EP3836902A1 - Verfahren zur verkapselung von wirkstoffen in liposomen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur verkapselung von wirkstoffen in liposomenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3836902A1 EP3836902A1 EP19725027.7A EP19725027A EP3836902A1 EP 3836902 A1 EP3836902 A1 EP 3836902A1 EP 19725027 A EP19725027 A EP 19725027A EP 3836902 A1 EP3836902 A1 EP 3836902A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- emulsion
- amphiphilic compound
- phase
- active ingredient
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 224
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 299
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 278
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 217
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 214
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 155
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 139
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- -1 fluorocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229920001477 hydrophilic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- MEKOFIRRDATTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,5,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol Chemical compound C1CC(C)(C)OC2=C1C(C)=C(O)C=C2C MEKOFIRRDATTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
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- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 60
- 229940125782 compound 2 Drugs 0.000 description 47
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 41
- 229940107161 cholesterol Drugs 0.000 description 40
- QKENRHXGDUPTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorophenanthrene Chemical compound FC1(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C2(F)C3(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C3(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C21F QKENRHXGDUPTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 32
- KILNVBDSWZSGLL-KXQOOQHDSA-N 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC KILNVBDSWZSGLL-KXQOOQHDSA-N 0.000 description 28
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
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- OGQYPPBGSLZBEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl(dioctadecyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC OGQYPPBGSLZBEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- SNKAWJBJQDLSFF-NVKMUCNASA-N 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC SNKAWJBJQDLSFF-NVKMUCNASA-N 0.000 description 9
- NRJAVPSFFCBXDT-HUESYALOSA-N 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC NRJAVPSFFCBXDT-HUESYALOSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- KXXXUIKPSVVSAW-UHFFFAOYSA-K pyranine Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].C1=C2C(O)=CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C2=C1 KXXXUIKPSVVSAW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
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- AOJJSUZBOXZQNB-TZSSRYMLSA-N Doxorubicin Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@@](O)(CC=2C(O)=C3C(=O)C=4C=CC=C(C=4C(=O)C3=C(O)C=21)OC)C(=O)CO)[C@H]1C[C@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 AOJJSUZBOXZQNB-TZSSRYMLSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229940021222 peritoneal dialysis isotonic solution Drugs 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N phosphatidylcholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000014207 opsonization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003432 sterols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000003702 sterols Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STQGQHZAVUOBTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-Cyan-hept-2t-en-4,6-diinsaeure Natural products C1=2C(O)=C3C(=O)C=4C(OC)=CC=CC=4C(=O)C3=C(O)C=2CC(O)(C(C)=O)CC1OC1CC(N)C(O)C(C)O1 STQGQHZAVUOBTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-CCXZUQQUSA-N Cytarabine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-CCXZUQQUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 229930186217 Glycolipid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 101100390562 Mus musculus Fen1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010057249 Phagocytosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101100119953 Pyrococcus furiosus (strain ATCC 43587 / DSM 3638 / JCM 8422 / Vc1) fen gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005456 alcohol based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium molybdate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- 229940010552 ammonium molybdate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000018660 ammonium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- STQGQHZAVUOBTE-VGBVRHCVSA-N daunorubicin Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@@](O)(CC=2C(O)=C3C(=O)C=4C=CC=C(C=4C(=O)C3=C(O)C=21)OC)C(C)=O)[C@H]1C[C@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 STQGQHZAVUOBTE-VGBVRHCVSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JMUHBNWAORSSBD-WKYWBUFDSA-N mifamurtide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COP(O)(=O)OCCNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CC[C@H](C(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](C)O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@@H]1NC(C)=O JMUHBNWAORSSBD-WKYWBUFDSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XXUQVBRIDGWVBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,5-trisulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].Oc1ccc2c(cc3c(cc(c4ccc1c2c34)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O XXUQVBRIDGWVBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
- A61K9/1277—Preparation processes; Proliposomes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/095—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds, e.g. thiols
- A61K31/10—Sulfides; Sulfoxides; Sulfones
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/168—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/42—Proteins; Polypeptides; Degradation products thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, gelatin or zein
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/41—Emulsifying
- B01F23/4105—Methods of emulsifying
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/43—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying using driven stirrers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F29/00—Mixers with rotating receptacles
- B01F29/15—Use of centrifuges for mixing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/08—Simple coacervation, i.e. addition of highly hydrophilic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F2101/00—Mixing characterised by the nature of the mixed materials or by the application field
- B01F2101/22—Mixing of ingredients for pharmaceutical or medical compositions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/41—Emulsifying
- B01F23/413—Homogenising a raw emulsion or making monodisperse or fine emulsions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/41—Emulsifying
- B01F23/414—Emulsifying characterised by the internal structure of the emulsion
- B01F23/4145—Emulsions of oils, e.g. fuel, and water
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for encapsulating active ingredients in liposomes, comprising
- bi-layer consisting of two at least monomolecular layers of at least one first amphiphilic compound, in particular from the group of lipids, the active ingredient solution being encapsulated by the bi-layer, comprising the following steps:
- step (b) providing a first emulsion by emulsifying the active ingredient solution according to step (a) in at least one, in particular hydrophobic, first liquid which is immiscible or poorly miscible with the at least one solvent of the active ingredient solution in the presence of the at least one first amphiphilic compound, by at least one add monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound to the drops of the active substance solution emulsified in the first liquid;
- step (c) providing a, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase which is immiscible or difficult to mix with the first liquid of the first emulsion in step (b);
- step (e) centrifuging the first emulsion which is in contact with one another via the phase boundary in accordance with step (b) and the liquid phase in accordance with step (c) in order to drop the drops of the active ingredient solution contained in the first emulsion with the at least monomolecular inner layer attached to it to transfer at least one first amphiphilic compound from the first liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b) into the liquid phase according to step (c), the enriched at least one first amphiphilic compound passing through the phase boundary to form an at least monomolecular compound , outer layer of the same is attached to the at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound of the drops of the active substance solution in order to generate the bi-layer from the two at least monomolecular layers of the at least one first amphiphilic compound - and consequently the finished liposomes.
- Liposomes which are also referred to as vesicles, are understood to mean membrane vesicles which can generally be present in a colloidal suspension in a hydrophilic, in particular aqueous, medium and which include a liquid phase, the liquid phase usually, though also not necessarily a hydrophilic, mostly aqueous phase.
- the membrane shell which includes the liquid phase, is made of a double or bi-layer of two at least monomolecular layers either formed from one and the same or also from different NEN molecules, each of which has both an unpolar, ie hydrophobic or lipophilic, part and a polar, ie hydrophilic or lipophobic, part and are referred to as amphiphilic due to these properties.
- amphiphilic compounds used as membrane-forming molecules are mostly lipids, such as phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, fatty acids or the like, although other amphiphilic compounds can also be used as membrane components, such as lipopolysaccharides, Tocopherols, squalenes, sterols or sterols, cholesterols etc.
- the amphiphilic compounds are arranged according to their hydrophilic / hydrophobic properties, so that the hydrophobic parts of the amphiphilic compounds are directed towards each other in order to minimize them Have contact with the encapsulated, eg hydrophilic or aqueous phase, whereas the hydrophilic parts of the amphiphilic compounds are directed towards the eg hydrophilic or aqueous phase inside and outside the liposome.
- the amphiphilic compounds that form the bilayer (s) of the membrane of lip osomes therefore hold together only through non-covalent binding forces, which is why the membrane has a primarily fluid character.
- liposomes in the context of the present
- colloid-chemical aggregates in the form of nanocapsules made from any amphiphilic substances, polymer merliposomes, lipid nanoparticles and mixtures of such aggregate formations with pure liposomes Therefore, such colloidal chemical aggregates are always included in the context of the present disclosure, even if only the term “liposome” is used.
- liposomes largely depend on the chemical structure of the amphiphilic compound (s) forming the bilayer (s) of their membrane and on the physicochemical properties of the usually hydrophilic or aqueous phase to be encapsulated, e.g. their ionic strength, pH, osmolality and the like, and the respective manufacturing process.
- Liposomes can on the one hand have only a single bishop layer, such liposomes being referred to as unilamellar ("unilamellar vesicles", ULV), or they can have a plurality of bishops arranged concentrically, such liposomes being multilamellar (" multilamel lare vesicles ", MLV).
- the mean diameter is usually between about 20 nm and about 100 pm, in particular between about 25 nm and about 30 pm.
- the amphiphilic compounds forming the bilayer (s) of the membrane of liposomes can, depending on the desired pharmacodynamic activity profile, pharmacokinetic behavior, chemical and physical properties such as size, size distribution, lamellarity, fluidity, permeability, zeta potential, Phase transition temperature of the membrane, etc., can be formed from the same or from different molecules, for example from the group of lipids, the bishicht on the one hand from the same amphiphilic compound or from the same mixture Schurgi of several amphiphilic compounds can be constructed, or the individual, at least monomolecular layers of the bishicht can each be constructed from different amphiphilic compounds or from mixtures of different amphiphilic compounds.
- liposomes can also be used, for example, to investigate the biophysical properties of biomembranes, they are primarily used in the cosmetic and in particular in the medical field. It is in particular possible here to protect sensitive active substances from possible metabolism after the application by the liposomal formulation of active substances, such as medicaments and the like, and to bring them specifically to the cells of the organism where the active substance is supposed to develop their effect, so that any side effects of the liposomally formulated active ingredient can be reduced and the effectiveness increased in order to be able to administer lower doses of the active ingredient.
- the encapsulation of active substances in liposomes can increase the plasma half-life.
- the active ingredient in the liposome is usually in the form of a mostly hydrophilic, in particular aqueous or, for example also alcoholic, active ingredient solution.
- Mainly hydrophilic active substances can be more or less completely encapsulated in the liposomes, while mainly lipophilic substances are more likely to be incorporated into the epitaph of the amphiphilic compound (s).
- liposomes play an important role in modern pharmacy, cosmetics and food technology as transport vehicles for pharmaceutical or other active ingredients, to improve skin moisture or active ingredient intake or for high-quality food additives. Further areas of application of liposomes, which are mentioned only by way of example, include targeted drug delivery
- Liposomes synthetic chemistry in general, nano-scale reaction chambers and general technological developments in the fields of energy, optics, electronics, microfluidics, colloid chemistry, biosensors or related areas in which liposomes can be used.
- Liposomes can also be coated with a polymer layer, for example based on polyethylene glycol (PEG), and / or at least the amphiphilic connection of the outer layer of the bilayer (s) forming the membrane can be modified with such a polymer Case of "PEGylated liposomes" speaks.
- the polymer layer serves for steric protection of the membrane and it protects and reduces marking (opsonization) and elimination by the immune system, as a result of which the liposomes can circulate longer in the organism and can accumulate in tumor tissue, for example.
- the pharmacokinetics are influenced by the nature of the liposomes, in particular by the amphiphilic compound (s) forming the membrane (s) of their membrane and hardly any more by the nature of the encapsulated active substance itself
- the so-called drug targeting can be further optimized by such a PEGylation, which means, for example for tumor therapy, a maximum concentration of the active substances in the tumor tissue.
- chemotherapeutic agents are currently being applied as liposomal formulations (e.g.
- Liposo are essentially based on the following three alterna ⁇ tive process:
- a common feature of the processes under b) and c) above is that auxiliary substances increase the solubility of the amphiphilic compounds forming the episcopate, e.g. Phospholipi is improved in aqueous solutions and it comes from the separation or dilution of the excipients to the formation of the Bichivier, which form into closed liposomes.
- auxiliary substances increase the solubility of the amphiphilic compounds forming the episcopate, e.g. Phospholipi is improved in aqueous solutions and it comes from the separation or dilution of the excipients to the formation of the Bichivier, which form into closed liposomes.
- the term “monolayer” is usually understood to mean monomolecular layers of amphiphilic or surface-active compounds, for example lipids, an emulsion drop consisting only of a monomolecular or simple layer of an amphiphilic compound or from a group of amphiphilic compounds, differs from Li posomen in that the latter at least one ne bichticht from two at least monomolecular layers of amphiphilic compounds, the polar and non-polar areas of which are oriented opposite each other in the monolayers forming the bi harsh.
- all substances and classes of substances which are able to form thin layers such as e.g. B.
- polymers and proteins which also applies in particular when these substance classes and substances optionally comprise or can comprise more than a single molecular layer.
- "bishicht” in the context of the present disclosure is always to be understood as the combination of two monolayers in the above sense.
- pre-liposomes are to be understood as meaning emulsion drops which have a monomolecular or a multiple layer of an amphiphilic compound or of a group of amphiphilic compounds.
- a liquid phase which is not miscible or difficult to mix with the continuous phase of the emulsion, is provided, and the pre-liposomes thus produced are transferred from the emulsion into the aqueous phase by centrifugal forces.
- the pre-liposomes surround themselves with a second monolayer composed of at least one of the amphiphilic compounds, which has been enriched at the phase boundary, so that the liposome or the vesicle is generated while maintaining a bilayer.
- a further problem of this concept is in particular the property of almost all amphiphilic compounds, such as phospholipids and the like, to form so-called organogels together with an organic and an aqueous phase (cf. also, for example, PL Luisi, R. Scartazzini, G. Haering, P. Schurtenberger: "Organogels from water in-oil microemulsions Colloid Polym Sei, 268: 356-374
- this intermediate phase can be mixed with the organic water-in-oil emulsion with the pre-liposomes, it can be separated in the centrifugal field due to its density difference and contains at least one amphiphilic compound of the outer layer of the bilayer, which consequently more of the amphiphilic compound of the inner monolayer or less separated.
- the intermediate phase thus creates a sufficient diffusion limit for the amphiphilic compounds on the
- the processes are all based on centrifuging a hydrophobic phase together with an aqueous phase.
- the two phases must be separated so that the aqueous phase can be used as a product and the hydrophobic phase can be reused as an auxiliary for carrying out the process.
- the invention is therefore based on the object, a method for encapsulating active ingredients in liposomes in a simple and cost-effective manner, at least largely avoiding the aforementioned disadvantages, in such a way that the formation of organogels is minimized from the amphiphilic compounds forming the bilayer of the membrane and it is thus possible to use two monomolecular -molecular layers of amphiphilic compounds in a Bi layer-merging, in particular, a continu ous ⁇ production should be made possible by liposomes.
- this object is achieved in a method for encapsulating active substances in liposomes of the type mentioned at the outset in that the first liquid is in accordance with the first emulsion
- Step (b) is chosen such that the solubility of the at least one first amphiphilic compound in the first liquid is at most 1 x IO -4 mol / 1.
- the process according to the invention consequently provides that, in a manner known as such, in one step (a) one or more active substance (s) to be encapsulated are dissolved in a solvent or in a solvent mixture in order to prepare an active substance solution of the we to produce at least one active ingredient to be encapsulated.
- the at least one solvent can, if not necessarily, in particular be a hydrophilic solvent, with in practice mainly water-based solvents, including water, such as isotonic solutions and / or alcohol-based solvents, which are physiologically harmless. especially based on ethanol.
- water-based solvents including water, such as isotonic solutions and / or alcohol-based solvents, which are physiologically harmless. especially based on ethanol.
- this active ingredient solution is then obtained with a first emulsion in a first liquid which is immiscible or poorly miscible with the at least one solvent of the active ingredient solution or with a mixture of such first liquids in the presence of one or more first amphiphilic compounds ) emulsifies, so that an at least monomolecular inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound is attached to the drops of the active ingredient solution emulsified in the first liquid.
- pre-liposomes are produced in the sense of the present disclosure, whose monomolecular layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound forms the inner layer of the bilayer of the liposomes to be produced in the subsequent steps.
- the mean drop size and distribution of this first emulsion and consequently the mean diameter of the pre-liposomes or the liposomes to be produced therefrom can in the usual manner, for example, by corresponding mechanical forces, such as shear forces, during the production of the first emulsion can be set and varied at wide intervals.
- the at least one first amphiphilic compound capable of pre-liposome or membrane formation then diffuses diffusively as an (inner) monolayer at the phase boundary between the drug solution drops and the first liquid of the first Training emulsion.
- the active ingredient solution is a usually hydrophilic, for example aqueous and / or alcoholic, solution
- the first liquid (s) are hydrophobic liquids which are immiscible or difficult to mix with them.
- the first amphiphilic substance can be, in particular, lipids, such as, for example, phospholipids and the like, or any other amphiphilic compounds known for the production of liposomes or mixtures of such compounds, including those of the type mentioned at the outset.
- step (c) a step is also carried out with the first liquid of this first emulsion, ie with its continuous phase, not miscible or difficult to mix liquid phase provided, which may be punching in this liquid phase, in particular a hydrophilic phase han ⁇ , provided that at least one first liquid of the pre-liposome-containing first emulsion, so the continuous phase is hydrophobic.
- step (d) As soon as the (inner) monomolecular layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound in the first emulsion produced according to step (b) above has reached a minimum density with which it is able to form a bilayer, in a subsequent step (d) so then the first emulsion from the first liquid with the drops of the active ingredient solution emulsified therein with the at least monomolecular inner layer attached to it
- Step (b) Layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound, ie with the pre-liposomes produced in step (b) above, brought into contact with the liquid phase according to step (c) above to form a phase boundary between this first emulsion and this liquid phase, the at least one first amphiphilic compound being enriched at this phase boundary.
- a final step (e) the first emulsion is finally centrifuged in accordance with step (b) above and the liquid phase which is in contact therewith via the phase boundary in accordance with step (c) above in order to remove the drops contained in the first emulsion Active substance solution with the attached, at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound, i.e.
- the pre-liposomes prepared in the above manner to be transferred from the first liquid of the first emulsion into the liquid phase, when passing the phase boundary the enriched there, at least a first amphiphilic compound with the formation of an at least monomolecular outer layer thereof the at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound of the drops of the active substance solution is added in order to generate the bicholite from the at least monomolecular layers of the at least one first amphiphilic compound.
- the pre-liposomes from the drops of the active ingredient solution with the attached monomolecular (inner) layer of the first amphiphilic compound are consequently generated in the centrifugal force field due to their density difference from the first, in particular hydrophobic, liquid of the first emulsion, that is to say from its continuous phase. moved to the adjacent, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase over the phase boundary.
- the at least one first amphiphilic compound or at least some representatives of several first amphiphilic compounds is then continuously attached to the pre-liposomes as a monomolecular (outer) layer in order to form the finished liposomes provided with a bilayer.
- the two at least monomolecular (inner and outer) layers of the at least one first amphiphilic compound initially come so close to one another that, owing to, in particular hydrophobic, interactions between the amphiphilic compounds of the monolayers, the finished bi-layer with a practically freely adjustable composition of the form inner and outer side. Then the encapsulated drops of the active substance solution from the first emulsion are pressed so strongly against the newly formed bishicht due to the difference in density that the latter deforms and finally surrounds the entire drop of active substance solution, which finally constricts from the bishicht and tears off the phase boundary, so that the drops of the active ingredient solution are transformed into a liposome by being coated with a layer.
- the formation of an organogel as a result of excessive accumulation of the at least one first amphiphi compound at the phase boundary between the first emulsion and the liquid phase in contact therewith can be effectively prevented by the first Liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b) above is selected such that the solubility of the at least one first amphiphilic compound in the first liquid is at most about 1 x IO -4 mol / 1, preferably at most about 0.5 x IO - 4 mol / 1, most preferably at most about 1 x IO -5 mol / 1, in particular at most about 1 x 10 6 mol / 1, for example at most about 1 x 10 ⁇ 7 mol / 1.
- no “barrier layer” is formed from the at least one first amphiphilic compound at the phase boundary, which block the phase boundary and could thus prevent the formation of liposomes from the drops of active substance when passing through the phase boundary, so that a high yield is obtained obtained with a layer of the at least one first liposome provided on the phiphile compound and the efficiency of the process is thus improved considerably by minimizing the reject of the active ingredient solution, which should be recovered for economic reasons.
- the invention according to a second aspect, a method for the production of liposomes, which can be used in the same way for the production of symmetrical liposomes somen (the first amphiphilic compound or the first amphiphilic compounds is / are identical to the second amphiphilic compound or with the second amphiphilic compounds) as well as in particular for the production of asymmetric liposomes (the first amphiphilic compound or the first amphiphilic compounds is / are different from the second amphiphilic compound or from the second amphiphilic compounds).
- a method for encapsulating active ingredients in liposomes comprising
- At least one bi-layer from at least one monomolecular layers of at least one first amphiphilic compound and at least one second amphiphilic compound, in particular in each case from the group of lipids, the active ingredient solution being encapsulated by the bi-layer comprises the following steps:
- step (b) providing a first emulsion by emulsifying the active ingredient solution according to step (a) in at least one, in particular hydrophobic, first liquid which is immiscible or poorly miscible with the at least one solvent of the active ingredient solution in the presence of the at least one first amphiphilic compound, by at least one add monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound to the drops of the active substance solution emulsified in the first liquid;
- step (c) not providing a mixture of a with the first liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b) or poorly miscible, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase with the at least one second amphiphilic compound;
- Step (c) wherein at least the at least one second amphiphilic compound is enriched at this phase boundary;
- step (e) centrifuging the first emulsion which is in contact with one another via the phase boundary in accordance with step (b) and the mixture in accordance with step (c), around the drops of the active ingredient solution contained in the first emulsion with the at least monomolecular inner layer of the at least attached thereto to transfer a first amphiphilic compound from the first liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b) into the liquid phase of the mixture according to step (c), the enriched at least one second amphiphilic compound passing through the phase boundary to form an at least monomolecular compound , the outer layer thereof is attached to the at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound of the drops of the active ingredient solution, in order to form the bilayer of the two at least monomolecular ones
- one or more active ingredient (s) to be encapsulated are / are in turn first dissolved in a solvent or in a solvent mixture in a manner known per se in step (a), to generate an active ingredient solution of the at least one active ingredient to be encapsulated.
- the at least one solvent can, although not necessarily, in particular be a hydrophilic solvent, with in practice primarily physiologically harmless aqueous-based solvents including water or isotonic solutions and, for example, also alcoholic solvents, especially based on ethanol.
- this active ingredient solution is then obtained with a first emulsion in a first liquid which is immiscible or poorly miscible with the at least one solvent of the active ingredient solution or with a mixture such first liquids are emulsified in the presence of one or more first compounds on the phiphile, so that an at least monomolecular inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound is attached to the drops of the active ingredient solution emulsified in the first liquid.
- pre-liposomes are again generated in the sense of the present disclosure, whose monomolecular layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound forms the inner layer of the bilayer of the liposomes to be produced in the subsequent steps. Due to the fact that the first emulsion only remedies a first amphiphilic compound to the inner monolayer ⁇ layer contains the bilayer, the formation of pre- liposomes containing (also) the at least one provided for the outer monolayer of the bilayer, second amphiphilic compound is reliably avoided, so that be already extent the greatest possible asymmetry of the bishopric can be achieved. The average droplet size and distribution of this first emulsion and consequently the average one
- Diameters of the pre-liposomes or the liposomes to be produced therefrom can also be used in the usual way, e.g. by entering mechanical forces accordingly, e.g. Shear forces are set when the first emulsion is produced and can be varied at wide intervals.
- the at least one first amphiphilic compound capable of pre-liposome or membrane formation is then able to diffuse as an (inner) monolayer at the phase boundary between the drops of active substance solution and the first liquid of the first emulsion train.
- the active ingredient solution is usually a hydrophilic, e.g.
- the first liquid (s) are hydrophobic liquids which are immiscible or difficult to mix with them.
- the first amphiphilic substance can in particular be lipids, e.g. are phospholipids and the same, or any other amphiphilic compounds known for the production of liposomes or mixtures of such compounds, including those of the type mentioned at the beginning.
- step (c) is now carried out a mixture which is immiscible or difficult to mix with the first liquid of this first emulsion, ie with its continuous phase, this mixture comprising a liquid phase which is immiscible or difficult to mix with the first liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b) above at least one second amphiphilic compound is formed.
- this mixture contains only the at least one second amphiphilic compound of the outer monolayer of the bishopric, the formation of pre-liposomes which (also) contain the at least one first amphiphilic compound intended for the inner monolayer of the bishopric becomes largely avoided, so that the greatest possible asymmetry of the bi-layer can be achieved.
- the liquid phase of this mixture is in particular a hydrophilic phase, provided that the at least one first liquid of the first emulsion containing the pre-liposomes, that is to say its continuous phase, is hydrophobic or the active ingredient solution is hydrophilic.
- Step (b) produced pre-liposomes, in contact with the mixture of the liquid phase with the at least one second amphiphilic compound according to step (c) above, forming a phase boundary between this first emulsion and this mixture, at least the at least one second amphiphilic compound is enriched at this phase boundary.
- any accumulation of an excess of the at least one first at the phiphile compound from the first emulsion at the phase boundary can be prevented in a simple manner at least as far as possible by adding the at least one second amphiphilic compound to the mixture in excess and / or at least one first amphiphilic compound is added to the first emulsion in a proportion which corresponds approximately to the proportion which is able to attach to the drops of the active substance solution emulsified there as the inner monolayer.
- step (e) the first emulsion, which is in contact with one another via the phase boundary, is again centrifuged in accordance with step (b) above and the mixture in accordance with the above
- Step (c) the drops of the active ingredient solution contained in the first emulsion with the attached, at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound, that is to say the pre-liposomes prepared in the above manner in the sense of the present the disclosure of converting from the first liquid of the first emulsion into the liquid phase of the mixture, the enriched at least one second amphiphilic compound passing through the phase boundary forming an at least monomolecular outer layer of the same to the at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound of the drops of the active ingredient solution is added in order to produce the bichicht from the two at least monomolecular layers of the at least one first and second amphiphilic compound.
- the pre-liposomes from the drops of the drug solution with the attached monomolecular (inner) layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound are consequently made in an analogous manner in the centrifugal force field due to their density difference from the first, in particular hydrophobic, liquid of the first emulsion, i.e. from de ren continuous phase, to which, particularly hydrophilic, liquid phase of the mixture adjoins the phase boundary.
- the at least one second amphiphilic compound is then continuously deposited as a monomolecular (outer) layer on the pre-liposomes in order to form the finished liposomes provided with a bi Mrs.
- the two at least monomolecular (inner and outer) layers of the at least one first and the at least one second amphiphilic compound initially come so close to one another that, owing to, in particular hydrophobic, interactions between the same ( if symmetrical liposomes are to be produced) or in particular different ones (if asymmetrical liposomes are to be produced) - first and second amphiphilic compounds of the monolayers, the finished bishicht with practically freely adjustable composition of the inner and form the outer side.
- the encapsulated drops of the active ingredient solution from the first emulsion are pressed so strongly against the newly formed bishicht due to the difference in density that the latter deforms and finally surrounds the entire drop of active ingredient solution, which finally constricts from the bishicht and tears off from the phase boundary, so that through the envelope is transformed into a lip osome with a layer of the active substance solution drops.
- a compound different from the at least one first amphiphilic compound is selected as at least one second amphiphilic compound, asymmetrical liposomes with a different structure of the inner and outer, at least monomolecular layer of their layer can be produced in a simple manner.
- the formation of an organogel in particular the at least one first amphiphilic compound as a result of an enrichment of the at least one first amphiphilic compound at the phase boundary between the first emulsion and the liquid phase of the mixture in contact therewith with the at least one second to effectively prevent amphiphilic compound also provides, in this case present in a manner analogous to that the first liquid of the first emulsion is selected to according to the above step (b) that the Lös ⁇ friendliness of at least a first amphiphilic compound in the first fluid at most about 1 x 10 -4 mol / 1, preferably at most about 0.5 x 10 -4 mol / 1, most preferably at most about 1 x 10 5 mol / 1, in particular at most about 1 x 10 ⁇ 6 mol / 1, for example at most about wa 1 x 10 ⁇ 7 mol / 1.
- the first liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b) be such is chosen so that the solubility of both the at least one first amphiphilic compound and the at least one second amphiphilic compound in the first liquid is at most about 1 x 10 4 mol / 1, preferably at most about 0.5 x 10 ⁇ 4 mol / 1, most preferably at most about 1 x 10 5 mol / 1, in particular at most about 1 x 10 6 mol / 1, for example at most about 1 x 10 7 mol / 1.
- a second emulsion from the liquid phase and at least one immiscible or poorly miscible, in particular hydrophobic, second liquid with the at least one second amphiphilic compound is used by emulsifying the second liquid in the liquid phase in the presence of the at least one second amphiphilic compound in order to add an at least monomolecular layer of the at least one second amphiphilic compound to the drops of the second liquid emulsified in the liquid phase and the to immobilize the second amphiphilic compound on these drops in this way;
- the drops of the second liquid with the attached, at least monomolecular, layer of the at least one a second amphiphilic compound from the liquid phase of the second emulsion is continuously transferred to the phase boundary between the first emulsion and the second emulsion in order to continuously enrich the at least one second amphiphilic compound at this phase boundary.
- a second emulsion is consequently used in that the, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase of this mixture with the at least one immiscible or poorly miscible with it, especially hydro phobic, second liquid is emulsified.
- the second emulsion - in a corresponding manner as in the first emulsion - emulsion droplets erzeu ⁇ gene which of the at least one second amphiphilic from the emulsified in the liquid phase droplets of the second liquid and a thereto attached storage ten, at least monomolecular layer Connection are formed.
- the at least one second amphiphilic compound can be immobilized in this way and is consequently no longer or less freely available in a mere mixture or suspension. If this second emulsion according to step (d) is brought into contact with the first emulsion to form a phase boundary between their continuous phases, then in the subsequent centrifugation of the first and second emulsions
- Step (e) continuously transfers the drops of the second liquid with the at least monomolecular layer of the at least one second amphiphilic compound from the liquid phase of the second emulsion to the phase boundary between the first emulsion and the second emulsion, so that an excessive accumulation of the at least one second amphiphilic compound, let alone the formation of an organogel from the same, at the phase boundary can be reliably prevented because the immobilized on the emulsified drops of the second liquid, at least one second amphiphilic compound continuously fed to the phase boundary in this way and on this phase boundary is continuously enriched so that when the drops from the active substance solution pass through it, with the at least monomolecular (inner) layer attached to it from the at least one first amphiphilic compound through the phase boundary as the outer Sc does not attach to the inner layer and the bi- To form layer.
- first and second amphiphilic compounds can ideally be kept separate from one another in this way (both amphiphilic compounds are each attached to emulsion drops of the first and second emulsions, which are only in contact with one another via the phase boundary, and consequently immobilized), so that Highly asymmetric liposomes can be produced provided that the second amphiphilic compound (s) is / are different from the first amphiphilic compound (s).
- the drops emulsified in the second emulsion from the, in particular hydrophobic, second liquid with the at least monomolecular layer of the at least one second amphiphilic compound attached to them are also referred to below as “amphiphile carriers” for the sake of simplicity.
- the immiscible or poorly miscible, in particular special hydrophobic, second liquid with the, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase of the second emulsion, which forms the "core" of the amphiphile carrier in the sense of the present disclosure with the attached, at least one second, phiphile compound can advantageously be selected in accordance with the, in particular hydrophobic, first liquid speed of the first emulsion according to step (b), which forms the continuous phase of the first emulsion.
- the first liquid corresponds to the second liquid, so this can be easily recovered in a consistently constant composition after the amphiphile carrier from the second liquid and the attached, at least one second amphiphilic compound, the phase boundary between the first liquid during centrifugation Emulsion and the second Emulsi on have reached the second amphiphilic compound on the Enriched phase boundary and has been attached as an outer layer to the pre-liposomes from the active ingredient solution with the attached at least one first amphiphilic compound and the drops from the second liquid of the second emulsion passed over the phase boundary into the same first liquid are.
- the mixture present in the form of the second emulsion with the at least one second amphiphilic compound immobilized on the amphiphile supports according to step (c) can preferably be produced by:
- Step (c) and the at least one second amphiphilic compound is provided;
- the second liquid in this mixture is emulsified to form the second emulsion by dispersing the second liquid in this mixture.
- amphiphilic carriers are formed in the sense of the present disclosure from the at least one second amphiphilic compound already contained in the mixture of the particularly hydrophilic, liquid phase in a reliable and reproducible manner if the, in particular hydrophobic, second liquid is dispersed into this mixture and the second amphiphilic compound attaches to its drops.
- the first emulsion according to step (b) can advantageously be produced by first
- step (a) a mixture of the active ingredient solution of the active ingredient to be encapsulated according to step (a) and the at least one first amphiphilic compound is provided;
- this mixture is emulsified in the first liquid to form the first emulsion according to step (b), which the mixture is dispersed into the first liquid.
- the size distribution of the first emulsion can be adjusted by appropriate mechanical comminution.
- the solubility of the at least one first amphiphilic compound and preferably also the at least one second amphiphilic compound is at most approximately 1 x IO is 5 mol / 1, so that the formation of organogel structures at the phase boundary between the first liquid of the first emulsion and the, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase or the mixture of the, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase and the at least one second on the phiphile compound or the second emulsion is reliably avoided.
- the active ingredient solution has a hydrophilic character and is, for example, in aqueous and / or alcoholic form, as is usually the case, the first liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b) can advantageously be a hydrophobic liquid which especially from the group of
- each "R” is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group and "n” is a natural number.
- the drug solution step (a) is used as solvent according to thus preferably a hydrophilic solvent, in particular aqueous Ba ⁇ sis including water, such as isotonic solutions, and / or alcohol-based, in particular based on ethanol or glycerol or glycerol, is incorporated ⁇ .
- a hydrophilic solvent in particular aqueous Ba ⁇ sis including water, such as isotonic solutions, and / or alcohol-based, in particular based on ethanol or glycerol or glycerol, is incorporated ⁇ .
- the first, in particular hydrophobic, liquid of the first emulsion from the first liquid with the drops emulsified therein of the, in particular hydrophilic, active substance solution with the attached, at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound according to step (b) is chosen such that it has a lower melting point than the active ingredient solution;
- the first emulsion according to step (b) is cooled to a temperature between the melting point of the, in particular hydrophobic, first liquid of the first emulsion and the melting point of the, in particular hydrophilic, active substance solution, by the drops of the active substance solution emulsified in the first liquid with the attached, at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound according to step (b) to convert to the solid state; and then
- step (b) in the solid state of the drops of the active ingredient solution with the, in particular special hydrophilic, water-immiscible with the first, especially hydrophobic, liquid of the first emulsion according to step (b)
- step (d) is brought into contact with formation of the phase boundary according to step (d) and the first emulsion which is in contact with one another via the phase boundary according to
- the, in particular hydrophilic, active ingredient solution with the attached, at least monomolecular, inner layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound is kept in the solid state during centrifugation in order to keep it due to a (additional) density caused thereby difference from the phase boundary in the direction of the, in particular hydrophilic,
- the first emulsion is consequently preferably cooled to such an extent that the, for example aqueous and / or alcoholic, active substance solution drops freeze, but the surrounding, in particular hydrophobic, first liquid, that is to say the continuous phase of the first emulsion, remains liquid.
- This can contribute to the fact that the drops of active substance with the attached (inner), at least monomolecular, layer of the at least one first amphiphilic compound are not deformed excessively or even completely at the phase boundary without penetrating the phase boundary and thus in turn a barrier layer to form at the phase boundary.
- the frozen active substance solution drops due to centrifugal forces are not only easier or faster in the first liquid of the first emulsion move, but also in the, in particular hydrophilic, liquid phase or in the mixture of the liquid phase with the at least one second amphiphilic compound or in the second emulsion after it has passed through the phase boundary and it is coated with a layer to form the finished liposomes has occurred because the frozen active solution drops have a lower density than the, in particular hydrophilic, non-frozen liquid phase or as the mixture of the non-frozen liquid phase with the at least one second amphiphilic compound, this liquid phase as well as the solvent the drop of active substance solution can in particular be aqueous rig or alcoholic or water.
- at least the first emulsion should preferably be tempered slightly below the freezing point of the active substance solution drops, so that they remain frozen in the first liquid
- the active substances included in a liposome can be prevented by the bishicht from amphiphilic compounds, such as in the form of a bishicht from the same or different lipids, on the way to their destination in the organism against the destructive effect of enzymes and before premature elimination be protected from the body.
- the liposomes must also be protected by a surface polymer layer, which is typically formed on the basis of polyethylene glycol (PEG), in order to avoid opsonization and phagocytosis by immune cells, for example in the liver, before the active ingredient has arrived at its destination.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- At least one first amphiphilic compound and the at least one second amphiphilic compound in particular exclusively the outer, at least monomolecular layer of the bi-layer, is modified by reaction with hydrophilic polymer conjugates.
- hydrophilic polymer conjugates for example, this can be done on the one hand by modifying the finished liposome in such a way that such polymer conjugates e.g. can be attached to the at least monomolecular outer layer thereof by means of electrostatic charging.
- the method according to the invention, according to claim 3 also opens up the possibility that at least one second amphiphilic compound, e.g. in the form of lipids, to which the polymer conjugates have previously been bound.
- the first emulsion according to step (b), on the other hand, the liquid phase or the mixture or the second emulsion according to step (c) are added to the centrifuging device, after which these are centrifuged, after which the centrifuging device on the one hand removes the liquid phase with the liposomes provided with the bilayer from the two at least monomolecular layers of the amphiphilic compound (s) and on the other hand the first liquid.
- the first emulsion according to step (b), on the other hand, the liquid phase or the mixture or the second emulsion according to step (c) of the centrifuging device over a period of time continuously added and these are centrifuged during which the centrifuging device, on the one hand, in turn removes the liquid phase with the liposomes provided with the bilayer from the two at least monomolecular layers of the amphiphilic compound (s), and on the other hand the first liquid.
- the method is carried out continuously in a continuous centrifuging device operated in a flow-through manner, it may be provided in particular that on the one hand the first emulsion according to step (b), on the other hand the liquid phase or the mixture or the second emulsion according to step (c) the centrifuging device is continuously fed in and centrifuged and the centrifuging device on the one hand the liquid phase with the liposomes provided with the layer of the at least monomolecular layers of the amphiphilic compound (s), and on the other hand the first liquid is continuously removed.
- the method according to the invention - be it for the production of symmetrical or for the production of asymmetrical liposomes - offers a novel possibility of producing liposomes in a technically relatively simple and cost-effective manner, which in particular for therapeutic use, but also for all other known uses of liposomes, for example in the field of food or cosmetics or personal care, are equally suitable.
- the arrangement of different, at least monomolecular monolayers at the phase boundary between a first emulsion, such as a "water-in-oil emulsion", and a second emulsion, such as an "oil-in-water emulsion”, also allows these two Monolayers due to hydrophobic interactions between e.g.
- the layer of the bishop can be set freely, which opens up new possibilities for the functionality of liposome preparations.
- the manufacturing process high encapsulation efficiency, since the generation of an emulsion in an immiscible surrounding phase enables the active ingredient to be completely enclosed in the emulsion drops.
- the emulsion drop is coated with a second monolayer for the encapsulation of active substances into the newly generated liposome, only small losses of the active substance occur in the area surrounding the liposome after its production, so that a high utilization rate of the usually expensive active substances is achieved can be.
- the volume ratio of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic phase and the quantity ratio of the membrane-forming amphiphilic compounds, for example in the form of phospholipids, can create the conditions for the formation of liposomes in the desired size and concentration, advantageously ensuring a corresponding excess of amphiphilic compounds should be so that a sufficient interface density of amphiphilic compounds at the phase boundary is established, which, however, does not result in the formation of an organogel according to the invention.
- Fig. 1 is a highly schematic view
- Fig. 2 is a highly schematic view
- Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the half
- Fig. 4 a transmission electron microscope image of symmetrical liposomes from one
- Fig. 5 a transmission electron microscope image of symmetrical liposomes from a
- Fig. 6 a transmission electron microscope image of symmetrical liposomes from a
- DOPC lipids dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
- 1 shows a situation during the formation of primarily symmetrical liposomes according to a first embodiment of a method according to the invention for encapsulating active substances in liposomes L on the basis of an enlarged detailed view in a highly schematic manner.
- a drop for example with a diameter between approximately 0.1 pm and approximately 200 pm, can be seen from an active substance solution 1, for the generation of which the active substance was previously dissolved in a solvent according to step (a) is.
- the solvent in the present case is, for example, a hydrophilic solvent based on water and / or alcohol.
- a mixture of the active substance solution 1 is first, for example, according to step (b) and the first amphiphilic compound 2, after which this mixture has been dispersed into the first liquid 3 to obtain the first emulsion 4.
- the first liquid 3 has preferably also been selected such that it has a lower melting point than the active substance solution 1 emulsified in the first emulsion 4 (see also below for this).
- the - hydrophobic - first liquid 3 also has a different density than the active ingredient solution 1, the fluorocarbon used in the present case having a higher density than the aqueous and / or alcoholic active ingredient solution 1.
- an active ingredient solution 1 "Lighter" first liquid 3 that is to say one with a lower density, can be used.
- a liquid phase 5 which is not or poorly miscible with the first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4 - here hydrophilic - has been provided, which, for example, corresponds to the solvent tel the drug solution 1 can be selected and consequently, for example can also be aqueous and / or alcoholic.
- the first emulsion 4 is now made of the first, hydrophobic liquid 3 with the pre-liposomes M emulsified therein from the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 with the attached, monomolecular (inner) layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 in step (b) has been brought into contact with the liquid, hydrophilic phase 5, whereupon there is between the first liquid 3, that is to say the continuous phase of the first emulsion 4, and the liquid sigen phase 5 has formed a phase boundary 6 due to their poor miscibility with one another.
- Step (e) of the method finally provides for centrifugation of the first emulsion 4, which is in contact with one another via the phase boundary 6, and the liquid phase 5, in order to remove the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 contained in the first emulsion 4 with the monomolecular monolayer attached thereto inner layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 in the direction of the arrows Pi from the first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4 through the phase boundary 6 with the molecules of the first amphiphilic compound 2 enriched there to be transferred into the liquid phase 5, when passing the phase boundary 6 the first amphiphilic connection 2 with the formation of a further monomolecular - outer - layer thereof on the monomolecular inner
- Layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 of the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 is added in order to generate the bilayer from two monomolecular layers of the first amphiphilic compound 2, ie to form complete liposomes L from the pre-liposomes.
- the outer layer of the bi layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 has an opposite orientation to the inner layer, ie the non-polar regions of the first amphiphilic compound 2 of the outer layer point in the direction of the positive lar areas of the inner layer, that is, in the direction of the hydrophilic active substance solution 1 now encapsulated in a liposome L, while the polar areas of the outer layer of the bi-layer point in the direction of the - hydrophilic - liquid phase 5 surrounding the liposome L.
- Layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 have a lower density than the surrounding (hydrophobic) first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4, they experience in the centrifugal field a force acting in the direction of the arrows Pi, which accelerates them in the centripetal direction and to the phase boundary 6 brings, which is covered with a largely monomolecular layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2.
- Pre-Liposo M is pressed against this layer enriched at the phase boundary 6 of the first amphiphilic compound 2 in such a way that the monomolecular layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 enriched at the phase boundary 6 adjoins the drop of the active ingredient solution 1 attached inner layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 and thereby the hydrophobic interaction of two monomolecular layers creates the bilayer of the finished liposome L, which after further movement in the direction of the arrows Pi is dispersed in the centrifugal field in the (hydrophilic) liquid phase 5.
- a drop of the active ingredient solution 1 or the pre-liposome M results in a symmetrical liposome L, which in the bilayer forming its membrane contains both an inner and an outer layer from the first one on the phiphile Compound 2 has.
- a (single) first amphiphilic compound 2 instead of a (single) first amphiphilic compound 2, a Mixture of such compounds, for example a mixture of several lipids, can be used, which then form the inner and outer layers of the bilayer of liposome L.
- the liquid phase 5, in which the liposomes L are dispersed can finally be separated from the first liquid 3, which is due to the very poor miscibility of the hydrophilic liquid phase 5 with the hydrophobic first Liquid 3 and their under different density is possible in a simple manner.
- the first emulsion 4 it is also possible for the first emulsion 4 to be cooled to a temperature between the melting point of the (hydrophobic) first liquid 3 and the melting point of the (hydrophilic) active substance solution 1 in order to obtain the active substance solution 1 in the first Liquid 3 to transfer emulsified drops with the attached, monomolecular, inner layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 into the solid state, where after the first emulsion 4 in the solid state, the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 with the (hydrophilic) liquid phase 5 is brought into contact with formation of the phase boundary 6 and the first emulsion 4, which is in contact with one another via the phase boundary 6, and the liquid phase 5, in particular with the droplets of the active substance solution 1 continuously being kept in the solid state of being centrifuged.
- Fig. 2 in which Fig. 1 corresponding components are provided with the same reference numerals, ei ne situation during the formation of predominantly asymmetric rule liposomes according to a second embodiment of a method according to the invention for encapsulating active substances in liposomes L using a enlarged detailed view reproduced in a highly schematic manner. 2 - to the extent analogous to the right section of FIG.
- a drop for example with a diameter between approximately 0.1 pm and approximately 200 pm, can be seen from an active ingredient solution 1, for the generation of which the Active ingredient has previously been dissolved in a solvent according to step (a).
- the solvent is, for example, a hydrophilic solvent based on water and / or alcohol.
- the drop from the active substance solution 1 has a monomolecular (inner) layer made of a first amphiphilic compound 2, such as a lipid, to form a pre-liposome M. , accumulated, the polar regions of the first amphiphilic compound 2 in the direction of the hydrophilic active substance solution 1 and the non-polar regions in the direction of a droplet of the active substance solution 1 surrounding, with its solvent not or only poorly miscible - here: hydrophobic - first liquid 3 have aligned.
- a monomolecular (inner) layer made of a first amphiphilic compound 2, such as a lipid, to form a pre-liposome M.
- the - hydrophobic - first liquid 3 also has a different density than the active substance solution 1, the fluorocarbon used in the present case having a higher density than the aqueous and / or alcoholic active substance solution 1.
- the fluorocarbon used in the present case having a higher density than the aqueous and / or alcoholic active substance solution 1.
- a mixture 7 of an immiscible or poorly miscible with the first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4 - here hydrophilic - is a liquid phase with a second amphiphilic Compound 8, for example again in the form of a lipid, has been provided, the liquid phase of this mixture 7, for example, in turn being selected in accordance with the solvent of the active ingredient solution 1 and consequently, for example, can be aqueous and / or alcoholic.
- the mixture 7 is a two-th emulsion 9 from the liquid phase of the mixture 7 and one which is immiscible or difficult to mix with it - here hydro- phobic - second liquid 10 and the second amphiphilic compound 8, which has been produced by emulsifying the second (hydrophobic) liquid 10 in the (hydrophilic) liquid phase of the mixture 7 in the presence of the second at the phiphilic compound 8, so that the continuous phase of the second emulsion 9 is formed by the (hydrophilic) liquid phase and the disperse phase of the second emulsion 9 is formed by the (hydrophobic) second liquid 10, which in particular corresponds to the (hydrophobic) first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4 can be chosen.
- the first emulsion 4 is now composed of the first, hydrophobic liquid 3 with the pre-liposomes M emulsified therein from the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 with the monomolecular (inner) layer attached to it the first amphiphilic compound 2 according to step (b) with the second emulsion 9 from the hydrophilic liquid phase with the amphiphile carriers M 'emulsified therein from the drops of the hydrophobic second liquid 10 in contact with the second amphiphilic compound 8 attached thereto brought, whereupon between the first liquid speed 3, that is, the continuous phase of the first emulsion 4, and the liquid phase, that is, the continuous phase of the second emulsion 9, due to their poor miscibility with each other, a phase boundary 6 has formed.
- the enrichment of the first amphiphilic compound 2, the solubility of which in the first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4 is also less than IO -4 mol / 1, at the phase boundary 6 is very low because the proportion of the first amphiphilic compound 2 is on the one hand such has been set so that it has been deposited as completely as possible as a monomolecular inner layer on the drops of the active ingredient solution 1, on the other hand, the very low solubility of the first amphiphilic compound 2 in the first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4 prevents excessive accumulation thereof Phase boundary 6 or even the formation of an organ gel.
- Step (e) of the method finally provides for centrifugation of the first emulsion 4 and the second emulsion 9, which are in contact with one another via the phase boundary 6, in order firstly to have the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 contained in the first emulsion 4 with the monomolecular inner layer attached thereto to transfer the first amphiphilic compound 2 in the direction of the arrows Pi from the first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4 through the phase boundary 6 with the enriched molecules of the second amphiphilic compound 8 into the liquid, continuous phase of the second emulsion 9, whereby when passing the phase boundary 6 the second amphiphilic compound 8 with formation of a further monomolecular - outer - Layer of the same is attached to the monomolecular inner layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 of the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 in order to form the bilayer consisting of two monomolecular layers, namely on the one hand the first amphiphilic compound 2 (inner layer) and on the other hand the second amphiphilic To produce compound
- the outer layer of the bi-layer from the second amphiphilic compound 8 has an opposite orientation to the inner layer from the first amphiphilic compound 2, ie the non-polar regions of the second amphiphilic compound 8 of the outer layer point in the direction of the polar regions of the first amphiphilic compound 2 of the inner layer, i.e. in the direction of the hydrophilic active substance solution 1 now encapsulated in a liposome L, while the polar regions of the second amphiphilic compound 8 of the outer layer of the bi-layer in the direction of the - hydrophilic - liquid phase surrounding the liposome L of the second Emulsion 9 have (cf. the two upper sections of FIG. 2).
- Layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 have a lower density than the surrounding (hydrophobic) first liquid 3 of the first emulsion 4, they experience in the centrifugal field a force acting in the direction of the arrows Pi, which accelerates them in the centripetal direction and to the phase boundary 6 brings, which is covered with an at least monomolecular layer of the second amphiphilic compound 8.
- the pre-liposome M is pressed against this layer of the second amphiphilic compound 8 enriched at the phase boundary 6 in such a way that the monomolecular layer of the second amphiphilic layer enriched at the phase boundary 6 phiphilen compound 8 applies to the solvent in the drops of the active ingredient ⁇ 1 annealed inner layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 and thereby by hydrophobic interactions effect of two monomolecular layers of the bilayer of the final liposome L is produced which supply after further BEWE in the direction of arrows Pi is present in the centrifugal fluid in the (hydrophilic) liquid phase of the second emulsion 9.
- the drop of the active ingredient solution 1 or the pre-liposome M results in a liposome L, which in the bilayer forming its membrane, on the one hand, an inner layer made of the first amphiphilic compound 2 and, on the other hand, one has outer layer of the second amphiphilic compound 8. Consequently, symmetrical liposomes L can be generated on the one hand if the first amphiphilic compound 2 is chosen corresponding to the second amphiphilic compound 8; on the other hand, in particular asymmetric liposomes L can be produced if the first amphiphilic compound 2 is chosen differently from the second amphiphilic compound 8.
- the drops of the second liquid 10 with the attached monomolecular layer of the second are when centrifuging the first emulsion 4 and the second emulsion 9 which are in contact with one another via the phase boundary 6 amphiphilic compound 8, so the amphiphile-carrier M ', continuously transferred from the liquid phase of the two ⁇ th emulsion 9 in the direction of arrows P 2 at the phase boundary 6 between the first emulsion 4 and the two ten emulsion 9 to the second amphiphilic Verbin dung 8 in a centrifugal to be enriched continuously at the phase boundary 6, where it is consumed as an outer layer on the pre-liposomes M as a result of the attachment explained in the previous paragraph, forming the liposomes L.
- amphiphile carrier M Since the amphiphile carrier M 'from the drops of the (hydrophobic) second liquid 10 with the attached second amphiphilic compound 8 have a higher density than the surrounding (hydrophilic) liquid phase of the second emulsion 9, they experience one in the centrifugal field force acting in the direction of arrows P 2 , which accelerates it in a centrifugal direction and brings it to the phase boundary 6. They strip their monomolecular layer from the second monomolecular compound 8 at the phase boundary 6 when it passes into the first (hydrophobic) liquid 3, that is to say into the continuous phase of the first emulsion 4.
- the layer at the phase boundary 6 separated from the second amphiphilic compound 8 is continuously renewed as a result of the phase transition of the drops from the second (hydrophobic) liquid or the second amphiphilic compound 8 is continuously “supplied” to the phase boundary 6, whereas it is continuously consumed as an outer layer by forming the liposomes L as described above.
- the liquid phase can finally in which the liposomes L are dispersed, separated from the first liquid 3, which is possible in a simple manner due to the very poor miscibility of the hydrophilic liquid phase with the hydrophobic first liquid 3 and its different density.
- the first emulsion 4 it is also possible for the first emulsion 4 to be cooled to a temperature between the melting point of the (hydrophobic) first liquid 3 and the melting point of the (hydrophilic) active substance solution 1 in order to obtain the active substance solution 1 in the first Liquid 3 emulsified drops with the attached, monomolecular, inner layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 in the solid state, after which the first emulsion 4 in the solid state drops the active ingredient solution 1 with the (hydrophilic) liquid phase of the second Emulsion 9, i.e.
- phase boundary 6 and the first emulsion 4 and the second emulsion 9 which are in contact with one another via the phase boundary 6, in particular while continuously holding the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 in the solid state of matter , be centrifuged.
- the second embodiment of the method according to the invention offers in particular the possibility that one or more lipids are used as the second amphiphilic compound 8, which forms the monomolecular outer layer of the bilayer of liposomes L. These lipids have previously been bound to polymer conjugates.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a centrifuging device suitable for the continuous implementation of the method for encapsulating active substances in liposomes, FIG. 3 showing only half the cross section of the essentially rotationally symmetrical centrifuging device for illustrative purposes.
- the continuous flow centrifuging device shown in FIG. 3 can be rotated about its longitudinal central axis 11, the centrifugal field that can be generated thereby being indicated by the arrows P 3 .
- the centrifuging device comprises a centrifuging chamber 13 which is delimited by a peripheral wall 12 and extends over most of its axial length. At its left in FIG.
- the centrifuging device has two separate inlets 14, 15, which are arranged, for example, essentially coaxially with one another.
- the first inlet 14 opens into a radially outer circumferential section of the centrifuging yaw chamber 13, while the second inlet 15 opens into a radially inner central section of the centrifuging chamber 13.
- inlet area of the Centrifugal device is located for this purpose mainly in the radial direction thereof occidentalre ⁇ ADORABLE.
- Inlet weir 16 which on the one hand cut a radially outer, for example approximately annular through-opening between the first inlet 14 and the radially outer section of the centrifuging chamber 13, and on the other hand cut a radially inner, for example approximately circular through-opening between the second inlet 15 and the radially inner section leaves the centrifuging chamber 13 free, so that fluid media which are simultaneously applied to the first inlet 14 and the second inlet 15 are initially kept separate from one another by means of the inlet weir 16, after which they pass radially on the outside and on the other hand radially on the inside as a result of the passage of the inlet weir 16 the common centrifuging chamber 13 are transferred, on the one hand in their radially outer section and on the other hand in their radially inner section.
- the centrifugal yaw device On its right side in FIG. 3, the centrifugal yaw device has two separate outlets 17, 18, which in turn are arranged essentially coaxially to one another.
- the first outlet 17 opens out from the radially outer circumferential section of the centrifuging chamber 13, while the second outlet 18 opens out from the radially inner central section of the centrifuging chamber 13.
- the second outlet 18 opens out from the radially inner central section of the centrifuging chamber 13.
- first retaining weir 20 which extends essentially in the radial direction thereof and which, for example, is essentially annular and extends from the outer peripheral wall 12 of the centrifuge yaw device stretches inward by a radial distance Ri, this radial distance Ri, that is to say the radial width of the first retaining weir 20, usefully at least the radial width of the passage opening between the radially outer end of the outlet weir 19 and the peripheral wall 12 or preferably at least slightly exceeds this.
- a second retaining weir 21 which also extends essentially in the radial direction thereof, which in the present case is, for example, essentially annular and is designed extends between a radially approximately central section of the centrifuging chamber 13 to close to the central axis of rotation 11 of the centrifuging device, but instead it may also be designed essentially circular and consequently cannot have central passages (not shown).
- the radial distance R 2 of the second retaining weir from the central axis of rotation 11, al ⁇ as the radial width of the second retaining weir 21 ent, ⁇ speaks suitably at least to the radial width of the passage opening between the radially inner end of the outlet weir 19 and the central axis of rotation 11 or exceeds this preferably at least slightly ,
- the hydrophobic first liquid of which has a higher density than the hydrophilic liquid phase 5 (FIG. 1) or as the hydrophilic continuous phase of the second emulsion 9 (Fig. 2) the first (radially outer) inlet 14 of the centrifugation device continuously; on the other hand, the hydrophilic liquid phase 5 (FIG. 1) or the second emulsion 9 (FIG. 2) is continuously fed to the second (radially inner) inlet 15 of the centrifugal device.
- the first emulsion 4 on the other hand the hydrophilic liquid phase 5 (FIG.
- the second emulsion 9 (FIG. 2) in the inlet area of the centrifuging device are initially kept separate from one another by the inlet weir 16 and then arrive as soon as they enter the inlet weir 16 on the one hand through its radially outer passage opening, on the other hand through its radially inner passage opening, on the one hand into the radially outer section, and on the other hand into the radially inner section of the common centrifuging chamber 13, with which they are brought into contact with one another in accordance with step (d) and the phase boundary 6 forms.
- Another function of the underflow or overflow inlet weir 16 is not to cover the (radially outer) inlet area of the first emulsion 4 into the centrifugation chamber 13 with the hydrophilic liquid phase 5 Or over layers (Fig. 1) with the second emulsion 9 (Fig. 2) with the ⁇ compared to lower density, so that no uncontrolled bilayers of Wirkstoffaimsstrop ⁇ contained in the, first emulsion 4 in the ⁇ sem inlet region fen 1 with the thereto attached monomolecular layer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 (see. FIGS. 1 and 2) are generated.
- the centrifugation step (e) explained in detail instead, the drops of the active ingredient solution 1 emulsified in the first liquid 3 with the monomolecular (inner) layer attached to the first amphiphilic compound 2 of the first emulsion 4 (cf. also FIG. 1 and 2) can be accumulated in the centrifuging chamber 13 by means of the first retaining weir 20.
- a function of the first retaining weir 20 is consequently also that the emulsified and provided with a monolayer of the first amphiphilic compound 2 drops of the active ingredient solution 1 in the first emulsion 4, which have not yet been converted to a liposome L provided with a bilayer , not entrained via the first outlet 17 from the centrifugation chamber 13, but instead reach the phase boundary 6 by driving forces beforehand in order to be able to be implemented there as completely as possible to the liposomes L with a bi layer.
- a second emulsion 9 from the hydrophilic liquid phase with the drops emulsified therein from the hydrophobic second liquid 10, which has a monomolecular layer The second If amphiphilic compound 8 is used, these drops can be accumulated in the centrifuging chamber 13 by means of the second retaining weir 21.
- a function of the second retaining weir 21 in this case is therefore primarily that the emulsified and ver provided with a monolayer of the second amphiphilic compound 8 drops of the hydrophobic second liquid 10 in the second emulsion 9, which the second amphiphilic compound 8 is not yet have deposited at the phase boundary 6, not entrained via the second outlet 18 from the centrifugal yaw chamber 13, but instead by the induced centrifugal forces, the phase boundary 6 is reached in order to enrich the second amphiphilic connection 8 as completely as possible.
- the hydrophilic liquid phase 5 with the liposomes provided with the bilayer from the two monomolecular layers of the first amphiphilic compound 2 (FIG. 1) or the continuous, hydrophilic liquid phase of the second emulsion 9 with the with the Bichicht from the first amphiphilic compound 2 (in the inner layer) and the second amphiphilic compound 8 (outer layer) provided liposomes L (FIG. 2) on the other hand the hydrophobic first liquid 3 from the common centrifuging chamber 13 separated from one another by means of the outlet weir 19 and removed on the one hand via the second outlet 18 and on the other hand via the first outlet 17 of the centrifuging device.
- FIG. 1 the hydrophilic liquid phase 5 with the liposomes provided with the bilayer from the two monomolecular layers of the first amphiphilic compound 2 (FIG. 1) or the continuous, hydrophilic liquid phase of the second emulsion 9 with the with the Bichicht from the first amphiphilic compound 2 (in the inner layer) and the
- the liquid fill levels set by means of the weirs that can be flowed under or overflow can be seen inside the centrifuging chamber 13.
- a function of the overflow or underflow outlet weir 19 is therefore primarily there for a complete separation of phases 5 and 4 or
- the distance of the phase boundary 6 from the radially outer end of the outlet weir 19 should advantageously be set such that the phase boundary 6 is unable to reach the radially outer end of the outlet weir 19 even in the event of vibrations.
- Viscumin (mistletoe extract) in 15 mM phosphate buffer in a bilayer from the lipid dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC).
- Active ingredient solution 10 pg / ml viscumin (active ingredient) in 15 mM
- aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) hydrophilic solvent
- the active ingredient viscumin is dissolved in a proportion of 10 pg / ml in 15 mM aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) as a hydrophilic solvent in order to provide the hydrophilic active ingredient solution.
- PP aqueous phosphate buffer
- DPPC dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- the hydrophilic active ingredient solution from 10 pg / ml in 15 mM PP according to step (a) is now added to the round bottom flask with the DPPC in order to obtain a mixture of 150 mM DPPC in the active ingredient solution.
- the DPPC first amphiphilic compound detaches in the hydrophilic active substance solution due to swelling from the glass wall of the round-bottom flask and forms polydisperse amphiphilic aggregates, which are comminuted by mechanical processing. Two alternative methods are used for this:
- pre-liposomes are drops of solution from the active ingredient with a monomolecular layer of DPPC (disperse phase of the first emulsion) in perfluoroperperrophenanthrene (first liquid, hydrophobic as a continuous phase of the first emulsion) with an average particle size of 424 nm ⁇ 33 nm , a particle count of 643 kcounts / s ⁇ 64 kcounts / s (derived count rate) and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.179.
- the size stability of the pre-liposomes was checked over 138 minutes and changed during this time by less than 10%.
- the first emulsion is aliquoted with the pre-liposomes, with 0.55 ml of the first emulsion being filled into centrifuge tubes, for example, for the subsequent discontinuous centrifugation (see step (e) below).
- the aliquoted portions of the first emulsion with the pre-liposomes can preferably first be frozen in a freezer at -24 ° C. for at least 4 hours become. Then the hydrophobic first liquid (perfluoroperhydrophenanthene) of the first emulsion, in which the pre-liposomes are suspended, is tempered in an ice bath with salt addition at -3 ° C ⁇ 0.5 ° C for approx. 30 minutes; the hydrophilic liquid phase according to step (c) (16 mM PP in
- the first emulsion with the hydrophobic first liquid as a continuous phase is then brought into contact with the hydrophilic liquid phase by placing about 0.55 ml of the first emulsion with the pre-liposomes and 0.7 ml of the hydrophilic liquid phase in a centrifuge tube are pipetted, the first emulsion, which forms the heavier phase in the present exemplary embodiment, first and then very carefully the hydrophilic liquid phase, which forms the lighter phase in the present exemplary embodiment, so that a phase boundary forms on which can enrich the DPPC, without forming an organogel.
- the filling of the Zentri ⁇ joint tube is expediently held in the pre-cooled centrifuge.
- the centrifuge tube filled according to step (d) above is finally centrifuged at 4000 g (corresponding to approximately 39000 m / s 2 ) at a centrifuge temperature of -3 ° C for 30 to 60 minutes, the pre-liposomes from the first emulsion or are transferred from their first liquid (perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene) through the phase boundary into the liquid phase (15 mM PP in water) and the DPPC enriched at the phase boundary acts as the second (outer) monomolecular layer on the first (inner) monomolecular layer from DPPC to form the finished liposomes.
- the hydrophilic liquid phase (15 mM PP in water) with the finished liposomes suspended therein is analyzed in order to determine the size of the liposomes thus produced.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- the hydrophilic liquid phase with the liposomes generated in it is added as a hydrophilic dye and the sample to be examined is applied to a copper grid and exposed to air and in dried in a desiccator.
- the dried samples are by means of TEM analyzes, whereby the dye produces a negative color, ie the ammonium molybdate reduces the transmission in the purely hydrophilic areas; the liposomes remain bright.
- FIG. 4 shows a TEM image of the liposomes produced in this way, which are spherical in shape and according to an analysis using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS, Malvern Zetasizer Nano
- ZS90 have a particle size of 305 nm ⁇ 46 nm, an average particle number of 257 ⁇ 17 kcounts / s (derived count rate) and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.915.
- Viscumin (mistletoe extract) in 15 mM phosphate buffer in a bilayer from the lipid distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC).
- Active ingredient solution 10 pg / ml viscumin (active ingredient) in 15 mM
- aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) hydrophilic solvent
- Solubility DSPC in C14F24 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 mol / 1 (detection limit).
- the liposomes are produced analogously to
- DPPC distearoylphosphatidylcholine
- Viscumin (mistletoe extract) in 15 mM phosphate buffer in a layer of a mixture of the lipids dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol (cholesterol) in a molar ratio of 60:40.
- DOPC lipids dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
- cholesterol cholesterol
- Active ingredient solution 10 pg / ml viscumin (active ingredient) in 15 mM
- aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) hydrophilic solvent
- Solubility cholesterol in C14F24 ⁇ IO 5 mol / 1 (detection
- the liposomes are produced analogously to
- DPPC dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- DOPC dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
- 60:40 dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
- Example 4 Preparation of symmetrical liposomes from pyranine (8-hydroxy-1,3,5-pyrentrisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) in 15 mM phosphate buffer in a bilayer from a mixture of egg lecithin with a phosphatidylcholine content of 80% ( E80) and cholesterol (cholesterol) in a mol ratio of 60:40.
- HPTS 4-hydroxy-1,3,5-pyrentrisulfonic acid trisodium salt
- Active ingredient marker solution pyranine (8-hydroxy-l, 3,5-pyrentrisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) (surrogate) in 15 mM aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) (hydrophilic solvent),
- First amphiphilic compound egg lecithin with a phosphate idylcholine content of 80%
- the drug marker HPTS (surrogate) is dissolved in 15 mM aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) as a hydrophilic solvent to provide the hydrophilic drug marker solution.
- the first emulsion is prepared analogously to step (b) according to Example 1, with the proviso that the first amphiphilic compound instead of 150 mM DPPC 150 mM is a mixture of E80 and cholesterol in a molar ratio of 60:40 mol%. is used.
- the first emulsion with the pre-liposomes is aliquoted to volumes of 30 ml.
- step (c) Analogous to step (c) according to Example 1, 15 mM aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) corresponding to the solvent of the active substance marker solution is provided as the hydrophilic liquid phase.
- PP aqueous phosphate buffer
- the volumes of 30 ml of the first emulsion with the pre-liposomes aliquoted according to step (b) above are used uncooled at room temperature and according to the subsequent step (e) in a flow-operated, continuous centrifuging device, as explained in detail above with reference to FIG. 3, brought into contact with the hydrophilic liquid phase, a phase boundary being formed, on which the mixture of E80 and cholesterol can accumulate without forming an organogel.
- the dead volume of the continuous centrifuge at 333 g (corresponding to approximately 3300 m / s 2 ) is obtained by continuous injection of approx.
- the pre-liposomes being made from the first emulsion or from whose first liquid (perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene) is transferred through the phase boundary into the liquid phase (15 mM PP in water) and the E80 / cholesterol enriched at the phase boundary becomes the second (external) monomo- lecular layer attaches to the first (inner) monomolecular layer of E80 / cholesterol to form the finished liposomes.
- the total volumes of both phases are approximately 30 ml.
- the hydrophilic liquid phase (15 mM PP in water) with the finished liposomes suspended therein is examined analogously to Example 1 by means of photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) in order to determine the size of the liposomes produced in this way.
- the liposomes produced in this way are spherical in shape and have an average particle size of 254 nm ⁇ 3 nm and a particle number of 645 kcounts / s ⁇
- Viscumin in 15 mM phosphate buffer in a layer consisting of on the one hand a mixture of egg lecithin with a phosphatidylcholine content of 80% (E80) and cholesterol (cholesterol) in a molar ratio of 60:40 (inner monomolecular layer) and on the other hand a mixture of egg lecithin with a phosphatidylcholine content of 80% (E80) and cholesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 (outer monomolecular layer).
- Active ingredient solution 10 pg / ml viscumin (active ingredient) in 15 mM
- aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) hydrophilic solvent
- First amphiphilic compound egg lecithin with a phosphate idylcholine content of 80%
- Second amphiphilic compound egg lecithin with a phosphate idylcholine content of 80%
- Solubility E80 in C14F24 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 mol / 1 (detection limit),
- the active ingredient viscumin is dissolved in a concentration of 10 pg / ml in 15 mM aqueous phosphate buffer (PP) as a hydrophilic solvent to make the hydrophilic
- the first emulsion is prepared analogously to step (b) according to Example 1, with the proviso that the first amphiphilic compound instead of 150 mM DPPC is 150 mM a mixture of E80 and cholesterol in a molar ratio of 60:40 mol%. is used, so that the first emulsion of 1% (v / v) hydrophilic active ingredient solution (viscumin in 15 mM aqueous PP) in the first hydrophobic liquid (perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene) with 1.5 mM total portion of the first amphi- phile compound (E80 and cholesterol in the ratio of 60:40 mol%).
- the first amphiphilic compound instead of 150 mM DPPC is 150 mM a mixture of E80 and cholesterol in a molar ratio of 60:40 mol%.
- pre-liposomes from the drug solution drops with a monomolecular layer of E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 60:40 mol% (disperse phase of the first emulsion) in perfluoroper-hydrophenanthrene (first liquid, hydrophobic as a continuous phase of the first Emulsion) with a mean particle size of 376 nm ⁇ 22 nm, a particle number of 482 kcounts / s ⁇ 35 kcounts / s (derived count rate) and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.0.
- PDI polydispersity index
- the first emulsion with the pre-liposomes is aliquoted to volumes of 30 ml.
- E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 mol% as the second amphiphilic compound is dissolved in ethanol in a round bottom flask, after which the ethanol is completely evaporated by means of a rotary evaporator and subsequent storage of the round bottom flask in a desiccator, so that the second amphiphilic compound as dry film remains in the round-bottom flask.
- the hydrophilic liquid phase of 15 mM aqueous PP is now added to the round bottom flask with the E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 mol% to a mixture of 150 mM E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 mol% (second amphiphilic compound) in 15 mM aqueous PP (hydrophilic liquid phase).
- the E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 mol% detaches in the hydrophilic active ingredient solution as a result of swelling from the glass wall of the round bottom flask and forms polydisperse amphiphilic aggregates, which are comminuted by mechanical processing.
- Two alternative methods can be used:
- the hydrophilic liquid phase (15 mM aqueous PP) with the suspended aggregates of E80 / cholesterol in a mol ratio of 80:20 mol% (second amphiphilic compound)
- the hydro is now used to produce the second emulsion phobic second liquid (perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene) with a volume fraction of about 1%.
- the perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene is dispersed as a disperse phase using ultrasound (Hielscher UP 200S) for 10 seconds with a cycle component of 100% and an amplitude of 50%, followed by 30 minutes with a cycle component of 75% and an amplitude of 60%, without Cooling suspended so that the second emulsion of 1% (v / v) hydrophobic second liquid (perfluoroper hydrophenanthrene) in the hydrophilic liquid phase (15 mM aqueous PP) with a total of 1.5 mM of the second th amphiphilic compound (E80 and cholesterol in a ratio of 80:20 mol%).
- ultrasound Hielscher UP 200S
- amphiphile carriers are made from the perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene drops with a monomolecular layer of the second amphiphilic compound E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 mol% (persistent phase of the second emulsion) in 15 mM aqueous PP ( liquid phase, hydrophilic as a continuous phase of the second emulsion) with an average particle size of 127 nm ⁇ 6 nm, a particle number of
- the second emulsion with the amphiphile carriers is aliquoted to volumes of 30 ml.
- the volumes of 30 ml of the first emulsion with the pre-liposomes aliquoted according to step (b) above are used uncooled at room temperature and according to step (e) below in a continuous flow centrifuging device. direction, as explained in detail above with reference to FIG. 3, with the aliquoted according to step (c) above of 30 ml of the second emulsion ⁇ th brought into contact with the amphiphile carriers, whereby a phase boundary forms between the continuous phases of the first and second emulsions, on which the mixture of E80 and cholesterol can accumulate without forming an organogel.
- the dead volume of the continuous centrifuge at 1000 g (corresponding to about 9800 m / s 2 ) by continuous injection of about 13 ml of a side of the first emulsion (hydrophobic first liquid perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene with the pre-liposomes suspended therein) with a flow rate of approximately
- the second emulsion (hydrophilic liquid phase 15 mM PP in water with the suspended amphiphile carriers).
- both phases hydro phil / hydrophobic
- the amphiphile-carriers from the second emulsion be the one hand in the centering of the phase boundary rifugalfeld continuously supplied to the second amphiphilic compound (E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 mol%) continually imit scorching at the Pha ⁇ enrich.
- the pre-liposomes from the first emulsion or from their first liquid (perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene) are transferred through the phase boundary into the liquid phase (15 mM PP in water), the second amphiphilic compound enriched at the phase boundary (E80 / Cho - Lesterol in a molar ratio of 80:20 mol%) as a second (outer) monomolecular layer attached to the first (inner) monomolecular layer from the first amphiphilic compound (E80 / cholesterol in a molar ratio of 60:40) to the finished liposomes to build.
- the total volume of both phases (hydrophilic / hydrophobic) is approx. 30 ml.
- the hydrophilic liquid phase (15 mM PP in water) with the finished - asymmetrical - liposomes suspended therein is analyzed analogously to Example 1 by means of PCS in order to determine the average size of the liposomes thus produced.
- the liposomes produced in this way which have a different composition of the inner and outer monomolecular layers of their bishops, are spherical in shape and have a medium particle size. large of 367 nm ⁇ 61 nm, a particle number of
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| DE102018006443.4A DE102018006443A1 (de) | 2018-08-14 | 2018-08-14 | Verfahren zur Verkapselung von Wirkstoffen in Liposomen |
| PCT/EP2019/000133 WO2020035162A1 (de) | 2018-08-14 | 2019-04-29 | Verfahren zur verkapselung von wirkstoffen in liposomen |
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| EP (1) | EP3836902A1 (de) |
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| US11957635B2 (en) | 2015-06-20 | 2024-04-16 | Therabody, Inc. | Percussive therapy device with variable amplitude |
| DE102018006439A1 (de) | 2018-08-14 | 2020-03-12 | Abnoba Gmbh | Verfahren zur Verkapselung von Wirkstoffen in Liposomen |
| US11890253B2 (en) | 2018-12-26 | 2024-02-06 | Therabody, Inc. | Percussive therapy device with interchangeable modules |
| US10940081B2 (en) | 2019-05-07 | 2021-03-09 | Theragun, Inc. | Percussive massage device with force meter |
| US12064387B2 (en) | 2018-12-26 | 2024-08-20 | Therabody, Inc. | Percussive therapy device with electrically connected attachment |
| US11998504B2 (en) | 2019-05-07 | 2024-06-04 | Therabody, Inc. | Chair including percussive massage therapy |
| US11813221B2 (en) | 2019-05-07 | 2023-11-14 | Therabody, Inc. | Portable percussive massage device |
| CN114534590B (zh) * | 2022-02-26 | 2023-06-09 | 四川大学 | 一种可控制备单分散双重乳液的旋转式套管微流控装置及方法 |
| US11857481B2 (en) | 2022-02-28 | 2024-01-02 | Therabody, Inc. | System for electrical connection of massage attachment to percussive therapy device |
| JP2024051581A (ja) * | 2022-09-30 | 2024-04-11 | 地方独立行政法人神奈川県立産業技術総合研究所 | リポソームの製造方法 |
| US12295900B1 (en) | 2022-12-21 | 2025-05-13 | Therabody, Inc. | Systems, methods, and devices for percussive massage therapy with voice activation |
| US12402686B2 (en) | 2023-06-14 | 2025-09-02 | Therabody, Inc. | Articles of footwear having therapeutic assemblies |
| WO2025059992A1 (en) | 2023-09-21 | 2025-03-27 | Therabody, Inc. | Systems, methods, and devices for percussive massage therapy |
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| US20020048596A1 (en) * | 1994-12-30 | 2002-04-25 | Gregor Cevc | Preparation for the transport of an active substance across barriers |
| AU2001260270A1 (en) | 2000-05-02 | 2001-11-12 | Pharmacept Gmbh | Liposomes containing active substances |
| US6541270B2 (en) * | 2001-01-16 | 2003-04-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method, detector, and apparatus for colorimetric detection of chemical and biological agents |
| EP1485196A1 (de) * | 2002-03-20 | 2004-12-15 | Rhodia Inc. | Ein amphiphiles diblockcopolymer und eine hydrophobe verbindung enthaltende vesikel |
| US7595195B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2009-09-29 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Microfluidic devices for controlled viscous shearing and formation of amphiphilic vesicles |
| DE102005002469B3 (de) | 2005-01-18 | 2006-05-11 | Abnoba Heilmittel Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Einkapselung von Stoffen in Liposomen mit frei einstellbarem Membranaufbau |
| EP3449921B1 (de) * | 2016-04-28 | 2023-05-31 | Eisai R&D Management Co., Ltd. | Eribulin zur hemmung des tumorwachstums |
| DE102018006439A1 (de) | 2018-08-14 | 2020-03-12 | Abnoba Gmbh | Verfahren zur Verkapselung von Wirkstoffen in Liposomen |
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