EP3849735A1 - Procede d'assemblage d'une piece de metal et d'une piece de ceramique, et dispositif electrique, en particulier capteur capacitif, realise par le procede - Google Patents
Procede d'assemblage d'une piece de metal et d'une piece de ceramique, et dispositif electrique, en particulier capteur capacitif, realise par le procedeInfo
- Publication number
- EP3849735A1 EP3849735A1 EP19769451.6A EP19769451A EP3849735A1 EP 3849735 A1 EP3849735 A1 EP 3849735A1 EP 19769451 A EP19769451 A EP 19769451A EP 3849735 A1 EP3849735 A1 EP 3849735A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- solid
- interface layer
- piece
- alumina
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009770 conventional sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/002—Details
- H01G4/005—Electrodes
- H01G4/008—Selection of materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
- B22F7/064—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts using an intermediate powder layer
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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- C04B35/645—Pressure sintering
- C04B35/6455—Hot isostatic pressing
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- C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
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- C04B37/005—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts consisting of glass or ceramic material
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- C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
- C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
- C04B37/023—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
- C04B37/025—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used consisting of glass or ceramic material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B1/00—Measuring instruments characterised by the selection of material therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/14—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
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- H01G4/01—Form of self-supporting electrodes
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- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/28—Tubular capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/94—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the way in which the control signals are generated
- H03K17/96—Touch switches
- H03K17/962—Capacitive touch switches
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/25—Noble metals, i.e. Ag Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2302/25—Oxide
- B22F2302/253—Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
- C04B2235/6562—Heating rate
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- C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
- C04B2235/666—Applying a current during sintering, e.g. plasma sintering [SPS], electrical resistance heating or pulse electric current sintering [PECS]
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- C04B2235/66—Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
- C04B2235/667—Sintering using wave energy, e.g. microwave sintering
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/72—Products characterised by the absence or the low content of specific components, e.g. alkali metal free alumina ceramics
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- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
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- C04B2237/064—Oxidic interlayers based on alumina or aluminates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/32—Ceramic
- C04B2237/36—Non-oxidic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/40—Metallic
- C04B2237/403—Refractory metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/40—Metallic
- C04B2237/408—Noble metals, e.g. palladium, platina or silver
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/70—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness
- C04B2237/708—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness of one or more of the interlayers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K2217/00—Indexing scheme related to electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making or -breaking covered by H03K17/00
- H03K2217/94—Indexing scheme related to electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making or -breaking covered by H03K17/00 characterised by the way in which the control signal is generated
- H03K2217/96—Touch switches
- H03K2217/9607—Capacitive touch switches
- H03K2217/960755—Constructional details of capacitive touch and proximity switches
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of assembling a piece of metal and a piece of ceramic, in particular alumina. It also relates to an electrical device, and in particular a capacitive sensor, the sensitive part of which is assembled according to this method.
- the field of the invention is, without limitation, that of the field of bonding processes for high temperature applications.
- a capacitive sensor can be used to determine a distance or a variation of distances using capacitance measurements. It comprises a body and an electrode electrically insulated from the body by a dielectric, or ceramic element. The conductive object whose distance or variation in distance is to be determined and the electrode form a capacitor whose capacity is measured. The distance or variation in distance is deduced from this measure of capacity.
- Such sensors can, for example, be intended to be used for carrying out measurements or controls in reactors or turbomachines.
- capacitive sensors can be implemented in particularly demanding environments, with high temperature and pressure conditions (for example, above 800 ° C or 1000 ° C with several tens of bars), with mechanical vibrations considerable and in the presence of corrosive gases.
- the high temperatures have a direct influence on the mechanical and electrical properties of the sensor materials and their interfaces, in particular:
- the technology to be used for the assembly of a capacitive sensor must make it possible to create durable and high-quality interfaces between the assembled materials. Also, it is necessary that the assembled materials are compatible in terms of coefficients of thermal expansion and ductilities.
- alumina that is to say, aluminum oxide
- platinum as a conductive material have the advantages of having ductilities and coefficients of thermal expansion compatible for temperatures even above 1500 ° C.
- Platinum has a melting temperature of 1768 ° C, which makes it a material suitable for the requirements of the targeted applications. Platinum also has a high resistance to corrosion and oxidation.
- Alumina is an insulating material which maintains dielectric characteristics over a wide temperature spectrum.
- the conservation of the characteristics of alumina depends on its purity, and the efforts to maintain the dielectric characteristic generally result in a decrease in the adhesion properties at the interface of the materials to be assembled.
- a known joining technique is brazing.
- the method by itself does not allow a control of the uniformity of the contact throughout the interface between insulator and conductor. This results in a decrease in the electrical properties of the assembled structure.
- the presence of Vacuum zones between different materials can make the whole mechanically fragile and sensitive to vibrations.
- An object of the present invention is to overcome these drawbacks.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a process compatible with the assembly of ceramic and metal parts, the assembly being able to be used under demanding temperature and pressure conditions.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for assembling ceramic and metal parts, the assembly being able to be used under demanding temperature and pressure conditions, to produce an electrical sensor such as a sensor capacitive.
- Another object of the present invention is to propose an assembly method making it possible to decouple the overall level of purity of the ceramic from the quality of adhesion with the metal.
- one of the objects of the invention is to make it possible to simultaneously obtain total adhesion between the ceramic and the metal while being able to maintain, or even improve, their respective intrinsic properties, in particular the dielectric properties of the ceramic insulator.
- At least one of these aims is achieved with a method of assembling a piece of metal and a piece of ceramic, the method comprising the following steps:
- the interface layer depositing at least one layer, called the interface layer, on at least one of the solid parts, the interface layer containing magnesium oxide;
- the method according to the invention can in particular comprise the supply of a solid part of an alloy mainly comprising platinum, and one of the following components: rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), aluminum (Al), gold ( At).
- the method according to the invention is in particular intended to produce assemblies suitable for use, for example as sensors or elements of electrical or capacitive sensors, at temperatures above 800 ° C, or even above 1000 ° C or 1500 ° C . It is in particular suitable for the production of such sensors.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible both to obtain total adhesion between materials of different natures from solid parts, and to maintain or even improve the intrinsic properties of the materials once the intimate bond has been formed.
- the method according to the invention may comprise a step of supplying a solid piece of ceramic of the alumina type of purity greater than 99.5%, or even of purity greater than 99.8%. Thanks to the presence of the interface layer, compounds favorable to the mechanical coherence of the base materials are formed during the hot densification step under pressure. It is a kind of chemical chain of cohesion by the superposition of compounds favorable to the mechanical maintenance of the two basic materials.
- the pressure and the temperature applied cause plastic deformation of the surfaces of the solid parts brought into contact and an ion diffusion, which creates the intimate bond between the metal. and alumina-type ceramic.
- a spinel le is formed from the interface layer of magnesium oxide MgO and the alumina AI2O3 which is in the immediate vicinity of the interface layer.
- Spinel is magnesium and aluminum oxide, having the chemical formula MgAhC ⁇ .
- Spinel is formed when the magnesium ion present in the interface layer diffuses in the volume of alumina during hot densification under pressure.
- the quality of adhesion between the metal part and the alumina part depends significantly on the stoichiometry of the magnesium ions in the alumina. However, it is essential that the alumina has a high purity for the maintenance of its dielectric properties at high temperature.
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible to maintain a high purity of the alumina in the mass and to locate the compounds necessary for its adhesion with the metal, that is to say magnesium oxide, only to places where they are actually useful. Thanks to the interface layer, there is no need to dope one of these materials as a whole.
- the properties, and in particular the dielectric properties, of alumina during strong temperature increases are improved.
- the purity of the alumina maintained even at very high temperatures, exceeding 1500 ° C, guarantees the maintenance of the electrical insulation characteristics of the alumina.
- the metals and metal alloys are chosen for a ductility and an expansion coefficient thermal compatible with the ductility and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the dielectric insulator of the alumina type. Metals and metal alloys also resist very high temperatures and corrosion.
- the platinum / alumina pair is used to carry out the method according to the invention.
- These materials are especially compatible in terms of their thermal expansion coefficients, and their assembly has a temperature resistance greater than 1500 ° C.
- the method according to the invention also makes it possible to reduce the influence of the quality or the roughness of the surfaces in contact on the quality of adhesion between these surfaces.
- the interface layer makes it possible in particular to control the thickness and the uniformity of the bonding species between the alumina and the metal.
- solid part designates a part of any shape made of solid material.
- the solid material can exist in different forms, and in particular in the form of a monolithic part or of agglomerated powder (s).
- a material of high purity means that there are not, or only traces, of substances or chemical compounds foreign to the material in it. In the present case, preferably, less than 0.5%, or even less than 0.2%, of foreign substances are admitted into the alumina used in the process according to the invention.
- the method can also comprise the following steps:
- the materials of the solid parts are kept in a predefined position during the hot densification step under pressure.
- each of the steps of supplying a solid part can comprise one of the following steps:
- preforming powder by cold pressing to form a solid part
- the powder preforming step can be followed by a sintering step.
- alumina and / or metal powders can be used to form the solid parts. This allows greater flexibility in the choice of base materials. It is in particular possible to use alumina powders or parts already sintered in alumina, or to use metal powders or metal parts already machined or sintered.
- the machining of a solid part can include, for example, EDM, bar turning or any other known technique for machining a solid part. Machining allows, for its part, to obtain a solid part of specific shape according to the desired application.
- Sintering allows the cohesion of the preformed piece of metal and / or alumina to be increased.
- the part can thus be consolidated before the contacting and hot densification steps under pressure.
- the step of hot densification under pressure comprises at least one step of hot sintering under pressure chosen from the following sintering techniques:
- Hot sintering techniques under pressure make it possible to overcome the limit of the melting temperature of the solder for an assembly by soldering.
- the temperature limit for hot sintering techniques consists of entering the liquidus domain or the sublimation of one of the materials of one of the parts in the presence of the compounds of the interface or of the material of the other part.
- the melting temperature of the solder is necessarily lower than the melting temperature of the basic constituent materials of the assembly.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing technique
- it is a process for manufacturing technical parts. It allows partial or total densification of the materials used by the combined application of heat and isostatic pressure.
- the combined application of a high temperature and pressure makes it possible to accelerate the diffusion of materials in comparison with conventional sintering.
- the result obtained makes it possible to improve the properties of the material beyond its own mechanical characteristics since they approach the forged state. It is possible to manufacture parts with complex shapes, individually or in series.
- HIP process also promotes the diffusion of free magnesium ions in alumina and therefore the creation of the MgAhC spinel.
- Flash sintering techniques (“spark plasma sintering”, SPS), field assisted sintering (FAST) or pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) are also methods of sintering powder by densification under hot pressure applicable in the context of the invention. Compared to the aforementioned HIP, these techniques are faster but do not apply pressure in an isostatic manner. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the step of depositing at least one interface layer can be carried out by depositing magnesium oxide powder.
- the magnesium oxide can be deposited mechanically by dusting on a surface of one of the solid parts.
- it can be deposited for example by shot peening.
- the step of depositing at least one interface layer can be carried out by depositing a thin layer of magnesium and oxidizing said thin layer of magnesium.
- the deposition of the thin layer of magnesium and the oxidation of this layer are preferably carried out in a controlled medium in order to guarantee a homogeneous thickness and stoichiometry of the interface layer obtained. This makes it possible to obtain a homogeneous adhesion over the entire contact surface of the parts.
- the thickness of the interface layer can be between 1 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the interface layer is 20 ⁇ m, or between 10 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m.
- the interface layer can be deposited on the piece of metal.
- the interface layer can comprise silicon.
- silicon increases the adhesion between the spinel formed during the hot densification step and the metal. Indeed, silicon creates bonds with metal.
- silicon participates in the consumption of the excess oxygen created by the reaction between magnesium oxide and alumina.
- Oxygen has less mobility than magnesium in alumina.
- the quality and stability of the adhesion between the spinel and the metal can thus be improved.
- the method according to the invention can comprise a step of depositing a layer of silicon on the metal part before depositing a layer containing magnesium oxide.
- the silicon can be deposited in a layer on the metal. Then, magnesium oxide, for example in the form of powder, can be deposited on the silicon layer. These two layers thus form the interface layer.
- the thickness of the silicon layer can be between 10 nm and 500 nm.
- the thickness of the silicon layer is 100 nm, or between 50 nm and 200 nm.
- the silicon can be mixed with the magnesium oxide powder to form the interface layer.
- the silicon can comprise at least one of the following materials: silicate, silicide.
- the piece of metal can be an electrode and the piece of alumina can be a dielectric element, the electrode and the dielectric element forming a sensitive part of a electrical sensor, in particular capacitive, once assembled according to the process steps.
- an electrical device comprising:
- At least one conductive metal part the metal being chosen from platinum and tantalum, or an alloy mainly comprising one of these metals;
- the electrical device according to the invention can in particular be, or include, or be included in:
- an electrical sensor for example by contact, inductive or capacitive, with at least one conductive metal part constituting a measurement electrode, electrically isolated by the dielectric element.
- Such an electrical device produced with the method according to the invention, is perfectly suited to be implemented under conditions of high temperature and pressure (for example greater than 800 ° C or 1000 ° C or 1500 ° C with several tens bars), and in the presence of mechanical vibrations and corrosive gases.
- high temperature and pressure for example greater than 800 ° C or 1000 ° C or 1500 ° C with several tens bars
- the method according to the invention can thus make it possible in particular to produce sensors, capacitive or inductive, intended to be used for carrying out checks or measurements in turbines or reactors.
- the invention also relates to an electrical device in the form of a capacitive sensor capable of being used at temperatures above 800 ° C, or 1000 ° C, or even above 1500 ° C, comprising: - a conductive part made of metal forming a measuring electrode; and
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a capacitive sensor, part of which is produced by the method according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of another non-limiting embodiment of a capacitive sensor, part of which is produced by the method according to the present invention.
- the material for the solid metal part is chosen from the following list: platinum (Pt), tantalum (Ta), or an alloy mainly comprising one of these materials.
- Alumina for its part, must have a purity greater than 99.5%, preferably greater than 99.8%.
- the solid parts can be obtained by preforming powder by simple pressure or by machining, or by any other method of forming mechanical parts.
- Cold powder preforming makes it possible to obtain preforms of metal and / or alumina. These preforms are also called “greens” in English. A “green” ensures mechanical integrity of the parts sufficient for handling, making it possible to keep the powders in place until the hot densification stage which will be described below. This step will completely freeze the geometry of the assembled parts.
- the step of preforming cold powders can be completed by a step of cold sintering, in order to obtain parts which are mechanically more stable than with the preforming of powders alone.
- the magnesium oxide can be deposited mechanically by simple dusting on the surface of one of the solid parts. Magnesium oxide can also be shot blasted to ensure that it is properly seated in the surface of the workpieces.
- a thin layer of magnesium may also be deposited and then oxidized. These steps are preferably carried out in a controlled medium in order to guarantee homogeneity both in thickness and in stoichiometry of the interface layer obtained.
- the magnesium oxide can be deposited in layers having thicknesses from 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, with a preferred value at 20 ⁇ m.
- the interface layer can contain silicon (Si).
- Si silicon
- the adhesion between the spinel formed during hot densification under pressure (see below) and the metal can be increased thanks to the bond between the silicon and the metal.
- the silicon also participates in the consumption of oxygen which is in excess since the Mg ions migrate in the alumina. Silicon has a complementary function of stabilizing the interface layer between the metal with the spinel. It participates in the consumption of excess oxygen, which has less mobility than magnesium in alumina and makes it possible to avoid obtaining an electronically weak chemical bond between magnesia (MgO) and the metal.
- MgO magnesia
- the silicon can be present in the form of silicate and / or of silicide for example.
- the silicon is deposited by depositing a thin layer on the metal part, before the deposit of the layer containing the magnesium.
- silicon can also be one of the compounds of the powder forming the interface layer.
- the silicon can also be integrated into an alloy with the base metal of the parts used.
- the silicon is deposited in a layer of approximately 100 nm thick on the metal, for example platinum. Then, the magnesium oxide is deposited in a layer of approximately 20 ⁇ m in powder form on the alumina. The silicon layer is part of the interface layer.
- the metal part and the alumina part are brought into contact so that the interface layer is between the two solid pieces.
- the assembly of the two solid parts with the interface layer between them is then subjected to a hot densification step under pressure.
- This step makes it possible to obtain an inseparable block consisting of a conductor and a dielectric which are chemically and permanently linked.
- This permanent and intimate connection is obtained thanks to microdeformation and diffusion of ions at the interface which forms between the alumina and the magnesium oxide of the interface layer.
- the hot densification step under pressure is preferably carried out by a hot sintering step under pressure.
- the sintering method (or co-sintering, because applied to two different materials at the same time) applied to the assembly must be compatible with all the materials present in the assembly, the materials being of different natures.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- sintering techniques are flash sintering (“spark plasma sintering”, SPS), field assisted sintering (FAST) or pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) . These techniques are quick but do not apply pressure isostatically.
- the metal part is made of platinum, or of an alloy composed mainly of platinum.
- Platinum is a noble metal which liquefies at 1768 ° C. It is generally recommended to densify this material around 80% of its liquefaction temperature, i.e. 1414 ° C. This value must be adjusted to agree with the conditions for densification of alumina, hot densification under pressure being carried out on the assembly of the two solid parts.
- the alumina densification temperature is defined by a parametric analysis of the relationship between densification and plasticity of alumina as a function of temperature. This is necessary because the alumina goes through a glass transition phase (visco-plastic) around 1100 ° C., this glass transition temperature depending in particular on its crystalline form and its purity. It is generally advisable to sinter the alumina between 1150 ° C and 1500 ° C with an optimum at 1450 ° C.
- the interface layer contains silicon
- the latter takes part thermodynamically at the end of the diffusion and spinel formation process.
- silicon has a higher enthalpy energy of formation than magnesium oxide.
- the solid parts are prepared (in preforms, for example) according to a desired geometry and so that they can be brought into mutual contact, at least along some of their surfaces.
- An example of application is the construction of parts of axial symmetry in which one of the parts can be slide into the other.
- the interface layer is then located between the two facing surfaces.
- hot densification step under pressure is used both to obtain definitive solid parts made of metal and alumina, and to bind these solid parts permanently and intimately to form a block inseparable from these parts. Hot densification under pressure makes it possible to obtain assemblies of parts of complex and varied shapes.
- the method of the invention may include an encapsulation step for bringing the pieces of insulating and conductive material into contact.
- the parts assembly can be put in a capsule, for example a metal tube. After the hot densification step, the capsule is removed.
- the method of the invention may also include a step of resuming machining of the block obtained following the step of hot densification under pressure. This recovery makes it possible to obtain the sensitive part of the sensor in a shape adapting to the desired application.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a non-limiting exemplary embodiment of a capacitive sensor according to the invention.
- the capacitive sensor 10 comprises a measuring electrode 2 extending from the front face 9 of the sensor along its axis of symmetry.
- the measurement electrode 2 is surrounded by a dielectric element 3.
- the measurement electrode 2 is connected to a cable 6 for transferring a signal measured by the electrode 2 to a system signal processing (not shown).
- the capacitive sensor is of the axisymmetric type, in a coaxial arrangement.
- the electrode 2 - dielectric element 3 assembly also called sensitive part of the sensor, is fixed in a body 4 of the sensor, which can be connected to an electrical ground.
- the attachment can be achieved, for example, by welding the body 3 to a holding element 5 integral with the dielectric element 3.
- the body 4 of the sensor is made of platinum, or of an alloy composed mainly of platinum.
- the sensor 10 thus formed can be, for example, inserted into a wall of a turbomachine to measure the passage of the blades, by measuring the capacitive coupling between these blades and the measurement electrode 2.
- a method according to the present invention is implemented in order to assemble the electrode 2, the dielectric element 3, and if necessary the holding element 5 as described here. -after.
- the conductive and insulating materials are chosen for their characteristics of intrinsic temperature resistance, of the compatibility of their characteristics of relative thermal expansions, of their resistance to the chemical and environmental constraints described above, of the weldability of the conductive material, of the dielectric characteristics. specific to the insulating material and the electrical conductivity for the conductive material.
- the material of the electrode 2, and, where appropriate of the retaining element 5, is chosen from the following: platinum (Pt), tantalum (Ta), or an alloy mainly comprising one of these materials.
- the electrode 2, and, where appropriate, the retaining element 5 are made of platinum, or of an alloy mainly comprising platinum.
- the material of the dielectric element 3 is alumina.
- the elements of the sensitive part of the sensor can be obtained by preforming the geometrical parts ("greens"). Once the parts are preformed, the application of an interface layer of material designed to effect the adhesion between the electrode 2 and the dielectric element 3 respectively, and between the dielectric element 3 and the holding element 5, is applied. When the parts are assembled, the geometry of the assembly is fixed thanks to the step of hot densification under pressure. The inseparable block thus obtained can be taken up by machining in order to obtain the sensitive part of the sensor according to the desired final shape.
- the step of hot densification under pressure and possibly the machining make it possible to build sensors of various shapes.
- the basic parts can be wholly or partially obtained by alternative manufacturing processes such as machining (EDM, bar turning), pre-sintering or any other process for manufacturing mechanical parts.
- the interface layer, or adhesion layer, containing magnesium oxide can be applied by powder deposition or thin layer deposition or any other known means.
- the sensitive part of the capacitive sensor according to the invention can be manufactured according to the following steps:
- the sensitive part of the capacitive sensor according to the invention can also be manufactured in the following manner: • Preforming of alumina powders and cold metal to obtain a "green” of the ceramic and one or more "green (s)" of metal,
- the hot pressurized sintering phase may include a phase of pre-densification of the ceramic by a combined progressive increase in temperature and pressure by an intermediate level.
- the sensitive part of the capacitive sensor according to the invention can also be manufactured in the following manner:
- Such a capacitive sensor can be used, for example, in turbomachines. Depending on the ignition sequences, temperature cycles are carried out, the temperature ranges being able to vary from approximately -40 ° C. to approximately 1500 ° C., depending on the ambient conditions. The Passage of the turbine blades in front of the capacitive sensor can generate transient pressures of around 40 bars.
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of another non-limiting embodiment of a capacitive sensor according to the invention, according to a triaxial structure.
- the capacitive sensor 20 comprises a measurement electrode 12 extending from the front face 9 of the sensor along its axis of symmetry.
- the measurement electrode 2 is surrounded by a first dielectric element 13 of cylindrical shape.
- the measurement electrode 2 is connected to a cable 16 for transferring a signal measured by the electrode 2 to a signal processing system (not shown).
- the capacitive sensor 20 further comprises a guard electrode 14, of cylindrical shape, arranged around the first dielectric element 13, then a second dielectric element 15 of cylindrical shape, arranged around the guard electrode.
- the guard electrode 14 is also connected to the signal transfer cable 16, so as to be polarized at the potential of the electrode 2.
- the electrode 2 - first dielectric element 13 - guard electrode 14 - second dielectric element 15, also called sensitive part of the sensor, is fixed in a body 4 of the sensor, which can be connected to an electrical ground.
- the attachment can be achieved, for example, by welding to a holding element 5 integral with the second dielectric element 15.
- the body 4 of the sensor is, for example, made of platinum, or of an alloy mainly comprising platinum.
- a method according to the present invention is implemented in order to assemble the measurement electrode 2, the first dielectric element 13, the guard electrode 14, the second dielectric element 15, and where appropriate the holding element 5.
- the material of the electrode 2, of the guard electrode 14 and, where appropriate of the holding element 5 is chosen from the following: platinum (Pt), tantalum (Ta), or an alloy mainly comprising one of these materials.
- the measurement electrode 2, the guard electrode 14 and, where appropriate, the retaining element 5 are made of platinum, or of an alloy mainly comprising platinum.
- the first dielectric element 13 and the second dielectric element 15 are made of alumina.
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Abstract
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1858289A FR3085870B1 (fr) | 2018-09-14 | 2018-09-14 | Procede d'assemblage d'une piece de metal et d'une piece de ceramique, et dispositif electrique, en particulier capteur capacitif, realise par le procede |
PCT/EP2019/074540 WO2020053415A1 (fr) | 2018-09-14 | 2019-09-13 | Procede d'assemblage d'une piece de metal et d'une piece de ceramique, et dispositif electrique, en particulier capteur capacitif, realise par le procede |
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EP3849735A1 true EP3849735A1 (fr) | 2021-07-21 |
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US (1) | US11756732B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3849735A1 (fr) |
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GB1019821A (en) * | 1962-04-03 | 1966-02-09 | Philips Electronic Associated | Improvements in methods of bonding refractory bodies |
DE2852647C2 (de) * | 1978-12-06 | 1986-04-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Schichtsystems auf Festelektrolyten für elektrochemische Anwendungen |
DE69313972T2 (de) * | 1992-10-30 | 1998-03-26 | Corning Inc | Mikrolaminierte Verbundstoffe und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
EP0973020B1 (fr) * | 1998-07-16 | 2009-06-03 | EPIQ Sensor-Nite N.V. | Capteur de température électrique comprenant une multi-couche |
FR2938326B1 (fr) | 2008-11-13 | 2011-03-04 | Nanotec Solution | Capteur capacitif haute temperature a collage ciment |
WO2022017850A1 (fr) * | 2020-07-20 | 2022-01-27 | Fogale Nanotech | Capteur capacitif haute temperature |
-
2018
- 2018-09-14 FR FR1858289A patent/FR3085870B1/fr active Active
-
2019
- 2019-09-13 WO PCT/EP2019/074540 patent/WO2020053415A1/fr unknown
- 2019-09-13 EP EP19769451.6A patent/EP3849735A1/fr active Pending
- 2019-09-13 US US17/275,815 patent/US11756732B2/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US11756732B2 (en) | 2023-09-12 |
FR3085870B1 (fr) | 2021-12-24 |
US20220051848A1 (en) | 2022-02-17 |
WO2020053415A1 (fr) | 2020-03-19 |
FR3085870A1 (fr) | 2020-03-20 |
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