, H., Müller, S., Schmid, A., Kopf-Bolanz, K., Eugster, E. (2018). Vegetable proteins as a meat substitute: a consideration for Switzerland. Agricultural Research Switzerland 9 (1), 4-11.

[2] Bio Suisse - guidelines for the production, processing and trading of Bud products. Version from January 1, 2019. Link: https: //www.bio- suisse.ch/media/VundH/Reqelwerk/2019/DE/rl 2019 1.1 d total 11.12.2018.pd f

[3] O’Toole, D.K. (2004). Soymilk, tofu, and okara. In: Encyclopedia of Grain Science (2004). Edited by Wrigley, C.W., Corke, H., and Walker, C.E. Academic Press.

[4] Shurtleff, W., and Aoyagi, A. (1979). The Book of Tempeh. A cultured soy food.

[5] Zieger, T. (1986). Attempts to make tempe gembus and meidouzha. Diploma thesis carried out at the Institute for Food Technology at the University of Hohenheim.

Claims

1 . Process for the manufacture of a product from one or more biological substances or mixtures thereof, which, if necessary after cleaning, after setting the dry matter, if necessary subsequent thermal treatment such as boiling as well as crushing and if necessary further preprocessing to change the material properties and / or the nutritional properties of the starting material, are extruded, and are arranged by the extrusion process of a strand (5, 6, 8) or strands to form a starting matrix which has channels, pores or cavities that are completely or partially open to the outside, in which or between them one or more fungi / fungi (16) and possibly further fermenting microorganisms grow which are introduced into or applied to the starting matrix in the form of the vegetative or permanent form before, during or after the extrusion process and said / said fungus / fungi networked with the output matrix and / or waxed into it sen while the said starting matrix is subjected to a fermentation process or co-fermentation process and the texture and / or the firmness of the product is significantly shaped and / or co-shaped by the cross-linking and / or ingrowth of the fungus (s) and that that which is produced from the starting matrix Then the product, if necessary, is divided into predetermined dimensions, packaged and supplied to other uses.

2. A method for producing a structured body (15), which is permeated with unfilled cavities (open channels, pores or cavities) (23), solid and fermented, and formed on the basis of modulatable masses (synonymous with starting material), characterized that

(a) at least one, rheologically and texturally adjustable, modulatable mass that builds up the body forms a directional or non-directional mesostructure that is freely adjustable in terms of its arrangement over wide areas (equivalent to starting matrix), which forms the substrate (equivalent to starting matrix) and the cavities (equivalent to with pores, channels, cavities) for one or more fermentations and a basic structure that is decisive for the overall texture (synonymous with the starting matrix);

(b) by introducing at least one co- and / or superimposed microstructure (synonymous with mushroom mycelium or network structure), induced by one or more fermentations, in such a way that partially or completely coherent, filament-like network structures (16) caused by fungal growth (synonymous with Micro level) in, on and between the so structural elements (5) (synonymous with extruded strands or strand pieces) are generated;

(c) by choosing the volume proportion of unfilled cavities, channels or pores, compartments in the overall object, by choosing their arrangement and by choosing the ratio between mesostructure surface and mesostructure volume, the growth of the mycelium (16) as a whole and the penetration and direction of the mesostructure with mycelium and thus in their entirety the network structures are adjustable and

(d) the totality of the structuring elements on the micro and meso level in the interplay cause an adjustable (i) solidification, (ii) theological properties and (iii) sensory relevant texturing.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the biological substances, or mixtures of these, optionally with the addition of further substances, include those substances that the / the fungus / fungi or their spores / permanent forms and possibly the / allow the microorganism / microorganisms or their permanent forms due to the material composition as well as the set dry matter content and / or other suitable treatment steps a desired germination and / or growth and / or metabolic activity, such as biological substances, or microorganisms Mixtures of these with an increased protein content in the dry matter, such as peas, soy, quinoa, chickpeas, tofu, seitan, gluten, cream cheese masses, processed cheese masses, ricotta and / or with an increased fiber content in the dry mass, such as okara, spent grains, whole grain cereal products , largely insoluble residues from the fat protein extraction and / or increased fat content in the dry matter, such as almonds, cashew, soy and / or high carbohydrate content in the dry matter, such as wheat or other cereals or pseudo-cereals and / or hydrocolloid-based such as Gels based on gelatine, pectin, starch, possibly with further additives and / or paste-based such as pastes based on concentrated dispersions of any powder or powder mixtures such as milk protein, whey protein isolate or vegetable protein concentrates or isolates, possibly with further additives and / or already fermented, an Allowing re-comminuted material, the water content being adjusted in each case in such a way that the substances have a flow limit or that the flow limit is thermally induced, for example in the form of thermo-reversible gelation.

4. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the growth and / or the metabolic activity of the (16) growing in the pores, channels or cavities of the starting matrix and / or in, on or between the strand (s) Strands / the strand pieces growing or metabolically active microorganisms thermally and / or by gassing with, for example, CO2, N2 or mixtures thereof and / or by changing the fermentation conditions such as the relative humidity and / or temperature and / or by filling the pores, channels, cavities and / or by high-pressure treatment and / or by cooling and / or by freezing and / or by other suitable methods, during or after the fermentation is controlled and / or partially or completely ended.

5. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, in the case of edible products, the taste and / or the texture of the mushroom (s) (16) grown in the pores, channels and / or cavities (23) and / or by further microorganisms introduced into the pores, channels, cavities and / or in the starting material (s) and / or by the duration and / or the temperature profile of the fermentation process and / or by adjusting the water content of the product during or after the fermentation and / or by the composition of the biological starting material and / or by the volume fraction of pores, channels, cavities in the starting matrix and / or by the arrangement of the pores, channels, cavities and / or by the quantity of the interface between the entirety of the Strands and the entirety of the pores, channels, cavities and / or through the diameter (s) of the strands and / or by gas exchange with the environment and / or by a process technology pretreatment that adjusts the rheology of the starting material.

6. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the water content of the starting matrix is changed during or after the fermentation process.

7. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a body (15) is produced as a starting matrix by the extrusion process simultaneously and / or in parallel and / or subsequent extrusion process steps, which consists of several over- and / or adjacent and / or extruded strands lying one behind the other, which materially or functionally connect in one piece on their surfaces lying one against the other and between them form cavities, channels or pores in which the mushroom (s) (16) are arranged.

8. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the biological starting material or the biological starting materials is then comminuted to predetermined size / sizes during the extrusion process in the form of an endless strand.

9. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the growth and / or the metabolic activity of the fungus (s) (16) is interrupted and / or changed and / or controlled after a period of time provided for the respective starting material or is.

10. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pores, channels or cavities not filled by the fungus / fungi are completely or partially filled with flavorings and / or vitamins and / or antioxidants during or after the fermentation process .

11. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the starting matrix is produced from the starting material okara as follows:

- Step 2: the okara is heated to 95 +/- 1 [° C] with constant stirring and held there for 60 +/- 1 [minutes]. The mass is then further stirred and cooled to 40 +/- 1 [° C]; - Step 3: the pH of the okara mass is adjusted to 5.2 +/- 0.1 by adding lactic acid (80 [%, weight percentage]);

- Step 4: the treated okara is pressed through a filter cloth with a mesh size of 0.5 [millimeters] in order to obtain a dry content of 25 +/- 0.5 [%, by weight];

- Step 5: the mass is transferred to Pacojet containers and frozen at -22 to -25 [° C]; the frozen mass is comminuted with the Pacojet PJ2E (Pacojet AG, Zug, Switzerland) using the “standard” pacotizing wing and the splash guard with pre-scraper; the particle size is reduced to a D ₉₀ of 600 to 800 [micrometers]; the particle size measurement takes place in a Beckmann Coulter Counter LS 13320, with a water module of 20 +/- 1 PC];

- Step 7: the mass is mixed in a Kennwood Major Swiss Edition mixer for 5 [minutes] at level 5, and then transferred to a sterile plastic bag with a layer thickness of 25 [mm] and vacuumed to a pressure of 200 [mbar] and brought to a temperature of 20 +/- 1 [° C];

- Step 9: the transferred okara mass (also called substrate) is kept at 20 +/- 1 [° C] and is ready for extrusion; - Step 10: then the mass is extruded through a 1.8 [millimeter] nozzle, and an object defined by a CAD program is built up in layers on a glass, steel or plastic plate; the process is analogous to the fused deposition modeling process in 3D printing, in which two-dimensional layers are built up on top of one another in order to generate three-dimensional objects; this happens at an ambient temperature of 20 +/- 1 [° C] and a humidity of 85 [%];

12. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the extruded strands (8) are divided into predetermined sizes in a subsequent process, for example by a rotating knife (14), after the strand exit.

13. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the previously empty pores, channels or cavities (23) penetrated with mushroom mycelium / mushroom mycelia (16) after fermentation partially or completely with a flowable and / or partially or completely solidifying material, the solidification being carried out via an additional fermentation with the aid of a further bioactive organism, enzymatically, via thermo-reversible mechanisms, ionically induced, by heating or by other methods.

14. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the starting material for the starting matrix is extruded into a product strand and / or product strands and / or product strand pieces by means of extrusion, co-extrusion or multi-extrusion processes, the product strand subsequently retained as an endless strand or disintegrated and / or divided into individual pieces and the temperature of the product strand and / or the product strands and / or the product strand pieces directly at the nozzle or perforated plate outlet 2 to 99.5 [° C], preferably 5 to 99 [° C ], more preferably 7 to 80 [° C], more preferably 10 to 70 [° C], more preferably 12 to 60 [° C], more preferably 12 to 45 [° C], most preferably 15 to 25 [° C].

15. The method according to claim 1 or one of the subsequent claims, characterized in that the nozzle or the nozzles and the support on which the starting material (s) applied from the nozzle or nozzles is / are applied relative to one another, so that an either chaotic, a random pile (18) or a predetermined distribution of the discharged matrix strands in predetermined angular assignments (for example 20, 21) to one another is carried out.

16. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the extruded strand or strands or strand pieces are foamed with gas inclusions which are caused by an expansion of a compressed gas, for example CO2, N2O or by gas formation during fermentation, such as CO2, by foaming the material before it is introduced into the product, for example with CO2, O2, N2, air or by a chemical reaction, such as that of a carbonate with an acid or by expanding water to form water vapor within the strands or Strand pieces.

17. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fermentation process of the product is carried out at temperatures between 10 and 50 [° C], preferably between 12 and 45 [° C], further preferably between 15 and 35 [ ° C], still preferred added between 15 and 32 [° C], in particular between 18 and 28 [° C] and in some fermentations the temperature is changed during the fermentation.

18. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fermentation is carried out at a relative ambient humidity between 30 and 100 [%], preferably between 30 and 98 [%], in particular between 40 and 95 [%], further preferably between 60 and 95 [%], for example in particular between 75 and 95 [%], based on the atmosphere surrounding the product.

19. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fungi / fungus spores / molds / mold spores from the genus Rhizopus, for example Rhizopus oligosporus, Rhizopus stoionifer, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus arrhizus and / or used for the fermentation from the genus Actinomocur, for example Actinomocur elegans spp. meitauza and / or from the genus Aspergillus, for example Aspergillus oryzae and / or from the genus Penicillium, for example Penicillium candidum, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium roquefor- ti, Penicillium glaucum, and / or from the genus Geotrichum, for example Geotrichum candidum, and / or from another genus that is suitable for changing the texture and / or sensory properties of the product, as well as those for the microbial fermentation or co-fermentation used microorganisms from the genus Bacillus, for example Bacillus subtilis spp. natto and / or from the genus Neurospora, for example Neurospora intermedia and / or from the genus Lactobacillus, for example Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus reuteri and / or from the genus Lactococcus, for example Lactococcus lactis and / or from the genus Propionibacterium, for example Propionibacterium and / or from the genus Zymomonas, for example Zymomonas mobilis and / or from the genus Leuconostoc, for example Leuconostoc mesenteroides and / or from another genus which is suitable for changing the texture and / or sensory properties of the product.

20. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the inoculation / inoculation of the starting matrix with fungal mycelium and / or fungal spores and / or mold mycelium and / or mold spores takes place in such a way that they are, for example, mixed with the starting material and / or on the starting matrix is sprayed on and / or the product is soaked in and / or with a suspension of said fungal mycelium and / or said fungal spores and / or said mold mycelium and / or said mold spores.

21. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the starting material in the extrusion process through nozzles or openings, such as in a perforated plate (12), with a clear diameter of 0.4 to 9 [millimeters], preferably 0.5 to 7 [Millimeters], preferably 0.8 to 5 [millimeters], preferably 1 to 3.5 [millimeters], again preferably between 1 and 2.5 [millimeters], in particular 1.1 to 2 [millimeters], is conveyed through, the diameter of the openings in the case of parallel or consecutive extrusion processes have the same or different diameters.

22. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the dry matter of the product at the start of fermentation is preferably 0.5 to 70 [percent by weight], in a more preferred embodiment 1 to 60 [percent by weight], in an even more preferred embodiment 1.5 to 55 [weight percent], in an even more preferred embodiment 2 to 50 [weight percent], in an even more preferred embodiment 3 to 50 [weight percent], in an even more preferred embodiment 5 to 45 [weight percent], in an even more preferred embodiment 7 to 40 [ Weight percent], most preferably 15 to 40 [weight percent].

23. The method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the partially or completely contiguous, filament-like fermentation forming network structures caused by fungal growth takes place with one or more fungal cultures, and a volume fraction of the volume of the unfilled cavities of at least 0.1 [% ] includes.

24. According to the method according to claim 1 or one of the preceding claims produced product (15), which consists of at least one layer, preferably two or more layers, of extruded and with each other, materially or functionally, integrally connected strands or strand pieces of one or more biological material / materials and one or more fungi / fungi / molds / molds and possibly microorganisms, with cavities, pores or channels open to the outside being present between adjacent extruded strands of the starting matrix, in whole or in part, which are provided by the person concerned Fungus / fungi / mycelium and / or microorganism / microorganisms or their excretion products are completely or partially filled.

25. Product according to claim 24, characterized in that, in the case of edible products, the taste and / or texture via the fungus (16) introduced into the pores, channels and / or cavities and / or by further microorganisms introduced into the pores, channels, cavities and / or in the starting material (s) and / or by the duration and temperature profile of the fermentation process and / or by adjusting the water content of the product during or after fermentation and / or by the composition of the biological starting material and / or by the volume fraction of pores, channels, cavities in the starting matrix and / or by the arrangement of the pores, channels, cavities and / or by the quantity of the interface between strands and pores, channels and cavities and / or by the diameter (s) of the strands and / or by gas exchange with the environment and / or by a process-related pretreatment that adjusts the rheology of the starting material.

26. Product according to claim 24, characterized in that several plies or layers of extruded product strands are arranged in predetermined or chaotic angular arrangements above and / or next to and / or behind one another.

27. Product according to claim 24 or 25, characterized in that the starting material for the starting matrix consists of biological substances or mixtures of these, which the fungus / fungi or their spores / permanent forms and possibly the microorganism / microorganisms or their permanent forms Based on the material composition as well as the set dry matter content and / or other suitable treatment steps, allow and / or promote a desired germination and / or growth, such as biological substances with increased protein content in the dry matter, such as peas, soy, quinoa, chickpeas, tofu, Seitan, cream cheese masses, processed cheese masses, ricotta and / or with increased fiber content in the dry mass, such as okara, spent grains, whole grain cereal products, largely insoluble residues from the fat protein extraction and / or increased fat content in the dry mass, such as almonds, cashew, soy and / or high carbohydrate content in the dry matter, such as wheat or other cereals or pseudo-cereals and / or hydrocolloid gels such as gels based on gelatin, pectin, starch and / or pastes such as concentrated dispersions of any powder such as milk protein, Whey protein isolate or vegetable protein concentrates or isolates, the water content being adjusted in each case in such a way that the substances have a flow limit.

28. Product according to claim 24 or one of the subsequent claims, characterized in that the proportion of cavities, channels or pores 20 to 85 [%, volume proportion], preferably 20 to 75 [%, volume proportion], again preferably 25 to 75 [ %, Volume fraction], again preferably between 25 and 70 [%, volume fraction], particularly preferably 25 to 60 [%, volume fraction], most preferably 30 to 55 [%, volume fraction].

29. Product according to claim 24 or one of the subsequent claims, characterized in that the firmness of the product measured after fermentation compared with the firmness of the underlying starting matrix before fermentation by at least a factor of 20, preferably by a factor of at least 12, more preferably by at least the factor 8, more preferably by at least a factor 5, more preferably by at least a factor 3.5, even more preferably by at least a factor 2, even more preferably by at least a factor 1.5, even more preferably by at least a factor 1.2, most preferably by at least a factor 1.1 increases, whereby the strength is determined as the maximum force with a penetration measurement using a flat, round cylinder geometry with a diameter of 8 millimeters, which at a speed of 0.5 cm per second in a product body of dimensions 20 millimeters x 20 millimeters x 20 millimeters with a penetration depth of 10 millimeters penetrated at room temperature.

30. Use of a product according to claim 24 or one of claims 25 to 29, characterized in that the product can be used as a meat substitute.

31. Use of a product according to claim 24 or one of claims 25 to 29, characterized in that the product is used as a meat-like paddy.

32. Use of a product according to claim 24 or one of claims 25 to 29, characterized in that the product is used as a spreadable, structured mass, for example as cream cheese or spread.

33. Use of a product according to claim 24 or one of claims 25 to 29, characterized in that the product serves as lasagne sheets, noodles or other pasta-like products.

34. Use of a product according to claim 24 or one of claims 25 to 29, characterized in that the product is used as a flavoring powder after grinding in soups, in sauces or as a condiment.