EP3851581B1 - Paving element made of concrete, surface covering and method for manufacturing a paving stone - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a paving stone made of concrete in the form of a surface element that can be laid in a composite for creating a surface covering according to the preamble of patent claim 1, a surface covering using paving stones laid in a composite according to the preamble of patent claim 11 and a method for producing a paving stone according to patent claim 12.

Paving stones are well known from the prior art. There is often a desire to create paving stones with a look similar to natural stone.

Such a paving stone, for example, is from the German utility model DE 81 31 881 U1 known. This concrete paving stone has an approximately rectangular basic shape and a side profile that recedes behind the basic shape. The flanks are inclined obliquely inwards from the support surface to the top of the paving stone and end in an irregular contour, at least on the top. As a result, the paving stone has a soft, natural stone-like contour when viewed from above.

From the American patent US 8,231,304 B2 an artificial stone with a base section is known, the base section being shaped as a cuboid for a patterned, matching arrangement of the slab stone with similar slab stones. The stone further includes an upper portion having a surface that has an irregularly shaped upper contour that is different from the base contour. The stone further includes an intermediate section that connects the upper section to the base section. The intermediate section has an inclined wall that extends between the upper section and a side wall of the base section. Stones of this construction can easily be arranged in a regular, repeating pattern to create continuous coverage of an area. The irregular upper contours of the stones simulate the appearance of natural stone.

Furthermore, from the publications EP 2 431 523 A2 , DE 88 14 520 U1 and DE 79 23 025 already concrete block systems, especially gutter stones, ramp stones and Multi-purpose paving stones are known that have a flat stone top that runs obliquely to the underside of the stone.

Although the paving stones known from the prior art have a stone-by-stone appearance similar to natural stone, when combined they still produce a very orderly, regular appearance.

Based on this, the object of the invention is to create a paving stone made of concrete in the form of a surface element that can be laid in a composite to create a surface covering, which also has an irregular, natural stone-like appearance when combined. Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to create a surface covering with an irregular, natural stone-like appearance and a method for producing such paving stones.

The task is achieved by a paving stone made of concrete in the form of a surface element that can be laid in a composite for creating a surface covering according to claim 1, a surface covering according to claim 11 and a method for producing the paving stone made of concrete according to claim 12.

According to a first aspect, the present invention relates to a paving stone made of concrete in the form of a surface element that can be laid in a composite for creating a surface covering. The paving stone comprises at least one paving stone body with at least one flat paving stone underside and a substantially flat paving stone top opposite this, the flat paving stone underside in the laid state extending along a support plane and at least half of the total surface of the paving stone top forming a coherent tread surface which extends along a virtual tread level.

The paving stone is characterized in particular by the fact that the support plane and the virtual tread plane enclose a predetermined, acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees, in particular between 2 and 10 degrees. Due to the acute angle specified according to the invention, i.e. specifically set, between the support plane and the virtual tread surface, an irregularity results, at least visually, in a bond in which the paving stone is laid. This visual irregularity gives the impression of disorder and gives the paving structure an appearance similar to natural stone. The paving stone underside is bounded by four lower side edges that form a rectangular lower contour, and the paver top by four upper side edges that form a square upper contour. According to the invention, at least one of the upper side edges runs to the adjacent lower side edge in such a way that the upper side edge of the upper contour projected into the lower contour encloses an acute angle with the adjacent lower side edge of the lower contour.

In other words, the virtual tread plane is deliberately designed to be oblique, i.e. in particular not parallel, to the support plane. In particular, when sunlight hits a surface covering created in this way on the paving stones laid in a composite, light and/or shadow effects also occur in addition to the natural stone look, which give the impression that the individual paving stone is lying slightly tilted on the support level. This further enhances the natural stone effect. An acute angle is an angle greater than 0° but less than 90°. The oblique course of the tread surface according to the invention visually results in an irregularity in a bond in which the paving stone is laid. The course of the upper side edge, the projection of which forms an acute angle with the adjacent lower side edge, in combination with the specifically specified acute angle between the support plane and the virtual tread level results in a further increased irregularity in a bond in which the paving stone is laid .

According to an advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the tread surface extending in the virtual tread surface level is moved at least partially inwards in the direction of a vertical penetrating the paving stone essentially centrally vertically on the underside of the paving stone.

According to a further advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the tread surface is at least partially surrounded by an edge section which connects the upper side edge with the tread surface.

According to yet another advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the edge section is designed to be beveled relative to the tread surface extending in the virtual tread surface plane.

According to yet another advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the edge section encloses an acute angle between 2 and 45 degrees, preferably between 10 and 25 degrees, relative to the support plane.

According to yet another advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the virtual tread plane occupies between 50% and 90%, preferably approximately 80%, of the total surface of the top side of the paving stone.

According to yet another advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the support plane and the virtual tread plane intersect in their respective lateral extension of the paving stone in a cutting line at a predetermined, acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees.

According to yet another advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the cutting line runs parallel to the upper side edge of the upper contour and its respective adjacent lower side edge of the lower contour.

According to yet another advantageous embodiment variant, it can be provided that the cutting line runs at a predetermined, acute angle between 1 and 90 degrees to the upper side edge of the upper contour and its respective adjacent lower side edge of the lower contour.

Advantageously, the predetermined acute angle is between 0.5° and 10°, preferably between 2° and 7.5°, particularly preferably about 3° to 5°. Angles smaller than those mentioned lead to a barely or only faintly noticeable effect, so that the natural stone-like appearance is lost. Angles of inclination larger than those mentioned, on the other hand, lead to very wide joints that are no longer visually appealing and impair the accessibility of the paving structure.

Advantageously, the lower paving stone section consists of core concrete and the upper paving stone section consists of core concrete in a lower area and facing concrete in an upper area. Only the top area of the paving stone is made of facing concrete, the rest is made of core concrete. The core concrete is designed for the expected load on the paving stone, while the facing concrete determines the surface quality, for example in terms of appearance and/or grip.

It is advantageous if the lower paving stone section is delimited by the underside of the stone, the interface between the upper paving stone section and the lower paving stone section and four peripheral sides and the paving stone body has spacer elements on at least two of the peripheral sides. The spacer elements can be brought into contact with spacer elements or peripheral sides of the adjacent paving stones in the laid state of the paving stone in the composite, whereby the distances between the lower paving stone sections in the paving stone are precisely determined. By varying the depth of the spacer elements, i.e. by varying the distance created by the spacer elements, the joints between the lower ones are also created Paving stone sections and thus the joints between the tops of the stones vary, which in turn supports the irregularity of the paving bond and thus the natural stone-like appearance.

Furthermore, a surface covering is proposed, comprising a large number of laid paving stones. According to the invention, at least one of the paving stones is designed according to the previous description. This at least one paving stone is characterized in particular by the fact that the support plane and the virtual tread plane enclose a predetermined, acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees. This course of the tread surface creates an irregularity in the paving bond, which gives the impression of disorder and gives the paving bond an appearance similar to natural stone. However, the paving stones are still easy to lay because they can have a specified grid size. You get a look similar to natural stone without the difficulties of laying real natural stone.

Advantageously, the paving association has at least two different paving stone formats, i.e. two types of paving stones, which only differ in the acute angle of the support plane to the virtual tread plane. For example, the first paving stone format can include a predetermined acute angle of approximately 3° or 4° degrees between the support plane and the virtual tread level and the second paving stone format can include a predetermined acute angle of approximately 6° degrees. Different formats of paving stones loosen up the appearance of the paving structure and support the natural stone-like appearance. Of course, a paving bandage with three or more paving stone formats can also be produced.

It is advantageous if at least two of the paving stones and/or paving stone formats are designed in such a way that their paving stone bodies have spacer elements on at least two of the peripheral sides and these spacer elements are different from one another. Joints of different widths are then created between the tops of adjacent paving stones, which further enhance the natural stone-like appearance of the paving structure.

It is advantageous if the plaster bandage is a braided bandage and/or a Roman bandage. By alternating paving stones of different formats in These associations also result in an irregularity that supports the natural stone-like appearance of the paving association.

Furthermore, a method for producing a paving stone made of concrete according to the invention is proposed. In this case, a formwork is provided which delimits a cavity, the cavity comprising a stone body section which corresponds to the paving stone body of the paving stone. The formwork can be provided in various ways known to those skilled in the art. It acts as a negative for the paving stone body of the paving stone. To make the concrete paving stone, concrete is then placed in the formwork, the concrete is compacted and hardened and the formwork is removed from the concrete. In the method according to the invention, at least half of the total surface of a paving stone top is compacted as a continuous tread surface, which extends along a virtual tread plane, by producing the virtual tread plane at a predetermined, acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees to the support plane. The tread surface is deliberately made oblique, namely at an acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees, to the support level.

According to the invention, the paving stone is designed according to the previous description. This means that the stone body section of the cavity, which is delimited by the formwork, is designed in such a way that the resulting paving stone made of concrete after the hardened concrete has been removed is designed in the form of a surface element that can be laid in a composite to create a surface covering. The paving stone comprises at least one paving stone body with at least one flat paving stone underside and a substantially flat paving stone top opposite this, the flat paving stone underside in the laid state extending along a support plane and at least half of the total surface of the paving stone top forming a coherent tread surface which extends along a virtual tread level.

The paving stone produced in this way is particularly characterized by the fact that the support plane and the virtual tread plane enclose a predetermined, acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees. The irregularity of the resulting paving stone creates the impression of disorder and gives the paving structure an appearance similar to natural stone.

Advantageously, the cavity further comprises an insertion section which adjoins the stone body section and in particular has the shape of a prism with a base area which corresponds to the top of the stone. The concrete can be introduced into the formwork via the introduction section; this prevents the concrete from overflowing, even if only slightly more concrete was introduced than fits into the cavity. In addition, the concrete can be compacted with a stamp in the form of a pressure plate, with the stamp ending with the introduction section. The stamp therefore preferably also has a base area that corresponds to the top of the stone and therefore fits precisely into the insertion section. In particular, the top of the stone is compacted with the stamp in such a way that at least half of the total surface of the top of the paving stone is formed as a continuous tread surface that extends along a virtual tread plane. Furthermore, the stamp is pressed onto the top of the paving stone at a predetermined acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees based on the support plane on the virtual tread surface level.

It is also an advantage if core concrete is placed in the formwork first. The core concrete provides the necessary resilience for the paving stone, but can be relatively rough as it will not be visible later. The core concrete is then preferably pre-compacted, for example by shaking. Facing concrete is then introduced into the formwork, which in particular creates the desired surface appearance and structure of the paving stone. After the facing concrete has been placed, the concrete is compacted in such a way that the virtual tread level is created at a predetermined acute angle between 0.5 and 10 degrees relative to the support level. Finally, all layers, i.e. core concrete and facing concrete, are hardened.

In the sense of the invention, the expressions “approximately”, “essentially” or “approximately” mean deviations from the exact value by +/- 10%, preferably by +/- 5% and/or deviations in the form of changes that are insignificant for the function .

Further developments, advantages and possible applications of the invention also emerge from the following description of exemplary embodiments and from the figures. All described and/or illustrated features, either individually or in any combination, are fundamentally the subject of the invention, regardless of their summary in the claims or their Back relationship. The content of the claims is also made part of the description.

Fig. 1a

eine perspektivische Ansicht einer beispielhaften Ausführungsvariante eines nicht erfindungsgemäßen Pflastersteins,

Fig. 1b

eine Draufsicht auf den beispielhaften Pflasterstein aus Figur 1a,

Fig. 1c

einen Längsschnitt durch den beispielhaften Pflasterstein aus Figuren 1a und 1b entlang dem Schnitt A-A,

Fig. 2a - 2d

Längsschnitte durch den beispielhaften Pflasterstein aus Figuren 1a-1c bei verschiedenen Schritten seiner Herstellung,

Fig. 3a

eine Draufsicht auf ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel eines nicht erfindungsgemäßen Pflastersteins,

Fig. 3b

einen Längsschnitt durch den Pflasterstein aus Figur 3a,

Fig. 4a

eine perspektivische Ansicht einer beispielhaften Ausführungsvariante eines erfindungsgemäßen Pflastersteins,

Fig. 4b

eine Draufsicht auf den beispielhaften Pflasterstein aus Figur 4a,

Fig. 4c

einen Längsschnitt durch den beispielhaften Pflasterstein aus Figuren 4a und 4b entlang dem Schnitt A-A,

Fig. 5a - 5h

Darstellungen der unteren und oberen Kontur von verschiedenen Ausführungsformen eines Pflastersteins gemäß den Figuren 4a bis 4c, und

Fig. 6a - 6d

Darstellungen der unteren und oberen Kontur von verschiedenen weiteren Ausführungsformen eines erfindungsgemäßen Pflastersteins.

The invention is explained in more detail below using the figures and exemplary embodiments. Show it:

Fig. 1a

a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment variant of a paving stone not according to the invention,

Fig. 1b

a top view of the exemplary paving stone Figure 1a ,

Fig. 1c

a longitudinal section through the exemplary paving stone Figures 1a and 1b along section AA,

Fig. 2a - 2d

Longitudinal sections through the exemplary paving stone Figures 1a-1c at various steps of its production,

Fig. 3a

a top view of a further embodiment of a paving stone not according to the invention,

Fig. 3b

a longitudinal section through the paving stone Figure 3a ,

Fig. 4a

a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment variant of a paving stone according to the invention,

Fig. 4b

a top view of the exemplary paving stone Figure 4a ,

Fig. 4c

a longitudinal section through the exemplary paving stone Figures 4a and 4b along section AA,

Fig. 5a - 5h

Representations of the lower and upper contours of various embodiments of a paving stone according to Figures 4a to 4c , and

Fig. 6a - 6d

Representations of the lower and upper contours of various further embodiments of a paving stone according to the invention.

Identical reference numbers are used in the figures for elements of the invention that are the same or have the same effect. Furthermore, for the sake of clarity, only reference numbers that are necessary for the description of the respective figure are shown in the individual figures.

Figure 1a shows an exemplary embodiment variant of a paving stone 1 made of concrete 12, 13 in the form of a surface element that can be laid in a composite to create a surface covering in a perspective view. The exemplary paving stone 1 consists of a paving stone body 2, which comprises a lower paving stone section 3 and an adjoining upper paving stone section 4. An interface 5 is formed between the lower paving stone section 3 and the upper paving stone section 4, which is indicated as a dashed line in the figures.

The lower paving stone section 3 can, for example, be essentially cuboid-shaped and have or form a paving stone underside 6. In this case, the underside of the paving stone 6 can be delimited in the context of an exemplary cuboid design by four lower side edges 7, which then form a substantially rectangular lower contour 8. In the event that the four lower side edges 7 are of equal length, the lower contour 8 is square.

However, the lower paving stone section 3 is not limited to the cuboid geometry or structure of the lower paving stone section 3 as an example here, but can also have any other round and/or non-round contour 8 as a geometric structure. For example, the lower paving stone section 3 can also have a triangular or polygonal, i.e. polygonal, lower contour 8 in plan view. A combination of round and non-round lower contour sections is also possible and conceivable. The only important thing here is that the underside of the paving stone 6 is essentially flat, i.e. planar, and extends along a support plane AE in the laid state of the paving stone 1.

The upper paving stone section 4 is provided adjacent to the interface 5 and in a contact-fitting manner, which can form an upper contour 11 that is identical to the lower contour 8. In other words, it can be provided that the upper and lower contours 8, 11 are congruent, in particular identical, in plan view.

A substantially flat paving stone top 9 can be provided opposite the flat paving stone underside 6. The paving stone top 9 can be provided, in particular formed, on the upper paving stone section 4, specifically opposite the interface 5. Here, the top side of the paving stone 9 can be laterally delimited in the context of an exemplary cuboid design by four upper side edges 10, which then form a substantially rectangular upper contour 11. In the event that the four upper side edges 10 are of the same length, the upper contour 11 can also be designed to be square.

As already explained in connection with the lower paving stone section 3, the upper paving stone section 4 is also not limited to the cuboid structure or geometry of the upper paving stone section 4, which is exemplified here, but can also have any other round and/or non-round upper contour 11 as a geometric structure.

For example, the upper paving stone section 4 can also have a triangular or polygonal, i.e. polygonal, upper contour 11 in plan view. A combination of round and non-round contour sections is also possible and conceivable. However, what is essential in connection with the flat paving stone top 9 is that it is provided opposite the paving stone underside 6 and at least half of the total surface of the paving stone top 9 forms a coherent tread surface TF, which extends along a virtual tread plane TFE.

The upper paving stone section 4 therefore forms a paving stone top 9 that is visible after the paving stone 1 has been laid, which can be walked on and/or driven on in particular in the area of the virtual tread surface TFE, and the contiguous tread surface TF occupies at least half of the total surface of the paving stone top 9.

It can be provided that the tread surface TF extending in the virtual tread plane TFE extends at least partially inwards in the direction of a Paving stone 1 is advantageously moved centrally vertically on the underside of the paving stone 6 penetrating vertical V. The tread surface TF can be surrounded in this area by an edge section RA, which forms the top side of the paving stone 9 in this area and connects the upper side edge 11 with the tread surface TF. In other words, the tread surface TF can be surrounded or bordered at least in sections, i.e. partially circumferentially, by an edge section RA. It can advantageously be provided that the tread surface TF is completely surrounded or bordered by an edge section RA. The edge section RA can be designed to be beveled relative to the tread surface TF extending in the virtual tread plane TFE.

In more detail, the edge section RA can enclose an acute angle β between 5 and 45 degrees, preferably between 10 and 25 degrees, with respect to the support plane AE.

In particular, the virtual tread level TFE can occupy between 50% and 90%, advantageously approximately 80%, of the total surface of the paving stone top 9. Furthermore, the paving stone top 9 can be roughened and/or bossed and/or smooth or flat, i.e. flat, at least in the area of the tread surface TF.

The paving stone 1 is characterized in particular by the fact that the support plane AE and the virtual tread plane TFE enclose a predetermined, acute angle α between 0.5 and 10 degrees, in particular between 2 and 10 degrees. Due to the acute angle α specified according to the invention, i.e. specifically set, between the support plane AE and the virtual tread surface TFE, an irregularity results, at least visually, in a bond in which the paving stone 1 is laid. This visual irregularity gives the impression of disorder and gives the paving structure an appearance similar to natural stone. In other words, the virtual tread surface TFE is deliberately designed to be oblique, ie in particular not parallel, to the support plane AE. In particular, when sunlight hits a surface covering created in this way on the paving stones 1 laid in a composite, light and/or shadow effects also occur in addition to the natural stone look, which give the impression that the individual paving stone 1 is lying slightly tilted on the support level AE. This further enhances the natural stone effect.

In particular, the support plane AE and the virtual tread plane TFE intersect in their respective lateral extension of the paving stone 1 in an intersection line SG (in Figure 1b shown) at a predetermined, acute angle α between 0.5 and 10 degrees. The cutting line SG can run parallel to the upper side edge 10 of the upper contour 11 and its respective adjacent lower side edge 7 of the lower contour 8. Alternatively, the cutting line SG can also run at a predetermined, acute angle Ω between 1 and 90 degrees to the upper side edge 10 of the upper contour 11 and its respective adjacent lower side edge 7 of the lower contour 8. In Figure 1b is shown with a dashed cutting line SG 'an embodiment variant that runs parallel to the upper and its adjacent lower side edge 7, 10 and with the cutting line SG "an embodiment variant that is at a predetermined, acute angle Ω between 1 and 89 degrees to the upper and whose adjacent lower side edge 7, 10 runs.

Figures 2a to 2d show longitudinal sections through the paving stone 1 Figures 1a to 1d in various steps of its production. First, as in Figure 2a shown, a formwork 18 is provided which delimits a cavity 19. The cavity 19 includes a stone body section 19.1, which corresponds to the paving stone body 2 of the paving stone 1. This means that the formwork 18 is the negative for the paving stone body 2. The stone body section 19.1 is followed by an introduction section 19.2 of the cavity 19, via which concrete is introduced into the formwork 18 and which is also important when compacting the concrete. The insertion section 19.2 has the shape of a prism, the base of the prism corresponding to the top of the stone 9.

Core concrete 12 is first introduced into the formwork 18. The formwork 18 with inserted core concrete 12 is in Figure 2b shown. Preferably, the core concrete 12 is then pre-compacted. Facing concrete 13 is then introduced into the formwork 18, the formwork 18 being filled with the facing concrete 13 in Figure 2c is shown. As an alternative to introducing core concrete 12 and facing concrete 13, only one type of concrete can be introduced. This affects the quality, appearance and/or price of the paving stone 1.

The concrete placed in the formwork 18 is then compacted. This is preferably done using a stamp 20, as in Figure 2d shown. The stamp 20 closes precisely with the insertion section 19.2. That is, the The base area of the stamp 20 also corresponds to the top side of the paving stone 9. The underside of the stamp 20 can be designed as a pressure plate, which can be smooth and / or can have corners that round off the edges of the paving stone 1 and / or can have a pattern, which gives the paving stone top 9 a corresponding pattern.

In particular, the paving stone top 9 is compacted with the stamp 20 in such a way that at least half of the total surface of the paving stone top 9 is formed as a continuous tread surface TF, which extends along a virtual tread plane TFE. Furthermore, the stamp 20 is pressed onto the top of the paving stone 9 at a predetermined acute angle α between 0.5 and 10 degrees based on the support plane AE on the virtual tread plane TFE. Finally, after the concrete has been compacted and hardened, the formwork 18 is removed from the concrete or from the finished paving stone 1.

The Figures 3a and 3b show a top view of or a longitudinal section through a further exemplary embodiment of a paving stone 1. The paving stone body 2 of this paving stone 1 has spacer elements 24 on two of the four peripheral sides 23, which together with the underside of the stone 6 and the interface 5 delimit the lower paving stone section 3. The spacer elements 24 are arranged on two adjacent peripheral sides 23 and are made in one piece with the paving stone body 2. When laying paving stones 1 with spacer elements 24, they are laid in such a way that the spacer elements 24 touch the lower paving stone sections 3 of the adjacent paving stones 1. By varying the thickness of the spacer elements 24, joints 22 of different widths can also be achieved between the paving stones 1. This allows the natural stone-like impression of the paving association 21 to be further enhanced.

According to the exemplary embodiment variant of Figures 4a to 4c the stone top 9 is delimited by four upper side edges 10, which form a square upper contour 11. The stone top 9 is also in the in Figure 4b The top view of the paving stone 1 is clearly visible. Also with the design variants Figures 4a to 4c or 5a to 5h and 6a to 6d, the support plane AE and the virtual tread plane TFE enclose a predetermined, acute angle α between 0.5 and 10 degrees, in particular between 2 and 10 degrees. In the Figures 5a to 5h or 6a to 6d, the lower contour 8 is shown in dashed lines and the projected upper contour 11 is shown as a continuous line. Where the lower contour 8 with the Projected upper contour 11 matches, only the continuous line is shown.

The projected upper contour 11 is completely incorporated into the lower contour 8, that is, the upper contour 11 does not protrude beyond the lower contour 8. The paving stones 1 can therefore be laid in a bandage according to their lower contour 8. The joints that result in the connection between the upper contours 11 of adjacent paving stones 1 are at least as wide as, but usually wider than, the joints between the corresponding lower contours 8 of adjacent paving stones 1.

In addition to the specifically specified acute angle α between the support plane AE and the virtual tread plane TFE, one of the upper side edges 10 also runs in Figure 4b - to the adjacent lower side edge 7 in such a way that the projected upper side edge 10 encloses an acute angle μ with the adjacent lower side edge 7. The lower side edge 7 adjacent to an upper side edge 10 is understood to mean that lower side edge 7 whose center is the shortest distance from the center of the projected upper side edge 10. In the event that a projected upper side edge 10 coincides with a lower side edge 7, this lower side edge 7 is also the adjacent lower side edge 7 to the upper side edge 10.

The acute angle µ is greater than 0° but less than 90°. Preferably, however, the acute angle μ corresponds to a predetermined angle of inclination, which is between 2° and 5°, preferably between 3° and 4° and particularly preferably approximately 3.5°. In the figures, the acute angle μ is shown greatly enlarged in order to improve visibility.

The course of the upper side edge 10, the projection of which forms an acute angle μ with the adjacent lower side edge 7, in combination with the specifically specified acute angle α results in a further increased irregularity in a bond in which the paving stone 1 is laid. Further paving stones 1 of the association also have upper side edges 10, which run to the adjacent lower side edges 7 in such a way that the projected upper side edges 10 enclose acute angles μ with the lower side edges 7 and with the specifically predetermined acute angle o between the support plane AE and the virtual tread level TFE, many such irregularities arise give the impression of disorder and give the paving structure an appearance similar to natural stone. The lower contours 8 of the paving stones 1 are rectangular, so that the paving stones 1 can be easily laid.

The upper paving stone section 4 is delimited by the stone top 9, the interface 5 between the upper paving stone section 4 and the lower paving stone section 3 and four flanks 14. The flanks 14 have four corners. Depending on the course of the upper side edges 10, the flanks 14 are flat squares 15 or crooked squares 16. Crooked squares 16 are squares whose four corners do not lie in one plane. The oblique squares 16 are formed from two connected flat triangles 17. In principle, two different configurations are conceivable, so that the upper paving stone section 4 is concave or convex in the area of the oblique square 16. To avoid sharp edges, the in Figure 1a configuration shown is selected, in which the upper paving stone section 4 is convex.

One triangle 17 is parallel to the vertical V. The other triangle 17, however, lies in a plane that intersects the vertical V. The oblique alignment of this part of the flank 14 results in a widened joint to the neighboring paving stone 1 in the paving bond, which supports the natural stone-like appearance of the paving bond

Figure 4c shows a longitudinal section through the paving stone 1 along the in Figure 4b shown line A - A'. The interface 5 between the lower paving stone section 3 and the upper paving stone section 4 is again shown as a dashed line. As in Figure 4c shown, the entire lower paving stone section 3 and a lower region of the upper paving stone section 4 consist of core concrete 12, while an upper region of the upper paving stone section 4 consists of facing concrete 13. The core concrete 12 is designed for the expected load on the paving stone 1, while the facing concrete 13 determines the nature of the stone top 9, for example in terms of appearance and/or grip.

The Figures 5a to 5h show, for example, representations of the lower contour 8 and projected upper contour 11 of various embodiments of a paving stone 1. The lower contour 8, which is shown in dashed lines, is in the Figures 5a to 5h even. However, corresponding embodiments of paving stones 1 can also be transferred to paving stones 1 with other lower contours 8, in particular also to paving stones 1 with square lower contours 8.

In Figures 5a and 5b three of the projected upper side edges 10 coincide with the lower side edges 7 adjacent to them. The fourth projected upper side edge 10 forms an acute angle μ with the lower side edge 7 adjacent to it, the acute angle μ being shown enlarged in the figures and between 2° and 5°, preferably between 3° and 4°, particularly preferably approximately should be 3.5°. In Figure 5a The lower side edge 7 adjacent to the fourth projected upper side edge 10 is a short edge of the rectangle, in Figure 5b a long edge of the rectangle.

Figures 5c and 5d show two embodiments of paving stones 1, in which exactly two of the projected upper side edges 10 enclose an acute angle μ with the lower side edges 7 adjacent to them. In Figure 5c These are upper side edges 10, which adjoin one another at a corner Figure 5d they are opposite upper side edges 10.

In the Figures 5e and 5f The paving stones 1 shown have exactly three upper side edges 10, which are designed in such a way that the projected upper side edge 10 encloses an acute angle μ with the lower side edge 7 adjacent to it. Various variations are possible here, in particular with regard to the direction of rotation in which the projected upper side edge 10 is rotated in relation to the lower side edge 7 adjacent to it.

Furthermore show Figures 5g and 5h Paving stones 1 with exactly four upper side edges 10, which are designed in such a way that the projected upper side edge 10 encloses an acute angle μ with the lower side edge 7 adjacent to it. Here too, various variations are possible, for example, as in Figure 5g shown, the upper contour 11 can be a rectangle that is rotated compared to the lower contour 8. The upper contour 11 can also be an asymmetrical square, as exemplified in Figure 5h shown.

In the Figures 6a to 6d shown embodiments of a paving stone 1 have, in addition to upper side edges 10, which are designed such that the projected upper Side edge 10 forms an acute angle μ with the adjacent lower side edge 7, and / or upper side edges 10, which are designed such that the projected upper side edge 10 coincides with the adjacent lower side edge 7, also upper side edges 10, which are designed in this way that the projected upper side edge 10 runs parallel but shifted to the adjacent lower side edge 7. In Figures 6a and 6d two projected upper side edges 10 run parallel, but shifted to the adjacent lower side edge 7, in Figures 6b and 6c This is just a projected upper side edge 10. A wide variety of variants are also conceivable here.

The invention has been described above using exemplary embodiments. It goes without saying that numerous changes and modifications are possible without thereby departing from the inventive idea on which the invention is based.

Reference symbol list

1

Paving stone

2

Paving stone body

3

lower paving stone section

4

upper paving stone section

5

interface

6

Stone bottom

7

lower side edge

8th

lower contour

9

Stone top

10

top side edge

11

upper contour

12

core concrete

13

Facing concrete

14

Flank

15

flat square

16

crooked square

17

triangle

18

formwork

19

cavity

19.1

Stone body section

19.2

Insertion section

20

Rubber stamp

21

Plaster bandage

22

Gap

23

Perimeter page

24

Spacer element

O

acute angle

µ

acute angle

β

acute angle

Ω

acute angle

A-A'

cutting line

AE

support level

SG, SG', SG"

Cutting straight

v

vertical

TF

tread surface

TFE

tread level

Claims (12)

1. Paving stone made of concrete (12; 13) in the form of a surface element which can be laid in a bond to create a surface covering, comprising at least a paving stone body (2) having at least an even paving stone underside (6) and an opposite substantially flat paving stone top side (9), wherein the even paving stone underside (6) extends along a support plane (AE) when in the laid state, and wherein at least half of the total surface area of the paving stone top side (9) forms a continuous tread surface (TF) extending along a virtual tread surface plane (TFE), wherein the support plane (AE) and the virtual tread surface plane (TFE) form a predefined acute angle (α) of between 0.5 and 10 degrees, in particular between 2 and 10 degrees, wherein the paving stone underside (6) is delimited by four lower side edges (7) which form a rectangular lower contour (8), and the paving stone top side (9) is delimited by four upper side edges (10) which form a quadrilateral upper contour (11),
   characterised in that
   at least one of the upper side edges (10) runs relative to the adjacent lower side edge (7) such that the upper side edge (10) of the upper contour (11) projected into the lower contour (8) forms an acute angle (µ) with the adjacent lower side edge (7) of the lower contour (11).
2. Paving stone according to claim 1,
   characterised in that
   the tread surface (TF) extending in the virtual tread surface plane (TFE) is recessed inwards, at least around part of the perimeter, in the direction of a vertical (V) vertically penetrating the paving stone (1) substantially centrally on the paving stone underside (6).
3. Paving stone according to claim 1 or 2,
   characterised in that
   the tread surface (TF) is enclosed at least around part of the perimeter by an edge section (RA) which connects the respectively upper side edge (11) to the tread surface (TF).
4. Paving stone according to claim 3,
   characterised in that
   the edge section (RA) slopes relative to the tread surface (TF) extending in the virtual tread surface plane (TFE).
5. Paving stone according to claim 3 or 4,
   characterised in that
   the edge section (RA) forms an acute angle (β) of between 2 and 45 degrees, preferably between 10 and 25 degrees, relative to the support plane (AE).
6. Paving stone according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterised in that
   the virtual tread surface plane (TFE) takes up between 50 % and 90 %, preferably approximately 80 % of the total surface area of the paving stone top side (9).
7. Paving stone according to one of the preceding claims,
   characterised in that
   the support plane (AE) and the virtual tread surface plane (TFE), in their respective lateral extension of the paving stone (1) intersect in an intersection line (SG, SG', SG") at a predefined, acute angle (α) of between 0.5 and 10 degrees, in particular between 2 and 10 degrees.
8. Paving stone according to claim 7,
   characterised in that
   the intersection line (SG, SG') runs parallel to the upper side edge (10) of the upper contour (11) and the respectively adjacent lower side edge (7) of the lower contour (8).
9. Paving stone according to claim 7,
   characterised in that
   the intersection line (SG, SG") runs at a predefined, acute angle (Ω) of between 1 and 90 degrees to the upper side edge (10) of the upper contour (11) and the respectively adjacent lower side edge (7) of the lower contour (8).
10. Paving stone according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the lower paving stone section (3) is formed from core concrete (12), and the upper paving stone section (4) is formed from face concrete (13), at least in an upper region.
11. Surface covering made of paving stones (1) laid in a bond, characterised in that at least one of the paving stones (1) is designed according to one of claims 1 to 10.
12. Method for producing a paving stone (1) made of concrete (12; 13) according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 10, wherein a formwork (18) is provided, which delimits a cavity (19), wherein the cavity (19) comprises a stone body section (19.1) which corresponds to the paving stone body (2) of the paving stone (1); concrete (12; 13) is introduced into the formwork (18); the concrete (12; 13) is compacted and cured; and the formwork (18) is removed from the concrete (12; 13), in which at least half of the total surface area of the paving stone top side (9) is compacted as a continuous tread surface (TF) extending along the virtual tread surface plane (TFE) by producing the virtual tread surface plane (TFE) at the predefined, acute angle (α) of between 0.5 and 10 degrees, in particular between 2 and 10 degrees, relative to the support plane (AE).

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