Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
  • G21C15/24—Promoting flow of the coolant
  • G21C15/257—Promoting flow of the coolant using heat-pipes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
  • G21C15/02—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C7/00—Control of nuclear reaction
  • G21C7/06—Control of nuclear reaction by application of neutron-absorbing material, i.e. material with absorption cross-section very much in excess of reflection cross-section
  • G21C7/08—Control of nuclear reaction by application of neutron-absorbing material, i.e. material with absorption cross-section very much in excess of reflection cross-section by displacement of solid control elements, e.g. control rods
  • G21C7/12—Means for moving control elements to desired position
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
  • G21D1/00—Details of nuclear power plant
  • G21D1/02—Arrangements of auxiliary equipment
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

• This disclosure generally relates to a cooling system for a nuclear reactor control rod drive mechanism.
• a control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) on top of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) may maneuver or release drive shafts by gravity during a rapid control rod insertion (SCRAM).
• the CRDM may be located within an upper containment vessel (CNV) that contains the RPV and may use electrical motors to control movement of the drive shafts.
• the electrical motors may be driven remotely by electromagnetic force across a pressure vessel boundary.
• CRDM electrical motors are typically cooled by Reactor Component Cooling Water Systems (RCCWS) or forced air cooling.
• the water cooled systems may incorporate a complex arrangement of water hoses to circulate water that removes heat from the electrical motor coils.
• the hoses are difficult to remove when the RPV is removed from the CNV for refueling.
• a CRDM failure caused by leaks or blockages in the cooling system hoses may trigger a Containment Evacuation System (CES) to shut down the nuclear reactor.
• CES Containment Evacuation System
• Alternative air cooled systems may not be adequate for some nuclear reactors. For example, an evacuated CNV creates a vacuum environment around the outside of the RPV eliminating convection heat transfer as a cooling option.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an example nuclear reactor module.
• FIG. 2 is a perspective side sectional view of the upper head of a reactor pressure vessel with control rod drive mechanisms (CRDMs) inside a containment vessel.
• CRDMs control rod drive mechanisms
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a control rod assembly partially inserted into a nuclear fuel assembly.
• FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic diagrams showing disassembly of a reactor pressure vessel.
• FIG. 5 is side view of a single-hinge type control rod drive mechanism.
• FIG. 6 is a plan view of the single-hinge type control rod drive mechanism.
• FIG. 7 is a side sectional view of the control rod drive mechanism in FIG. 5.
• FIG. 8 is a further enlarged detail side sectional view of a single-hinge latch assembly within the control rod drive mechanism.
• FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional plan view of a drive assembly.
• FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional plan view of the single-hinge latch assembly in FIG. 8.
• FIGS. 11A-11E show side sectional views of the single-hinge type control rod drive mechanism in FIG. 5 in different operating states.
• FIG. 12 is side view of a dual -hinge type control rod drive mechanism.
• FIGS. 13A and 13B show side sectional views of the dual-hinge type control rod drive mechanism of FIG. 12 in different operating states.
• FIG. 14 is an enlarged side sectional view of a dual-hinge latch assembly within the control rod drive mechanism of FIG. 12.
• FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional plan view of the dual-hinge latch assembly of FIG. 14.
• FIGS. 16A-16G are schematic diagrams showing different control rod drive mechanism (FIG. 5 or FIG. 12) operating states, wherein
• FIGS. 16A-16B illustrate an example process for using a drive mechanism to engage and linearly move a drive shaft.
• FIGS. 16C-16G illustrate an example process for using a remote disconnect system to decouple a drive shaft from a control rod assembly.
• FIG. 17 is a perspective side sectional view of the upper head of a reactor pressure vessel within an upper containment vessel that uses a CRDM cooling system.
• FIG. 18 is an isolated perspective view of the CRDM cooling system.
• FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional plan view of a lower section of the CRDM cooling system.
• FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional plan view of an upper section of the CRDM cooling system.
• FIG. 21 is an expanded cross-sectional plan view of the upper section of the CRDM cooling system.
• FIG. 22 is an isometric side sectional view of the CRDM cooling system.
• FIG. 23 is an expanded isometric side sectional view of the CRDM cooling system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• a simplified cooling system uses heat pipes to cool electrical motors in Control Rod Drive Mechanisms (CRDM) while operating in an evacuated containment vessel (CNV).
• CRDM Control Rod Drive Mechanisms
• CNV evacuated containment vessel
• the cooling system does not rely on active water cooling through a Reactor Component Cooling Water System (RCCWS) and greatly simplifies CRDM, CNV and RCCWS designs avoiding potential Containment Evacuation System (CES) triggers and CRDM failures due to unintended cooling leaks or blockages.
• RRCWS Reactor Component Cooling Water System
• the cooling system overcomes cooling restrictions for CRDMs that operate in vacuum environments that prevent effective convective heat transfer.
• the heat pipes may transfer heat from CRDM electrical coils to finned heat exchangers located above the CRDM electrical coils increasing the ability to transfer heat through radiation through the vacuum to the surrounding CNV vessel walls.
• the cooling system may encompass the same or a larger diametrical envelope than the electrical coils and does not need external power or external fluid transfer.
• the cold end of the heat pipes may be mounted directly to the CNV vessel wall above the CRDMs to further promote conductive heat transfer.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example integral reactor module 5 comprising reactor pressure vessel 52.
• Reactor core 6 is shown located near a lower head 55 of the reactor pressure vessel 52.
• the reactor core 6 may be located in a shroud 22 which surrounds reactor core 6 about its sides.
• a riser section 24 is located above the reactor core 6 surrounded by steam generators 30.
• primary coolant 28 When primary coolant 28 is heated by reactor core 6 as a result of fission events, primary coolant 28 may be directed from shroud 22 up into an annulus 23 located above reactor core 6, and out of riser 24. This may result in additional primary coolant 28 being drawn into shroud 22 to be heated in turn by reactor core 6, which draws yet more primary coolant 28 into shroud 22.
• the primary coolant 28 that emerges from riser 24 may be cooled down by steam generators 30 and directed towards the outside of the reactor pressure vessel 52 and then returned to the bottom of the reactor pressure vessel 52 through natural circulation.
• Primary coolant 28 circulates past the reactor core 6 to become high-temperature coolant TH and then continues up through the riser section 24 where it is directed back down the annulus and cooled off by steam generators 30 to become low-temperature coolant TC.
• One or more control rod drive mechanisms (CRDM) 10 are operably coupled to a number of drive shafts 20 that may be configured to interface with a plurality of control rod assemblies 80 located above reactor core 6.
• a reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 may be configured to direct the primary coolant 28 towards a lower end 55 of the reactor pressure vessel 52. A surface of the reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 may come into direct contact with and deflect the primary coolant 28 that exits the riser section 24. In some examples, the reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 may be made of stainless steel or other materials.
• the lower end 55 of the reactor pressure vessel 52 may comprise an ellipsoidal, domed, concave, or hemispherical portion 55A, wherein the ellipsoidal portion 55A directs the primary coolant 28 towards the reactor core 6.
• the ellipsoidal portion 55A may increase flow rate and promote natural circulation of the primary coolant through the reactor core 6. Further optimization of the coolant flow 28 may be obtained by modifying a radius of curvature of the reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 to eliminate/minimize boundary layer separation and stagnation regions.
• the reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 is illustrated as being located between the top of the riser section 24 and a pressurizer region 40.
• the pressurizer region 40 is shown as comprising one or more heaters and a spray nozzle configured to control a pressure, or maintain a steam dome, within an upper end 56 or head of the reactor pressure vessel 52.
• Primary coolant 28 located below the reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 may comprise relatively sub-cooled coolant TSUB, whereas primary coolant 28 in the pressurizer region 40 in the upper end 56 of the reactor pressure vessel 52 may comprise substantially saturated coolant TSAT.
• a fluid level of primary coolant 28 is shown as being above the reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45, and within the pressurizer region 40, such that the entire volume between the reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 and the lower end 55 of the reactor pressure vessel 52 may be full of primary coolant 28 during normal operation of reactor module 5.
• Shroud 22 may support one or more control rod guide tubes 94 that serve to guide control rod assemblies 80 that are inserted into, or removed from, reactor core 6.
• drive shafts 20 may pass through reactor pressure vessel baffle plate 45 and through riser section 24 in order to control the position of control rod assemblies 80 relative to reactor core 6.
• Reactor pressure vessel 52 may comprise a flange by which lower head 55 may be removably attached to an upper reactor vessel body 60 of reactor pressure vessel 52.
• riser section 24, baffle plate 45, and other internals may be retained within upper reactor vessel body 60, whereas reactor core 6 may be retained within lower head 55.
• upper reactor vessel body 60 may be housed within a containment vessel 70. Any air or other gases that reside in a containment region 74 located between containment vessel 70 and reactor pressure vessel 52 may be removed or voided prior to or during reactor startup.
• the gases that are voided or evacuated from the containment region 74 may comprise non-condensable gases and/or condensable gases.
• vapor and/or steam may be vented from reactor pressure vessel 52 into containment region 74, or only a negligible amount of non-condensable gas (such as hydrogen) may be vented or released into containment region 74.
• FIG. 2 illustrates an upper cross-sectional view of reactor module 5 and example control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) assemblies 10.
• Reactor module 5 may comprise an upper containment vessel 76 housing at least a portion of the CRDM 10.
• a plurality of drive shaft housings 77 may be located within upper containment vessel 76.
• a plurality of drive shafts 20 associated with CRD Ms 10 may be located in a reactor pressure vessel 52 that is housed in main containment vessel 70.
• Drive shaft housings 77 may be configured to house at least a portion of drive shafts 20 during operation of reactor module 5.
• essentially all of the CRDMs 10 may be housed within main containment vessel 70.
• Upper containment vessel 76 may be removably attached to main containment vessel 70. By removing upper containment vessel 76, the overall size and/or volume of reactor module 5 may be reduced, which may affect peak containment pressure and/or water levels. In addition to reducing the overall height of reactor module 5, the removal of upper containment vessel 76 from main containment vessel 70 may further reduce the weight and shipping height of reactor module 5. In some example reactor modules, several tons of weight may be removed for each foot that the overall height of reactor module 5 is decreased. [0044] Reactor pressure vessel 52 and/or main containment vessel 70 may comprise one or more steel vessels. Additionally, main containment vessel 70 may comprise one or more flanges by which a top head or a bottom head of main containment vessel 70 may be removed from the containment vessel body, such as during a refueling operation.
• reactor module 5 may be relocated from an operating bay into a refueling bay, and a series of disassembly steps may be performed on the reactor module 5.
• the operating bay may be connected to the refueling bay by water, such that reactor module 5 is transported under water.
• Main containment vessel 70 may be disassembled, e.g., the top or bottom head may be separated from the containment vessel body, in order to gain access to CRDM 10 and/or to reactor pressure vessel 52.
• reactor pressure vessel 52 may remain completely submerged in the surrounding water in the refueling bay.
• an upper portion of CRDM 10, such as the plurality of drive shaft housings 77, may be located above water to facilitate access to CRDM 10 in a dry environment.
• the entire CRDM 10 may be submerged in the pool of water in the refueling bay.
• CRDMs 10 may be mounted to an upper head of reactor pressure vessel 52 by nozzles 78. Nozzles 78 may be configured to support CRDMs 10 when main containment vessel 70 is partially or completely disassembled during the refueling operation. Additionally, CRDMs 10 may be configured to support and/or control the position of drive shafts 20 within reactor pressure vessel 52.
• Reactor pressure vessel 52 may comprise a substantially capsule-shaped vessel.
• reactor pressure vessel 52 may be approximately 20 meters in height.
• Drive shafts 20 may extend from CRDMs 10, located at the upper head of reactor pressure vessel 52, into a lower head of reactor pressure vessel 52, so that they can be connected to control rod assemblies 80 that are inserted into reactor core 6 (FIG. 1).
• the distance from the upper head of reactor pressure vessel 52 to reactor core 6, while less than the overall height of reactor pressure vessel 52, may therefore result in the length of drive shafts 20 also being approximately 20 meters in length or, in some examples, somewhat less than the height of reactor pressure vessel 52.
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a control rod assembly 80 held partially above and partially inserted into a nuclear fuel assembly 90 in reactor core 6.
• Control rod assembly 80 may include a cylindrical hub 82 that attaches to the bottom end of drive shaft 20.
• Arms 84 extend radially out from cylindrical hub 82 and attach at distal ends to top ends of control rods 86.
• Control rods 86 extend into a nuclear fuel assembly 90 that is alternatively referred to as a fuel bundle that forms part of reactor core 6.
• Nuclear fuel assembly 90 may include a top nozzle 92 that supports multiple guide tubes 94.
• Guide tubes 94 extend down from nozzle 92 and in-between nuclear fuel rods (not shown).
• Control rods 86 control the fission rate of the uranium and plutonium in the nuclear fuel rods.
• Control rods 86 are typically held by drive shaft 20 above nuclear fuel assembly 90 or held slightly inserted into nuclear fuel assembly 90. Reactor core 6 may overheat. A nuclear SCRAM operation is initiated where control CRDMs 10 in FIG. 1 release drive shafts 20 dropping control rods 86 down into guide tubes 94 and in-between the nuclear fuel rods.
• FIG. 4A shows a cross-sectional view of an example reactor pressure vessel 52.
• CRDMs 10 may be mounted to an upper head 96 of reactor pressure vessel 52 and configured to support a plurality of drive shafts 20 that extend through the length of an upper reactor vessel body 60 of reactor pressure vessel 52 towards reactor core 6 located in a lower head 98 of reactor pressure vessel 52.
• lower head 98 may be removably attached to upper reactor vessel body 60 at a flange 100, such as by a plurality of bolts.
• reactor core 6 may be configured to receive a plurality of control rod assemblies 80 that may be movably inserted between the fuel rods to control the power output of reactor core 6.
• control rod assemblies 80 When reactor core 6 is generating power, lower ends 102 of drive shafts 20 may be connected to control rod assemblies 80.
• CRDMs 10 may be configured to control the location of control rod assemblies 80 within reactor core 6 by moving drive shafts 20 either up or down within reactor pressure vessel 52.
• Upper ends 104 of drive shafts 20 may be housed in CRDM pressure housing 77 located above upper head 96 of reactor pressure vessel 52, such as when control rod assemblies 80 are removed from reactor core 6.
• CRDM pressure housing 77 may comprise a single pressure vessel configured to house upper ends 104 of drive shafts 20.
• CRDM pressure housing 77 may comprise individual housings for each of the drive shafts 20.
• Lower ends 102 of drive shafts 20 are shown disconnected from control rod assemblies 80, such as may be associated with a refueling operation of reactor core 6.
• control rod assemblies 80 such as may be associated with a refueling operation of reactor core 6.
• lower head 98 may remain attached to upper reactor vessel body 60 while drive shafts 20 are disconnected from control rod assemblies 80.
• Reactor pressure vessel 52 may remain completely sealed to the surrounding environment, which in some examples may comprise a pool of water that at least partially surrounds reactor pressure vessel 52, during the initial stage of the refueling operation.
• CRDMs 10 may comprise remote disconnect mechanisms by which drive shafts 20 may be disconnected from control rod assemblies 80 without opening or otherwise disassembling reactor pressure vessel 52.
• reactor pressure vessel 52 may form a sealed region 106 that surrounds reactor core 6, control rod assemblies 80, and lower ends 102 of drive shafts 20.
• control rod assemblies 80 may remain within reactor core 6 when drive shafts 20 are withdrawn, at least partially, into CRDM pressure housing 77.
• FIG. 4B illustrates the example reactor pressure vessel 52 of FIG. 4A partially disassembled.
• lower head 98 may be separated from upper reactor vessel body 60 of reactor pressure vessel 52.
• lower head 98 may be held stationary in a refueling station while upper reactor vessel body 60 is lifted up by a crane and moved away from lower head 98 to facilitate access to reactor core 6.
• Drive shafts 20 are shown in a retracted or withdrawn position, such that lower ends 102 may be completely retained within upper reactor vessel body 60 and/or CRDM pressure housing 77.
• CRDMs 10 may be configured to raise lower ends 102 of drive shafts 20 above a lower flange 108 used to mount upper reactor vessel 60 together with an upper flange 110 of lower head 98. Withdrawing lower ends 102 of drive shafts 20 into upper reactor vessel body 60 may provide additional clearance between lower flange 108 and upper flange 110 during the refueling operation and further may keep drive shafts 20 from contacting external objects or getting damaged during transport and/or storage of upper reactor vessel body 60. Additionally, upper ends 104 of drive shafts 20 may similarly be housed and/or protected by CRDM pressure housing 77 when drive shafts 20 are in the retracted or withdrawn position.
• control rod assemblies 80 may remain completely inserted in reactor core 6 during some or all of the refueling operation. In some examples, maintaining the insertion of control rod assemblies 80 within reactor core 6 may be dictated by nuclear regulatory and/or safety considerations.
• FIG. 5 is a side view and FIG. 6 is a plan view of a single-hinge type control rod drive mechanism 88 that includes a remote disconnect mechanism.
• a drive shaft housing 77 extends over the top end of drive shaft 20 and around the latch mechanism 138.
• Drive shaft housing 77 is alternatively referred to as an upper pressure boundary.
• drive shaft 20 enters reactor pressure vessel (RPV) 52 in FIG. 2 through a nozzle 78 connected on top to the bottom end of drive shaft housing 77.
• a bottom end of drive shaft 20 detachably connects to control rod assembly 80 as shown in more detail below.
• Control rod drive mechanism 88 includes a drive assembly 122 that raises and lowers drive shaft 20 and attached control rod assembly 80.
• Control rod drive mechanism 88 also includes a disconnect assembly 120 that disconnects drive shaft 20 from control rod assembly 80. Both drive assembly 122 and disconnect assembly 120 may be remotely activated and controlled from outside of the RPV 52 via electrical control signals.
• FIG. 7 is a side sectional view of control rod drive mechanism 88 and FIG. 8 is a more detailed sectional view of a single-hinge latch assembly 138 used in control rod drive mechanism 88.
• through-holes 158 are provided in drive shaft housing 77 and nozzle 78. Bolts (not shown) may be inserted into holes 158 to connect drive shaft housing 77 to nozzle 78 that extends up from the upper head of RPV 52 as shown above in FIG. 2.
• a disconnect rod 132 extends through the entire length of drive shaft 20 and a cylindrical disconnect magnet 134 is attached to a top end of disconnect rod 132.
• Disconnect magnet 134 extends up into drive shaft housing 77 and annular disconnect coils 136 extend around drive shaft housing 77 and disconnect magnet 134. When activated, disconnect coils 136 may hold disconnect magnet 134 in a raised position allowing disconnect rod 132 to retract vertically upwards within drive shaft 20.
• An upper end of drive shaft 20 includes a threaded outside surface 140.
• threads 140 may comprise ACME® type threads for linearly displacing drive shaft 20.
• any other type of threading or gearing also may be used.
• Drive shaft 20 extends from underneath disconnect magnet 134, through drive shaft housing 77 and nozzle 78, and into the upper head of RPV 52 (FIG. 1).
• Drive shaft 20 further extends through the length of RPV 52 and a bottom end includes a grapple 126 that connects to control rod assembly 80.
• Disconnect magnet 134 and disconnect coils 136 encompass the disconnect assembly 120.
• An annular arrangement of drive coils 128 may extend around the outside of drive shaft housing 77 and an annular arrangement of drive magnets 130 inside of drive shaft housing 77 may extend around drive shaft 20. Continuously activating drive coils 128 may raise drive magnets 130. Alternating activation of alternating drive coils 128 in FIG. 8 also may rotate drive magnets 130 around a center axis 156 of drive shaft 20. Drive coils 128, drive magnets 130 and latch assembly 138 form the drive assembly 122.
• a single-hinge latch assembly 138 is coupled on the bottom end to the drive shaft housing 77 and coupled on top to drive magnets 130.
• Latch assembly 138 includes an annular base 142 that includes a central opening that extends around drive shaft 20.
• a lip 143 extends out from an outside bottom end of base 142 and seats into a recess formed between the bottom end of drive shaft housing 77 and the top end of nozzle 78. Lip 143 functions as a hold-down holding base 142 down against the top surface of nozzle 78.
• An annular collar 148 is rotationally attached to base 142 and includes a step 144 that attaches on top of bearings 154 that extend around the top of base 142.
• Collar 146 also includes a center opening that receives and extends around drive shaft 20. Collar 146 is held vertically/elevationally down onto base 142 but rotates about central axis 156 of drive shaft 20 on top of bearings 154 and base 142.
• a gripper 150 is pivotally attached to an upper end of collar 148 with a first pin 152A.
• the inside end of gripper 150 is pivotally attached to a bottom end of a latch 146 by a second pin 152B.
• a top end of latch 146 is attached to drive magnets 130. When drive magnets 130 are lowered a bottom end of latch 146 may sit on top of step 144 of collar 148.
• drive coils 128 lift drive magnets 130 vertically upwards also lifting latch 146.
• Lifting latch 146 causes the inside ends of grippers 150 to rotate upwards engaging with threads 140 on drive shaft 20.
• the outside ends of grippers 150 rotate about pins 152A which are held vertically in place by collar 148.
• drive coils 128 may start rotating drive magnets 130 about central axis 156 of drive shaft 20.
• the bottom ends of drive magnets 130 start rotating raised latch 146 and attached gripper 150 around the outside circumference of drive shaft 20.
• Rotating gripper 150 also rotates collar 148 over the top of base 142 and around central axis 156 while remaining elevationally held down in place by base 142.
• grippers 150 rotate within threads 140 moving drive shaft 20 axially and linearly upwards inside of drive shaft housing 77 and nozzle 78.
• Drive coils 128 may rotate drive magnets 130 in an opposite direction, also rotating attached grippers 150 within threads 140 in an opposite direction. Accordingly, grippers 150 axially and linearly move drive shaft 20 in an upward or downward direction as directed by an electrical control system.
• Deactivating drive coils 128 drops drive magnets 130 vertically downwards. Inside ends of grippers 150 also rotate downwards about pins 152B, disengaging from threads 140. Now released from grippers 150, drive shaft 20 is free to drop vertically downwards via gravity.
• FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional plan view of drive assembly 122.
• Annular drive coils 128 extend around the outside of drive shaft housing 77 and annular drive magnets 130 extend around the inside of drive shaft housing 77.
• Drive shaft 20 extends through a central opening formed in drive magnets 130 and disconnect rod 132 extends through a hole formed along the central axis of drive shaft 20.
• Threads 140 extend around the outside surface of drive shaft 20.
• drive coils 128 When continuously activated, drive coils 128 generate an electromagnetic field that vertically lifts up drive magnets 130. When drive coils 128 are activated in an alternating pattern, the electromagnetic field also rotates drive magnets 130 around the central axis causing drive assembly 122 to operate effectively like an electrical motor.
• the electrical control system may activate drive coils A during a first period and activate drive coils B during an alternating second period. The alternating activation of drive coils A and B cause drive magnets M to rotate about a vertical axis that extends through drive shaft 20.
• FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional plan view of single-hinge latch assembly 138.
• Disconnect rod 132 extends through the center of drive shaft 20.
• Threads 140 extend around the outside surface of drive shaft 20.
• Latch 146 has an annular cross-sectional shape and attaches to the inside end of gripper 150 via pin 152B.
• Collar 148 also includes an annular cross-sectional shape and attached to the outside end of gripper 150 via pin 152A.
• latch 146 is attached to drive magnets 130 and can move vertically up and down.
• Drive shaft housing 77 also has an annular cross-sectional shape concentrically aligned with drive shaft 20.
• any number of grippers 150 may be located around drive shaft 20. For example, four grippers 150 may be located 90 degrees apart around drive shaft 20.
• FIGS. 11A-11E are side sectional views showing different operating positions of control rod drive mechanism 88.
• drive assembly 122 is shown in a lowered state.
• Drive coils 128 are deactivated and drive magnets 130 are in a lowered position, with the control rod assembly 80 fully inserted into reactor core 6 (FIG. 1).
• Lowered drive magnets 130 with attached latch 146 released grippers 150 from threads 140 of drive shaft 20.
• CRDM 88 has the advantage of automatically scramming reactor core 6 whenever deactivated during a power failure.
• Disconnect assembly 120 is also shown in a lowered state. Disconnect coils 136 are deactivated and disconnect magnet 134 is in a lowered position sitting on top of drive shaft 20. In the lowered position, the bottom end of disconnect rod 132 extends in-between reciprocating arms 127A and 127B of grapple 126. Spread-apart grapple arms 127A and 127B press against and lock into grooves in cylindrical hub 82 of control rod assembly 80.
• FIG. 11B shows drive assembly 122 in a raised state.
• Drive coils 128 are activated and drive magnets 130 are in a raised position.
• Raised drive magnets 130 raise attached latch 146 moving inside ends of grippers 150 upward, interlocking with threads 140 of drive shaft 20.
• Locked grippers 150 can raise or lower drive shaft 20 based on the rotational direction of drive magnets 130.
• Disconnect assembly 120 is still shown in a lowered state where the bottom end of disconnect rod 132 remains inserted in-between grapple arms 127A and 127B.
• Spread-apart grapple arms 127 A and 127B remain locked inside of cylindrical hub 82 locking the bottom end of drive shaft 20 to control rod assembly 80.
• FIG. 11C shows drive assembly 122 in a raised state.
• Drive coils 128 are activated and drive magnets 130 are raised, moving attached latch 146 upward engaging inside ends of grippers 150 with threads 140.
• Drive coils 128 also may start rotating drive magnets 130 causing grippers 150 to rotate around engaged threads 140 of drive shaft 20.
• Rotating grippers 150 force drive shaft 20 axially and linearly upwards into drive shaft housing 77 and lift connected control rod assembly 80 by a short distance that does not cause a reactivity insertion into the reactor core (within a so-called dead band).
• Raising drive shaft 20 also raises disconnect magnet 134, maintaining the bottom end of attached disconnect rod 132 in-between grapple arms 127A and 127B. In other words, raising drive shaft 20 and disconnect rod 132 together keeps the bottom end of drive shaft 20 attached to control rod drive mechanism 80, prior to the disconnection discussed below.
• FIG. 11D shows drive assembly 122 in a lowered state and disconnect assembly 120 in a raised state.
• Disconnect coils 136 are activated when drive shaft 20 and disconnect magnet 134 are in the raised position shown in FIG. 11C.
• Drive coils 128 then may rotate drive magnets 130 in an opposite direction lowering drive shaft 20 vertically downward.
• disconnect coils 136 hold disconnect magnet 134 in a raised position.
• grippers 150 continue to move drive shaft 20 linearly downward, the bottom end of disconnect rod 132 slides up and out from in-between grapple 126.
• Grapple arms 127A and 127B accordingly reciprocate inwards disconnecting from control rod assembly 80, which drops a short distance.
• drive coils 128 are deactivated dropping drive shaft 20 and disconnecting control rod assembly 80, with disconnect coils 136 holding disconnect magnet 134 in a raised position.
• FIG. 11E shows disconnect assembly 120 and drive assembly 122 both in a lowered state. Deactivating disconnect coils 136 releases disconnect magnet 134 causing the bottom end of disconnect rod 132 to slide in-between grapple arms 127A and 127B. Drive coils 128 then may deactivate disconnecting grippers 150 from drive shaft 20. Spread-apart grapple 126 then sits on the top of control rod assembly 80.
• drive coils 128 and disconnect coils 136 can be remotely activated and deactivated to linearly displace drive shaft 20 and also to disconnect drive shaft 20 from control rod assembly 80 during a reactor core refueling operation.
• Reconnecting the control rod assembly 80 after completion of refueling and re-assembly of reactor vessel 52 may be performed in reverse order of the steps shown in FIG. 11 A to 11D.
• FIG. 12 is a side view of a dual-hinge type control rod drive mechanism 159.
• FIGS. 13A and 13B are side sectional views of control rod drive mechanism 159.
• FIG. 14 is a more detailed view of the dual -hinge latch assembly 160.
• drive assembly 122 and disconnect assembly 120 in control rod drive mechanism 159 include substantially the same drive and disconnect coils and magnets as described above.
• Drive shaft housing 77 and nozzle 78 are also all substantially the same as those described above.
• Disconnect rod 132, drive shaft 20, and threaded outside surface 140 are also similar to those described above.
• continuously activating drive coils 128 may raise and align drive magnets 130 with annular drive coils 128. Alternating activation of adjacent drive coils 128 also may rotate drive magnets 130 around a central axis 156 of drive shaft 20, to force linear motion of drive shaft 20 and attached control rod assembly 80.
• Dual-hinge latch assembly 160 is coupled at a bottom end to drive shaft housing 77 and coupled at a top end to drive magnets 130.
• Latch assembly 160 includes a similar base 142 at described above that includes a central opening that extends around drive shaft 20.
• a similar lip 143 extends out from an outside bottom end of base 142 and seats into a recess formed between the bottom end of drive shaft housing 77 and the top end of nozzle 78. Lip 143 functions as a hold-down holding base 142 down against a top surface of nozzle 78.
• drive assembly 122 is shown in a raised state.
• Activating drive coils 128 raises drive magnets 130 and attached latch 162.
• the lower ends of grippers 164 move upwards and inwards engaging with threads 140 of drive shaft 20. Locked grippers 164 can then raise or lower drive shaft 20 based on the rotational direction of drive magnets 130.
• Disconnect assembly 120 is shown in a lowered position where the bottom end of disconnect rod 132 is inserted in-between arms 127A and 127B of grapple 126.
• Spread-apart arms 127A and 127B lock inside of cylindrical hub 82 locking the bottom end of drive shaft 20 to control rod assembly 80.
• drive assembly 122 and disconnect assembly 120 are shown in lowered states.
• Deactivating drive coils 128 lowers drive magnets 130 and attached latch 162.
• the grippers 164 move downwards and outwards disengaging with threads 140 of drive shaft 20
• Disconnect assembly 120 is still shown deactivated where the bottom end of disconnect rod 132 remains inserted in-between arms 127A and 127B of grapple 126.
• Spread-apart arms 127A and 127B remain locked inside of cylindrical hub 82 locking the bottom end of drive shaft 20 to control rod assembly 80.
• annular collar 148 similar in design to FIG. 8 is attached, but rotationally de-coupled, to base 142 and includes a similar step 144 that attaches on top of bearings 154 that extend around the top of base 142.
• Collar 146 also includes a center opening that receives and extends around drive shaft 20. Collar 146 is held vertically/elevationally down onto base 142 but rotates about central axis 156 of drive shaft 20 on top of bearings 154 and base 142.
• hinge 168 The outside end of a hinge 168 is pivotally attached to a top end of collar 148 with a first pin 166 A.
• the inside end of hinge 168 is pivotally attached to a lower end of a gripper 164 by a second pin 166B.
• the top end of a latch 162 is attached to drive magnet 130 and a bottom end of latch 162 is pivotally attached to a top end of gripper 164 by a third pin 166C.
• drive coils 128 When activated, drive coils 128 lift drive magnets 130 vertically upwards also raising latch 162. Gripper 164 and the inside end of hinge 168 also move upwards, moving the bottom end of gripper 164 inwards engaging with threads 140 of drive shaft 20.
• drive coils 128 may start rotating drive magnets 130 about central axis 156 of drive shaft 20.
• the bottom ends of drive magnets 130 also start rotating raised latch 146 and engaged grippers 164 around drive shaft 20.
• Rotating grippers 164 also rotates collar 148 about central axis 156 while being held vertically down by base 142.
• grippers 164 rotate within engaged threads 140 moving drive shaft 20 linearly upwards inside of drive shaft housing 77 and nozzle 78.
• Drive coils 128 may rotate drive magnets 130 in an opposite direction, thus rotating grippers 164 within threads 140 in an opposite direction axially moving drive shaft 20 downward.
• Deactivating drive coils 128 drops drive magnets 130 and inside ends of grippers 164 downwards. Hinges 168 also rotate downwards and outwards disengaging the lower ends of grippers 164 from threads 140. Drive shaft 20 is now released from grippers 150 and is free to drop vertically downwards via gravity.
• FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional plan view of dual-hinge latch assembly 160.
• Disconnect rod 132 extends through a centerline of drive shaft 20. Threads 140 extend around the outside surface of drive shaft 20.
• Latch 162 has an annular cross-sectional shape and attaches at the bottom end to the top end of gripper 164.
• Collar 148 also includes an annular cross-sectional shape and attaches to the outside end of hinge 168 via pin 166A.
• collar 146 is attached to drive magnets 130 and can move vertically up and down.
• Drive shaft housing 77 also has an annular cross-sectional shape concentrically aligned with drive shaft 20.
• FIGS. 16A-16G are simplified schematic diagrams showing different operations of the single-hinge type control rod drive mechanism 88 or double-hinge type control rod drive mechanism 159 described above, focusing on the primary elements to attain the CRDM functions described herein. For explanation purposes, the following abbreviations are used below.
• Disconnect coil 136 F
• Control rod assembly 80 CRA
• Concentric electromagnetic coils A and F extend on the outside of drive shaft housing I, alternatively referred to as pressure boundary. Coils A and F on the outside interact to move cylindrical magnets B and G, respectively, inside pressure boundary I.
• drive coils A are initially de-energized.
• Latch C is fixed to annular drive magnets B and rests on base J inside drive shaft housing I.
• drive coils A are energized, lifting drive magnet B upwards until aligned with drive coils A. This lifts latch C and engages grippers E that pivot around pins that are vertically fixed with respect to the inside of pressure boundary I, yet allow for rotation of latch C. Grippers E fit into threaded grooves of drive shaft D.
• drive magnet B and latch C are set into rotary motion, while at the same time still maintaining a same elevation as drive coils A. This precludes disengagement of grippers E.
• the rotary motion of grippers E translates into linear drive shaft motion that raises drive rod D and the attached CRA.
• FIGS. 16D-16G show how to remotely disconnect drive shaft D from the CRA prior to disassembly of reactor pressure vessel 52 in FIGS. 4A and 4B.
• Drive coils A are initially de energized and latch C is resting on base J. This may be similar to the initial drive shaft engagement configuration shown in FIG. 16 A.
• drive coils A are activated raising drive magnets B and latch C causing grippers E to engage with drive shaft D.
• drive coils A then set drive magnet B and latch C into rotary motion, while at the same time maintaining a same elevation as drive coils A.
• Rotating grippers E move drive shaft D and disconnect magnet G linearly upwards into raised positions, lifting the attached CRA by a short distance that does not cause a reactivity insertion into the reactor core (within a so-called dead band).
• drive coils A are still energized holding drive magnet B, drive shaft D, disconnect magnet G, and disconnect rod K in raised positions.
• Disconnect coil F is energized holding disconnect magnet G and attached disconnect rod K vertically in place.
• Drive coils A then may rotate drive magnet B, latch C, and gripper E in an opposite direction linearly lowering drive shaft D.
• Grapple H on the bottom end of drive shaft D currently holds the CRA, and the bottom end of disconnect rod K starts moving up and out from the grapple arms.
• the arms of grapple H contract causing the CRA to drop by a short distance, until it rests again on top of the nuclear fuel assembly top nozzle 92 in FIG. 3.
• drive coils A remain energized and therefore hold drive magnet B in place. Disconnect coil F is then de-energized. This releases disconnect magnet G causing the bottom end of disconnect rod K to insert into and expand grapple H on the bottom of drive shaft D.
• drive coils A are de-energized releasing annular drive magnet B and latch C. Drive shaft D drops by a short distance until grapple H rests on top of the CRA cylindrical hub without being engaged. This allows the upper and lower sections of the reactor pressure vessel to be separated for refueling without removing the CRA.
• grapple H is reengaged with the CRA by pulling up disconnect magnet G using the electromagnetic force of disconnect coil F.
• Disconnect magnet G is moved into the raised position without simultaneously energizing drive coil A.
• the weight of drive shaft D may be large enough so that only disconnect rod K moves upwards inside of drive shaft D.
• Grapple H contracts inserting into the CRA cylindrical hub.
• Disconnect coils F are then deactivated so the bottom of disconnect rod K drops back down into grapple H.
• Grapple H expands locking into the CRA.
• FIG. 17 illustrates an upper cross-sectional view of reactor module 5 with an example control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) 88 with an integrated cooling system 180.
• FIG. 18 is a isometric perspective view showing CRDM 88 and cooling system 180 in further detail.
• Reactor module 5 includes the same upper containment vessel 76 housing described above.
• a plurality of drive shaft housings 77 are located within upper containment vessel 76.
• a plurality of drive shafts 20 extend down into RPV 52 through nozzles 78 connected on top to the bottom end of drive shaft housing 77.
• Drive shaft housings 77 may retain any of the CRDM 88, disconnect assembly 120, drive assembly 122, single-hinge latch assembly 138, or double-hinge type control rod drive mechanism 159 described above.
• drive assembly 122 may raise and lower drive shaft 20 and disconnect assembly 120 may disconnect drive shaft 20 from control rod assembly 80 (FIG. 3). Both drive assembly 122 and disconnect assembly 120 may be remotely activated and controlled from outside of RPV 52 via electrical control signals.
• any air or other gases that reside in containment region 74 located between containment vessel 70 and reactor pressure vessel 52 may be removed or voided prior to or during reactor startup.
• the gases that are voided or evacuated from the containment region 74 may comprise non-condensable gases and/or condensable gases.
• Cooling system 180 includes a set of heat fins 184 that extend up from the top of drive coils 128 and around disconnect assembly 120.
• Heat fins 184 may have a tabular shape and may be formed from any heat sink material, such as aluminum, copper, stainless steel, or any other heat conducting metal. Heat fins 184 have an improved path for radiative heat transfer to the CNV surfaces with cooler temperatures within containment region 74 formed between RPV 52 and CNV 70. Heat fins 184 may remove heat generated by drive coils 128 without substantially increasing the footprint of CRDM 88.
• heat fins 184 may be attached or formed with an outside metal enclosure 185 that retains drive coils 128.
• drive coils 128 and heat fins 184 may be formed into a same modular annular enclosure that can slide over drive shaft housing 77.
• FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional plan view of a lower portion of CRDM cooling system 180.
• annular drive coils 128 extend around the outside circumference of drive shaft housing 77 and annular drive magnets 130 extend around the inside of drive shaft housing 77.
• Drive shaft 20 extends through a central opening formed in drive magnets 130 and disconnect rod 132 extends through a hole formed along the central axis of drive shaft 20.
• Threads 140 extend around the outside surface of drive shaft 20.
• Cooling channels 186 extend vertically through and/or in-between drive coils 128 and either form or retain heat pipes 190.
• channels 186 may retain metal tubes that retain a fluid that together operate as a heat pipe 190.
• four pairs of outer heat pipes 190 A and inner heat pipes 190B extend in a half-loop through each drive coil 128.
• Outer heat pipes 190 A and inner heat pipes 190B are alternatively referred to as heat pipes 190.
• FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional plan view of an upper portion of CRDM cooling system 180 and FIG. 21 is an expanded plan cross-sectional view of the upper portion of CRDM cooling system 180.
• Cooling channels 188 extend vertically through heat fins 184 and again either form or retain tubes that operate as heat pipes 190. Cooling channels 188 connect or are continuously formed with channels 186 in drive coils 128 to form heat pipe loops 190.
• Disconnect magnet 134 is attached to a top end of disconnect rod 132 (FIG. 7).
• Disconnect magnet 134 extends up into drive shaft housing 77 and annular disconnect coils 136 extend around drive shaft housing 77 and disconnect magnet 134.
• Heat fins 184 extend radially out from disconnect coils 136 and in one example contain the upper sections of heat pipes 190. Heat pipes 190A and 190B extend in half-loops up through each heat fin 184.
• Evaporation sections of heat pipes 190A and 190B extend along the inner side of heat fin 184 and are covered by insulation 196 in heat fin 184.
• insulation 196 may be any type of mineral wool, calcium silicate, fiberglass, microporous refractory, glass fiber felt, reflective metallic insulation (RMI), or any other material normally used for insulating pipes in nuclear power plants.
• Condensation sections of heat pipes 190A and 190B are fluidly coupled to the insulation sections of heat pipes 190A and 190B, extend along the outer lateral sides of heat fins 184, and are surrounded by condensation channels 198.
• condensation channels 198 are a group of highly heat conductive metal strips or slots that extend radially out from the outer surface of heat pipes 190.
• Condensation channels 198 expose more outer surface area of the condensation sections of heat pipes 190 to the cooler containment region 74 formed by CNV 70 (FIG. 17). Any other type of heat fin or heat sink may be formed within heat fins 184 around the condensation portions of heat pipes 190 to further increase the rate of heat transfer.
• FIG. 22 is an isometric side-sectional view of cooling system 180 and FIG. 23 is a more detailed isometric side-sectional view of cooling system 180.
• multiple pairs of outer and inner circular heat pipes loops 190A and 190B, respectively, extend through each drive coil 128 and heat fin 184.
• Outer heat pipes 190A extend along the inner and outer lateral sides of drive coils 128 and heat fins 184.
• Inner heat pipes 190B extend through drive coils 128 and heat fins 184 inside of outer heat pipes 190 A.
• Heat pipes 190 extend from the bottom ends up through top ends of drive coils 128 and then extend further up through the bottom ends to the top ends of heat fins 184.
• the top ends of heat pipes 190 extend radially out from disconnect coils 136, and the bottom ends of heat pipes 190 extend radially inward toward drive shaft housing 77 forming continuous loops.
• heat pipes 190 may include loops that extend further up and out of the top of heat fins 184 or drive coils 128 and contact the inside wall of CNV 70. In both the alternatives once the heat is transferred to the CNV it is dissipated to the environment outside of the CNV.
• evaporation sections 208 The inner portions of heat pipes 190 A and 190B located closer to the inner lateral sides of drive coils 128 and heat fins 184 are referred to as evaporation sections 208 and the outer portions of heat pipes 190 A and 190B that extend closer to the outer lateral sides of heat fins 184 are referred to as condensation sections 210. Evaporation sections 208 and condensation sections 210 are fluidly coupled together.
• Heat pipes 190 may comprise any round, oval, or flat shaped tube or orifice formed from any material, such as copper, aluminum, stainless steel, or any other heat conductive metal. Heat pipes 190 may contain any fluid 200 capable of transferring heat, such as water, ammonia, methanol, liquid sodium, or the like. When heated, fluid 200 may transform into an evaporated state 200A and when cooled may transform back into a condensed state 200B.
• Evaporation and condensation of fluid 200 creates a fluid flow through heat pipes 190 that removes heat from drive coils 128.
• drive coils 128 while in operation create heat that evaporates fluid 200 A.
• Evaporated fluid 200A rises up through the evaporation section 208 of heat pipes 190 transferring heat away from drive coils 128.
• insulation material 196 in upper condensation section 210 of heat pipes 190 transfer evaporated fluid 200A.
• Condensation channels 198 in the upper condensation section 210 of heat pipes 190 coagulate evaporated fluid 200 A into droplets of condensed fluid 200B.
• Other types of porous media may be used in heat pipes 190 to help coagulate evaporated fluid 200A into condensed fluid 200B.
• Condensed fluid 200B drops vertically downward via gravity or capillary action through the condensation section 210 of heat pipes 190.
• Drive coils 128 then reheat condensed fluid 200B back into evaporated fluid 200A, recirculating fluid 200 back through heat pipes 190 and further removing heat from drive coils 128.
• a flow restrictor (not shown) may be located in heat pipes 190 upstream of drive coils 128 to control the flow direction and flow rate of fluid 200
• Passive cooling system 180 reduces or eliminates the number of water hoses, piping, and water pumping equipment normally used in active RCCWS systems.
• the simplified cooling system 180 also embeds heat pipes 190 in integrated drive coils 128 and heat fins 184 to provide a modular CRDM 88 design where electrical drive coils 128 can be more easily swapped out during maintenance operations.
• Cooling system 180 also overcomes limitations of convective heat cooling in Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) CRDM designs where CRDM electrical coils 128 are located on the outside of the CRDM pressure boundary in a vacuum environment.
• PWR Pressurized Water Reactor

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• 2018
  • 2018-12-21 EP EP18836573.8A patent/EP3857568A1/de active Pending
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