EP3873400A1 - Compositions et méthodes destinées au traitement de bio-films transitoires - Google Patents

Compositions et méthodes destinées au traitement de bio-films transitoires

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Publication number
EP3873400A1
EP3873400A1 EP19838934.8A EP19838934A EP3873400A1 EP 3873400 A1 EP3873400 A1 EP 3873400A1 EP 19838934 A EP19838934 A EP 19838934A EP 3873400 A1 EP3873400 A1 EP 3873400A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composition
acetic acid
tissue
acid
compositions
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP19838934.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Geir Hermod Almås
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wiab Water Innovation AB
Original Assignee
Wiab Water Innovation AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wiab Water Innovation AB filed Critical Wiab Water Innovation AB
Publication of EP3873400A1 publication Critical patent/EP3873400A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
    • A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/20—Elemental chlorine; Inorganic compounds releasing chlorine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/11—Encapsulated compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/20—Halogens; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0034—Urogenital system, e.g. vagina, uterus, cervix, penis, scrotum, urethra, bladder; Personal lubricants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/006—Oral mucosa, e.g. mucoadhesive forms, sublingual droplets; Buccal patches or films; Buccal sprays
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/02—Local antiseptics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
    • A61Q17/005—Antimicrobial preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B11/00—Oxides or oxyacids of halogens; Salts thereof
    • C01B11/04—Hypochlorous acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid for treating transient bio film infection, while maintaining the natural flora.
  • the invention relates to compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid for the treatment of oral biofilm.
  • Hand disinfectants or hand sanitizers are generally gel, foam, or liquid solutions with an active ingredient for killing microorganisms. Most hand disinfectants include alcohol in the form of ethanol or isopropanol.
  • alcoholic hand rubs significantly reduce the skin flora count immediately and up to three hours after disinfection.
  • the skin flora not only consists of "bad" microbes, but also consists of microorganisms that are generally nonpathogenic or commensal, and are even beneficial to one's health.
  • An example of such a microbe is
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis Much like the bacteria of the gut, the natural skin flora plays an active role in protecting the host. For example, resident skin flora inhibits the growth of transient bacteria and maintains the balance between the colonizing microorganisms. The natural skin microbiota plays an integral role in eliciting the host immune networks. (Br J Dermatol. 2008 Mar; 158(3): 442-455). As such, the significant reduction of resident skin flora for a prolonged period of time leaves the host defenseless against microbial infection.
  • Biofilms are known to impair cutaneous wound healing and reduce topical antibacterial efficiency, and they can also spread bacteria into the air. Microbial infections that produce biofilms can pose serious health problems.
  • scientists estimate that up to 80% of all infections affecting mammals are biofilm infections.
  • antibiotic resistant transient bacteria such as MRSA (methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus) proliferate within the biofilm, leading to many serious and deadly infections.
  • Dysbiosis of the natural skin microbiome predisposes the host not only to disease and infection, but also other inflammatory and immunological diseases. (Prescott et al. World Allergy Organization Journal (2017) 10:29).
  • Prior art disinfectant compositions have various shortcomings. Some eradicate the natural flora while treating transient bacteria. Some have long recovery times, leaving the tissue defenseless against pathogenic bacterial infection. Others are unable to prevent pathogenic bacteria infection.
  • Antimicrobial compositions comprising hypochlorous acid and an organic acid, such as acetic acid, as described herein are useful for treating transient microbes without harming natural microbial flora.
  • compositions comprising hypochlorous acid and acetic acid are useful for treating biofilms on skin while maintaining the homeostasis of the natural skin microbiota.
  • Compositions of the invention are useful for disinfecting skin without negatively impacting the protective qualities of the bacteria that naturally exists on skin. Compositions of the invention are thus effective for hand disinfection.
  • Compositions of hypochlorous acid and acetic acid are also effective for treatment of pathogenic transient microbes found in nasal passages, the vagina, and the oral cavity.
  • compositions of the invention reduce or eliminate pathogenic bacteria while maintaining homeostatis of the microbiota naturally present on skin.
  • concentrations of HOC1 and HAc are balanced in order to achieve a synergistic effect, resulting in the antimicrobial capabilities of the composition being greater than would be expected based on the antimicrobial properties of each component on its own.
  • Acetic acid provides an important buffering capacity that allows optimal performance of hypochlorous acid, especially in environments in which the tendency is to drive pH to homeostatic levels. For example, in the oral cavity the natural pH is about 7.4 and acetic acid provides a buffering capacity in that environment to allow optimal activity of HOC1.
  • hypochlorous acid modulates the toxicity of the acetic acid and provides an analgesic effect, allowing stronger compositions to be applied to skin or other tissue without adverse side effects, patient discomfort, or eradication of the natural flora.
  • acetic acid is particularly effective against anaerobic bacteria, such as Pseudomona.
  • other organic acids such as ascorbic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, malic acid, citric acid, uric acid, and other carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids.
  • compositions having different concentrations of each acid component for treatment of diverse types of tissues. Acetic acid concentrations from about 0.1% to about 5% are useful. Likewise, hypochlorous acid is found in different concentrations in the compositions depending on the type of tissue being treated. For example, hypochlorous acid at 80 to 2500 ppm is useful for treating a biofilm infecting the root of a tooth, while only 5-60 ppm is needed for a dental mouthwash composition, and between 30-100 ppm is to eliminate transient bio film of skin, while maintaining the natural flora. In general, hypochlorous acid should be present in a concentration of up to about 2500 ppm.
  • compositions of the invention are particularly effective at biofilm reduction due to the synergistic balance between hypochlorous acid and acetic acid, which gives the compositions the dual effect of surface, just beneath surface, and deeper sub surface treatment of bio film.
  • hypochlorous acid is able to act rapidly at or near the surface; whereas acetic acid takes longer time to act and therefore can act below the tissue surface.
  • acetic acid and hypochlorous acid compositions are effective against transient microflora on tissue or non-tissue surfaces without affecting the natural bio film.
  • compositions of the invention are useful for hand washing and
  • compositions of the invention are useful for treating transient bacteria on epidermal tissue.
  • the disclosed acetic acid and hypochlorous acid compositions are effective against treating transient bacteria on dermal tissue.
  • compositions of the invention are also useful for treating orally-associated transient biofilm.
  • Compositions of the invention are effective in treating transient biofilm on the teeth, gums, gingiva, tongue and oral mucosa.
  • Application of the disclosed compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid to the teeth or oral mucosa treats transient biofilm infection while not harming the natural flora of the mouth.
  • the inventive compositions are effective in treating dental plaque, tooth hypersensitivity, and dental disease.
  • Application of a prophylactically effective amount of the disclosed acetic acid and hypochrlous acid compositions aids in preventing orally-associate biofilm.
  • Compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid are effective in preventing dental plaque biofilm. Additionally, the disclosed compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid are effective in sterilizing a root canal.
  • compositions of the invention may be provided as a gel or cream, which allows longer contact time with the tissue. Additionally, one or both of the components of inventive compositions can be encapsulated in a nanoparticle for controlled or delayed release.
  • the disclosed acetic acid and hypochlorous acid compositions may also be provided as a dentifrice or mouthwash.
  • compositions described herein can be combined with various excipients and carriers to facilitate topical administration.
  • Hypochlorous acid and acetic acid products can take the form of gels, creams, lotions, sprays, liquids, foams, powders, varnishes, paints, and other delivery formulations known in the art.
  • the compositions provided can be incorporated into cloth or fibrous wipes, or applied to bandages, dressing, gauze, brushes, and implants and permitted to dry into a film.
  • hypochlorous acid and acetic acid compositions described herein can also be combined with a fluoride-containing composition or a liquid polymer formulation.
  • compositions comprising acetic acid, hypochlorous acid and liquid polymer formulation to an oral surface helps to prevent transient biofilm infection.
  • Compositions of the invention can be applied to adhesive strips. Application of the adhesive strips to the teeth or other oral surface is effective in treating and preventing transient bio film infection.
  • the invention includes a composition made up of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid.
  • the acetic acid is present in concentrations greater than about 0.1%, and preferably less than about 5.0%.
  • a preferred hypochlorous acid concentration is between about 5 ppm and about 2500 ppm.
  • the particular concentrations of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid depend on the intended treatment area and how deep beneath the surface of the tissue the treatment is desired.
  • acetic acid is present in a concentration sufficient to penetrate beneath the surface of a tissue.
  • acetic acid concentration is greater than about 0.12%, and preferably greater than about 0.2%, and in some embodiments it is about 0.5% or more.
  • the acetic acid may be encapsulated in a nanoparticle for controlled or delayed release.
  • the hypochlorous acid is present in a concentration sufficient to treat biofilm on and just beneath a surface of tissue and not eradicate the natural flora.
  • the composition may further include a gel, cream, ointment, oil, liquid polymer, or fluoride.
  • the invention involves methods for treating a transient bio film in or on tissue without harming the natural flora of the tissue.
  • Methods include applying to a tissue a composition comprising acetic acid in a concentration sufficient to penetrate tissue and
  • hypochlorous acid in an amount sufficient to remove transient biofilm on and just beneath a surface of the tissue.
  • Methods include applying to teeth or oral surface a composition comprising acetic acid and hypochlorous acid to treat orally-associated biofilm and not harming the natural flora.
  • Methods include applying a composition comprising acetic acid in a concentration sufficient to prevent transient biofilm on oral mucosa and on teeth.
  • the tissue to be treated is the epidermis and the hypochlorous acid concentration is about 10-200 ppm. In still other embodiments, the tissue to be treated is vaginal tissue, and the hypochlorous acid concentration is about 5-100 ppm, and the acetic acid
  • concentration is between about 0.1% and about 5.0%.
  • the acetic acid may be present in amounts sufficient to remove transient bio film beneath the surface of the oral mucosa or the tooth root.
  • the acetic acid may be present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 2.0%, and the hypochlorous acid may be present in a concentration from about 5 ppm to about 250 ppm.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic showing an exemplary system for producing hypochlorous acid according to methods of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic showing a magnified view of the mixing device shown in Figure
  • Figure 3 is a schematic showing an internal view of the mixing chamber of the mixing device.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic showing a front view of the members that divide the mixing chamber into a plurality of sub-chambers. This view shows the apertures in the members.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic showing a valve configured with measuring sensors for switching from a waste line to a product collection line.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic showing the valve in-line with the waste line and the product collection line.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic showing another exemplary system for producing hypochlorous acid according to methods of the invention.
  • This system is configured for automated use with buffered deionized water.
  • the buffer can either be included in the inflowing water or can be introduced through an injection port.
  • the buffer may also be mixed during the mixing process by using NaOH in NaOCl or separately injected and acetic acid or others similar acids or bases.
  • Figure 8 is a graph of a calibration curve showing HOC1 concentration (ppm) calculated indirectly versus conductivity.
  • Figure 9 is a graph showing a spectrophotometric analysis of the produced HOC1.
  • the gases generally produced during production of HOC1 are C102, C120 and C12, all of which are detectable in the visible range as yellow or yellow-red.
  • the graph shows no absorption from colored gases in the produced HOC1.
  • Figure 11 is a graph showing how the pH of the HOC1 product changed over time.
  • Figure 12 is a graph showing the oxidation and reduction (redox) of the HOC1 product over time.
  • Figure 13 shows an anti- microbial composition that includes an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid encapsulated in a nanoparticle.
  • Figure 14 is an illustration of a method of making an anti- microbial composition that includes an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid encapsulated in a nanoparticle.
  • Figures 15-21 provide data on the reduction of various biofilms when exposed to compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid at different concentrations, compared with commercially available biofilm treatments.
  • Figure 22 is a graph showing the killing effect of various concentrations of HOC1 with either 1% or 4% acetic acid.
  • Figure 23 is a graph showing the killing effect of HOC1 at 200 ppm and 500 ppm with either 1%, 2% or 4% acetic acid.
  • a synergistic composition comprising an organic acid, such as acetic acid, and hypochlorous acid.
  • the acetic acid component is particularly effective for penetrating tissue, while the hypochlorous acid is particularly effective for treating biofilm on the outer surface of tissue.
  • Acetic acid can penetrate up to 2 mm or more beneath the surface of a wound to treat otherwise difficult to reach biofilms.
  • compositions of the invention comprise hypochlorous acid in synergistic combination with acetic acid. It has been discovered that a balanced composition in which a biocidal amount of acetic acid (or an equivalent organic acid) optimized with hypochlorous acid achieves maximum therapeutic benefit, whether applied to a surface or in a manner designed to penetrate skin. For example, for surface applications, the relative amount of acetic acid to hypochlorous acid is lower than for penetrative applications. According to the invention, surface bacterial contamination or bio film is sufficiently treated by hypochlorous acid with a lower amount of acetic acid; but for applications requiring deep penetration (e.g., wounds), the amount of acetic acid must be increased.
  • compositions of the invention comprise balanced concentrations of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid in order to selectively kill harmful biofilm. Concentrations are also balanced in consideration of the application to which they are directed (e.g., surface treatment of a tooth or skin versus deep tissue treatment of a wound or tooth root). The application provides guidance on the synergistic effects of various combinations of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid. The skilled artisan can determine, based upon the information provided in the instant specification, the relative amounts of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid necessary for treatment of any bacterial infection or bio film formation.
  • Treating both the surface-level and subdermal infections provides a dual action treatment that is particularly needed for wound care.
  • Chronic wounds and eczema are plagued by bio film that affects subsurface parts of the wound.
  • These wounds frequently have S. aureus infections which typically exist on or near the surface and prevent the wound from closing and healing.
  • S. aureus infections typically exist on or near the surface and prevent the wound from closing and healing.
  • P. aeruginosa infection is often present, which is generally deeper, underneath the surface of the wound. When a deep infection is present, it is important to keep the wound open and hydrated while healing from the inside out, to prevent the wound from closing before the deeper infection is healed. Only treating the surface-level infection causes the wound to close and trap the deeper biofilm inside the tissue, which can lead to sepsis and other complications.
  • a feature of the invention is also seen in the modulation of hypochlorous acid and acetic acid.
  • increasing the concentration of either HOC1 or acetic acid while holding the other constant, increases the bacterial killing effect of the combination.
  • increasing the concentration of acetic acid increases the killing effect in a“dirty” sample, i.e., one that contains organics (such as blood, sputum and other organic compounds).
  • a“dirty” sample i.e., one that contains organics (such as blood, sputum and other organic compounds).
  • Figure 22 shows the killing effect of various concentrations of HOC1 with either 1% or 4% acetic acid.
  • Figure 23 shows that the biggest jump in killing effect happens between 1% and 2% acetic acid. Both Figures 22 and 23 are the result of applying the various concentrations of HOC1 and acetic acid to a wound simulation model of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • a frequent problem with diabetic foot ulcers is that they close at the surface, creating an open cavity beneath.
  • the cavity will contain pus as part of the immune system response, which consists of debris, bacteria, and white blood cells.
  • Pus contained in a closed compartment particularly in a foot ulcer, can help spread the infection and potentially cause sepsis.
  • the pus will be discharged into the wound bed and the dressing.
  • the bacteria that survive the pus environment inside a closed wound can spread infection. Therefore, removing the S. aureus infection without first or simultaneously removing the P. aeruginosa infection may not completely eradicate biofilm infection, leading to early closure and possibly sepsis.
  • Antimicrobial solutions such as compositions provided herein, reduce infection in the deep areas of the wound bed and allow wound healing from the inside out, so that the surface does not heal faster than the inner wound.
  • Acetic acid is present in an amount sufficient to
  • hypochlorous acid is present in an amount sufficient to disinfect the surface of the wound.
  • the composition therefore allows complete disinfection of the wound to prevent premature closing and trapping a biofilm beneath the surface of a closed wound.
  • compositions are particularly effective because balancing the concentrations of hypochlorous acid and acetic acid allows treatment of the surface level bio film and also the sub surface biofilm. The precise balance depends on the treatment site and the amount of surface penetration that is desired.
  • the hypochlorous acid can be present in about 10 ppm up to about 500 ppm or more. Different uses and types of tissue may require higher or lower concentrations.
  • the acetic acid may be present at about 0.25% up to about 2.0% or more, and preferably about 1.0%.
  • the composition can have the dual effect of treating at the surface and beneath the surface of the tissue or wound.
  • compositions consistent with the present disclosure can be created for a variety of uses.
  • a composition of relatively low acetic acid (as low as about 0.05%) and about 5-60 ppm of hypochlorous acid is a useful composition as a mouthwash for combating infection in dental tissue.
  • the lower concentration of acetic acid is sufficient in mouthwash compositions because the microbial infection does not tend to penetrate deep within the tissue.
  • a composition may include a higher concentration of acetic acid (about 1.0%, about 2.0%, about 3.0%, about 4.0%, or about 5.0%) to more effectively treat the biofilm deep inside the tissue.
  • compositions with hypochlorous acid concentration of about 80-250 ppm are useful for flushing a bladder, a treatment that is often needed for patients with a urinary catheter to prevent infection or blockage.
  • a composition having a hypochlorous acid concentration of about 15-60 ppm is sufficient for treatment of an infected lung.
  • the composition is in the form of a gel, which allows longer contact times with the wound. Rinsing with a solution may not be sufficient, as the contact time of the antiseptic will be very short. In many cases, to fully remove a biofilm, the composition should be in contact with it for a prolonged period of time, ranging from a few seconds, to several minutes, to an hour or more.
  • the composition may be provided in a gel or cream, which
  • compositions in gel form have the benefit of
  • compositions of the invention are mostly water (generally 95% or more), allowing the wound to remain hydrated while the antiseptic ingredients of the composition fight infection in the wound and prevent new infections from taking hold. Maintaining hydration also prevents the wound from prematurely closing and trapping biofilm inside the tissue.
  • Acetic acid is readily formulated in a gel because acetic acid is not overly reactive. Other organic acids can be used as well, and those that are less reactive are desirable.
  • acetic acid may be encapsulated in lipid soluble nanoparticles, which allow the acetic acid to be carried beneath the surface of a wound before being released from the nanoparticle.
  • Administration with nanoparticles of different properties allows the acetic acid to be released slowly over time, prevent dispersal, and provide other benefits to administration.
  • Acetic acid is freely diffusing, water soluble, and has a high vapor pressure. These properties add to the difficulty of controlling where the acetic acid goes.
  • Nanoparticle encapsulated acetic acid allows the composition to be more precisely controlled. Nanoparticles are described in greater detail below and shown in FIGS. 13 and 14.
  • the composition includes some acetic acid that is free from nanoparticles and some acetic acid that is encapsulated within nanoparticles.
  • slow- release formulations may be used on their own or in combination with other instant-acting formulations.
  • a wound may be treated with a composition of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid, and then treated with a composition of mainly acetic acid encapsulated in nanoparticles to provide ongoing release of acetic acid into the deep parts of the wound after the initial treatment.
  • compositions and methods of the invention is the protonation of the
  • hypochlorite ion OCf
  • HCl or acetic acid (HAc) and NaOCl as an example, the proto nation is accomplished by introducing an acid (e.g., HCl) to the solution, which results in the following reaction occurring:
  • hypochlorous acid in aqueous solution partially dissociates into the anion hypochlorite (OC1), thus in aqueous solution there is always an equilibrium between the hypochlorous acid and the anion (OC1). This equilibrium is pH dependent and at higher pH the anion dominates.
  • hypochlorous acid is also in equilibrium with other chlorine species, in particular chlorine gas, Cl 2 , and various chlorine oxides. At acidic pH, chlorine gases become increasingly dominant while at neutral pH the different equilibria result in a solution dominated by
  • hypochlorous acid is important to control exposure to air and pH in the production of hypochlorous acid.
  • the concentration of protons (H + ) affects the stability of the product.
  • the invention recognizes that the proton concentration can be controlled by using an acid that has a lesser ability at a given pH to donate a proton (i.e., the acid can provide buffering capacity).
  • the acid can provide buffering capacity.
  • conducting the process with acetic acid instead of hydrochloric acid is optimal when the desired pH of the final solution is approximately the pKa of acetic acid. This can be achieved by mixing ratios in water of 250X or greater, meaning 1 part proton donor at 100% concentration (e.g., HC1 or acetic acid) to 250 parts water.
  • methods of manufacturing HOC1 involve mixing together in water in an air-free environment, a compound that generates a proton (H + ) in water and a compound that generates a hypochlorite anion (OC1 ) in water to thereby produce air-free hypochlorous acid.
  • the water may be tap water or purified water, such as water purchased from a water purification company, such as Millipore (Billerica, MA).
  • Millipore Billerica, MA
  • the pH of the water is maintained from about 4.5 to about 9 during the method, however the pH may go above and below this range during the production process.
  • Conducting methods of the invention in an air- free environment prevents the build-up of chlorine gases during the production process. Further, conducting methods of the invention in an air-free environment further stabilizes the produced HOC1.
  • Any compound that produces a hypochlorite anion (OC1) in water may be used.
  • exemplary compounds include NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2.
  • the compound is NaOCl.
  • any compound that produces a proton (H + ) in water may be used with methods of the invention.
  • exemplary compounds are acids, such as acetic acid, HC1 and H2SO4.
  • the compound is HC1.
  • the compound is acetic acid because it is a weaker acid with a preferred pKa to HC1, meaning, it donates fewer protons during the reaction than HC1 and is able to maintain the preferred pH level better.
  • Mixing can be conducted in any type of vessel or chamber or fluidic system.
  • a fluidic system 100 as shown in Figure 1 is used to perform methods of the invention.
  • the system 100 includes a series of interconnected pipes lOla-c with a plurality of mixing devices 102 and 103 in-line with the plurality of pipes lOla-c.
  • the pipes and the mixing devices can be interconnected using seals such that all air can be purged from the system, allowing for methods of the invention to be performed in an air-free environment.
  • methods of the invention are also conducted under pressure. Making HOC1 in an air-free environment and under pressure allows for the production of HOC1 that does not interact with gases in the air (e.g., oxygen) that may destabilize the produced HOC1.
  • Pipes lOla-c generally have an inner diameter that ranges from about 5mm to about 50 mm, more preferably from about 17 mm to about 21 mm. In specific embodiments, the pipes 101a- c have an inner diameter of about 21 mm. Pipes lOla-c generally have a length from about 10 cm to about 400 cm, more preferably from about 15 cm to about 350 cm. In certain embodiments, pipes lOla-c have the same length. In other embodiments, pipes lOla-c have different lengths. In specific embodiments, pipe 101a has a length of about 105 cm, pipe 101b has a length of about 40 cm, and pipe 101c has a length of about 200 cm.
  • the pipes and mixers can be made from any inert material such that material from the pipes and mixers does not become involved with the reaction occurring within the fluidic system.
  • Exemplary materials include PVC-U.
  • Pipes are commercially available from Georg Ficher AB.
  • the pipes and mixers can be configured to have a linear arrangement such that the pipes and the mixers are arranged in a straight line.
  • the pipes and mixers can have a non-linear
  • System 100 shows a non-linear configuration of the pipes lOla-c and mixers 102 and 103.
  • Pipe 101a is an inlet pipe that receives the water that will flow through the system.
  • the water in pipes lOla-c is under a pressure of at least about 0.1 bar, such as for example, 0.2 bar or greater, 0.3 bar or greater, 0.4 bar or greater, 0.5 bar or greater, 0.7 bar or greater, 0.9 bar or greater, 1.0 bar or greater, 1.2 bar or greater, 1.3 bar or greater, or 1.5 bar or greater.
  • a turbulent water flow is produced, thus the reagents are introduced to a highly turbulent water flow which facilitates an initial mixing of the reagents with the water prior to further mixing in the mixing devices 102 and 103.
  • the incoming water should have a buffering capacity in the range of pH 3.5-9.0, more preferably from 6.0 and 8.0, to facilitate addition of the compounds that generates the proton and the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion.
  • the dissolved salts and other molecules found in most tap waters gives the tap water a buffering capacity in the range of pH 5.5-9.0, and thus tap water is a suitable water to be used with methods of the invention.
  • deionized water with the addition of known buffering agents to produce a water having a buffering capacity in the range of pH 3.5-9.0 is used.
  • a buffer in this particular range is phosphate buffer.
  • using a formulated deionized water may be preferable to using tap water because tap water can change between locations and also over time.
  • using deionized water with known additives also ensures a stable pH of the incoming water flow. This process is discussed in greater detail below.
  • an initial pH of the water prior to addition of either the compounds that generates the proton or the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is at least about 8.0, including 8.1 or greater, 8.2 or greater, 8.3 or greater, 8.4 or greater, 8.5 or greater, 8.6 or greater, 8.7 or greater, 8.8 or greater, 8.9 or greater, 9.0 or greater, 9.5 or greater, 10.0 or greater, 10.5 or greater, or 10.8 or greater.
  • the pH of the water prior to addition of either the compound that generates the proton or the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is 8.4.
  • Methods of making HOC1 include introducing to the water the compound that generates the proton and the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion in any order (e.g., simultaneously or sequentially) and in any manner (aqueous form, solid form, etc.).
  • the compound that generates the proton and the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion are each aqueous solutions and are introduced to the water sequentially, e.g., the compound that generates the proton may be introduced to the water first and the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion may be introduced to the water second.
  • System 100 is configured for sequential introduction of reagents to the water flow, and the process is described herein in which the compound that generates the proton is introduced to the water first and the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is introduced to the water second.
  • the compound that generates the proton and the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion are introduced to the water in small aliquots, e.g, from about 0.1 mL to about 0.6 mL.
  • the iterative and minute titrations make it possible to control the pH in spite of additions of acid (compound that generates the proton) and alkali (the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion).
  • no more than about 0.6 mL amount of compound that generates the proton is introduced to the water at a single point in time. In other embodiments, no more than about 0.6 mL amount of the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is introduced to the water at a single point in time.
  • pipe 101a To introduce the reagents to the water, pipe 101a includes an injection port 104 and pipe 101b includes an injection port 105.
  • the injection ports 104 and 105 allow for the introduction of reagents to the water flow.
  • aqueous compound that generates the proton is introduced to the water in pipe 101a via injection port 104.
  • the compound that generates the proton is introduced by an infusion pump that is sealably connected to port 104. In this manner, the flow rate, and thus the amount, of compound that generates the proton introduced to the water at any given time is controlled.
  • the infusion pump can be controlled automatically or manually.
  • the rate of introduction of the compound that generates the proton to the water is based upon the incoming water quality (conductivity and pH level) and the pressure and the flow of the incoming water.
  • the pump is configured to introduce about 6.5 liters per hour of hydrochloric acid into the water.
  • the introducing can be a continuous infusion or in an intermittent manner. Since the water is flowing though the pipes in a turbulent manner, there is an initial mixing of the compound that generates the proton with the water upon introduction of the hydrochloric acid to the water.
  • FIG. 2 shows a magnified view of the mixing device 102 shown in FIG. 1.
  • the mixing device includes a length of about 5.5 cm and a diameter of about 5 cm.
  • Mixing device 102 includes a fluidic inlet 106 that sealably couples to pipe 101a and a fluidic outlet 107 that sealably couples to pipe 101b. In this manner, water can enter the mixing chamber 108 of device 102 from pipe 101a and exit the chamber 108 of device 102 through pipe 101b.
  • the mixing device 102 is configured to produce a plurality of fluidic vortexes within the device.
  • An exemplary device configured in such a manner is shown in FIG. 3, which is a figure providing an internal view of the chamber 108 of device 102.
  • the chamber 108 includes a plurality of members 109, the members being spaced apart and fixed within the chamber 108 perpendicular to the inlet and the outlet in order to form a plurality of sub-chambers 110.
  • Each member 109 includes at least one aperture 111 that allows fluid to flow there through.
  • FIG. 4 shows a front view of the members 109 so that apertures 111 can be seen. The size of the apertures will depend on the flow of water and the pressure in the system.
  • any number of members 109 may be fixed in the chamber 108, the number of members 109 fixed in the chamber 108 will depend on the amount of mixing desired.
  • FIG. 4 shows four members 109a-d that are fixed in the chamber to produce four sub-chambers llOa-d.
  • the members 109 may be spaced apart a uniform distance within the chamber 108, producing subchambers 110 of uniform size.
  • the members 109 may be spaced apart at different distances within the chamber 108, producing sub-chambers 110 of different size.
  • the members 109 are of a size such that they may be fixed to an interior wall within the chamber 108. In this manner, water cannot flow around the members and can only pass through the apertures 111 in each member 109 to move through mixing device 102.
  • the members will have a diameter from about 1 cm to about 10 cm. In specific embodiments, the members have a diameter of about 3.5 cm.
  • a fluidic vortex is produced within each sub-chamber llOa-d.
  • the vortices result from flow of the water through the apertures 111 in each member 109.
  • Methods of the invention allow for any arrangement of the apertures 111 about each member 109.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates non-limiting examples of different arrangements of the apertures 111 within a member 109.
  • the apertures may be of any shape.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates circular apertures 111.
  • all of the apertures 111 are located within the same place of the members 109. In other embodiments, the apertures 111 are located within different places of the members 109.
  • all of the apertures 111 may have the same diameter. Alternatively, within a single member
  • At least two of the apertures 111 have different sizes. In other embodiments, all of the apertures 111 within a single member 110 have different sizes.
  • apertures 111 in a member 110 have a first size and apertures 111 in a different member 110 have a different second size. In other embodiments, apertures 111 in at least two different members 110 have the same size.
  • the size of the apertures will depend on the flow of water and the pressure in the system. Exemplary aperture diameters are from about 1 mm to about 1 cm. In specific embodiments, the apertures have a diameter of about 6 mm.
  • the solution enters mixing device 102 through inlet 106, which is sealably mated with pipe 101a.
  • the solution enters the chamber 108 and turbulent mixing occurs in each of subchambers llOa-d as the solution pass through members 109a-d via the apertures 111 in each member 109a-d.
  • the water exits the chamber 108 via the fluidic outlet 107 which is sealably mated to pipe 101b.
  • the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is next introduced to the solution that is flowing through pipe 101b via injection port 105.
  • the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is introduced by an infusion pump that is sealably connected to port 105.
  • the infusion pump can be controlled automatically or manually.
  • the rate of introduction of the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion to the water is based upon properties of the solution (conductivity and pH level) and the pressure and the flow of the solution.
  • the pump is configured to introduce about 6.5 liters per hour of compound that generates the hypochlorite anion into the solution.
  • the introducing can be a continuous infusion or in an intermittent manner. Since the solution is flowing though the pipes in a turbulent manner, there is an initial mixing of the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion with the solution upon introduction of the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion to the solution.
  • Mixing device 103 includes all of the features discussed above with respect to mixing device 102.
  • Mixing device 103 may be configured the same or differently than mixing device 102, e.g., same or different number of sub-chambers, same or different diameter of apertures, same or different sizes of sub-chambers, etc. However, like mixing device 102, mixing device 103 is configured to produce a fluidic vortex within each sub-chamber.
  • the solution enters mixing device 103 through an inlet in the device, which is sealably mated with pipe 101b.
  • the solution enters the mixing chamber and turbulent mixing occurs in each sub-chamber of the mixing device as the solution pass through members in the chamber via the apertures in each member. After mixing in the final sub-chamber, the water exits the chamber via the fluidic outlet in the mixing device which is sealably mated to pipe 101c.
  • the production is controlled in-line by measuring pH and conductivity.
  • the pH is used in combination with conductivity based on a pre-calibrated relation between the conductivity and concentration of HOC1 measured with spectrophotometry.
  • the measured conductivity is a measure of the solvent’s ability to conduct an electric current. Comparing the same matrix with different known
  • a calibration curve (FIG. 8) has been established that is used in combination with the pH meter to regulate the titrations and control the process.
  • Pipe 101c can be connected to a switch valve 112 that switches between a waste line 113 and a product collection line 114. Shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.
  • the valve 112 includes the pH meter and the conductivity measuring device. These devices measure the concentration (ppm), purity, and pH of the HOC1 being produced and provide feedback for altering such properties of the produced HOC1. Once the HOC1 being produced in pipe 101c meets the required concentration, purity, and pH, the valve 112 switches from the waste line 113 to the product collection line 114 to collect the desired product.
  • the HOC1 that has been produced in an air-free manner is collected and bottled in an air- free manner.
  • Placing liquids into a bottle in an air-free manner is known in the art.
  • An exemplary method includes placing an inflatable vessel (such as a balloon) into a bottle. The inflatable vessel is connected directly to the collection line 114 and the HOC1 is pumped directed into the inflatable vessel in the bottle without ever being exposed to air. Another method involves filling
  • Another air-free filling method involves filling the bottles in an environment of an inert gas that does not interact with the HOC1, such as an argon environment.
  • the produced hypochlorous acid is air-free and will have a pH from about 4.5 to about 7.5.
  • the pH of the produced HOC1 can be adjusted post production process by adding either acid (e.g., HC1) or alkali (e.g., NaOCl) to the produced hypochlorous acid.
  • HC1 acid
  • alkali e.g., NaOCl
  • a pH of between about 4.5 and about 7 is particularly suitable for the application of reprocessing heat sensitive medical instruments.
  • Other applications such as its use in non-medical environments, for example as in the processing of poultry and fish and general agricultural and petrochemical uses, the breaking down of bacterial bio film and water treatment, may demand different pH levels.
  • the process can be performed manually or in an automated manner.
  • Fluidic systems described herein can be operably connected to a computer that controls the production process.
  • the computer may be a PCL-logic controller system.
  • the computer opens and closes the valves for the water inlet, the waste water outlet, and the product outlet according to the feedback received from the sensors in the system (e.g., conductivity, pH, and concentration of product (ppm) being produced).
  • the computer can also store the values for the water pressures and water amounts and can adjust these according to the feedback received from the sensors regarding the properties of the HOC1 being produced.
  • the computer can also control the infusion pumps that inject the reagents into the water for the production process.
  • the process can be performed iteratively in that pipe 101c can be attached to a second fluidic system and the produced HOC1 is then flowed through the second system where the process described above is repeated with the starting solution being HOC1 instead of water. In this manner, an increased yield of HOC1 is produced.
  • Any number of fluidic systems may be interconnected with methods of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic showing another exemplary system 200 for producing hypochlorous acid according to methods of the invention.
  • System 200 is configured for regulation of the pH of the incoming water and injecting buffer for stability.
  • water is introduced into pipe 201a.
  • Pipe 201a has a pH meter 208 connected to it. pH meter 208 measures the pH of the incoming water.
  • the pH meter 208 is connected to injection port 202.
  • the injection port 202 allows for the introduction of at least one buffering agent to the incoming water.
  • the buffering agent is introduced by an infusion pump that is sealably connected to port 202. In this manner, the flow rate, and thus the amount, of buffering agent introduced to the water at any given time is controlled.
  • the infusion pump can be controlled automatically or manually.
  • the rate of introduction of the buffering agent to the water is based upon the incoming water quality (conductivity and pH level), the buffer composition, and the pressure and the flow of the incoming water.
  • the introducing can be a continuous infusion or in an intermittent manner. Since the water is flowing through the pipe 201a in a turbulent manner, there is an initial mixing of the buffering agent with the water upon introduction of the buffering to the water. This initial mixing may be sufficient to properly adjust the properties of the incoming water.
  • further mixing of the water and buffer is performed prior to conducting the process of producing the HOC1.
  • further mixing occurs when the water with buffering agent enters the first mixing device 203.
  • Mixing device 203 includes all of the features discussed above with respect to mixing device 102.
  • Mixing device 203 may be configured the same or differently than mixing device 102, e.g., same or different number of sub chambers, same or different diameter of apertures, same or different sizes of subchambers, etc. However, like mixing device 102, mixing device 203 is configured to produce a fluidic vortex within each sub-chamber.
  • the solution enters mixing device 203 through an inlet in the device, which is sealably mated with pipe 201a.
  • the solution enters the mixing chamber and turbulent mixing occurs in each sub-chambers of the mixing device as the solution pass through members in the chamber via the apertures in each member. After mixing in the final sub-chamber, the water exits the chamber via the fluidic outlet in the mixing device which is sealably mated to pipe 202b.
  • the water has a pH of at least about 8.0, preferably 8.4, and a buffering capacity of pH 5.5-9.0.
  • the process is now conducted as described above for producing HOC1.
  • the compound that generates the proton is next introduced to the water that is flowing through pipe 201b via injection port 204.
  • the compound that generates the proton is introduced by an infusion pump that is sealably connected to port 204.
  • the infusion pump can be controlled automatically or manually.
  • the rate of introduction of the compound that generates the proton to the water is based upon properties of the water (conductivity and pH level), the buffer composition, and the pressure and the flow of the water.
  • the pump is configured to introduce from about 6.5 liters per hour to about 12 liters per hour of compound that generates the proton into the water.
  • the introducing can be a continuous infusion or in an intermittent manner. Since the water is flowing though the pipes in a turbulent manner, there is an initial mixing of the compound that generates the proton with the water upon introduction of the hydrochloric acid to the water.
  • Mixing device 205 includes all of the features discussed above with respect to mixing device 102.
  • Mixing device 205 may be configured the same or differently than mixing device 203, e.g., same or different number of sub-chambers, same or different diameter of apertures, same or different sizes of sub-chambers, etc. However, like mixing device 203, mixing device 205 is configured to produce a fluidic vortex within each sub-chamber.
  • the solution enters mixing device 205 through an inlet in the device, which is sealably mated with pipe 201b.
  • the solution enters the mixing chamber and turbulent mixing occurs in each sub-chambers of the mixing device as the solution pass through members in the chamber via the apertures in each member. After mixing in the final sub-chamber, the water exits the chamber via the fluidic outlet in the mixing device which is sealably mated to pipe 201c.
  • the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is next introduced to the solution that is flowing through pipe 201c via injection port 206.
  • the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion is introduced by an infusion pump that is sealably connected to port 206.
  • the infusion pump can be controlled automatically or manually.
  • the rate of introduction of the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion to the water is based upon properties of the solution (conductivity and pH level) and the pressure and the flow of the solution.
  • the pump is configured to introduce about 6.5-12 liters per hour of compound that generates the hypochlorite anion into the solution.
  • the amount introduced depends on the desired concentration of HOC1 (ppm) and flow of water through the pipes.
  • the introducing can be a continuous infusion or in an intermittent manner. Since the solution is flowing though the pipes in a turbulent manner, there is an initial mixing of the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion with the solution upon introduction of the compound that generates the hypochlorite anion to the solution.
  • Mixing device 207 includes all of the features discussed above with respect to mixing device 102.
  • Mixing device 207 may be configured the same or differently than mixing devices 205 or 203, e.g., same or different number of sub-chambers, same or different diameter of apertures, same or different sizes of sub-chambers, etc. However, like mixing devices 205 and 203, mixing device 207 is configured to produce a fluidic vortex within each sub-chamber.
  • the solution enters mixing device 207 through an inlet in the device, which is sealably mated with pipe 201c.
  • the solution enters the mixing chamber and turbulent mixing occurs in each sub-chambers of the mixing device as the solution pass through members in the chamber via the apertures in each member. After mixing in the final sub-chamber, the water exits the chamber via the fluidic outlet in the mixing device which is sealably mated to pipe 201d.
  • Pipe 201d can be connected to a switch valve that switches between a waste line and a product collection line.
  • the valve includes a pH meter and a conductivity measuring device. These devices measure the concentration, purity, and pH of the HOC1 being produced and provide feedback for altering such properties of the produced HOC1. Once the HOC1 being produced in pipe 201d meets the required concentration, purity, and pH, the valve switches from the waste line to the product collection line to collect the desired product.
  • a deionizer is placed in-line with incoming water.
  • the deionizer deionizes the water and then a buffering agent is added to the deionized water.
  • the production process is then conducted as described for embodiments of system 200 to produce water having a pH of at least about 8, for example 8.4, and a buffering capacity of pH 6-8.
  • the HOC1 produced by the above process can be used in numerous different applications, for example medical, foodservice, food retail, agricultural, wound care, laboratory, hospitality, dental, delignification, or floral industries.
  • compositions of the invention are used for wound care.
  • Wound care involves treating damaged or broken skin, including abrasions, lacerations, ruptures, punctures, or burns.
  • Particular wound care treatments involve treating biofilms.
  • Biofilms may form when free floating microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus attach themselves to a surface. Biofilms are known to impair cutaneous wound healing and reduce topical antibacterial efficiency in healing or treating infected wounds.
  • Other common health conditions related to biofilms include urinary tract infections, middle-ear infections, chronic wounds, and the formation of dental plaque. Cystic fibrosis, native valve endocarditis, otitis media, periodontitis, and chronic prostatitis also involve microorganisms that produce biofilms.
  • Microorganisms commonly associated with biofilms include Candida albicans, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and others.
  • Biofilms are often resistant to traditional antimicrobial treatments, and are therefore a serious health risk.
  • the resistance of bio films renders traditional antibiotic and antimicrobial treatments ineffective.
  • biofilms can greatly reduce susceptibility to antibiotics and disinfectants, treatments are needed that are capable of breaking down bio films but that are not too toxic to the patient.
  • Methods are provided for administration of a composition to an individual in need of treatment for a biofilm-associated infection.
  • Methods of the invention include prophylaxis, therapy, or cure of a biofilm-associated infection.
  • Methods include administration of one or more unit doses of a composition in a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount for treatment of an existing biofilm-associated infection or prevention of establishment of a biofilm- associated infection in the individual.
  • spread of a biofilm-associated infection to another site in the individual is inhibited.
  • the composition may be administered parenterally, orally, locally, or topically.
  • Compositions may be applied by
  • compositions may be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, examples of which are discussed below.
  • Treatment includes killing of microbes inhabiting the bio film or removing a bio film, inhibiting biofilm formation, and disrupting an existing biofilm.
  • the compositions disclosed herein are particularly effective for treatment of microbial biofilms in or on a wound.
  • the composition may be in the form of a topically administrable wound treatment composition which comprises a hypochlorous acid and acetic acid compound.
  • the composition may be combined with an additional antimicrobial agent.
  • compositions of the invention can be administered topically to a subject, e.g., by the direct laying on or spreading of the composition on the epidermal or epithelial tissue of the subject.
  • the composition may be formulated as a liquid, powder, lotion, cream, gel, oil, ointment, gel, solid, semi-solid formulation, or aerosol spray.
  • Such formulations may be produced in a conventional manner using appropriate carriers which are well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • Suitable carriers for topical administration preferably remain in place on the skin as a continuous film, and resist being removed by perspiration or immersion in water.
  • the carrier may include pharmaceutically- acceptable emollients, emulsifiers, thickening agents, solvents, and the like.
  • the composition may be provided as part of a wound dressing in which the composition is provided within the wound dressing or on the wound-contacting surface thereof.
  • a wound dressing may be intended to be applied to a wound to be treated and which comprises a substrate comprising compositions in accordance with the invention.
  • Such a dressing is particularly convenient because it delivers the composition of the invention to the wound to be treated and simultaneously provides a dressing therefor.
  • the wound dressing may, for example, be fibrous, a foam, a hydrocolloid, a collagen, a film, a sheet hydrogel or a combination thereof.
  • the wound dressing may be in the form of a layered dressing in which one or more layers of the dressing are formed at least in part or one or of; natural fibers, alginate, Chitosan, Chitosan derivatives, cellulose, carboxymethyl-cellulose, cotton, Rayon, Nylon, acrylic, polyester, polyurethane foam, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, a starch film, collagen, hylaronic acid and its derivatives, biodegradable materials, and other materials known in the art.
  • Methods of the invention may further comprise negative- pressure wound therapy, as is known in the art. Such therapies involve applying negative pressure to the wound, such as with a vacuum dressing.
  • the composition may be administered in a single daily dose or in multiple doses, e.g., 2, 3, 4, or more doses, per day.
  • the total daily amount of composition may be about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, etc., up to about 1000 mg.
  • the total daily amount of administered is about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg, about 1 mg to about 10 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 500 mg, or about 500 mg to about 1000 mg.
  • the actual dosage may vary depending upon the specific composition administered, the mode of administration, the type or location of bio film to be treated, and other factors known in the art.
  • a dosage can also be selected so as to provide a predetermined amount of composition per kilogram of patient weight.
  • methods of the invention further comprise administration (simultaneously or sequentially with compositions of the invention) of one or more doses of an antibiotic substance, including, but not limited to, cipro flaxin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cephalosporin, doxycycline, fusidic acid, gentamycin, linezolid, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, rifampin, tetracycline, tobramycin, vancomycin, amikacin, deftazidime, cefepime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, piperacillin/tazobactam, aztreanam, meropenem, colistin, or chloramphenicol.
  • an antibiotic substance including, but not limited to, cipro flaxin, ampicillin, azithromycin, cephalosporin, doxycycline, fusidic acid, gentamycin, linezolid, levof
  • methods of the invention further comprise administration of one or more doses of an antibiotic substance from an antibiotic class including, but not limited to, aminoglycosides, carbacephem, carbapenems, first generation cephalosporins, second generatin cephalosporins, third generation cephalosporins, fourth generation cephalosporins, glycopeptides, macrolides, monobactam, penicillins,
  • an antibiotic substance from an antibiotic class including, but not limited to, aminoglycosides, carbacephem, carbapenems, first generation cephalosporins, second generatin cephalosporins, third generation cephalosporins, fourth generation cephalosporins, glycopeptides, macrolides, monobactam, penicillins,
  • methods of the invention comprise administration of a nonantibiotic antimicrobial substance, including but not limited to sertraline, racemic and stereoisomeric forms of thioridazine, benzoyl peroxide, taurolidine, and hexitidine. Treating bio film on other tissues
  • compositions of the invention can be used to treat biofilms affecting various parts of the body, or attached to various surfaces.
  • methods of the invention comprise administration of a therapeutically effective composition to an individual in need thereof for treatment of a bio film-associated infection in the bladder, kidney, heart, middle ear, sinuses, skin, lung, a joint, subcutaneous tissue, soft tissue, vascular tissue, and/or the eye.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of composition is administered to an individual in need thereof for treatment of one or more of the following conditions associated with biofilm: urinary tract infection; chronic bacterial vaginosis; prostatitis; bacterial infection stemming from diabetes, such as a diabetic skin ulcer; pressure ulcer; venous catheter-associated ulcer; or a surgical wound (e.g., a surgical site infection).
  • the bio film is on the skin of an individual.
  • the biofilm is associated with a wound, including abrasions, lacerations, ruptures, punctures, burns, and chronic wounds.
  • the biofilm is below the surface of the skin, in subcutaneous tissue, such as a deep tissue wound or a surgical site infection.
  • composition of the invention has application for the treatment of microbial biofilms on surfaces, e.g. surfaces in hospitals (such as operating rooms or patient care rooms) as well as other surfaces (e.g., household work surfaces).
  • the invention also encompasses treating biofilms that form on implanted medical devices and prosthetics.
  • implanted medical devices are susceptible to bio film formation, including fungal biofilms and bacterial biofilms.
  • Methods and compositions of the invention can also be used to treat bio films that form on the surfaces of implanted medical devices such as catheters and prosthetics.
  • Compositions of the invention can be applied to a medical device pre implantation.
  • the medical device can comprise a reservoir containing the
  • composition such that the composition can be released in a controlled manner after implantation.
  • Methods for treating implanted medical devices can be found in U.S. Patents 5,902,283 and 6,589,591, and U.S. Patent Publication 2005/0267543, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • a method for treating an orally- associated bio film such as dental plaque.
  • the invention provides methods for oral plaque prevention, treating oral plaque infection, treating tooth hypersensitivity, sterilizing a root canal, or treating a dental disease.
  • Methods of the invention comprise contacting an oral surface, such as teeth, gums, gingiva, or tongue, with a therapeutically effective amount of the composition.
  • Some methods of the invention comprise prevention of an orally- associated biofilm by administration of a
  • compositions may be formulated as a dentrifice, such as toothpaste, for treatment or prevention of dental plaque.
  • the biofilm may be located on the tongue, oral mucosa, or gums.
  • the composition is formulated as a mouthwash.
  • the composition is formulated as a paint, foam, gel, or varnish, for example, in a fluoride-containing composition.
  • the composition is in the form or a gel or foam in a mouthguard that a patient wears for several minutes for fluoride treatment.
  • the composition is contacted to an adhesive strips, which can be applied to the teeth or other oral surface.
  • the composition may comprise a liquid polymer formulation, which is a composition that is preferably topically applied to a surface such as a tooth, to skin, to a mucous membrane, and which dries as a film adhering to that surface, in a manner which resists removal under normal conditions, such as eating or brushing, for applications to the teeth and oral mucosa, or normal washing and abrasion, when applied to skin.
  • the composition may be applied to bandages, dressings, gauze, brushes, implants, etc. and permitted to dry into a film in advance of its administration to a patient.
  • compositions and methods are provided for treating mastitis.
  • Mastitis is an inflammation tissue in the breast or udder of a mammal. It is often associated with bacterial infections such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococus uberis, and others. Some of the bacteria known to cause mastitis also form bio films, but not all mastitis results from bio film formation. Mastitis can occur in any mammal, such as humans, cows (dairy cattle), and other animals. Mastitis is a particular problem for dairy cattle.
  • Methods are provided for administration of a composition to a mammal in need of treatment for mastitis.
  • Methods of the invention include prophylaxis, therapy, or cure for mastitis.
  • spread of mastitis to another quarter or to another animal is inhibited.
  • compositions may be administered parenterally, orally, locally, or topically.
  • Compositions may be applied by intravenous, intra- muscular, or subcutaneous injection.
  • Compositions may be applied by infusion via a teat canal, as is known in the art.
  • compositions may be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which may include emollients, emulsifiers, thickening agents, solvents, and the like.
  • the composition may be administered in a single daily dose or in multiple doses, e.g., 2, 3, 4, or more doses, per day.
  • the total daily amount of composition may be about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, etc., up to about 1000 mg.
  • the total daily amount of administered is about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg, about 1 mg to about 10 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 500 mg, or about 500 mg to about 1000 mg.
  • the actual dosage may vary depending upon the specific composition administered, the mode of administration, and other factors known in the art.
  • the composition may be administered in conjunction with another known antimicrobial treatment such as an antibiotic.
  • compositions can be administered topically to a cow’s udder by directly applying or spreading the composition onto the udder or teat.
  • the composition may be formulated as a liquid, powder, lotion, cream, gel, oil, ointment, gel, solid, semi-solid formulation, or aerosol spray.
  • Methods of the invention may further comprise dipping a teat into the composition. Teat dipping can be used to treat an already infected udder or to prophylactically prevent mastitis from developing.
  • the composition may be applied immediately before milking, immediately after milking, or both.
  • Methods of teat dipping are known in the art, and are described in more detail in U.S. Patent 4,113,854, as well as U.S. Patent Publications 2003/0235560 and 2003/0113384, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Methods may further comprise use of a teat sealant to create a physical barrier for the teat orifice after administration of the composition.
  • compositions can be provided via intramammary infusion.
  • Intramammary infusion involves forcing the antibiotic up through the teat canal into the udder.
  • Infusion liquid may comprise a composition disclosed herein in combination with a
  • An antibiotic infusing device may include a cannula sized and shaped to fit into the teat canal. The cannula may be fully or partially inserted through the streak canal. Methods for infusion are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patents 4,983,634 and 5,797,872, the entirety of each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • Methods of the invention may further comprise administering antibiotics in conjunction with compositions of the invention, or in sequential doses before or after administration of the compositions.
  • compositions can be applied to prevent and treat bio film on other types of living tissue as well.
  • Tissue includes, for example, skin, mucus membranes, wounds, or ostomies.
  • the composition is useful for wound treatment.
  • Wounds include bedsores, chronic wounds, burns, pressure wounds, diabetes wounds, and other forms of skin trauma. Wounds are often susceptible to biofilm formation, which prevents healing and can lead to chronic conditions. Hypochlorous acid and acetic acid compositions can be used for debridement and cleaning of damaged tissue.
  • compositions can also be used in a surgical setting, for treating skin prior to or after an operation.
  • the composition prevents infection that would lead to biofilm formation.
  • an area requiring surgery such as a traumatic wound may already be at risk of having developed a biofilm.
  • the hypochlorous acid composition can be used to disinfect the area prior to surgical incision, which would not only help treat the biofilm but also lessen the likelihood of it spreading to other tissue during surgery.
  • the compositions may be used to disinfect any surface within a surgical operating field. Other medical uses
  • HOC1 compositions of the invention can also be used for non- traumatic tissue treatment. They may be used for bladder irrigation, for preventing or treating bladder infections or catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and the like. They may be similarly used to treat infections in the aerodigestive tract such as sinus and lung infections, or infections in the oral cavity, pharynx, paranasal sinuses, sinonasal tract, larynx, pyriform sinus, or esophagus. They can be used to fight microbial growth that leads to infection and to reduce allergens that cause adverse immune responses.
  • the compositions may also be administered to the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, intestines, and colon, to combat microbial infections such as gastroenteritis, Clostridium difficile infection, and small- intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
  • the compositions can be administered in the form of eye drops to fight eye infections, or can be used to clean or store contact lenses to prevent bacterial growth and biofilm formation.
  • the composition can be used as an oral rinse or mouthwash to fight bio film buildup in the oral cavity, or it can be used to clean or store dentures.
  • compositions can be used as a disinfectant on other surfaces such as for use in healthcare facilities, food preparation, cooking utensils, and the like.
  • Compositions can be used to disinfect countertops, hospital beds, or food preparation surfaces.
  • compositions can be used to disinfect medical devices and surgical instruments, for example. Medical devices are often initially supplied as sterile, but may require additional or subsequent cleaning and disinfection or sterilization. Reusable medical devices in particular must be sterilized or disinfected prior to reuse.
  • Compositions can be applied to the medical device using any known technique. For example, the composition can be applied by wiping or spreading it onto the surface of the device, by spraying an aerosol or mist form of the composition onto the device, by dipping the device into a vessel containing a volume of the composition, or by placing the device into a flow of the composition such as from a faucet. Additionally or alternatively, medical devices and surgical instruments may also be stored submerged in the composition and removed at the time of use.
  • hypochlorous acid composition Treatment with a hypochlorous acid composition disclosed herein can be done in addition to other known techniques such as autoclaving. Alternatively, the composition can be applied instead of autoclaving. Because heat sterilization is not useful for all devices (e.g., some devices contain delicate parts or electronics that cannot withstand high temperatures), hypochlorous acid compositions are a useful alternative, providing an effective way to sterilize or disinfect such devices.
  • compositions can also be used to disinfect implants and prostheses before introducing them to the body.
  • implants include orthopedic implants, wires, screws, rods, artificial discs, prosthetic joints, soft tissue fillers, pacemakers, intra-uterine devices, coronary stents, ear tubes, artificial lenses, dental implants, and many others known in the art.
  • the stabilized hypochlorous acid and acetic acid compositions described herein are useful for both biofilm prevention and biofilm removal on all of the surfaces and tissues discussed herein. Because bio films make microbes far more resistant to traditional antimicrobial agents, microbes that form bio films are more able to share and modify their resistance genes and spread into the air and surroundings. As a consequence of bio film development, a simple infection may become chronic, antibiotics and antiseptics stop working, and new strains of infections emerge.
  • acetic acid or other organic acids
  • hypochlorous acid are particularly useful for treating and preventing biofilms.
  • the HOC1 compositions disclosed herein mimic the natural disinfectant of the immune system. Therefore the compositions are not susceptible to microbial resistance.
  • the combination of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid reduce the likelihood of development of antibiotic and antimicrobial resistance because the microbes contained in the biofilm are unable to being treated are unable to
  • the compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid disclosed herein are effective in treating and preventing bio films, without inducing
  • antimicrobial resistance are non-toxic, do not sting, and relieve itching.
  • Hypochlorous acid compositions are particularly effective for transdermal treatment due to the small size of the HOC1 molecule.
  • Hypochlorous acid is able to penetrate epithelium and wound surfaces, and so can generally reach deeper tissue layers without requiring injection. This is particularly useful for biofilm infection that forms beneath the top layer of skin.
  • acetic acid and similar organic acids can penetrate deeper layers of skin without requiring an invasive delivery mechanism.
  • compositions can be sprayed, wiped, or rubbed onto skin
  • the compositions may be injected into a particular tissue requiring treatment.
  • the compositions can be ingested in capsule form for administration to the
  • compositions can be supplied in slow-release or delayed-release capsules.
  • the compositions can be provided as a suppository for insertion into the rectum or vagina.
  • the compositions can be provided as a spray for release in the vagina.
  • the compositions can be provided as a cloth for wiping male and female genitalia or buttocks.
  • the compositions can be provided as a nasal spray for treatment of the aerodigestive tract, which can include treatment of allergic reactions, sinus infections and the like.
  • the nasal spray may be in droplet, aerosol, gel, or powder form.
  • the buffered hypochlorous acid and acetic acid composition can be combined with one or more of a decongestant or an anti inflammatory or anti-histamine agent, as needed.
  • the composition can be aerosolized with a nasal spray dispenser as is known in the art.
  • the nasal spray may also include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as a diluent, to facilitate delivery to the nasal mucosa.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as a diluent
  • the carrier might be an aqueous carrier such as saline.
  • composition may be isotonic, having the same osmotic pressure as blood and lacrimal fluid.
  • Suitable non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Various carriers may be particularly suited to different formulations of the composition, for example whether it is to be used as drops or as a spray, a nasal suspension, a nasal ointment, a nasal gel or another nasal form.
  • Other additives, excipients, emulsifiers, dispersing agents, buffering agents, preservatives, wetting agents, consistency aids, and gelling agents may be included as well.
  • additives should be chosen that impart the desired characteristic without reducing the stability of the hypochlorous acid. Additives may aid in evenly administering the composition over the mucosa or for reducing or delaying the rate of absorption of the composition.
  • the composition can be delivered by various devices known in the art for administering drops, droplets, and sprays.
  • the nasal spray composition can be delivered by a dropper, pipet, or dispensing. Fine droplets, sprays, and aerosols can be delivered by an intranasal pump dispenser or squeeze bottle.
  • the composition can also be inhaled via a metered dose inhaler, such as a dry powder inhaler or a nebulizer.
  • Stable aqueous solutions of hypochlorous acid and/or acetic acid can be encapsulated in nanoparticles that allow controlled release of the acid from the nanoparticles. Controlled release allows persistent anti- microbial protection.
  • FIG. 13 shows an anti-microbial composition 1301 comprising an aqueous solution 1303 of hypochlorous acid encapsulated in a nanoparticle 1305.
  • the aqueous solution 1303 of hypochlorous acid encapsulated in a nanoparticle 1305.
  • the aqueous solution 1303 of hypochlorous acid encapsulated in a nanoparticle 1305.
  • hypochlorous acid is made by a method described herein to produce a solution in which the acid is stable.
  • the stable hypochlorous acid solution 1303 is then encapsulated in nanoparticle 1305.
  • the nanoparticle allows gradual release of the hypochlorous acid.
  • acetic acid can also be encapsulated in a nanoparticle for controlled release.
  • the nanoparticle may be any type of nanoparticle that provides controlled release of the acid from the nanoparticle.
  • the nanoparticle may comprise a polymer, such as an organic polymer.
  • polymers suitable for controlled-release nanoparticles include acrylic acid, carrageenan, cellulosic polymers (e.g., ethyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose), chitosan, cyclodextrins, gelatin, guar gum, high amylase starch, hyaluronic acid, locust bean gum, pectin, polyacrylamide, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide acid), poly(lactic acid), poly(xylitol adipate salicylate), polyanhydride, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethyleneimine), polyglycerol ester of a fatty acid, polysaccharides, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, sodium alginate, and xanthan gum.
  • the nanoparticle may contain an aluminosilicate (such as a zeolite, e.g., analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, leucite, montmorillonite, natrolite, phillipsite, or stilbite ), calcium ammonium nitrate, hydroxyapatite (e.g., urea-modified hydroxyapatite), metal hydroxide, metal oxide, polyphosphate, or silicon compound (e.g., silicon dioxide).
  • an aluminosilicate such as a zeolite, e.g., analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, leucite, montmorillonite, natrolite, phillipsite, or stilbite
  • calcium ammonium nitrate such as a zeolite, e.g., analcime, chabazite
  • nanoparticle may contain lipids, i.e., it may be a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the nanoparticle may include a liposome.
  • the liposome may be multi-lamellar.
  • the nanoparticle may contain a gel, sol-gel, emulsion, colloid, or hydrogel.
  • hydrogels to form contra lled-release nanoparticles, see Grijalvo et al., Biomater. Sci. 4:555 (2016).
  • the nanoparticle may contain a combination of formats, such as a hydrogel encapsulated within a liposome.
  • the nanoparticle may have a coreshell structure.
  • the nanoparticle may be biodegradable.
  • Compositions of the invention may include an anti- metabolic agent.
  • the anti- metabolic agent may be a metal ion.
  • the anti- metabolic agent may be zinc, copper, or silver.
  • a nanoparticle that allows controlled release of hypochlorous acid or acetic acid permits diffusion of the acid to occur more slowly than the acid would diffuse from an equal volume of the same aqueous solution of the acid that is not encapsulated in a nanoparticle.
  • the controlled release of hypochlorous acid or acetic acid may be due to permeability characteristics of the nanoparticle, e.g., a nanoparticle that is partially or poorly permeable to the acid.
  • a controlled- release nanoparticle may be a nanoparticle that releases the acid due to degradation of the nanoparticle or impairment of its structural integrity in a time-dependent manner. Release of the acid from the nanoparticle may be triggered by environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, light, pressure, redox conditions, or the presence of a particular chemical.
  • FIG. 14 is an illustration of a method 1401 of making an anti- microbial composition that includes an aqueous solution 1403 of hypochlorous acid encapsulated in a nanoparticle 1405.
  • the method entails mixing 1411 in water in a chamber 1413 from which air has been purged a compound 1415 that generates a proton (H+) in water and a compound 1417 that generates a hypochlorite anion (OCf) in water.
  • the mixing 1411 produces an air-free aqueous solution 1403 of hypochlorous acid.
  • the solution 1403 is then encapsulated 1421 in a nanoparticle 1405.
  • the encapsulation may be performed in an air-free environment to produce a composition that is substantially free of air.
  • compositions of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid for biofilm treatment are provided.
  • the disclosed formulations of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid are superior for treating biofilms on surfaces including skin or other tissue.
  • the compositions use a balanced formula where the combination of acetic acid and hypocholorous acid provide greater disinfecting qualities than either substance alone.
  • the present invention recognizes that the particular disclosed combinations provide greater disinfecting power than would be expected by adding the acetic acid and hypochlorous acid.
  • the compositions have been found to be greater than the sum of their parts.
  • acetic acid is toxic at high concentrations
  • the prior art has taught away from its use on skin or other tissue, except in trace amounts.
  • Some of the disclosed compositions contain acetic acid at 2% or greater, and when in combination with HOC1 have proven to be safe and effective for treating skin and other tissues.
  • the HOC1 in these compositions has been found to have a modulating effect of the acetic acid. This allows the compositions to take advantage of the antimicrobial properties of acetic acid without causing harm to the tissue.
  • HOC1 has an analgesic function, so it also allows higher concentrations of HAc to be used on skin or other tissue without causing excessive pain or discomfort to the patient.
  • FIG. 15 shows a comparison of various concentrations of HOC1 and acetic acid against other commercially available antimicrobial compositions. Eight different treatments were tested, as listed along the x-axis. Each composition was exposed to a 24-hour filter-grown S. aureus bio film, and the reduction in bio film was measured in colony- forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) and reported on a log scale along the y-axis. Measurements of the reduction in biofilm were recorded at 3 hours and 6 hours. Each column therefore has two bars, and shows the effect of each composition on the biofilm over time.
  • acetic acid concentrations of acetic acid (0.25%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, respectively).
  • concentrations of acetic acid 0.25%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, respectively.
  • the fourth column shows 1% acetic acid alone.
  • the next four columns show commercially available antimicrobial products: Prontosan; Octenilin; Pyrisept; and Microdacyn, which is a hypochlorous acid composition.
  • test composition A 200ppm HOC1 and 0.25% HAc
  • Prontosan the current market leader in bio film treatment. It also far outperformed the 1% HAc or the other commercially available products.
  • composition A showed much greater efficacy than even Proto san.
  • test composition B 200ppm HOC1 and 1.0% HAc was even more effective at treating bio film. Comparing composition B with the 1% HAc (in the fourth column) shows the unexpected benefit of the addition of HOC1. Despite having the same concentration of acetic acid, composition B far outperforms the 1% HAc alone at both 3 hours and 6 hours.
  • Composition C (200ppm HOC1 and 2.0% HAc) showed by far the greatest reduction in biofilm among the tested compositions. At both 3 and 6 hours, it was several orders of magnitude more effective than the commercially available products.
  • compositions containing both acetic acid and hypochlorous acid were more effective than acetic acid alone (1% HAc) or hypochlorous acid alone
  • FIGS. 16-19 show the effects of various compositions of HOC1 and HAc on P. aeruginosa biofilms.
  • FIG. 16 shows a comparison of compositions having 1% acetic acid and varying concentrations of HOC1.
  • Five different treatments were tested with HOC1 in concentrations of Oppm, 50ppm, lOOppm, l50ppm, and 200ppm.
  • Each composition was exposed to a 24-hour filter- grown P. aeruginosa bio film, and the reduction in bio film was measured in colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) and reported on a log scale along the y-axis. Measurements of the reduction in bio film were recorded at 2 hours and 4 hours.
  • the reduction at 2 hours was greater with higher concentrations of HOC1, with a particularly significant spike at l50ppm.
  • the spike occurs at even lower concentrations of HOC1.
  • FIG. 17 shows the effects on P. aeruginosa of different compositions where the
  • concentration of HOC1 is maintained at lOOppm and the percentage of acetic acid varies from 25% to 2%.
  • FIG. 18 shows the effects as both HOC1 and HAc increase.
  • FIGS. 19-21 show different compositions of HOC1 and HAc against S. aureus and P.
  • the various disclosed formulations may be effective for treating bio film infections in different types of tissue.
  • the 200ppm HOC1 and 0.25% HAc composition is useful for topical applications such as hand disinfection or mouth wash.
  • This composition is more effective than other commercially available products at treating surface-level bio films as shown in FIG. 15.
  • HAc may be used, such as the formulation of 200ppm HOC1 with 2% HAc. This composition is useful for treating infected wounds, preventing bio film in wounds, treating eczema, or treating other infections. This formulation has been found to be effective for combatting biofilms that have formed in the root of teeth.
  • FIGS. 20-21 show additional data supporting the unexpected efficacy of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid compositions on various biofilms, particularly as compared to prior art and commercially available compositions.
  • various compositions that balance in the concentrations of HOC1 and HAc in different ways provide an assortment of disinfecting compositions that can target different types of bio films on different types of tissue.
  • compositions of hypochlorous acid and acetic acid for treatment of transient bacteria while maintaining natural flora Compositions of hypochlorous acid and acetic acid for treatment of transient bacteria while maintaining natural flora
  • HOC1 and HAc compositions are particularly effective at reducing pathogenic bio films, they have been found not to inhibit growth of“good” or natural bio films and other microbes that live symbiotically on and in tissue.
  • the present invention recognizes the disclosed compositions are effective for immediately eradicating transient microbes while maintaining levels of natural bio film.
  • Tests were performed on the hands of healthy subjects to determine the transient bacteria killing effect of the disclosed compositions.
  • the subjects washed their hands, and dipped their fingertips into Escherichia coli.
  • the disclosed compositions were applied to the subjects' hands by rubbing the disclosed compositions into the skin to stimulate the removal of the transient bacteria on the skin.
  • the same test was performed using prior art alcohol compositions.
  • the results provided that the disclosed invention reduced the presence of the transient bacteria by 99.98%, where the prior art compositions reduced the presence of transient bacteria by 99.9%.
  • the good bio film was reduced at a lesser rate than the pathogenic bio film, and it grew back faster than the target bio film did.
  • tests were performed on the hands of 20 subjects.
  • the disclosed compositions were applied to the subjects' hands by rubbing the disclosed compositions into the skin to stimulate the removal of the transient bacteria on the skin.
  • the disclosed compositions were applied multiple times to the hands and forearms of the subjects over 5 minutes to maintain exposure to the disclosed compositions.
  • the same test was performed using prior art alcohol compositions. Bacteria kills were measured immediately after the application and again 3 hours after application. The results provided demonstrated that alcohol has a 99.5% killing effect on the natural bio film immediately after application and 99.16% effect 3 hours after application.
  • the disclosed invention had only a 90% killing effect on the natural bio film immediately after application, and a 99.16% killing effect on the natural bio film immediately after application.
  • the disclosed inventions compared to prior art alcohol-based disinfectants, were more effective at targeting the pathogenic biofilm infection without damaging the good microbes. Therefore, the disclosed compositions are effective at the targeted treatment of bio film infections, without harming the body’s natural flora.
  • HOC1 When spectrophotometry is expanded to also cover the visible range it is possible to detect colors.
  • the gases generally produced during production of HOC1 are Cl0 2 , Cl 2 0 and Cl 2 , all of which are detectable in the visible range as yellow or yellow-red.
  • Tzanavaras et al. Central European J. of Chemistry, 2007, 5(1)1-12).
  • Data in FIG. 9 illustrates that the HOC1 produced by methods on the invention shows no absorption from colored gases as shown by the lack of colored substance. It is known that HOC1 produces a peak at 292 nm (Feng et al. 2007, J.
  • the data show that the reagent grade water (deionized water) without phosphate buffer is the most stable over the twelve weeks, showing the least amount of product degradation from the initial amount produced. The deionized water produces a much more stable product than that produced using tap water. Additionally, and surprisingly, the data show that phosphate buffer may negatively impact amount of HOC1 product produced.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing the oxidation capacity of the HOC1 product over time. The data show that the product retained oxidation capacity over the twelve weeks regardless of the starting water.
  • Example 3 Acetic acid compared to hydrochloric acid
  • HOC1 was produced using hydrochloric acid (HC1) and acetic acid and thereafter stored under heat stress at 40C.
  • the data for the HC1 produced HOC1 is shown in
  • Table 1 The data for the acetic acid produced HOC1 is shown in Table 2.
  • Tests were performed on the hands of healthy subjects to determine the transient bacteria killing effect of the disclosed compositions.
  • the disclosed compositions of the present invention compared to the prior art alcohol-based disinfectants, were more effective at targeting transient pathogenic bacteria without damaging the natural bacteria. Therefore, the disclosed compositions are effective at the targeted treatment of pathogenic bio film infections, without harming the body’s natural flora that protects the skin.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions désinfectantes contenant de l'acide hypochloreux et de l'acide acétique qui sont utiles pour traiter des bio-films transitoires dans ou sur un tissu sans nuire à la flore naturelle du tissu. Les compositions sont utiles pour traiter divers types de tissu. Les compositions sont utiles pour traiter et prévenir un bio-film associé par voie buccale. Les compositions peuvent être fournies sous forme de bain de bouche, sous forme de pulvérisation, sous forme de gel, sous forme de crème, sous forme de dentifrice, et peuvent comprendre des molécules encapsulées dans des nanoparticules à des fins de libération contrôlée.
EP19838934.8A 2018-11-02 2019-11-01 Compositions et méthodes destinées au traitement de bio-films transitoires Pending EP3873400A1 (fr)

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US11364262B2 (en) * 2012-02-17 2022-06-21 Wiab Water Innovation Ab Acetic acid and hypochlorous acid compositions for treatment of skin trauma
CA3049919A1 (fr) * 2016-12-22 2018-06-28 Wiab Water Innovation Ab Preparations pour la liberation controlee d'acide hypochloreux

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EA202191211A1 (ru) 2021-09-15
CN113747873A (zh) 2021-12-03
BR112021008552A2 (pt) 2021-08-03
KR20220027800A (ko) 2022-03-08
WO2020089689A1 (fr) 2020-05-07
CA3118352A1 (fr) 2020-05-07
JP7467445B2 (ja) 2024-04-15
JP2022506384A (ja) 2022-01-17
AU2019371087A1 (en) 2021-06-17
CL2021001140A1 (es) 2022-03-18
PH12021551011A1 (en) 2021-10-04
MX2021005137A (es) 2021-10-13

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