Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
  • B01J20/041—Oxides or hydroxides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
  • B01D53/06—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with moving adsorbents, e.g. rotating beds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
  • B01D53/06—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with moving adsorbents, e.g. rotating beds
  • B01D53/10—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with moving adsorbents, e.g. rotating beds with dispersed adsorbents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J20/28057—Surface area, e.g. B.E.T specific surface area
  • B01J20/28059—Surface area, e.g. B.E.T specific surface area being less than 100 m2/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J20/28069—Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume
  • B01J20/28071—Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume being less than 0.5 ml/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2251/00—Reactants
  • B01D2251/40—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
  • B01D2251/402—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of magnesium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2251/00—Reactants
  • B01D2251/40—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
  • B01D2251/404—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of calcium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
  • B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
  • B01D2253/112—Metals or metal compounds not provided for in B01D2253/104 or B01D2253/106
  • B01D2253/1124—Metal oxides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
  • B01D2258/02—Other waste gases
  • B01D2258/0283—Flue gases

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a calcium-magnesium compound and to a sorbent composition for use in flue gas streams equipped with an electrostatic precipitator, a method for obtaining such sorbent composition and a process of flue gas treatment using an electrostatic precipitator which comprises a step of injecting such a sorbent composition.
• the present invention is related to a flue gas treatment installation using the sorbent composition according to the invention.
• An electrostatic precipitator generally comprises a shell with a flue gas inlet and a flue gas outlet, the shell enclosing a plurality of collection electrodes, and discharge electrodes spaced from each other and a plurality of hoppers positioned under the collecting plates.
• a voltage is applied between the discharge electrodes and the collection electrodes such as to create an electrostatic field charging the particulate material in the flue gas to obtain charged particulate material.
• the charged particulate material is collected by the collecting electrodes.
• the electrostatic precipitator further comprises rappers which provide mechanical shocks or vibrations to the collecting electrodes to remove the collected particles from the collecting electrodes.
• the collected particles fall down into hoppers arranged at the bottom of the shell and which are periodically or continuously emptied.
• the collecting electrodes can be planar or in a form of tubular or honeycomb structure and the discharge electrodes, are generally under the form of a wire or a rod.
• the flue gas treatment installations including electrostatic precipitators are provided with an air preheater, which may be included in a boiler and/or otherwise provided as an additional element of the flue gas installation.
• the air preheater comprises a heat exchanger transferring the heat from the flue gas stream produced by the boiler to heat the combustion air to the boiler to increase the thermal efficiency of the boiler.
• the flue gas treatment comprises multiple electrostatic precipitators.
• Cold-side electrostatic precipitators are located downstream the air preheater, thereby operate at lower temperatures generally less than 200°C (392°F).
• Hot side electrostatic precipitators are located upstream the air preheater and operate at higher temperatures, generally more than 250°C (482°F).
• the electrostatic precipitator units already operate at the boundary of their design capability due to more stringent particulate matter emission limits that have been introduced over the years and/or changes to plant operating conditions such as fuel switching.
• h is the fractional collection efficiency
• a c is the area of the collection electrode
• V pm is the particle migration velocity
• Q. is the volumetric flow rate of gas.
• the properties of the particles that influence collection efficiency are primarily the particle size distribution and their resistivity. The resistivity of the particles influences the particle migration velocity as described previously in the Deutsch-Anderson equation.
• the document W02015/119880 relates to the drawbacks of trona or hydrated lime as sorbents for flue gas treatment process with electrostatic precipitator units.
• Sodium based sorbents are known to decrease the resistivity of particulate matter; however, a main drawback of the use of sodium sorbents is the leaching of heavy metals from the fly ash is enhanced leading to potential environmental contamination.
• Calcium hydroxide based sorbents do not present the problem of heavy metal leaching from fly ash, but they are known to increase resistivity of the particulate matter (fly ash) entrained in the flue gas stream so that the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator unit may be lowered when calcium based sorbents are used.
• compositions for reducing particulate resistivity in a flue gas and for capturing acid gases wherein the composition comprises an alkali metal/alkali earth particulate having a formula (Lii_ a- p Na a K ) w (Mgi- ⁇ Ca 6 ) x (0H) y (C0 3 ) z -nH 2 0, more specifically a formula Na w Ca x (0H) y (C0 3 ) z -nH 2 0 wherein a ratio of W to x is about 1/3 to about 3/1. Therefore the composition still presents a high amount of sodium which would be likely to not only leach itself, but sodium is also know to increase the leaching of heavy metals contained in the fly ash.
• US 6,797,035 discloses a process for reducing the resistivity of fly ash by spraying an aqueous solution of potassium nitrate or potassium nitrite on the stream of flue gas or by injecting powder of potassium nitrate or potassium nitrite into the duct through which the flue gas flows.
• a drawback of using those powders of nitrate or nitrite salts is that they react with other species than fly ash and results in less reactive chemical reaching the collection plates of the electrostatic precipitator. Therefore, it is suggested to inject those nitrate salts as finely divided powders to reduce the exposed reactive surface area and inhibit reactions with nitrous oxides and sulfur oxides.
• US 7,744,678 B2 discloses a method where addition of an alkali metal species, comprising sodium, between 0.2 and 3.5 wt%, to calcium hydroxide sorbents provides an improved reactivity towards S0 2 capture. Addition of the alkaline metal species is carried out in such a way that the BET specific surface area (SSA) by nitrogen adsorption remains high at 30 ⁇ SSA ⁇ 40 (m 2 /g).
• SSA BET specific surface area
• the object of the present invention is to provide calcium- magnesium compound and sorbent composition comprising said calcium- magnesium compound removing the intrinsic drawback of these sorbents in their application in electrostatic precipitator units.
• the present invention is related to powdery calcium-magnesium compound comprising at least a calcium- magnesium hydroxide content greater or equal to 80 weight %, with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium-magnesium compound, further presenting a resistivity at 300°C (372°F) R 30 o lower than 1E11 (lxlO 11 ) Ohms-cm and higher than 1E7 (lxlO 7 ) Ohms-cm, advantageously lower than 1E10 (lxlO 10 ) Ohms-cm and higher than 5E7 (5xl0 7 ) Ohms-cm, preferably lower than 5E9 (5xl0 9 ) Ohms-cm, more preferably lower than 1E9 (lxlO 9 ) Ohms-cm, even more preferably lower than 5E8 (5xl0 8 ) Ohms-cm and the calcium-magnesium compound is doped with calcium nitrate an amount greater than or equal to 0.05 weight
• a powdery calcium- magnesium compound can be successfully used in flue gas treatment using electrostatic precipitators when the resistivity at 300°C (372°F) is still lower than 1E11 (lxlO 11 ) Ohms-cm, preferably lower than 1E10 (lxlO 10 ) Ohms-cm, meaning that the powdery calcium-magnesium compound is robust and does not decompose at relatively high temperature. Accordingly, this powdery calcium-magnesium compound is able to positively modify the resistivity of air pollution control residue without impacting negatively the operation of the electrostatic precipitator.
• the powdery calcium-magnesium compound is a calcium- magnesium compound comprising at least a calcium-magnesium hydroxide content greater than or equal to 80 weight %, preferably greater than or equal to 82 weight %, more preferably greater than or equal to 85 weight %, advantageously greater or equal to 88 weight %, with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium-magnesium compound, it will be preferably injected at a location near upstream of the preheater as in that location of the flue gas flow inside which the calcium-magnesium compound is to be injected, the temperature is favorable for capture of pollutant compounds in the flue gas by the high hydroxide content.
• the resistivity of the calcium-magnesium compound after exposure at such typical temperatures for example 370°C (700°F) is still low enough at typical temperatures of cold side ESP installations or hot side ESP installations to modify the resistivity of the mixture of the fly ashes present in the flue gas and the calcium-magnesium compound injected.
• calcium-magnesium compound with a calcium- magnesium hydroxide content greater than or equal to 80 weight %, preferably greater than or equal to 82 weight %, more preferably greater than or equal to 85 weight %, advantageously greater or equal to 88 weight %, with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium-magnesium compound it is meant within the meaning of the present invention that at least one calcium-magnesium compound according to the present invention is therefore at least formed with (calcitic) slaked lime, slaked dolomitic lime (or dolime), magnesium slaked lime.
• the molar proportion of calcium to magnesium in dolomitic lime can vary from 0.8 to 1.2.
• the proportion of calcium to magnesium can be also higher or lower up to 0.01 to 10 or even 100.
• natural limestone which is calcined to form quicklime, which latter being further slaked to provide hydrated lime comprises magnesium carbonate at a level which can vary from 1 to 10 weight % with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium- magnesium compound.
• the compound in question is a magnesium carbonate which is calcined to form magnesium oxide, which latter being further slaked to provide magnesium hydroxide, its content in calcium carbonate can also vary from 1 to 10 weight %. It should be noted that a part of the magnesium oxide might remain unslaked.
• the calcium-magnesium compound can also contain impurities.
• the impurities notably comprise all those which are encountered in natural limestones and dolomites, such as clays of the silico-aluminate type, silica, impurities based on common transition metal such as iron or manganese.
• the CaC0 3 , MgC0 3 , Ca(OH) 2 and Mg(OH) 2 contents in calcium-magnesium compounds may easily be determined with conventional methods. For example, they may be determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis, the procedure of which is described in the EN 15309 standard, coupled with a measurement of the loss on ignition and a measurement of the C0 2 volume according to the EN 459-2:2010 E standard.
• the calcium-magnesium compound according to the present invention presents a maximum resistivity R max lower than 5E11 (5x1o 11 ) Ohms-cm, preferably lower than 1E11 (lxlO 11 ) Ohms-cm and more preferably lower than 5E10 (5xl0 10 ) Ohms-cm.
• the total weight of said calcium nitrate is greater than or equal to 0.1 weight % and lower than or equal to 5 weight %, preferably between 0.3 and 3 weight %, with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium-magnesium compound.
• the calcium-magnesium compound of the invention further comprises a sodium based compound in an amount up to 3.5 weight % with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium-magnesium compound and expressed as sodium equivalent.
• sodium is in a minimum amount of 0.2 wt.% with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium-magnesium compound and expressed as sodium equivalent.
• Sodium under the form of a sodium based additive in such amounts is known to have a slight effect on decreasing the resistivity of the sorbent, as presented by Foo et al. (2016) document previously mentioned. The applicant found that sodium based additive in such amounts in combination with the presence as described hereunder of calcium nitrate further provides an additional effect on the decreasing of the resistivity of the sorbent composition.
• the use of sodium additive in combination with the presence as described hereunder of calcium nitrate decreases the resistivity of sorbent composition more than when presence as described hereunder of calcium nitrate is used alone in the calcium-magnesium compound and more than when sodium additive is used alone in the calcium-magnesium compound.
• the powdery calcium-magnesium comprises particles having a d 50 comprised between 5 and 25 pm, preferably between 5 and 20pm, more preferably between 5 and 16 pm.
• the notation d x represents a diameter expressed in pm, as measured by laser granulometry in methanol optionally after sonication, relatively to which X % by mass of the measured particles are smaller or equal.
• the powdery calcium-magnesium compound is a calcium-magnesium compound comprising at least a calcium- magnesium hydroxide content greater than or equal to 80 weight %
• the calcium-magnesium compound according to the invention has a BET specific surface area of at least 20 m 2 /g, preferably of at least 25 m 2 /g, preferably of at least 30 m 2 /g, more preferably of at least 35 m 2 /g.
• the BET surface area is determined by manometry with adsorption of nitrogen after degassing in vacuum at 190°C (374°F) for at least 2 hours and calculated according to the multipoint BET method as described in the ISO 9277/2010E standard.
• the powdery calcium-magnesium compound is a calcium-magnesium compound comprising at least a calcium- magnesium hydroxide content greater than or equal to 80 weight %
• the sorbent composition according to the invention has a BJH pore volume of at least 0.1 cm 3 /g, preferably of at least 0.15 cm 3 /g, preferably of at least 0.17 cm 3 /g, more preferably of at least 0.2 cm 3 /g.
• the BJH pore volume is determined by manometry with desorption of nitrogen after degassing in vacuum at 190°C (374°F) for at least 2 hours and calculated according to the BJH method as described in the ISO 9277/2010E standard.
• the present invention also relates to a sorbent composition for flue gas treatment installation including an electrostatic precipitator comprising said calcium-magnesium compound according to the present invention.
• the sorbent composition according to the invention further comprises activated charcoal, lignite coke, halloysite, sepiolite, clays such as bentonite, kaolin, vermiculite or any other sorbent such as fire clay, aerated cement dust, perlite, expanded clay, lime sandstone dust, trass dust, Yali rock dust, trass lime, fuller's earth, cement, calcium aluminate, sodium aluminate, calcium sulphide, organic sulphide, calcium sulfate, open-hearth coke, lignite dust, fly ash, or water glass.
• activated charcoal lignite coke, halloysite, sepiolite
• clays such as bentonite, kaolin, vermiculite or any other sorbent such as fire clay, aerated cement dust, perlite, expanded clay, lime sandstone dust, trass dust, Yali rock dust, trass lime, fuller's earth, cement, calcium aluminate
• the sorbent composition according to the present invention comprises sodium based additive in an amount up to 3.5 weight % with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium- magnesium compound and expressed as sodium equivalent.
• the amount of sodium in the composition would be higher than 0.2 weight % with respect to the total weight of the powdery sorbent composition.
• the sorbent composition according to the present invention comprises said calcium nitrate at an amount greater than or equal to 0.05 weight % and lower or equal to 5 weight % with respect to the total weight of the powdery calcium-magnesium compound and wherein preferably the total weight of said calcium nitrate is greater than or equal to 0.1 weight % and lower than or equal to 5 weight %, preferably between 0.3 and 3 weight %, with respect to the total weight of the dry sorbent composition.
• the said calcium-magnesium compound is hydrated lime.
• the present invention is related to a process for manufacturing a sorbent composition for a flue gas treatment installation including an electrostatic precipitator, the process comprising the steps of : a) providing a calcium-magnesium compound to a reactor;
• the sorbent composition comprises particles having a d 50 comprised between 5 and 25 pm, preferably between 5 and 20pm, more preferably between 5 and 16 pm.
• said calcium-magnesium compound comprises a calcium-magnesium hydroxide content greater or equal to 80 weight %, with respect to the total weight of the dry calcium-magnesium compound.
• the process of manufacturing said sorbent composition comprises a step of adding a sodium based additive expressed as sodium equivalent in an amount calculated to obtain up to 3.5% of sodium equivalent in weight of the dry sorbent composition.
• the step of providing a calcium-magnesium compound to a reactor comprises the step of providing a quicklime to said reactor, slaking said quicklime with a predetermined amount of water to obtain said calcium- magnesium compound comprising at least a calcium hydroxide content greater or equal to 80 weight %, with respect to the total weight of the dry calcium-magnesium compound with an predetermined amount of moisture.
• said step of slaking is performed in conditions such as to obtain hydrated lime with a BET specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption of at least 20m 2 /g, preferably of at least 25 m 2 /g, preferably of at least 30 m 2 /g, more preferably of at least 35 m 2 /g.
• said step of slaking is performed in conditions such as to obtain hydrated lime with a BJH pore volume for pores having a diameter lower or equal to 1000 A by nitrogen desorption of at least 0.1 cm 3 /g, 0.15 cm 3 /g, preferably of at least 0.17 cm 3 /g, more preferably of at least 0.2 cm 3 /g.
• said step of slaking is performed in the same conditions as the ones described in US patent 6,322,769 of the applicant and incorporated by reference.
• the said step of slaking is performed in the same conditions as the ones described in the US patent 7,744,678 of the applicant and incorporated by reference.
• the step of adding an additive or a mixture of additives, comprising at least calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof is performed before said step of slaking quicklime.
• the said step of adding an additive or a mixture of additives, comprising at least calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof is performed during said step of slaking quicklime.
• the said step of adding an additive or a mixture of additives, comprising at least calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof is performed after the said step of slaking quicklime.
• the step of adding an additive or a mixture of additives, comprising at least calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof performed before, during or after the said step of slaking, in the amounts mentioned hereinabove, does not substantially change the pore volume of the calcium-magnesium compound.
• the specific surface area in any case remains above 20m 2 /g ⁇
• the specific surface area of the sorbent composition according to the present invention is substantially the same as for calcium hydroxide sorbent prepared by the known methods such as the one described in US patents 6,322,769 and 7,744,678 incorporated by reference, provided that addition of calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof is performed after the step of slaking and preferably before the step of drying. Therefore, the properties of the sorbent ensuring the efficiency of S0 2 removal are preserved.
• the said process of manufacturing is characterized in that it further comprises a step of adding activated charcoal, lignite coke, halloysite, sepiolite, clays, bentonite, kaolin, vermiculite, fire clay, aerated cement dust, perlite, expanded clay, lime sandstone dust, trass dust, Yali rock dust, trass lime, fuller's earth, cement, calcium aluminate, sodium aluminate, calcium sulphide, organic sulphide, calcium sulfate, open-hearth coke, lignite dust, fly ash, or water glass, preferably performed after the said step of slaking.
• the present invention is related to a flue gas treatment process using an installation comprising an injection zone arranged upstream of an electrostatic precipitator, characterized in that it comprises a step of injecting in said injection zone a sorbent composition as disclosed herein according to the present invention.
• the flue gas treatment process using an installation including an electrostatic precipitator, and an injection zone arranged upstream of said electrostatic precipitator and through which flue gas is flowing towards said electrostatic precipitator is characterized in that the said process comprises a step of injection of a sorbent composition in said injection zone, said sorbent composition comprising a calcium-magnesium sorbent, calcium nitrate, the total amount of said calcium nitrate being comprised between 0.1 % and 5 %, preferably 0.3 to 3.5% in weight of the dry composition.
• the said sorbent composition has a lower resistivity compared to calcium-magnesium sorbents of prior art, for example at 200°C or lower after exposure to a temperature of 300°C (572°F).
• Injection of the sorbent composition according to the invention in an injection zone to mix with flue gas is effective for the removal of S0 2 and other gaseous acids and the lower resistivity of such sorbent composition improves the collection of particulate matter on the collecting electrodes of the electrostatic precipitator.
• the sorbent composition comprises a calcium- magnesium compound at least a calcium-magnesium hydroxide, and said sorbent composition is injected in said injection zone wherein said flue gas has a temperature greater than or equal to 180°C (356°F), preferably greater than 200°C (392°F), more preferably comprised between 300°C (572°F) and 425°C (797°F).
• the said sorbent composition can be used in the flue gas treatment process according to the present invention under a broad range of temperatures, for example between 100°C (212°F) and 425°C (797°F).
• the said additives of the sorbent composition according to the present invention do not encounter degradation at temperatures higher than 180°C (356°F) so that said sorbent composition can be injected in the said injection zone wherein the temperature is greater than or equal to 180°C (356°F), preferably greater than or equal to 300°C (572°F).
• temperatures at the injection zone can range between 300°C (372°F) to 425°C (797°F), preferably 350°C (662°F) to 380°C (716°F).
• the said injection zone is located upstream of an air preheater itself located upstream of said electrostatic precipitator.
• the said sorbent composition comprises another sodium based additive in an amount up to 3.5% in weight of the dry composition and expressed as sodium equivalent.
• the said sorbent composition has a BET specific surface area of at least 20 m 2 /g.
• the said sorbent composition has a BJH pore volume obtained from nitrogen desorption of at least 0.1 cm 3 /g ⁇
• the said sorbent composition has a BJH pore volume obtained from nitrogen desorption of at least 0.15 cm 3 /g, preferably of at least 0.17 cm 3 /g, more preferably of at least 0.2 cm 3 /g ⁇
• the said sorbent composition further comprises activated charcoal, lignite coke, halloysite, sepiolite, clays, bentonite, kaolin, vermiculite, fire clay, aerated cement dust, perlite, expanded clay, lime sandstone dust, trass dust, Yali rock dust, trass lime, fuller's earth, cement, calcium aluminate, sodium aluminate, calcium sulphide, organic sulphide, calcium sul
• the said sorbent composition is injected as a dry powder in a dry injection system or as an atomized slurry in a spray dryer absorber.
• Other embodiments of the flue gas treatment process according to the present invention are mentioned in the appended claims.
• the present invention is related to a flue gas treatment device comprising an electrostatic precipitator downstream of an air preheater, said air preheater being connected to said electrostatic precipitator by a duct, characterized in that it further comprises an injection zone for injecting a sorbent composition according to the present invention arranged upstream of said air preheater.
• the said flue gas treatment device or installation is used for treating flue gas of a plant, in particular a power plant, using coal or fuel containing sulfur species or other acid gas precursors.
• the said flue gas treatment installation further comprises a reservoir comprising said sorbent composition to provide said sorbent composition to the said injection zone through a sorbent inlet.
• Figure 1 presents a schematic embodiment of a flue gas treatment installation carrying out the flue gas treatment process with the sorbent composition according to the present invention.
• the present invention is related to a sorbent composition for flue gas treatment installation including an electrostatic precipitator, said sorbent composition comprising calcium- magnesium compound, characterized in that it further comprises an additive or a mixture of additives in an amount comprised between 0.1% and 5%, preferably 0.3% to 3% in weight of the dry composition, said additive or additives containing at least calcium nitrate.
• the calcium-magnesium compound is based on hydrated lime.
• Calcium hydroxide sorbents are manufactured by reacting (or slaking) calcium oxide, CaO or quick lime, with water in a so called hydrator, also called slaking unit.
• calcium magnesium hydroxide sorbents are manufactured by reacting dolomitic lime (also called dolime) or magnesium lime with water in a hydrator.
• dolomitic lime also called dolime
• quick lime and dolomitic lime can be mixed together and slaked with water in a hydrator to provide a mixture of calcium hydroxide and calcium magnesium hydroxide.
• the process of manufacturing of the sorbent composition will refer to quick lime but the process of manufacturing is not limited to quick lime as a starting material and dolomitic lime or a combination of dolomitic lime and/or magnesium lime and quick lime can also be used as starting materials.
• the process of manufacturing of the said sorbent composition according to the invention comprises a step of slaking quicklime with a predetermined amount of water to obtain hydrated lime with an predetermined amount of moisture, and is characterized in that it comprises a step of adding an additive or a mixture of additives to dope the sorbent composition in an amount calculated to obtain between 0.1% and 5 %, preferably between 0.3 and 3.5% of said additive or mixture of additives in weight of the dry sorbent composition, said additive or additives containing at least calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof.
• the predetermined amount of water in the said step of slaking is in a water to lime ratio 2:1 by weight or higher.
• the amount of water in the slaking step can be adapted to obtain a hydrated lime with a moisture less than or equal to 10 wt.%, preferably less than or equal to 5 wt.%, preferably less than or equal to 2 w%, more preferably less than or equal to 1 w% with respect to the total weight of the sorbent composition at a powdery state.
• the amount of water in the slaking step can be adapted to obtain a hydrated lime with a moisture content comprised between 5 wt.% and 20 wt.%.
• the amount of water in the slaking step can also be higher such as to obtain a hydrated lime with a moisture content above 20 wt.%, all % being expressed with respect to the total weight of the sorbent composition at a powdery state.
• the hydrated lime obtained after the slaking step is dried in a further step.
• the said additive containing calcium nitrate is used to dope the sorbent composition by adding the additive containing calcium nitrate as an aqueous solution or as a suspension or as a powder before or during the said step of slaking of calcium oxide or calcium magnesium oxide or a combination thereof.
• calcium nitrate is added as aqueous solution or as a suspension or as a powder after the said step of slaking.
• a step of drying is performed after the step of slaking and after the step of adding calcium nitrate.
• Calcium nitrate is preferably added to calcium hydroxide or calcium magnesium hydroxide before injection in an injection zone of the flue gas treatment installation.
• the said step of slaking quicklime is performed in the conditions such as to obtain hydrated lime with a BET specific surface area from nitrogen adsorption of at least 20m 2 /g and a BJH pore volume obtained from nitrogen desorption of at least 0.1 cm 3 /g ⁇
• Various processes are available to the man skilled in the art to obtain an hydrated lime with such properties, and are disclosed for example in documents US patent 6,322,769 and US patent 7,744,678 of the applicant and incorporated by reference.
• particles of quicklime are advantageously used having a particle size distribution of less than 5 mm, in particular quicklime particles of particle size distribution 0-2 mm.
• calcium nitrate can be added in certain amounts according to the invention as disclosed herein before the said step of slaking, during the step of slaking or after the step of slaking without substantially changing the BJH pore volume for pores having a diameter lower than or equal to 1000 A of the sorbent composition.
• the BJH pore volume of the sorbent composition according to the present invention is substantially the same as for calcium hydroxide sorbent prepared by the known methods such as the one described in US patents 6,322,769 and 7,744,678 incorporated by reference.
• the BET specific surface area of the sorbent composition is above 20 m 2 /g ⁇ Therefore, the properties of the sorbent ensuring the efficiency of S0 2 removal are preserved.
• nitric acid or calcium nitrate and nitric acid can be added before, during or after the step of slaking.
• a higher BET specific surface area is obtained when calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof is added after the step of slaking, and preferably before a drying step.
• a hydrated lime composition is prepared according to the method described in US patent 7,744,678, such method comprises a step of adding a quantity of an alkali metal, preferably sodium in an quantity to the quicklime or to the slaking water or to the hydrated lime, sufficient to obtain in the hydrated lime an alkali metal content that is equal to or greater than 0.2 % and equal or less than 3.5 % by weight based on the total weight of the dry sorbent composition.
• the sodium can be added, for example, as Na 2 C0 3 .
• calcium nitrate or nitric acid or a combination thereof is further added after the step of slaking, and preferably before a drying step with an amount such as to obtain a content in calcium nitrate between 0.1 % and 5%, preferably 0.3% to 3% in weight of the dry sorbent composition.
• sorbent compositions have been prepared according to the method of the present invention and measurements of the resistivity of dry powders of said sorbent compositions have been carried out in following the procedure outlined by IEEE (Estcourt, 1984). Basically, a resistivity cell of a determined volume is filled by a dry powder of sorbent composition and the powder is then compacted with a weight such as to obtain a flat surface. An electrode with a guard is placed over the surface of the powder and the resistivity of the powder is measured in an oven under a stream of air comprising 10% of humidity at various temperatures comprised between 150°C (302°F) and 300°C (372°F). The resistivity of comparatives examples have been measured in the same conditions. For each measurement, a maximum resistivity Rmax and a resistivity at 300°C (572°F) has been determined. The resistivity measurements are presented herein after:
• Example 1 is a comparative sample of calcium hydroxide sorbent designed for the removal of acid gas pollutants manufactured according to US 6,322,769 Bl. This sample was obtained from an industrial installation. No sodium nor calcium nitrate nor nitric acid has been added.
• Example 2 is a comparative sample of a calcium hydroxide sorbent designed for the removal of acid gas pollutants manufactured according to US 7,744,678 B2. This sample has a content of Ca(OH) 2 > 90 w%, CaC0 3 ⁇ 8 w%, and of Na 2 C0 3 of about 0.8 w% and the rest of impurities. No further sodium or calcium nitrate or nitric acid has been added. This sample was obtained from an industrial installation.
• Example 3 is another sample of a calcium hydroxide sorbent designed for the removal of acid gas pollutants manufactured according to US 7,744,678 B2 and wherein the lime comes from another source.
• This sample has a content of Ca(OH) 2 > 90 w%, of CaC0 3 ⁇ 7 w%, and 2.1 w% of Na 2 C0 3 and the rest of impurities. No further sodium or calcium nitrate nor nitric acid has been added. This sample was obtained from an industrial installation.
• Example 4 is a calcium hydroxide sorbent manufactured according to the present invention using same source of lime as for the example 3 and using calcium nitrate as dopant in an amount of 1% relative to the dry product. This sample was obtained from an industrial installation.
• Example 5 is a calcium hydroxide sorbent manufactured according to the present invention using same source of lime as for the example 3 and using calcium nitrate as dopant in an amount of 2% relative to the dry product. This sample was obtained from an industrial installation.
• Example 6 is a calcium hydroxide sorbent manufactured according to the present invention, at laboratory scale by mixing (slaking), in a mixer with paddles, quicklime with stoichiometric amount of water and a quantity of NaC03 such as to obtain a sodium content of 2% by weight based on the total weight of the dried powdered composition obtained.
• the quicklime was obtained by calcination of lime from the same source of lime as for the example 3. After reaction in the mixer, the hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) was discharged, dried and submitted to post treatment with 1% of HN0 3 by weight of the dry product.
• Table 1 shows the measured resistivity parameters R max and R 30 O for those examples. All the measurements of resistivity parameters have been performed by measuring the resistivity of samples under increasing temperatures.
• Table 1 Resistivity parameters of calcium hydroxide sorbents of examples 1 to 6.
• the presence of a small amount of calcium nitrate in an amount of 1 wt% in the composition of example 4 reduces the R max value by nearly three order of magnitude and the R 300 value by nearly four orders of magnitude respect to the R max and R 30 o values of the composition of example 1.
• the presence of 2 w% of calcium nitrate in the composition of example 5 decreases even more the values of R max and R 30 o relative to the composition of example 1. Therefore, surprisingly the addition of calcium nitrate or nitric acid is more effective for lowering the resistivity than the addition of sodium.
• Example 7 is a sample of fly ash obtained from a coal power station.
• Example 8 is a blend of 80 w% of fly ash of example 7 with 20 w% of a sorbent according to example 3.
• Example 9 is a blend of 80 w% of fly ash of example 7 with 20 w% of a sorbent according to example 4.
• Example 10 is a blend of 80 w% of fly ash of example 7 with 20 w% of a sorbent according to example 5.
• Table 2 shows the measurement of resistivity parameters of Rmax and R300 for those examples 7 to 10.
• One set of measurements of Rmax and R300 has been performed by measuring the resistivity of the samples under increasing temperatures and one set of measurements of Rmax has been performed by measuring the resistivity of the samples under decreasing temperatures.
• sorbent compositions presented herein above are not limitative for the present invention, and other additives in the amounts comprised between 0.1 and 5 % in weight of the dry sorbent composition can be used to decrease the resistivity of sorbent compositions destined to be used in flue gas treatment processes using an electrostatic precipitator. It is to be mentioned that improvements of particulate matter collection on collecting electrodes of an electrostatic precipitators can be observed with the use of the sorbent according to the present invention.
• the present invention is related to a flue gas treatment installation.
• Figure 1 shows a schematic embodiment of a flue gas treatment installation 100 comprising an electrostatic precipitator 101 arranged downstream a first duct portion 102 arranged downstream an air preheater 103, characterized in that an injection zone 104 is arranged upstream said air preheater 103 and comprises a sorbent inlet 105.
• the said flue gas treatment installation 100 further comprises a reservoir 106 comprising said sorbent composition S to provide said sorbent composition to the said injection zone through the said sorbent inlet.
• the hot flue gas FG produced by a boiler 10 is flown through the injection zone wherein the sorbent S according to the invention is injected to react with S0 2 and other acidic gases from the flue gas, then the hot flue gas crosses the air preheater through which cold air CA is flown to absorb the heat of the hot flue gas and to be injected as hot air HA in the boiler. Then the flue gas flows through the electrostatic precipitator 101 wherein charged collecting electrodes collects the particulate matter including the sorbent composition according to the invention that has reacted with undesired acidic gases.
• the flue gas treatment installation described herein is relatively simple and is well adapted for the use of the sorbent composition according to the present invention.
• the said flue gas treatment installation is used for treating flue gas of a power plant using coal or fuel containing sulfur species or other acid gas precursors.
• the installation for flue gas treatment was described with an electrostatic precipitator downstream of an air preheater, said air preheater being connected to said electrostatic precipitator by a duct with an injection zone for injecting a sorbent composition according to the present invention arranged upstream of said air preheater.
• An alternative within the scope of the present may comprises a particulate collection device upstream of said preheater.
• flue gas treatment device comprises in sequence an electrostatic precipitator, a preheater followed by optionally a particulate collection device, before reaching the chimney.
• the particulate collection device can be another electrostatic precipitator or any kind of filter, such as a bag house filter.
• the sorbent composition according to the present invention is injected in an injection zone located upstream of said electrostatic precipitator, before or after the preheater, depending on the on-site configuration.

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