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Definitions

• the present invention relates to liquid crystal (LC) media comprising polymerisable compounds as further specified in the description or claims and a self-alignment additive for vertical alignment.
• the media are adapted for use in LC displays, especially in LC displays of the polymer-sustained alignment type.
• LCD liquid crystal display
• TN LCDs have the disadvantage of a strong viewing-angle dependence of the contrast.
• VA vertical aligned
• the LC cell of a VA display contains a layer of an LC medium between two transparent electrodes, where the LC medium usually has a negative dielectric anisotropy.
• the molecules of the LC layer are aligned perpendicular to the electrode surfaces (homeotropically) or have a tilted homeotropic alignment.
• an electrical voltage to the two electrodes, a realignment of the LC molecules parallel to the electrode surfaces takes place.
• OCB optical compensated bend
• LC liquid crystal display
• OCB displays which are based on a birefringence effect and have an LC layer with a so-called "bend" alignment and usually positive dielectric anisotropy. On application of an electrical voltage, a realignment of the LC molecules perpendicular to the electrode surfaces takes place.
• OCB displays normally contain one or more birefringent optical retardation films in order to prevent undesired transparency to light of the bend cell in the dark state.
• OCB displays have a broader viewing angle and shorter response times compared with TN displays.
• IPS in-plane switching
• FFS farnesoid-field switching
• FFS displays have been reported (see, inter alia, S.H. Jung et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Volume 43, No. 3, 2004, 1028 ), which contain two electrodes on the same substrate, one of which structured in a comb-shaped manner and the other is unstructured.
• a strong, so-called “fringe field” is thereby generated, i.e. a strong electric field close to the edge of the electrodes, and, throughout the cell, an electric field which has both a strong vertical component and also a strong horizontal component.
• FFS displays have a low viewing-angle dependence of the contrast.
• FFS displays usually contain an LC medium with positive dielectric anisotropy, and an alignment layer, usually of polyimide, which provides planar alignment to the molecules of the LC medium.
• FFS displays can be operated as active-matrix or passive-matrix displays.
• active-matrix displays individual pixels are usually addressed by integrated, non-linear active elements, such as, for example, transistors (for example thin-film transistors (“TFTs”)), while in the case of passive-matrix displays, individual pixels are usually addressed by the multiplex method, as known from the prior art.
• TFTs thin-film transistors
• FFS displays have been disclosed (see S.H. Lee et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 1998, 2882-2883 and S.H. Lee et al., Liquid Crystals 39(9), 2012, 1141-1148 ), which have similar electrode design and layer thickness as FFS displays, but comprise a layer of an LC medium with negative dielectric anisotropy instead of an LC medium with positive dielectric anisotropy.
• the LC medium with negative dielectric anisotropy shows a more favourable director orientation that has less tilt and more twist orientation compared to the LC medium with positive dielectric anisotropy, as a result of which these displays have a higher transmission.
• the displays further comprise an alignment layer, preferably of polyimide provided on at least one of the substrates that is in contact with the LC medium and induces planar alignment of the LC molecules of the LC medium.
• an alignment layer preferably of polyimide provided on at least one of the substrates that is in contact with the LC medium and induces planar alignment of the LC molecules of the LC medium.
• These displays are also known as "Ultra Brightness FFS (UB-FFS)" mode displays. These displays require an LC medium with high reliability.
• the term "reliability” as used hereinafter means the quality of the performance of the display during time and with different stress loads, such as light load, temperature, humidity, voltage, and comprises display effects such as image sticking (area and line image sticking), mura, yogore etc. which are known to the skilled person in the field of LC displays.
• VHR voltage holding ration
• VA displays of the more recent type uniform alignment of the LC molecules is restricted to a plurality of relatively small domains within the LC cell. Disclinations may exist between these domains, also known as tilt domains.
• VA displays having tilt domains have, compared with conventional VA displays, a greater viewing-angle independence of the contrast and the grey shades.
• displays of this type are simpler to produce since additional treatment of the electrode surface for uniform alignment of the molecules in the switched-on state, such as, for example, by rubbing, is no longer necessary. Instead, the preferential direction of the tilt or pretilt angle is controlled by a special design of the electrodes.
• MVA multidomain vertical alignment
• the slitted electrodes generate an inhomogeneous electric field in the LC cell on application of a voltage, meaning that controlled switching is still achieved.
• the separations between the slits and protrusions can be increased, but this in turn results in a lengthening of the response times.
• PVA patterned VA
• protrusions are rendered completely superfluous in that both electrodes are structured by means of slits on the opposite sides, which results in increased contrast and improved transparency to light, but is technologically difficult and makes the display more sensitive to mechanical influences (“tapping", etc.).
• a shortening of the response times and an improvement in the contrast and luminance (transmission) of the display are demanded.
• PS polymer sustained
• PSA polymer sustained alignment
• a small amount for example 0.3% by weight, typically ⁇ 1 % by weight
• the polymerisation is carried out at a temperature where the LC medium exhibits a liquid crystal phase, usually at room temperature.
• RMs reactive mesogens
• PSA is used hereinafter when referring to displays of the polymer sustained alignment type in general, and the term “PS” is used when referring to specific display modes, like PS-VA, PS-TN and the like.
• RM is used hereinafter when referring to a polymerisable mesogenic or liquid-crystalline compound.
• PS(A) principle is being used in various conventional LC display modes.
• PS-VA, PS-OCB, PS-IPS, PS-FFS, PS-UB-FFS and PS-TN displays are known.
• the polymerisation of the RMs preferably takes place with an applied voltage in the case of PS-VA and PS-OCB displays, and with or without, preferably without, an applied voltage in the case of PS-IPS displays.
• the PS(A) method results in a pretilt in the cell.
• PS-OCB displays for example, it is possible for the bend structure to be stabilised so that an offset voltage is unnecessary or can be reduced.
• the pretilt has a positive effect on response times.
• a standard MVA or PVA pixel and electrode layout can be used.
• PS-VA displays are described, for example, in EP 1 170 626 A2 , US 6,861,107 , US 7,169,449 , US 2004/0191428 A1 , US 2006/0066793 A1 and US 2006/0103804 A1 .
• the PSA display typically contains an alignment layer, for example of polyimide, that provides the initial alignment of the LC molecules before the polymer stabilisation step.
• Rubbed polyimide layers have been used for a long time as alignment layers.
• the rubbing process causes a number of problems, like mura, contamination, problems with static discharge, debris, etc.
• problems with static discharge, debris, etc. Generally the effort and costs for production of such a polyimide layer are relatively great. Therefore instead of rubbed polyimide layers it was proposed to use polyimide layers prepared by photoalignment, or self-alignment by addition of suitable additives to the LC medium.
• a self-alignment agent or additive to the LC medium that induces the desired alignment, for example homeotropic alignment, in situ by a self assembling mechanism.
• the alignment layer can be omitted on one or both of the substrates.
• SA self-alignment
• a self-alignment additive is added to the LC medium.
• Suitable self-alignment additives are for example compounds having an organic core group and attached thereto one or more polar anchor groups, which are capable of interacting with the substrate surface, causing the additives on the substrate surface to align and induce the desired alignment also in the LC molecules.
• Preferred self-alignment additives comprise for example a mesogenic group and a straight-chain or branched alkyl side chain that is terminated with one or more polar anchor groups, for example selected from hydroxy, carboxy, amino or thiol groups.
• the self-aligning additives may also contain one or more polymerisable groups that can be polymerised under similar conditions as the RMs used in the PSA process.
• Hitherto SA-VA (self-alignment VA) displays have been disclosed.
• Suitable self-alignment additives to induce homeotropic alignment are disclosed for example in US 2013/0182202 A1 , US 2014/0138581 A1 , US 2015/0166890 A1 and US 2015/0252265 A1 .
• the SA mode can also be used in combination with the PSA mode.
• An LC medium for use in a display of such a combined mode thus contains both one or more RMs and one or more self-alignment additives.
• PSA displays can be operated as active-matrix or passive-matrix displays.
• active-matrix displays individual pixels are usually addressed by integrated, non-linear active elements, such as, for example, transistors (for example thin-film transistors (“TFTs”)), while in the case of passive-matrix displays, individual pixels are usually addressed by the multiplex method, as known from the prior art.
• TFTs thin-film transistors
• the PSA method can provide significant advantages here.
• a shortening of the response times, which correlate with a measurable pretilt in test cells, can be achieved without significant adverse effects on other parameters.
• the selected combination of LC host mixture/RM should have the lowest possible rotational viscosity and the best possible electrical properties. In particular, it should have the highest possible VHR.
• a high VHR after irradiation with UV light is particularly necessary since UV exposure is a requisite part of the display production process, but also occurs as normal exposure during operation of the finished display.
• a further problem in the production of PSA displays is the presence or removal of residual amounts of unpolymerised RMs, in particular after the polymerisation step for production of the pretilt angle in the display.
• unreacted RMs of this type may adversely affect the properties of the display by, for example, polymerising in an uncontrolled manner during operation after finishing of the display.
• the PSA displays known from the prior art often exhibit the undesired effect of so-called "image sticking” or "image burn”, i.e. the image produced in the LC display by temporary addressing of individual pixels still remains visible even after the electric field in these pixels has been switched off or after other pixels have been addressed.
• This "image sticking" can occur on the one hand if LC host mixtures having a low VHR are used.
• the UV component of daylight or the backlighting can cause undesired decomposition reactions of the LC molecules therein and thus initiate the production of ionic or free-radical impurities. These may accumulate, in particular, at the electrodes or the alignment layers, where they may reduce the effective applied voltage. This effect can also be observed in conventional LC displays without a polymer component.
• a further problem that has been observed in the operation of PSA displays is the stability of the pretilt angle.
• the pretilt angle which was generated during display manufacture by polymerising the RM as described above, does not remain constant but can deteriorate after the display was subjected to voltage stress during its operation. This can negatively affect the display performance, e.g. by increasing the black state transmission and hence lowering the contrast.
• RMs of prior art do often have high melting points, and do only show limited solubility in many currently common LC mixtures, and therefore frequently tend to spontaneously crystallise out of the mixture.
• the risk of spontaneous polymerisation prevents the LC host mixture being warmed in order to dissolve the polymerisable component, meaning that the best possible solubility even at room temperature is necessary.
• there is a risk of separation for example on introduction of the LC medium into the LC display (chromatography effect), which may greatly impair the homogeneity of the display. This is further increased by the fact that the LC media are usually introduced at low temperatures in order to reduce the risk of spontaneous polymerisation (see above), which in turn has an adverse effect on the solubility.
• LC media for use in PSA displays do often exhibit high viscosities and, as a consequence, long switching times.
• LC media containing alkenyl compounds often show a decrease of the reliability and stability, and a decrease of the VHR especially after exposure to UV radiation.
• the photo-polymerisation of the RMs in the PSA display is usually carried out by exposure to UV radiation, which may cause a VHR drop in the LC medium.
• RMs having a biphenyl or terphenyl mesogenic core and attached thereto two or three polymerisable acrylate or methacrylate groups.
• Biphenyl RMs were shown to exhibit limited polymerisation speed but good reliability parameters, like high VHR or tilt stability, while terphenyl RMs were shown to exhibit fast polymerisation speed but limited reliability parameters. It is therefore desirable to have available RMs that exhibit both fast polymerisation speed and good reliability parameters.
• the invention is based on the object of providing novel suitable materials, in particular RMs and LC media comprising the same, for use in PSA displays, which do not have the disadvantages indicated above or do so to a reduced extent.
• the invention is based on the object of providing RMs, and LC media comprising them, for use in PSA displays, which enable very high specific resistance values, high VHR values, high reliability, low threshold voltages, short response times, high birefringence, show good UV absorption especially at longer wavelengths, enable quick and complete polymerisation of the RMs, allow the generation of a suitable tilt angle, preferably as quickly as possible, enable a high stability of the pretilt even after longer time and/or after UV exposure, reduce or prevent the occurrence of "image sticking" and "ODF mura” in the display, and in case of the RMs polymerise as rapidly and completely as possible and show a high solubility in the LC media which are typically used as host mixtures in PSA displays.
• a further object of the invention is to provide RMs for use in PSA displays which exhibit both fast polymerisation speed and good reliability parameters, like high VHR or tilt stability.
• a further object of the invention is the provision of novel RMs, in particular for optical, electro-optical and electronic applications, and of suitable processes and intermediates for the preparation thereof.
• RMs of formula I as described hereinafter in combination with self-alignment additives of formula II allows achieving the advantageous effects as mentioned above.
• the compounds of formula I are characterized in that they contain a mesogenic core with one or more benzene or naphthalene rings, one or more polymerisable reactive groups attached thereto, and one or more methoxymethyl substituents attached thereto.
• the RMs according to the invention have low melting points, good solubility in a wide range of LC media, especially in commercially available LC host mixtures for PSA use, and a low tendency to crystallisation. Besides, they show good absorption at longer UV wavelengths, in particular in the range from 300-380 nm, and enable a quick and complete polymerisation with small amounts of residual, unreacted RMs in the cell.
• the RMs according to the present invention combine a fast polymerisation speed, which is similar to that of terphenyl RMs, with good reliability parameters similar to biphenyl RMs. This results in a superior overall performance compared to RMs of the state of the art.
• WO 2014/142168 A1 discloses an LC aligning agent containing crosslinkable compounds with a photoreactive group, and explicitly discloses the following compound
• the invention relates to an LC medium comprising
• the liquid-crystalline component B) of an LC medium according to the present invention is hereinafter also referred to as "LC host mixture” or “LC component B)", and preferably comprises one or more, preferably at least two mesogenic or LC compounds selected from low-molecular-weight compounds which are unpolymerisable.
• the invention furthermore relates to an LC medium or LC display as described above, wherein the compounds of formula I, or the polymerisable compounds of component A), are polymerised.
• the invention furthermore relates to a process for preparing an LC medium as described above and below, comprising the steps of mixing one or more mesogenic or LC compounds, or an LC host mixture or LC component B) as described above and below, with one or more compounds of formula I, and optionally with further LC compounds and/or additives.
• the invention furthermore relates to the use of LC media according to the invention in PSA displays, in particular the use in PSA displays containing an LC medium, for the production of a tilt angle in the LC medium by in-situ polymerisation of the compound(s) of the formula I in the PSA display, preferably in an electric or magnetic field.
• the invention furthermore relates to an LC display comprising one or more compounds each of formula I and II or an LC medium according to the invention, in particular a PSA display, particularly preferably a PS-VA, PS-UB-FFS or PS-posi-VA display.
• a PSA display particularly preferably a PS-VA, PS-UB-FFS or PS-posi-VA display.
• the invention furthermore relates to the use of compounds of formula I and LC media according to the invention in polymer stabilised SA-VA displays, and to a polymer stabilised SA-VA display comprising one or more compounds of formula I or an LC medium according to the invention.
• the invention furthermore relates to an LC display comprising a polymer obtainable by polymerisation of an LC medium according to the invention, which is preferably a PSA display, very preferably a PS-VA, PS-UB-FFS, or polymer stabilised SA-VA display.
• a PSA display very preferably a PS-VA, PS-UB-FFS, or polymer stabilised SA-VA display.
• the invention furthermore relates to an LC display of the PSA type comprising two substrates, at least one which is transparent to light, an electrode provided on each substrate or two electrodes provided on only one of the substrates, and located between the substrates a layer of an LC medium that comprises an LC medium as described above and below, wherein the polymerisable compounds are polymerised between the substrates of the display.
• the invention furthermore relates to a process for manufacturing an LC display as described above and below, comprising the steps of filling or otherwise providing an LC medium according to the invention as described above and below, between the substrates of the display, and polymerising the polymerisable compounds.
• the PSA displays according to the invention have two electrodes, preferably in the form of transparent layers, which are applied to one or both of the substrates.
• two electrodes preferably in the form of transparent layers, which are applied to one or both of the substrates.
• one electrode is applied to each of the two substrates.
• both electrodes are applied to only one of the two substrates.
• the polymerisable component is polymerised in the LC display while a voltage is applied to the electrodes of the display.
• the polymerisable compounds of the polymerisable compoment are preferably polymerised by photopolymerisation, very preferably by UV photopolymerisation.
• the conditions for the polymerisation of compounds of formula I are preferably selected such that the L 11 (e.g. CH 2 OCH 3 ) substituents do not participate in the polymerisation reaction.
• the LC media disclosed and claimed in the present application do not contain a photoacid or another additive that enables participation of the L 11 (e.g. CH 2 OCH 3 ) group in a crosslinking reaction.
• the compounds of formula I combine a fast polymerisation speed which is similar to terphenyl RMs with good reliability parameters similar to biphenyl RMs. This results in a superior overall performance of the compounds compared to RMs of the state of the art when used in PSA displays.
• the presence of one or more methoxymethylene substituents L 11 on the benzene or naphthylene rings were found to enhance superior properties of the compounds, like fast polymerisation speed and good reliability.
• the substituents L 11 are not designated as a polymerisable or crosslinkable group that should participate in the polymerisation reaction of the compound.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention thus relates to the use of the compounds of formula I in a polymerisation reaction where the conditions for polymerisation of the groups P are selected such that the methoxymethylene substituents, or groups L 11 , do not participate in the polymerisation reaction.
• the compounds of formula I are preferably selected from achiral compounds.
• active layer and “switchable layer” mean a layer in an electrooptical display, for example an LC display, that comprises one or more molecules having structural and optical anisotropy, like for example LC molecules, which change their orientation upon an external stimulus like an electric or magnetic field, resulting in a change of the transmission of the layer for polarized or unpolarized light.
• the tilt angle here denotes the average angle ( ⁇ 90°) between the longitudinal molecular axes of the LC molecules (LC director) and the surface of the plane-parallel outer plates which form the LC cell.
• ⁇ 90° the average angle
• a low value for the tilt angle i.e. a large deviation from the 90° angle
• tilt angle values disclosed above and below relate to this measurement method.
• reactive mesogen and "RM” will be understood to mean a compound containing a mesogenic or liquid-crystalline skeleton, and one or more functional groups attached thereto which are suitable for polymerisation and are also referred to as “polymerisable group” or "P".
• polymerisable compound as used herein will be understood to mean a polymerisable monomeric compound.
• SA-VAdisplay will be of the polymer stabilised mode as it contains, or is manufactured by use of, an LC medium containing an RM of formula I. Consequently, as used herein, the term "SA-VA display”, when referring to a display according to the present invention, will be understood to refer to a polymer stabilised SA-VA display even if not explicitly mentioned.
• low-molecular-weight compound will be understood to mean to a compound that is monomeric and/or is not prepared by a polymerisation reaction, as opposed to a "polymeric compound” or a "polymer”.
• unpolymerisable compound will be understood to mean a compound that does not contain a functional group that is suitable for polymerisation under the conditions usually applied for the polymerisation of the RMs.
• mesogenic group as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and described in the literature, and means a group which, due to the anisotropy of its attracting and repelling interactions, essentially contributes to causing a liquid crystal (LC) phase in low-molecular-weight or polymeric substances.
• Compounds containing mesogenic groups do not necessarily have to have an LC phase themselves. It is also possible for mesogenic compounds to exhibit LC phase behaviour only after mixing with other compounds and/or after polymerisation. Typical mesogenic groups are, for example, rigid rod- or disc-shaped units.
• a "calamitic" mesogenic group as used herein is a rod-shaped mesogenic group, as opposed to disc-shaped (discotic group). It may have lateral and terminal substituents on the rod-shaped core. Terminal substituents are those located at the tips of the rodlike shape.
• the rod-shaped core is usually made up of an organic group, typically and preferably by a combination of two or more ring systems. In the case of three or more ring systems, these are connected in a substantially linear fashion which causes the rod-shape (e.g. a terphenyl). Rings can be connected by single bonds, by small organic groups (bridges) or can be fused rings, where single bonds are preferred.
• spacer group hereinafter also referred to as "Sp”, as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and is described in the literature, see, for example, Pure Appl. Chem. 2001, 73(5), 888 and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6340-6368 .
• spacer group or “spacer” mean a flexible group, for example an alkylene group, which connects the mesogenic group and the polymerisable group(s) in a polymerisable mesogenic compound.
• trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring denotes a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring
• 1,4-phenylene ring denotes a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring
• the single bond shown between the two ring atoms can be attached to any free position of the benzene ring.
• organic group denotes a carbon or hydrocarbon group.
• Carbon group denotes a mono- or polyvalent organic group containing at least one carbon atom, where this either contains no further atoms (such as, for example, -C ⁇ C-) or optionally contains one or more further atoms, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge (for example carbonyl, etc.).
• hydrocarbon group denotes a carbon group which additionally contains one or more H atoms and optionally one or more heteroatoms, such as, for example, N, O, S, B, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge.
• Halogen denotes F, CI, Br or I, preferably F or CI.
• a carbon or hydrocarbon group can be a saturated or unsaturated group. Unsaturated groups are, for example, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups.
• a carbon or hydrocarbon radical having more than 3 C atoms can be straight-chain, branched and/or cyclic and may also contain spiro links or condensed rings.
• alkyl also encompass polyvalent groups, for example alkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, etc.
• aryl denotes an aromatic carbon group or a group derived therefrom.
• heteroaryl denotes “aryl” as defined above, containing one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si and Ge.
• Preferred carbon and hydrocarbon groups are optionally substituted, straight-chain, branched or cyclic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy and alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 20, very preferably 1 to 12, C atoms, optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy having 5 to 30, preferably 6 to 25, C atoms, or optionally substituted alkylaryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyloxy and aryloxycarbonyloxy having 5 to 30, preferably 6 to 25, C atoms, wherein one or more C atoms may also be replaced by hetero atoms, preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si and Ge.
• hetero atoms preferably selected from N, O, S, Se, Te, Si
• carbon and hydrocarbon groups are C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynyl, C 3 -C 20 allyl, C 4 -C 20 alkyldienyl, C 4 -C 20 polyenyl, C 6 -C20 cycloalkyl, C 4 -C 15 cycloalkenyl, C 6 -C 30 aryl, C 6 -C 30 alkylaryl, C 6 -C 30 arylalkyl, C 6 -C 30 alkylaryloxy, C 6 -C 30 arylalkyloxy, C 2 -C 30 heteroaryl, C 2 -C 30 heteroaryloxy.
• C 1 -C 12 alkyl Particular preference is given to C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, C6-C25 aryl and C 2 -C 25 heteroaryl.
• R x preferably denotes H, F, CI, CN, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl chain having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O- and in which one or more H atoms may be replaced by F or CI, or denotes an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group with 6 to 30 C atoms, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group with 2 to 30 C atoms.
• Preferred alkyl groups are, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-heptyl, cycloheptyl, n-octyl, cyclooctyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, dodecanyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoro-n-butyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, perfluorooctyl, perfluorohexyl, etc.
• Preferred alkenyl groups are, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, etc.
• Preferred alkynyl groups are, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, octynyl, etc.
• Preferred alkoxy groups are, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 2-methoxy-ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, 2-methylbutoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, n-heptoxy, n-octoxy, n-nonoxy, n-decoxy, n-undecoxy, n-dodecoxy, etc.
• Preferred amino groups are, for example, dimethylamino, methylamino, methylphenylamino, phenylamino, etc.
• Aryl and heteroaryl groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic, i.e. they can contain one ring (such as, for example, phenyl) or two or more rings, which may also be fused (such as, for example, naphthyl) or covalently bonded (such as, for example, biphenyl), or contain a combination of fused and linked rings.
• Heteroaryl groups contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from O, N, S and Se.
• aryl groups having 6 to 25 C atoms and mono-, bi- or tricyclic heteroaryl groups having 5 to 25 ring atoms, which optionally contain fused rings and are optionally substituted.
• Preferred aryl groups are, for example, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, [1,1':3',1"]terphenyl-2'-yl, naphthyl, anthracene, binaphthyl, phenanthrene, 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene, pyrene, dihydropyrene, chrysene, perylene, tetracene, pentacene, benzopyrene, fluorene, indene, indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, etc.
• Preferred heteroaryl groups are, for example, 5-membered rings, such as pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, furan, thiophene, selenophene, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2-thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 6-membered rings, such as pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,
• aryl and heteroaryl groups mentioned above and below may also be substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, fluorine, fluoroalkyl or further aryl or heteroaryl groups.
• the (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups encompass both saturated rings, i.e. those containing exclusively single bonds, and also partially unsaturated rings, i.e. those which may also contain multiple bonds.
• Heterocyclic rings contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from Si, O, N, S and Se.
• the (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups can be monocyclic, i.e. contain only one ring (such as, for example, cyclohexane), or polycyclic, i.e. contain a plurality of rings (such as, for example, decahydronaphthalene or bicyclooctane). Particular preference is given to saturated groups. Preference is furthermore given to mono-, bi- or tricyclic groups having 5 to 25 ring atoms, which optionally contain fused rings and are optionally substituted.
• Preferred alicyclic and heterocyclic groups are, for example, 5-membered groups, such as cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiofuran, pyrrolidine, 6-membered groups, such as cyclohexane, silinane, cyclohexene, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dithiane, piperidine, 7-membered groups, such as cycloheptane, and fused groups, such as tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, indane, bicyclo[1.1.1]-pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane
• Preferred substituents of the above-mentioned cyclic groups are, for example, solubility-promoting groups, such as alkyl or alkoxy, electron-withdrawing groups, such as fluorine, nitro or nitrile, or substituents for increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) in the polymer, in particular bulky groups, such as, for example, t-butyl or optionally substituted aryl groups.
• Substituted silyl or aryl preferably means substituted by halogen, -CN, R 0 , -OR 0 , -CO-R 0 , -CO-O-R 0 , -O-CO-R 0 or -O-CO-O-R 0 , wherein R 0 denotes H or alkyl with 1 to 20 C atoms.
• substituents L S are, for example, F, CI, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , COCH 3 , COC 2 H 5 , COOCH 3 , COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , OC 2 F 5 , furthermore phenyl. is preferably in which L has one of the meanings indicated above.
• the polymerisable group P is a group which is suitable for a polymerisation reaction, such as, for example, free-radical or ionic chain polymerisation, polyaddition or polycondensation, or for a polymer-analogous reaction, for example addition or condensation onto a main polymer chain.
• a polymerisation reaction such as, for example, free-radical or ionic chain polymerisation, polyaddition or polycondensation, or for a polymer-analogous reaction, for example addition or condensation onto a main polymer chain.
• groups which are suitable for polymerisation with ring opening such as, for example, oxetane or epoxide groups.
• polymerisable groups P are selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide, most preferably from acrylate and methacrylate.
• the spacer group Sp is different from a single bond, it is preferably of the formula Sp"-X", so that the respective radical P-Sp- conforms to the formula P-Sp"-X"-, wherein Sp" denotes linear or branched alkylene having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, C atoms, which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by F, CI, Br, I or CN and in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH 2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by -O-, -S-, -NH-, -N(R 0 )-, -Si(R 0 R 00 )-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -N(R 00 )-CO-O-, -O-CO-N(R 0 )-, -N(R 0
• X" is preferably -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -O-COO-, -CO-NR 0 -, -NR 0 -CO-, -NR 0 -CO-NR 00 - or a single bond.
• Typical spacer groups Sp and -Sp"-X"- are, for example, -(CH 2 ) p1 -, -(CH 2 ) p1 -O-, -(CH 2 ) p1 -O-CO-, -(CH 2 ) p1 -CO-O-, -(CH 2 ) p1 -O-CO-O-, -(CH 2 CH 2 O) q1 -CH 2 CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 - or -(SiR 0 R 00 -O) p1 -, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, q1 is an integer from 1 to 3, and R 0 and R 00 have the meanings indicated above.
• Particularly preferred groups Sp and -Sp"-X"- are -(CH 2 ) p1 -, -(CH 2 ) p1 -O-, - (CH 2 ) p1 -O-CO-, -(CH 2 ) p1 -CO-O-, -(CH 2 ) p1 -O-CO-O-, in which p1 and q1 have the meanings indicated above.
• Particularly preferred groups Sp" are, in each case straight-chain, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, octadecylene, ethyleneoxyethylene, methyleneoxybutylene, ethylenethioethylene, ethylene-N-methylimino-ethylene, 1-methylalkylene, ethenylene, propenylene and butenylene.
• Very preferred compounds of formula I according to this preferred embodiment contain a group R selected from the following formulae: -X-alkyl-CHPP S1 -X-alkyl-CH((CH2)aaP)((CH2)bbP) S2 -X-N((CH 2 ) aa P)((CH 2 ) bb P) S3 -X-alkyl-CHP-CH 2 -CH 2 P S4 -X-alkyl-C(CH 2 P)(CH 2 P)-C aa H 2aa+1 S5 -X-alkyl-CHP-CH 2 P S6 -X-alkyl-CPP-C aa H 2aa+1 S7 -X-alkyl-CHPCHP-C aa H 2aa+1 S8 in which P is as defined in formula I,
• Preferred spacer groups Sp(P) 2 are selected from formulae S1, S2 and S3.
• Very peferred spacer groups Sp(P) 2 are selected from the following subformulae: -CHPP S1a -O-CHPP S1b -CH 2 -CHPP S1c -OCH 2 -CHPP S1d -CH(CH 2 -P)(CH 2 -P) S2a -OCH(CH 2 -P)(CH 2 -P) S2b -CH 2 -CH(CH 2 -P)(CH 2 -P) S2c -OCH 2 -CH(CH 2 -P)(CH 2 -P) S2d -CO-NH((CH 2 ) 2 P)((CH 2 ) 2 P) S3a
• P is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide, most preferably from acrylate and methacrylate.
• R preferably denotes P-Sp- or -Sp(P) 2 , most preferably -Sp-P.
• Sp denotes a single bond or -(CH 2 ) p1 -, -O-(CH 2 ) p1 -, -O-CO-(CH 2 ) p1 , or -CO-O-(CH 2 ) p1 , wherein p1 is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and, if Sp is -O-(CH 2 ) p1 -, -O-CO-(CH 2 ) p1 or -CO-O-(CH 2 ) p1 the O-atom or CO-group, respectively, is linked to the benzene ring.
• a 1 -(Z 1 -A 2 ) z denotes biphenyl and the compound contains two or more groups P-Sp-, then at least one of the groups Sp that are present in the compound is a single bond.
• At least one group Sp is different from a single bond, and is preferably selected from -(CH 2 ) p1 -, -O-(CH 2 ) p1 -, -O-CO-(CH 2 ) p1 , or -CO-O-(CH 2 ) p1 , wherein p1 is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and, if Sp is -O-(CH 2 ) p1 -, -O-CO-(CH 2 ) p1 or -CO-O-(CH 2 ) p1 the O-atom or CO-group, respectively, is linked to the benzene ring.
• a 1 and A 2 are preferably selected from phenylene-1,4-diyl, phenylene-1,3-diyl, and naphthalene 2,6-diyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L, L 11 or P-Sp- as defined in formula I.
• Preferred compounds of formula I and its subformulae are those wherein z is 1 and A 1 and A 2 are selected from phenylene-1,4-diyl and naphthalene 2,6-diyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L, L 11 or P-Sp- as defined in formula I.
• Further preferred compounds of formula I and its subformulae are those wherein z is 2 and A 1 and A 2 are selected from phenylene-1,4-diyl, phenylene-1,3-diyl and naphthalene 2,6-diyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L, L 11 or P-Sp- as defined in formula I.
• At least one ring is substituted by at least one group L 11 and the benzene rings are optionally further substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-.
• Preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the following subformulae wherein P, Sp, R and L have the meanings given in formula I,
• Very preferred compounds of formula I and 11-15 are selected from the following subformulae: wherein P, Sp, P(Sp) 2 , L have the meanings given in formula I and above, r1-r6 have the meanings given for formulae I1 to 15, and at least one group L, preferably one or two, more preferably one group L denotes -CH 2 -O-CH 3 , -CH 2 -O-C 2 H 5 or -CH 2 -O-C 3 H 7 , preferably -CH 2 -O-CH 3 .
• Preferred compounds of formula I1 to I5 and 11-1 to I5-5 are those wherein all groups Sp denote a single bond.
• Very preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the following subformulae: wherein L a is -CH 2 -O-CH 3 , -CH 2 -O-C 2 H 5 or -CH 2 -O-C 3 H 7 , preferably -CH 2 -O-CH 3 , P, Sp and Sp(P) 2 have the meanings given above or below, with Sp preferably being different from a single bond, and L' has one of the meanings given for L above or below that is preferably different from L a . L' preferably denotes F.
• Preferred compounds of formula I and their subformulae are selected from the following preferred embodiments, including any combination thereof:
• Particularly preferred compounds are selected from the following:
• Self-alignment additives can be polymerised in the LC medium under similar conditions as applied for the RMs in the PSA process.
• Suitable SA additives to induce homeotropic alignment are disclosed for example in US 2013/0182202, A1 , US 2014/0838581 A1 , US 2015/0166890 A1 and US 2015/0252265 A1 .
• the group MES preferably contains ring, which are selected from aromatic, alicyclic and hererocyclic groups, as defined above, including their preferred meanings. Most preferred rings are 1,4-phenylene, which may be substuted by L 1 and -Sp-P as defined below, or 1,4-cyclohexylene.
• the group MES preferably is a group selected from the following structures, which may be mono- or polysubstituted by any of the substituents L 1 and -Sp-P: wherein
• the self-alignment additive for vertical alignment is selected of formula IIa R 1 -[A 2 -Z 2 ] m -A 1 -R a IIa in which
• an LC medium or a polymer stabilised SA-VA display according to the present invention contains one or more self-alignment additives selected from Table G below.
• the anchor group R a of the self-alignment additive is more preferably defined as
• Formulae II and IIa optionally include polymerizable compounds.
• the "medium comprising a compound of formula II/IIa” refers to both, the medium comprising the compound of formula II/IIa and, alternatively, to the medium comprising the compound in its polymerized form.
• the LC medium according to the invention comprises
• Z 1 and Z 2 preferably denote a single bond, -C 2 H 4 -, -CF 2 O- or -CH 2 O-. In a specifically preferred embodiment Z 1 and Z 2 each independently denote a single bond.
• the group L in each case independently, preferably denotes F or alkyl, preferably CH 3 , C 2 H 5 or C 3 H 7 .
• L 1 preferably denotes F or alkyl, preferably CH 3 , C 2 H 5 or C 3 H 7 .
• r1 denotes 0.
• the polymerizable group P of formulae II, IIa, II-A to II-D preferably is methacrylate, acrylate or another substituted acrylate, most preferably methacrylate.
• formulae IIa or II-A to II-D and their subformulae Z 1 preferably independently denotes a single bond or -CH 2 CH 2 -, and very particularly a single bond.
• R 1 preferably denotes a straight-chain alkyl or branched alkyl radical having 1-8 C atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkyl radical.
• R 1 more preferably denotes CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , n-C 3 H 7 , n-C 4 H 9 , n-C 5 H 11 , n-C 6 H 13 or CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )C 4 H 9 .
• Particularly preferable R 1 denotes a straight chain alkyl residue, preferably C 5 H 11 .
• the LC medium comprises a compound of formula II, which is polymerizable.
• the following combinations of polmerizable additives of formula I and II are preferred:
• compounds of formula I can be synthesised by esterification or etherification of intermediates, wherein the group Sp-P on both ends denotes OH, using corresponding acids, acid derivatives, or halogenated compounds containing a polymerisable group P.
• acrylic or methacrylic esters can be prepared by esterification of the corresponding alcohols with acid derivatives like, for example, (meth)acryloyl chloride or (meth)acrylic anhydride in the presence of a base like pyridine or triethyl amine, and 4-( N,N -dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP).
• acid derivatives like, for example, (meth)acryloyl chloride or (meth)acrylic anhydride in the presence of a base like pyridine or triethyl amine, and 4-( N,N -dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP).
• esters can be prepared by esterification of the alcohols with (meth)acrylic acid in the presence of a dehydrating reagent, for example according to Steglich with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- N '-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) or N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- N' -ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and DMAP.
• a dehydrating reagent for example according to Steglich with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- N '-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) or N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- N' -ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and DMAP.
• the polymerisable compounds cointained in the LC medium are polymerised or crosslinked (if one compound contains two or more polymerisable groups) by in-situ polymerisation in the LC medium between the substrates of the LC display, optionally while a voltage is applied to the electrodes.
• the structure of the PSA displays according to the invention corresponds to the usual geometry for PSA displays, as described in the prior art cited at the outset. Geometries without protrusions are preferred, in particular those in which, in addition, the electrode on the colour filter side is unstructured and only the electrode on the TFT side has slots. Particularly suitable and preferred electrode structures for PS-VA displays are described, for example, in US 2006/0066793 A1 .
• a preferred PSA type LC display of the present invention comprises:
• the self-alignment additive contained in the medium initiates vertical alignment of the LC layer (perpendicular to the surfaces) or tilted vertical alignment.
• the LC layer with the LC medium can be deposited between the substrates of the display by methods that are conventionally used by display manufacturers, for example the so-called one-drop-filling (ODF) method.
• ODF one-drop-filling
• the polymerisable component of the LC medium is then polymerised for example by UV photopolymerisation.
• the polymerisation can be carried out in one step or in two or more steps.
• the PSA display may comprise further elements, like a colour filter, a black matrix, a passivation layer, optical retardation layers, transistor elements for addressing the individual pixels, etc., all of which are well known to the person skilled in the art.
• the electrode structure can be designed by the skilled person depending on the individual display type.
• a multi-domain orientation of the LC molecules can be induced by providing electrodes having slits and/or bumps or protrusions in order to create two, four or more different tilt alignment directions.
• the polymerisable compounds Upon polymerisation the polymerisable compounds form a crosslinked polymer, which causes a certain pretilt of the LC molecules in the LC medium. Without wishing to be bound to a specific theory, it is believed that at least a part of the crosslinked polymer, which is formed by the polymerisable compounds, will phase-separate or precipitate from the LC medium and form a polymer layer on the substrates or electrodes. Microscopic measurement data (like SEM and AFM) have confirmed that at least a part of the formed polymer accumulates at the LC/substrate interface.
• the polymerisation can be carried out in one step. It is also possible firstly to carry out the polymerisation, optionally while applying a voltage, in a first step in order to produce a pretilt angle, and subsequently, in a second polymerisation step without an applied voltage, to polymerise or crosslink the compounds which have not reacted in the first step ("end curing").
• Suitable and preferred polymerisation methods are, for example, thermal or photopolymerisation, preferably photopolymerisation, in particular UV induced photopolymerisation, which can be achieved by exposure of the polymerisable compounds to UV radiation.
• one or more polymerisation initiators are added to the LC medium.
• Suitable conditions for the polymerisation and suitable types and amounts of initiators are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature.
• Suitable for free-radical polymerisation are, for example, the commercially available photoinitiators Irgacure651®, Irgacure184®, Irgacure907®, Irgacure369® or Darocure11730 (Ciba AG). If a polymerisation initiator is employed, its proportion is preferably 0.001 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.001 to 1% by weight.
• the polymerisable compounds according to the invention are also suitable for polymerisation without an initiator, which is accompanied by considerable advantages, such, for example, lower material costs and in particular less contamination of the LC medium by possible residual amounts of the initiator or degradation products thereof.
• the polymerisation can thus also be carried out without the addition of an initiator.
• the LC medium thus does not contain a polymerisation initiator.
• the the LC medium may also comprise one or more stabilisers in order to prevent undesired spontaneous polymerisation of the RMs, for example during storage or transport.
• Suitable types and amounts of stabilisers are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature. Particularly suitable are, for example, the commercially available stabilisers from the Irganox® series (Ciba AG), such as, for example, Irganox® 1076. If stabilisers are employed, their proportion, based on the total amount of RMs or the polymerisable component (component A), is preferably 10-500,000 ppm, particularly preferably 50-50,000 ppm.
• the polymerisable compounds of formula I do in particular show good UV absorption in, and are therefore especially suitable for, a process of preparing a PSA display including one or more of the following features:
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a PSA display as described above and below, comprising one or more of the following features:
• This preferred process can be carried out for example by using the desired UV lamps or by using a band pass filter and/or a cut-off filter, which are substantially transmissive for UV light with the respective desired wavelength(s) and are substantially blocking light with the respective undesired wavelengths.
• a band pass filter and/or a cut-off filter which are substantially transmissive for UV light with the respective desired wavelength(s) and are substantially blocking light with the respective undesired wavelengths.
• UV exposure can be carried out using a wide band pass filter being substantially transmissive for wavelengths 300nm ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 400nm.
• UV exposure can be carried out using a cut-off filter being substantially transmissive for wavelengths ⁇ > 340 nm.
• “Substantially transmissive” means that the filter transmits a substantial part, preferably at least 50% of the intensity, of incident light of the desired wavelength(s). “Substantially blocking” means that the filter does not transmit a substantial part, preferably at least 50% of the intensity, of incident light of the undesired wavelengths.
• “Desired (undesired) wavelength” e.g. in case of a band pass filter means the wavelengths inside (outside) the given range of ⁇ , and in case of a cut-off filter means the wavelengths above (below) the given value of ⁇ .
• This preferred process enables the manufacture of displays by using longer UV wavelengths, thereby reducing or even avoiding the hazardous and damaging effects of short UV light components.
• UV radiation energy is in general from 6 to 100 J/cm 2 , depending on the production process conditions.
• the LC medium does essentially consist of a polymerisable component A), and one or more polymerisable compounds of formula II, and an LC component B) or LC host mixture, as described above and below.
• the LC medium may additionally comprise one or more further components or additives, preferably selected from the list including but not limited to co-monomers, chiral dopants, polymerisation initiators, inhibitors, stabilisers, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, spreading agents, flow improvers, defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles.
• LC media comprising one, two or three polymerisable compounds of formula I.
• the LC component B), or LC host mixture is preferably a nematic LC mixture.
• the proportion of the polymerisable component A) in the LC medium is from > 0.3 to ⁇ 5%, very preferably from > 0.4 to ⁇ 2%, most preferably from 0.5 to 2.5%.
• the proportion of compounds of formula I in the LC medium is from >0 to ⁇ 5%, very preferably from >0 to ⁇ 1%, most preferably from 0.01 to 0.5%.
• the proportion of compounds of formula II in the LC medium is from >0.1 to ⁇ 5%, very preferably from >0.2 to ⁇ 3%, most preferably from 0.2 to 1.5%.
• the proportion of the LC component B) in the LC medium is from 95 to ⁇ 100%, very preferably from 99 to ⁇ 100%.
• polymerisable component A comprises, in addition to the compounds of formula I and optionally II, one or more further polymerisable compounds ("co-monomers”), preferably selected from RMs.
• Suitable and preferred mesogenic co-monomers are selected from the following formulae: in which the individual radicals have the following meanings:
• trireactive compounds M15 to M30 in particular M17, M18, M19, M22, M23, M24, M25, M26, M30, M31 and M32.
• the group is preferably wherein L on each occurrence, identically or differently, has one of the meanings given above or below, and is preferably F, Cl, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C(CH 3 ) 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 )C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , COCH 3 , COC 2 H 5 , COOCH 3 , COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , OC 2 F 5 or P-Sp-, very preferably F, Cl, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , COCH 3 , OCF 3 or P-Sp-, more preferably F, CI, CH 3 , OCH 3 , COCH 3 oder OCF 3 , especially F or CH 3 .
• the LC media for use in the LC displays according to the invention comprise an LC mixture ("host mixture") comprising one or more, preferably two or more LC compounds which are selected from low-molecular-weight compounds that are unpolymerisable. These LC compounds are selected such that they stable and/or unreactive to a polymerisation reaction under the conditions applied to the polymerisation of the polymerisable compounds.
• host mixture comprising one or more, preferably two or more LC compounds which are selected from low-molecular-weight compounds that are unpolymerisable.
• any LC mixture which is suitable for use in conventional displays is suitable as host mixture.
• Suitable LC mixtures are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature, for example mixtures in VA displays in EP 1 378 557 A1 .
• the LC medium contains an LC component B), or LC host mixture, based on compounds with negative dielectric anisotropy.
• LC media are especially suitable for use in PS-VA and PS-UB-FFS displays.
• Particularly preferred embodiments of such an LC medium are those of sections a)-z) below:
• the combination of compounds of the preferred embodiments mentioned above with the polymerised compounds described above causes low threshold voltages, low rotational viscosities and very good low-temperature stabilities in the LC media according to the invention at the same time as constantly high clearing points and high HR values, and allows the rapid establishment of a particularly low pretilt angle in PSA displays.
• the LC media exhibit significantly shortened response times, in particular also the grey-shade response times, in PSA displays compared with the media from the prior art.
• the LC media and LC host mixtures of the present invention preferably have a nematic phase range of at least 80 K, particularly preferably at least 100 K, and a rotational viscosity ⁇ 250 mPa ⁇ s, preferably ⁇ 200 mPa ⁇ s, at 20°C.
• the molecules in the layer of the LC medium in the switched-off state are aligned perpendicular to the electrode surfaces (homeotropically) or have a a tilted homeotropic alignment.
• a realignment of the LC molecules takes place with the longitudinal molecular axes parallel to the electrode surfaces.
• LC media according to the invention based on compounds with negative dielectric anisotropy according to the first preferred embodiment, in particular for use in displays of the PS-VA, PS-UB-FFS and SA-VA type, have a negative dielectric anisotropy ⁇ , preferably from -0.5 to -10, in particular from -2.5 to -7.5, at 20°C and 1 kHz.
• the birefringence ⁇ n in LC media according to the invention for use in displays of the PS-VA, PS-UB-FFS and SA-VA type is preferably below 0.16, particularly preferably from 0.06 to 0.14, very particularly preferably from 0.07 to 0,12.
• the LC media according to the invention may also comprise further additives which are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in the literature, such as, for example, polymerisation initiators, inhibitors, stabilisers, surface-active substances or chiral dopants. These may be polymerisable or non-polymerisable. Polymerisable additives are accordingly ascribed to the polymerisable component or component A). Non-polymerisable additives are accordingly ascribed to the non-polymerisable component or LC component B).
• the LC media contain one or more chiral dopants, preferably in a concentration from 0.01 to 1%, very preferably from 0.05 to 0.5%.
• the chiral dopants are preferably selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table E below, very preferably from the group consisting of R- or S-1011, R- or S-2011, R- or S-3011, R- or S-4011, and R- or S-5011.
• the LC media contain a racemate of one or more chiral dopants, which are preferably selected from the chiral dopants mentioned in the previous paragraph.
• LC media for example, 0 to 15% by weight of pleochroic dyes, furthermore nanoparticles, conductive salts, preferably ethyldimethyldodecylammonium 4-hexoxybenzoate, tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate or complex salts of crown ethers (cf., for example, Haller et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 24, 249-258 (1973 )), for improving the conductivity, or substances for modifying the dielectric anisotropy, the viscosity and/or the alignment of the nematic phases. Substances of this type are described, for example, in DE-A 22 09 127 , 22 40 864 , 23 21 632 , 23 38 281 , 24 50 088 , 26 37 430 and 28 53 728 .
• conductive salts preferably ethyldimethyldodecylammonium 4-hexoxybenz
• the LC media which can be used in accordance with the invention are prepared in a manner conventional per se, for example by mixing one or more of the above-mentioned compounds with one or more polymerisable compounds as defined above, and optionally with further liquid-crystalline compounds and/or additives.
• the desired amount of the components used in lesser amount is dissolved in the components making up the principal constituent, advantageously at elevated temperature. It is also possible to mix solutions of the components in an organic solvent, for example in acetone, chloroform or methanol, and to remove the solvent again, for example by distillation, after thorough mixing.
• the invention furthermore relates to the process for the preparation of the LC media according to the invention.
• the LC media according to the invention may also comprise compounds in which, for example, H, N, O, Cl, F have been replaced by the corresponding isotopes like deuterium etc.
• Table C indicates the meanings of the codes for the end groups of the left-hand or right-hand side.
• the acronyms are composed of the codes for the ring elements with optional linking groups, followed by a first hyphen and the codes for the left-hand end group, and a second hyphen and the codes for the right-hand end group.
• Table D shows illustrative structures of compounds with their respective abbreviations.
• the mixtures according to the invention preferably comprise one or more compounds of the compounds mentioned below.
• the LC media according to the invention comprise one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table D.
• Table E shows possible chiral dopants which can be added to the LC media according to the invention.
• the LC media preferably comprise 0 to 10% by weight, in particular 0.01 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 3% by weight, of dopants.
• the LC media preferably comprise one or more dopants selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table B.
• Table F Table F shows possible stabilisers which can be added to the LC media according to the invention. Therein n denotes an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and terminal methyl groups are not shown.
• the LC media preferably comprise 0 to 10% by weight, in particular 1 ppm to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 1 ppm to 1% by weight, of stabilisers.
• the LC media preferably comprise one or more stabilisers selected from the group consisting of compounds from Table F.
• Table G shows self-alignment additives for vertical alignment which can be used in LC media according to the present invention together with the polymerizable compounds of formula I: SA-1 SA-2 SA-3 SA-4 SA-5 SA-6 SA-7 SA-8 SA-9 SA-10 SA-11 SA-12 SA-13 SA-14 SA-15 SA-16 SA-17 SA-18 SA-19 SA-20 SA-21 SA-22 SA-23 SA-24 SA-25 SA-26 SA-27 SA-28 SA-29 SA-30 SA-31 SA-32 SA-33 SA-34 SA-35 SA-36
• the LC media and displays according to the present invention comprise one or more SA additives selected from formulae SA-1 to SA-34, preferably from formulae SA-14 to SA-34, very preferably from formulae SA-20 to SA-28, most preferably of formula SA-20, in combination with one or more RMs of formula I.
• SA additives selected from formulae SA-1 to SA-34, preferably from formulae SA-14 to SA-34, very preferably from formulae SA-20 to SA-28, most preferably of formula SA-20, in combination with one or more RMs of formula I.
• Very preferred is a combination of polymerizable compound 1, 2 or 3 of Example 1 below, very preferably of polymerizable compound 3 of Example 1, with an SA additive of formula SA-20 to SA-28, very preferably of formula SA-20.
• threshold voltage for the present invention relates to the capacitive threshold (V 0 ), also known as the Freedericks threshold, unless explicitly indicated otherwise.
• the optical threshold may also, as generally usual, be quoted for 10% relative contrast (V 10 ).
• the process of polymerising the polymerisable compounds in the PSA displays as described above and below is carried out at a temperature where the LC medium exhibits a liquid crystal phase, preferably a nematic phase, and most preferably is carried out at room temperature.
• the display used for measurement of the capacitive threshold voltage consists of two plane-parallel glass outer plates at a separation of 25 ⁇ m, each of which has on the inside an electrode layer and an unrubbed polyimide alignment layer on top, which effect a homeotropic edge alignment of the liquid crystal molecules.
• the display or test cell used for measurement of the tilt angles consists of two plane-parallel glass outer plates at a separation of 4 ⁇ m, each of which has on the inside an electrode layer and a polyimide alignment layer on top, where the two polyimide layers are rubbed antiparallel to one another and effect a homeotropic edge alignment of the liquid crystal molecules.
• the polymerisable compounds are polymerised in the display or test cell by irradiation with UV light of defined intensity for a prespecified time, with a voltage simultaneously being applied to the display (usually 10 V to 30 V alternating current, 1 kHz).
• a metal halide lamp and an intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 is used for polymerisation. The intensity is measured using a standard meter (Hoenle UV-meter high end with UV sensor).
• the tilt angle is determined using the Mueller Matrix Polarimeter "AxoScan" from Axometrics.
• a low value i.e. a large deviation from the 90° angle corresponds to a large tilt here.
• tilt angle means the angle between the LC director and the substrate
• LC director means in a layer of LC molecules with uniform orientation the preferred orientation direction of the optical main axis of the LC molecules, which corresponds, in case of calamitic, uniaxially positive birefringent LC molecules, to their molecular long axis.
• Polymerisable compound (or "RM") RM-1 is prepared as follows 1.4: A suspension of sodium hydride (5.4 g, 60% in mineral oil, 135.6 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of benzyl alcohol 1.3 (20.0 g, 113.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 min at the same temperature before it was treated with methyl iodide (8.7 mL, 135.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours at ambient temperature, carefully quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Aqueous phase was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 times). The combined organic phase was washed with sat.
• RM-1 Methacrylic acid (6.7 g, 78.3 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 0.38 g, 3.1 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of biphenol 1.7 (9.6 g, 31.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (150 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was cooled to 3 °C followed by dropwise addition 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (12.2 g, 78.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL).
• DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine
• LC media according to the invention are prepared using the following liquid-crystalline mixtures consisting of low-molecular-weight components in the percentage proportions by weight indicated (acronyms cf. Tables above).
• H1 Nematic host mixture ( ⁇ ⁇ 0) CPP-3-2 6.50% Clearing point [°C]: 74.7 CC-3-V1 8.00% ⁇ n (589 nm, 20°C): 0.1039 CC-2-3 17.00% ⁇ (1 kHz, 20°C): -3.0 CC-3-4 6.50% ⁇ ⁇ (1 kHz, 20°C): 3.4 CCY-3-O1 3.50% CCY-3-O2 12.50% K 3 /K 1 1.07 CPY-2-O2 5.50% CPY-3-O2 10.00% ⁇ 1 (20°C) [mPa ⁇ s]: 106 CY-3-O2 15.50% V 0 (20°C) [V]: 2.10 CP-3-O1 4.50% PP-1-2V1
• Polymerizable mixtures are prepared by adding to any of the nemtic host mixtures H1 to H47 above a polymerizable compound of the synthesis examples 1 to 6 (e.g. RM-3, 0.3 %) and one or more self-alignment additives for vertical alignment selected from Table G (e.g. SA-20, 1.0 %).
• the polymerisable mixture P1 according to the present invention is prepared by adding a polymerisable compound 3 (0.30 %) and the self-alignment additive SA-20 to nematic LC host mixture H1.
• polymerisable mixture C1 is prepared by replacing the polymerisable compound by the compound RM-C1, which has a biphenyl core and no lateral substituent.
• the concentrations of the RMs in the polymerisable mixtures are 0.3 % by weight each.
• the compositions of the individual polymerisable mixtures are shown in Table 1. Table 1.
• Mixtures comprising liquid-crystalline LC component B) (LC Host), polymerisable compounds (RM) and self-alignment additive (SA, polymerisable): Mix. No . C1 P1 LC Host H1 H1 RM RM-C1 RM-3 wt.% RM 0.30 0.30 SA SA-20 SA-20 wt.% SA 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
• the individual polymerisable mixtures are filled into PSA test cells, the RM is polymerised under application of a voltage, and several properties like residual RM content, VHR under backlight stress, tilt angle generation and tilt angle stability are measured.
• the content of residual, unpolymerised RM (in % by weight) in the mixture after UV exposure is determined.
• the UV procedure is made in analogy to process conditions in panel manufacture (first UV curing for 2 min; second UV end-curing for 120 min)
• the polymerisable mixtures are filled into electrooptic test cells made of soda lime glass coated with an approximately 200 nm thick layer of ITO with a cell gap of 6-7 ⁇ m.
• test cells are illuminated for 2 min by a MH-lamp ( UV-Cube 2000 ) using a 320 nm long pass filter (N-WG320) and a light intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 , causing polymerisation of the RM. End-curing is made with a C-type light source for 120 min.
• MH-lamp UV-Cube 2000
• N-WG320 320 nm long pass filter
• VHR Voltage Holding Ratio
• the polymerisable mixtures are filled into electrooptic test cells which consist of two AF glass substrates with an approximately 20 nm thick ITO layer.
• the VHR is measured at 60°C with application of a voltage of 1 V / 60 Hz before and after illumination.
• the VHR is determined before and after UV process and after a backlight stress of 6 days.
• UV process for VHR measurements Metal halide lamp, (100 mW/cm3, with 320 nm cut filter for 120 min) at 40°C.
• Backlight stress storage below a high-power backlight at 40°C.
• VHR VHR RM ⁇ VHR RM ⁇ C 1
• a positive value corresponds to an improvement in VHR with respect to the reference RM-C1
• a negative value represents a decrease in VHR with respect to the reference.
• RM1 according to the invention is able to maintain the VHR level of the reference RM-C1.
• the polymerisable mixtures are filled into electrooptic test cells made of two soda-lime glass substrates coated with an ITO electrode layer of approx. 200 nm thickness without VA-polyimide alignment layer.
• the cell gap is approx. 4 ⁇ m.
• test cells are illuminated by a MH-lamp ( UV-Cube 2000 ) using a 320 nm long pass filter (N-WG320) and a light intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 at 20 °C with an applied square voltage of 24 V RMS (alternating current, 1 khz), causing polymerisation of the RM and a generation of a tilt angle. Illumination times are given in the respective tables. The generated tilt was measured after a period of time of 12 hours using the Mueller Matrix Polarimeter "AxoScan" from Axometrics. The results are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Tilt angle generation: Mixture UV Time / min 0 2 C1 Tilt/ ° 90 82 P1 90 85
• test cells made of soda lime glass coated with a 200 nm layer of ITO and a 30 nm layer of poly imide (JALS-2096-R1).
• the polyimide layers are rubbed anti-parallel to each other.
• Cell gap is approx. 4 ⁇ m.
• the tilt is generated via illumination by a metal halide lamp ( UV-Cube 2000 ) using a 320 nm long pass filter (N-WG320) and a light intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 at 20 °C with an applied square voltage of 10 V RMS (1 khz).
• the generated tilt is measured after a period of time of 12 hours using the Mueller Matrix Polarimeter "AxoScan" from Axometrics.
• the RMs according to the present invention show a superior overall performance compared to RM of prior art.

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