EP3759725A1 - Kohlenstoffkompositformteil, verfahren zu dessen herstellung und verwendung des kohlenstoffkompositformteils in einem elektrochemischen energiespeicher - Google Patents
Kohlenstoffkompositformteil, verfahren zu dessen herstellung und verwendung des kohlenstoffkompositformteils in einem elektrochemischen energiespeicherInfo
- Publication number
- EP3759725A1 EP3759725A1 EP19709400.6A EP19709400A EP3759725A1 EP 3759725 A1 EP3759725 A1 EP 3759725A1 EP 19709400 A EP19709400 A EP 19709400A EP 3759725 A1 EP3759725 A1 EP 3759725A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- carbon composite
- composite material
- porogen
- mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/44—Raw materials therefor, e.g. resins or coal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- Carbon composite molding process for its preparation and use of the carbon composite molding in an electrochemical energy storage
- the present invention relates to a carbon composite molded article, a process for its production and the use of the carbon composite molded article in an electrochemical energy store while generating an electrolyte in situ.
- porous carbon to electrodes and the subsequent addition of an electrolyte, which consists of a salt in a solvent and provides charge carriers.
- Nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon provided by pyrolysis of lignin, urea and potassium carbonate in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 800 ° C.
- the nanopores of the product thus produced are through
- Binder added.
- the resulting dough-like material is further processed with a rolling machine to form a film electrode. To remove the
- Solvent residues (especially ethanol), the film electrode must be dried before use in an electrochemical energy storage at 120 ° C.
- US 2006/0151318 A1 discloses an electrode for an electrochemical cell, which comprises an active electrode material (which can be, for example, a carbon material), which is disposed on a current collector or another surface is applied. As carbon material only graphite is disclosed.
- the active electrode material is characterized by a graded porosity, wherein the porosity at the surface of the electrode active material is greater than in the vicinity of the surface on which it was deposited, or in the interior of the
- Electrode material can be applied directly to a current collector or other surface. Subsequently, the active electrode material is coated / impregnated with a pore former and before the implementation of the
- the carbon has very bad
- Impregnation properties on. In particular, as the density of the carbon increases after its pressure rollers.
- the present invention is therefore based on the technical problem of a method for producing a Kohlenstoffkompositformteils with a homogeneous porosity, in particular for use as a film electrode in one
- this object is achieved by a method for producing a carbon composite molding according to claim 1.
- Carbon composite molding comprises the following steps: a) providing a homogeneous mixture comprising at least the
- weight ratio of carbon source to porogen based on the total weight of the homogeneous mixture, is 10: 1 to 1:10, b) chemophysically reacting the homogeneous mixture in one
- Carbon composite material comprising:
- nanoporous carbon with a content of 1 to 40 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the carbon composite material
- nanoporous carbon is arranged nanoporous carbon and consists of at least the unreacted porogen and / or at least one by-product of the chemophysical reaction, with a content of at least 60 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the
- carbon composite material is processed directly after the chemophysical reaction, and wherein the carbon source is an organic chemical compound.
- the carbon composite material which after the
- Temperature treatment is obtained at a temperature of at least 250 ° C, in contrast to conventional manufacturing processes not cleaned with solvents, but processed directly to a carbon composite molding, i. processed in the context of the invention.
- the present invention is based on the surprising finding that the residues which form a substance mixture after the chemophysical conversion of the homogeneous mixture of the educts to the carbon composite material, which at least partially by-products or unreacted starting materials
- the carbon composite moldings have at least the same conductivity as comparable electrodes produced by conventional methods.
- step a the provision of a homogeneous mixture of the starting materials (step a), the chemophysical reaction during the temperature treatment (step b) and the direct processing of the carbon composite material to the carbon composite molding (step c).
- Carbon source in the context of the present invention refers to an organic chemical compound selected from the group consisting of bio-based,
- Carbon source is a bio-based regenerative resource such as wood (e.g., in the form of sawdust), plant parts, fruit cores, vegetable fibers, hydrocarbons, coals, tars.
- Carbon source at least one by-product and / or waste product of others
- waste products can make sense
- the carbon source can be solid or liquid.
- the carbon source is preferably selected from the group consisting of lignin, lignocellulose, chitin, activated carbon, cellulose, chitosan, plastics,
- Citric acid and mixtures thereof.
- Preferred plastics which serve as carbon source for the purposes of the invention include carbon-containing polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene,
- Polycondensation can be obtained, for example, polyester, phenolic, polyamides.
- monomeric building blocks which have at least two functional groups which are particularly reactive (for example -OH, -COOH, -NH 2, -CHO, etc.).
- small molecules such as water, are split off (nylon, bakelite)
- those polymers are used which, after the polymerization, for example after the polycondensation of the monomer units, have free coordination sites (for example oxygen or nitrogen) for metals or metal ions.
- the provision of the homogeneous mixture of the educts takes place as a result of
- a porogen as described herein
- the porogen can be incorporated homogeneously distributed into the framework structure of the polymer (for example by occupying free coordination sites in the polymer).
- the organic polymer matrix represents the
- the monomer building blocks and the porogen are initially mixed homogeneously with one another before the polymerization (for example, by dispersing the porogen in a solution of the monomer building blocks).
- the monomer building blocks and the porogen are initially mixed homogeneously with one another before the polymerization (for example, by dispersing the porogen in a solution of the monomer building blocks).
- Polymerization can be used, it is useful to first homogeneously mix the porogen in one type of the differing monomer units and then add the / the other type (s) of monomer unit (s).
- a carbon-containing polymer is also understood to mean a three-dimensional, organic framework structure which is built up by covalent or coordinative linking of organic monomer building blocks.
- the three-dimensional, organic framework structure may be a naturally occurring or synthetically generated network.
- Particularly suitable three-dimensional, organic framework structures have proven to be, in particular, covalent organic framework structures which can be produced with the aid of various monomer building blocks.
- Monomerbausteinen are multifunctional boronic acids, aldehydes,
- Carboxylic acids, amines, nitriles are monomer building blocks.
- these monomer building blocks allow for the production of ordered three-dimensional, organic framework structures and the simultaneous introduction of exposed heteroatoms in them
- Framework structures which allows the precise setting of adsorption properties or the specific definition of coordination sites in the three-dimensional, organic framework structure.
- a notable example of the above is the development of a heterogeneous Periana catalyst for the conversion of methane to methanol based on a 2,6-dicyanopyridine CTF.
- Framework structures which already have nitrogen atoms in their framework structure consists in that it is possible to dispense with the optional addition of a nitrogen source to the homogeneous mixture in step a).
- a nitrogen source to the homogeneous mixture in step a.
- the nitrogen is provided by the chemophysical reaction of the homogeneous mixture, a nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon composite material.
- the three-dimensional organic framework structure has a porous, in particular homogeneously porous, matrix even before the chemophysical reaction.
- the carbon source beforehand, in particular the three-dimensional, organic framework structures, in a synthesis preceded by step (a) of suitable precursors (i.e.
- Polymer matrix is the carbon source.
- Examples thereof relate to the preparation of covalent triazine skeleton structures and / or polycondensation products, such as, for example, polyesters, phenoplasts, polyamides.
- the carbon source has a carbon content in the range of 40 to 90 wt .-%, more preferably in the range of 40 to 80 wt .-%, most preferably in the range of 50 to 70 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the carbon source.
- Porogen refers to a chemical according to the present invention
- the volatile / fluid by-product is preferably carbon monoxide (CO) and / or carbon dioxide (CO2) and / or volatile hydrocarbons.
- the porogen is selected from the group comprising alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, main group metal, lanthanide metal,
- Transition metal carbonates alkali metal, alkaline earth metal,
- Transition metal hydroxides alkali metal, alkaline earth metal,
- Transition metal halides Transition metal halides, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and mixtures thereof.
- the porogen is preferably selected from the group comprising alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal oxides and mixtures thereof.
- alkali metal alkaline earth metal, transition metal oxides and mixtures thereof.
- Transition metal oxides are CaO, ZnO, MgO, FeO, Fe 2 O 3, MnC> 2-4, V2O5.
- alkali metal alkaline earth metal, transition metal sulfates and / or alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal phosphates and mixtures thereof as porogen.
- alkali metal alkaline earth metal, transition metal sulfates and / or alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal phosphates and mixtures thereof.
- Alkaline earth metal, transition metal sulfate are CaSO 4, Ca 3 (PO 4) 2, FeSO 4, CuSO 4, ZnSO 4, Zn 3 (PO 4) 2, U 2 SO 4.
- Carbonization agents d. H. as compounds that favor the conversion of organic chemical compounds into carbon.
- the following are the basic examples of glucose as a carbon source
- the porogen is selected from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal carbonates, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal,
- Transition metal hydroxides transition metal halides and mixtures thereof.
- the porogen is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or transition metal carbonate or a mixture thereof, in the thermal reaction carbon monoxide (CO) and / or carbon dioxide (CO2) is released, which advantageously as a blowing agent or pore former serves within the carbon.
- CO carbon monoxide
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- M is the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or transition metal (ion)
- m is 1 or 2.
- the generated elemental alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or transition metal M which is produced by the above-described reaction in the chemophysical reaction in step b), is highly reactive and directly transforms back into M m C03, MHCO 3, during reaction of the carbon source provided during the chemophysical reaction.
- M (OH) m and MmO In addition it can
- the porogen in the form of a metal carbonate (M m C03) acts not only as a thermally decomposable material, but at the same time as an electrolyte salt, which after the chemophysical reaction and direct processing to the
- Carbonkompositformteil is soluble in a solvent and thus generates an electrolyte in situ with the solvent.
- the porogen is a carbonate salt selected from the group comprising alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or transition metal carbonate and mixtures thereof.
- the use of carbonate salts can lead to enhanced pore formation within the generated carbon, i. this is associated with a larger specific surface area within the resulting porous carbon.
- the amount of added substance mixture can be regulated via the size and number of pores.
- Preferred carbonate salts include U 2 CO 3, Na 2 CO 3, K 2 CO 3, Rb 2 CO 3, MgCO 3, CaCO 3, SrCO 3, BaCO 3, ZnCO 3, (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 and mixtures thereof.
- alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or transition metal carbonates also include their corresponding bicarbonates and their
- Particularly preferred metal hydroxides include LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, Mg (OH) 2 , Ca (OH) 2 , Sr (OH) 2 , Ba (OH) 2 , Zn (OH) 2 , NHOH, and mixtures thereof.
- the metal oxides which are particularly suitable are those which can be found in the Ellingham diagram and in the region of the pyrolysis temperature
- metal oxides are MgO, CaO, BaO, SrO, V2O5, Fe203, Fe304, MnO2, MnO, CuO, ZnO.
- preferred salts which can be particularly preferably used as porogen, ZnCl2, SnCl2, and KOH, NaOH.
- the porogen is a transition metal halide, for example ZnCl.sub.2, SnCl.sub.2, the chemophysical activation / conversion advantageously takes place via the dehydration of the carbonaceous educts (carbon source).
- the substance mixture (from at least one unreacted porogen and at least one by-product) formed after the chemophysical reaction of the homogeneous mixture of the educts in water, weak or diluted acids (for example dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid) or another organic solvent , such as acetonitrile,
- weak or diluted acids for example dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid
- another organic solvent such as acetonitrile
- the weight ratio of carbon source to porogen is preferably 10: 1 to 1:10, more preferably 8: 1 to 1: 8, even more preferably 4: 1 to 1: 4, very particularly preferably 1 :1.
- Electrolytes i.e., after adding a solvent to the processed
- Homogeneous mixture in the sense of the invention denotes a mixture comprising at least one carbon source (as defined herein) and a porogen (as defined herein), wherein the carbon source and the porogen are uniformly mixed.
- a uniform mixture for example, by blending in one
- Ball mill such as a planetary ball mill, done in a mortar, with a stirrer, by hand, in a shaker, with an extruder and / or in a blender. Further methods for producing a homogeneous mixture from at least two solids are known to the person skilled in the art. He will be the same
- the starting materials are used in liquid form, in particular as a mixture of solids and liquids, the use of a stirrer, an ultrasonic bath or a sonde to provide a homogeneous mixture is particularly suitable.
- the educts become a suspension
- the mixture comprising at least one carbon source and a porogen is homogenized for at least 10 minutes, more preferably homogenized for at least 30 minutes.
- solids may be mixed together, for example, with a crusher, and liquids mixed homogeneously by stirring.
- Mixtures of solids and liquids can be slurried to a suspension, for example with the aid of a stirrer.
- the starting materials for providing the homogeneous mixture of the starting materials are ground together before the thermal reaction, whereby the On the one hand, educts are comminuted to a (uniform) particle size of preferably less than 10 ⁇ m and at the same time homogenized with one another to give a mixture.
- the mechanical activation is particularly suitable if one of the educts is added as a solid.
- the pore sizes in the carbon composite material can be targeted.
- the process of the invention can increase the size of the mesopores of the carbon material by simply adjusting the ball milling parameters, i.
- the material of the material to be ground, the ball size of the material to be ground and the grinding speed are easily and elegantly tailored.
- this provides a mesoporous carbon material (i.e., with respect to the nanoporous carbon) with narrow pore size distributions and
- the variation of the ball mill parameters influences the
- Carbon composite material exercises.
- grinding speeds of 800 rpm in the carbon composite lead to pores in the range of about 20 nm, whereas the reduction of the grinding speed up to 500 rpm leads to larger mesopores in the range of about 40 nm.
- the mass-specific surface area of the carbon composite material is determined by means of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) sorption measurement, preferably with a multipoint BET instrument according to DIN-ISO 9277.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
- a nitrogen or argon physiognitive measurement at 87 K on a Quadrasorb EVO / SI or Autosorb-IQ-C-XR (Quantachrome Instruments) with high-purity nitrogen or argon gas (Ar: 99.999%) is suitable for the determination.
- the specific surface (SBET) can be calculated, for example, with the equation of Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) in a relative pressure range, that of Rouquerol and
- the chemophysical reaction of the provided homogeneous mixture is preferably carried out at a temperature of at least 250 ° C, preferably at least 400 ° C, more preferably at least 600 ° C, most preferably at a temperature of at least 750 ° C. It is clear to the person skilled in the art that the temperature range of the chemophysical reaction is not open at the top, but is bounded on the one hand by the boiling point of the porogen used and finally by the boiling point of the carbon, which is at 4,830 ° C.
- the boiling temperatures of the porogens used herein are known to those skilled in the art and may be taken from, for example, pertinent tables.
- Chemophysical reaction means in the context of the present invention during the implementation of the provided homogeneous mixture of the starting materials simultaneously two effects for introducing the pores into the carbon of the
- the chemophysical reaction of the provided homogenous mixture is carried out in a sealed system with the exclusion of oxygen (O 2), more preferably in an inert gas atmosphere (eg under nitrogen, argon), to minimize or prevent combustion of the carbon of the carbon source with O 2.
- O 2 oxygen
- an inert gas atmosphere eg under nitrogen, argon
- the chemophysical reaction preferably takes place over a period of 10 hours, more preferably 8 hours, very preferably 4 hours, even more preferably 2 hours.
- the chemophysical reaction is also possible within 30 minutes.
- Carbon composite material consisting of nanoporous carbon and a mixture obtained.
- the nanoporous carbon advantageously has a homogeneous
- Pore distribution i.e., no graduated distribution of the number or size of pores
- the nanopores are uniform in pore sizes in the range of, for example, 0.5 to 20 nm in the nanoporous carbon or
- Carbon composite material referred to in the context of the present invention a particulate product resulting from the chemophysical reaction of the homogeneous mixture.
- the primary particles of the carbon composite material have an irregular particle structure and average particle sizes of 100 nm to 10 pm.
- the primary particles of the carbon composite material preferably form an irregular and arbitrarily arranged agglomerate (see, for example, FIG. 3).
- the carbon composite material has an ohmic resistance in the range of 35 to 150 ⁇ cm -1 , preferably in the range of 40 to 130 ⁇ cm -1 , more preferably in the range of 42 to 10 ⁇ cm -1 .
- nanoporous carbon denotes a carbon which has pores with a size in the nanometer range and which are also known to the person skilled in the art as nanopores.
- the pores preferably have a size of from 0.5 to 50 nm, in particular from 0.5 to 20 nm, particularly preferably from 1 to 13 nm, very particularly preferably from 1 to 5 nm.
- Carbon composite material 1 to 40 wt .-%, particularly preferably from 1 to 30 wt .-%, very particularly 1 to 20 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the carbon composite material.
- the carbon composite material furthermore comprises a substance mixture which is arranged at least partially in nanopores of the nanoporous carbon.
- the mixture of substances can be located both in the pores of the nanoporous carbon and / or on its surface.
- the content of the substance mixture in the carbon composite material is preferably at least 40% by weight, particularly preferably at least 60% by weight, very particularly preferably at least 70% by weight, based on the total weight of the
- the carbon composite material obtained after the chemophysical reaction is more preferably in particulate form.
- the particles of carbon composite exhibit
- a particle size of 1, 0 to 7.5 pm preferably 1, 0 to 7.5 pm. Naturally, it can occur that the individual particles assemble into agglomerates.
- the carbon composite material which is particularly present in particulate form, lower than in the
- Carbon composite material can be obtained, and a density of 1, 0 to
- the substance mixture comprises at least one by-product of the reaction of the provided homogeneous mixture and / or at least one unreacted one Porogen.
- the mixture of substances consists of at least one ionizable chemical compound, preferably a salt, such as KHCO3,
- the substance mixture or the at least one ionizable chemical compound can be dissolved after processing with a solvent from the pores of the nanoporous carbon and form an electrolyte.
- K2CO3 can be used as a porogen and activating agent which remains behind as KHCO3 in the pores as a mixture of substances after the temperature treatment and then, when contacted with a solvent (eg water), the electrolyte of K + and HCO3 in the electrochemical
- Carbon composite molding is processed.
- this contains
- Carbon composite material in the direct processing further at least the nanoporous carbon and the mixture of at least one unreacted porogen and / or at least one by-product of
- Carbon composite material which is obtained directly after the chemophysical reaction of the homogeneous mixture, after step b), for example, dried and / or stored (temporarily) and / or transferred to another location.
- Carbon composite molding takes place, for example, by pressing or rolling out of the particulate carbon composite material.
- the processing preferably takes place in such a way that a carbon composite material is produced which has the form of an electrode.
- the carbon composite material is preferably processed in such a way that a planar (ie a planar structure) carbon composite molding is formed.
- a planar (ie a planar structure) carbon composite molding is formed.
- the narrowest side of the carbon composite molding has a thickness of 20 to 1,000 m 2, more preferably 20 to 500 m 2, most preferably 20 to 300 m 2, even more preferably 50 to 200 m 2.
- the binder is preferably selected from National, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF),
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), natural cellulose, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), graphene oxide and mixtures thereof, most preferably selected from PTFE, PVDF and CMC.
- PAA polyacrylic acid
- CMC sodium carboxymethylcellulose
- PEDOT poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- graphene oxide and mixtures thereof, most preferably selected from PTFE, PVDF and CMC.
- the binder is preferably added at a level of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably from 1 to 8% by weight, most preferably from 4 to 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the carbon composite material.
- the processing is done as a dry process, i. without the addition of a solvent, such as water, alcohol (eg, ethanol, propanol) at a temperature of 100 ° C., which is generated by a heat source, for example a hot plate, a thermostat.
- a solvent such as water, alcohol (eg, ethanol, propanol) at a temperature of 100 ° C., which is generated by a heat source, for example a hot plate, a thermostat.
- the carbon composite material can also be processed in liquid or dough-like form to the carbon composite molding. After the processing, the carbon composite molding must be dried at temperatures of 50 to 400 ° C in order to remove the solvent after liquid processing and to prevent dissolution of the mixture.
- the direct processing of the carbon composite molding takes place while simultaneously being applied to a carrier substrate, for example as a coating.
- the carrier substrate is a material having a high conductivity in the range of 3 * 10 6 Snr 1 to 100 * 10 6 Snr 1 . Examples of materials used as such carrier substrates are
- V2A steel usually V2A steel, V4A steel, titanium, gold, aluminum.
- a nitrogen source is added to the homogeneous mixture in step a).
- a nitrogen source are basically all organic nitrogen-containing compounds and inorganic nitrogen-containing salts, in particular
- the nitrogen source is preferably an organic nitrogen-containing compound selected from amines, amides, triazines, nitriles, cyanates, isocyanates having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably urea, nitrogen-containing aliphatic and / or aromatic heterocycles having one or more ring systems, having 5 to 8 ring atoms, of which are at least 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms and wherein the nitrogen-containing aliphatic or aromatic heterocycles may be substituted with alkyl alkenyl or alkynyl groups comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof.
- Preferred nitrogen-containing aliphatic and aromatic heterocycles are melamine, piperidine, pyridine, 1, 2-diazine, 1, 3-diazine, 1, 4-diazine, pyrazole, purine, pyrimidine, pyrazine derivatives and mixtures thereof.
- the organic nitrogen-containing compound and M m CC> 3 form ammonium carbonate (NH OO ⁇ which decomposes under the applied temperature conditions to ammonia NH3, carbon dioxide CO2 and water and are present under the given conditions of chemophysical conversion as gases
- these three gases additionally act as physical activators and contribute to the high specific surface area of the carbon obtained.
- urea selected from urea, melamine and mixtures thereof.
- the weight ratio of carbon source to nitrogen source is 8: 1 to 1: 8, more preferably 4: 1 to 1: 4, most preferably 1: 1.
- a nitrogen source is therefore added to the homogeneous mixture.
- the nitrogen content in the carbon composite material can be determined by elemental analysis, ICP-OES or XPS and is between 2 to 25% by weight, preferably between 5 and 15% by weight.
- the nitrogen is present after the chemophysical reaction of the homogeneous mixture in the carbon composite as a pyrolytic, pyridinic, quaternary nitrogen or as an amine functionality. This means that the chemophysical conversion of the carbon source, the porogen and the nitrogen source provides a nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon composite material.
- the present invention further comprises a carbon composite molding in or for use in an electrochemical energy store, the carbon composite molding comprising:
- carbon composite molding means a product of a particular shape, to which it is deliberately and anthropogenic (i.e., not random) from the carbon composite material, e.g. B. was given by pressing, transfer molding or injection molding in all-sided closed tools and holds together primarily or exclusively by the interlocking teeth of the particles of Kohlenstoffkompositmaterials.
- the carbon composite preform preferably comprises nanoporous carbon and a mixture of at least one unreacted porogen and / or at least one by-product (as defined herein) of the chemophysical conversion to the carbon composite material.
- the composition of the carbon composite material ie the content of the individual components is determined by elemental analysis on a
- Elementary analyzer eg a vario MICRO cube elemental analyzer of Elementar Analyzer Systems GmbH
- ICP-OES ICP-OES or XPS.
- Carbon composite molding 1 to 40 wt .-%, particularly preferably 1 to 30 wt .-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the carbon composite molding.
- the carbon composite material further comprises a mixture of substances comprising or consisting of at least one unreacted porogen and / or at least one by-product (as defined herein) of the chemophysical reaction which is at least partially, preferably at least 90% by volume, more preferably at least 95% by volume %, based on the total volume of the carbon composite material, is arranged in the nanopores of the nanoporous carbon.
- the substance mixture can be arranged both in the pores of the nanoporous carbon and / or on its surface.
- the content of the substance mixture in the carbon composite molding is preferably at least 40% by weight, more preferably at least 60% by weight, most preferably at least 70% by weight, even more preferably at least 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the carbon composite molding ,
- Carbon composite material further a binder.
- the binder is selected from National, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, (CMC), and natural cellulose, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). , Graphene oxide and mixtures thereof.
- the binder is particularly preferably selected from PTFE, PVDF and CMC.
- the binder is preferably used at a level of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably from 1 to 8% by weight, most preferably in the range from 4 to 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the carbon composite material, added. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, this includes
- Carbon composite molded part nanoporous carbon, a mixture of substances and a binder wherein the content of carbon 10 to 20 wt .-%, the content of mixture 75 to 90 wt .-% and the content of binder 4 to 6 wt .-%, based on the Total weight of the carbon composite molding is. If, in addition, a nitrogen source is used as starting material for the chemophysical conversion, then a nitrogen-containing carbon is formed, as described herein, wherein the nitrogen-containing carbon itself consists of 5 to 9 wt .-% of nitrogen.
- the mixture preferably comprises at least one by-product of
- the substance mixture comprises at least one ionizable chemical compound, preferably a salt, such as KHCO 3, (NH 2 O, KOH)
- the substance mixture or the at least one ionizable chemical compound can be dissolved after processing with a solvent from the pores of the nanoporous carbon and form an electrolyte.
- Mixture according to the invention does not include the binder and not the nanoporous carbon.
- the carbon composite molded article contains K 2 CO 3, at least byproduct KHCO 3 (see Example 4). If ZnCL is chosen as the porogen, for example, the carbon composite molding contains as by-product ZnO (see Example 4).
- the pores of the porous carbon in the carbon composite molding with the substance mixture at least partially, preferably at least 90 vol .-%, more preferably at least 95 vol .-%, based on the total volume of
- the carbon composite molded part has a low specific surface area in the range of 0.1 to 50 m 2 g _1 , preferably in the range of 0.5 to 10 m 2 g _1 .
- the mass-specific surface area of the carbon composite material and the carbon composite molded article was measured by BET sorption measurement (in Analysis method for determining the size of surfaces, in particular of porous solids), preferably with a multipoint BET equipment according to DIN ISO 9277 determined.
- the carbon composite molding has an ohmic resistance in the range of 35 to 150 ⁇ cm -1 , preferably in the range of 40 to 130 ⁇ cm -1 , more preferably in the range of 42 to 10 ⁇ cm -1 .
- the Kohlenstoffkompositformteil passes directly after its processing, the electric power only poorly.
- the carbon composite molding is planar (i.e., a sheet) and / or its narrowest side (i.e., the least spaced region between two outer edges of the substrate)
- Kohlenstoffkompositformteils has a thickness of 50 to 1000 pm, more preferably from 50 to 500 pm, most preferably from 50 to 200 pm.
- the carbon composite molded part is a film electrode having a layer thickness in the range from 50 to 1000 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably in the range from 50 to 500 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably from 50 to 200 ⁇ m.
- Carbonkompositformteil (eg., As an electrode, in particular as a film electrode) not only in advance (ie before the chemophysical reaction) on a surface (eg a current collector) must be deposited, but that it allows direct processing (shaping) of the carbon composite material to a carbon composite , Thus, the user is in the
- the carbon composite molding may be applied to the surface of an application-based support substrate, for example, when used as an electrode.
- an application-based support substrate for example, when used as an electrode.
- the present invention also encompasses the use of the
- Carbon composite molding which is obtained in particular by the method described above, as an electrode in an electrochemical energy storage.
- Electrochemical energy stores are for the purposes of the present invention, for example, electrochemical double-layer capacitors (supercapacitors or ultracapacitors) and pseudo-capacitors and batteries.
- the residues from the pores of the carbon in the carbon composite molding are dissolved in the added solvent and thus from the Pore of the carbon removed and at the same time advantageously form the electrolyte in the solvent.
- the carbon composite moldings used as electrodes after start-up of the electrochemical energy storage a high specific surface area in the range of 800 to 4,000 m 2 g _1 , preferably in the range of 1,000 to 3,500 m 2 g _1 .
- carbon composite moldings in which the porogen used comprises a carbonate salt selected from the group of alkali metal
- Alkaline earth metal or transition metal carbonate an even greater specific surface area in the range of 1 .500 to 4,000 m 2 g _1 , preferably in the range of 1,900 to 3,500 m 2 g _1 on.
- the carbon composite moldings used as electrodes preferably have a conductivity in the range from 100 to 200 mS cm -1 , particularly preferably from 135 to 190 mS cm -1 , very particularly preferably from 140 to 180 mS cnr 1 on.
- the carbon composite material has an ohmic resistance in the range from 0.01 to 2 ⁇ cm -1 , preferably in the range from 0.1 to 0.7 ⁇ cm -1 , particularly preferably in the range from 0.1 to 0, 5 Qcm -1 on.
- Carbonkompositformteil contacted in the electrochemical energy storage with a solvent which advantageously during operation of the
- the solvent may be water, a weak or dilute acid (eg.
- the solvent is water, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate or mixtures thereof.
- the water may be distilled water or deionized water.
- the solvent is an ionic liquid.
- Typical ionic liquids are known to the person skilled in the art and can be taken from the relevant literature.
- the solvent is preferably selected by the person skilled in the art in such a way that the substance mixture of the carbon composite molding completely dissolves therein and is thus removed from the pores of the carbon.
- electrolyte of the electrochemical energy store only in situ during 1 to 15 charging cycles in situ by the release of the substance enclosed in the pores (i.e., ionization of the entrapped mixture in the solvent) within the electrochemical
- the composition of the in situ generated electrolyte differs significantly from conventionally used electrolytes.
- KOH Potassium hydroxide
- H2SO4 Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with a concentration in the range of 0.1 to 1 M and Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal halides, or alkali metal and
- the electrolyte generated in situ is the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal hydroxide, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or alkali metal corresponding to the porogen.
- Transition metal halide
- composition of the substance mixture when using alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or transition metal halide as activation agent and porogen is the corresponding alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or
- Transition metal halide hydrohalic acid and alkali metal
- Alkaline earth metal or transition metal oxide Alkaline earth metal or transition metal oxide.
- the molarity of the electrolyte is in the generated in situ
- Electrolyte solution after commissioning of the electrochemical energy storage preferably after 1 to 15 charging / discharging 0.5 to 3 mol / L, more preferably 1, 5 to 2 mol / L.
- the last concentration ranges are for systems starting from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or
- Transition metal halides eg ZnCL
- carbonates such as K2CO3
- Carbon composite moldings which are used as electrodes with a layer thickness in the range of 50 to 200 pm, in situ the aforementioned molarity of the
- Layer thickness remains constant in the range of 50 to 200 pm.
- the amount of electrolyte generated in situ or of the added solvent also increases only because the preferably round gap is proportional to Diameter is increased.
- the molarity of the electrolyte generated in situ remains constant.
- Thinner Kohlenstoffkompositformmaschine as an electrode have the disadvantage that they can easily break and / or that after contact with the solvent and after commissioning of the electrochemical energy storage a
- Carbon composite moldings as electrodes, a concentration of the in situ generated electrolyte can be set above the desired molarity of the
- Electrolyte of 3 mol / L is located.
- Fig. 1 the schematic representation of the manufacturing process of a
- Fig. 2 the schematic representation of the manufacturing process of a
- Carbon composite material left to a carbon composite molding as an electrode in an electrochemical energy storage (center) and adding a solvent under in-situ generation of the electrolyte in the electrochemical energy storage (right).
- Fig. 4 X-ray powder diffractogram (powder XRD) of
- Carbon composite molded part immediately after processing (CompK2co3, below) and purified carbon composite material (Carbpure, above)
- Fig. 6 an argon physisorption isotherm of the invention
- FIG. 7 shows a cyclic voltammogram of the carbon composite according to the invention directly after processing for the supercapacitor (black) in FIG.
- Carbon material (gray) measured in a 2M KHCO3 electrolyte. 8 shows an overview of the specific capacities of the carbon composite according to the invention directly after processing to the supercapacitor (black) at different specific current intensities compared to a cyclic voltammogram of the washed carbon material (gray) measured in a 1 M U 2 SO 4 electrolyte.
- Fig.10 Cyclic voltammograms of the carbon composite according to the invention directly after processing to supercapacitor with different
- FIG. 11 cyclic voltammogram with a feed rate of 10 mVs 1 of the sample in-situ lignin-K 2 CO 3 -1 -1 -800 of exemplary embodiment 2.
- Fig. 12 Cyclic voltammogram of the sample in situ lignin HS-K2C03-1 -1 -0.5-800 of the embodiment 2, measured with various
- Fig. 13 the schematic representation of the manufacturing process of a
- inventive electrochemical energy storage starting from the provision of calcium citrate-ethylene glycol polymer as a homogeneous mixture based on citric acid and ethylene glycol as
- FIG. 14 Cyclic voltammogram of the sample CCa1 (chemically-reacted calcium citrate-ethylene glycol polymer) of embodiment 6, measured in a 2 M HCl solution as solvent, carried out at a scan rate of 5 mV s 1 for the first cycle (dashed line ), the second cycle (dotted line) and the 10th cycle (bold line).
- Fig. 15 Specific capacity during a long-term measurement with 10,000 charging / discharging cycles of the sample CCa1 with a specific current of 1 A / g.
- Fig. 16 the general structure of the measuring arrangement for the symmetrical
- Carbon composite moldings, in particular electrodes is carried out as follows: 150 mg of the carbon composite according to the invention are triturated with 5 wt .-% polytetrafluoroethylene in a mortar at 100 ° C until a
- the electrodes have a mass of
- a glass fiber separator is used for the spatial separation of the electrodes.
- As the electrolyte 0.1 ml of deionized water is added.
- Example 1 thermal reaction of a carbon source with a porogen without nitrogen source
- Table 1 Samples without added urea.
- Example 2 thermal conversion of a carbon source with nitrogen source with different ratios of porogen
- Table 2 Samples with different K2C03 contents.
- the variation of the ratios of lignin to K2CO3 shows no significant influence on the specific capacity of the in-situ supercapacitors.
- a lower content of 0.5 wt .-% K2CO3 reduces the content of by-products only slightly from 82.2 wt .-% to 81, 45 wt .-%. Accordingly, the specific capacitances of in-situ supercapacitors obtained are also nearly equal to 142 Fg _1 for a ratio of 1: 1: 1 and 153 Fg _1 for a ratio of 1: 1: 0.5.
- Example 3 thermal reaction of a carbon source with a porogen and a nitrogen source
- Example 4 thermal reaction of a carbon source with nitrogen source and a metal halide as porogen
- Example 5 Thermal conversion of a calcium citrate-ethylene glycol polymer leads to a narrow pore size distribution in the
- a compound for a homogeneous mixture with a carbon-containing polymer as a carbon source is a calcium citrate-ethylene glycol polymer directly from citric acid, CaO and ethylene glycol in a planetary ball mill is synthesized.
- the calcium ions coordinate according to the vibration at 1587 cm 1 in the IR spectra of the Ca-containing polyester over the
- Carbon source Carbon source
- CaO as porogen
- Carbon composite materials have as by-products Ca (OH) 2 and / or CaCO 3 embedded in a porous carbon matrix.
- citric acid monohydrate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
- Ethylene glycol (EG) and CaO with a purity of 99.5% and 95% were purchased from Fluka Analytics.
- the grinding balls are from SiLi.
- the millbase was converted to grinding jars and balls made of Si 3 N 4 for the sample CCa 1 (Si 3 N 4), the ball size for the sample CCa 1 (5 mm) and the sample CCa 1 (15 mm) to a diameter changed from 5 mm or 15 mm.
- the grinding speed was varied for samples CCa 1 (500 rpm) and CCa 1 (650 rpm) at 500 rpm and 650 rpm.
- larger grinding vessels ⁇ 500 ml are commercially available.
- the ratio of powder to ball should be set.
- a mechanical-chemical reaction should take place with 33% spheres, 33% starting materials and 33% free volume in the grinding container.
- the resulting white polymer (calcium citrate-ethylene glycol polymer) was then heated to a temperature of 150 ° C./h, each time heated at 900 ° C in a horizontal tube furnace under an argon atmosphere and thereby reacted chemophysically.
- the polymer (calcium citrate-ethylene glycol polymer) was annealed for 2 h and a
- Carbon composite material with a total yield of 15 wt .-% is obtained according to the educt compositions used, only for CCa 05 .
- Pore size distribution is adjusted as Gaussian shape; the pore width corresponds to the maximum value.
- the specific surface area increases from 444 m 2 / g for sample C 0 5 to 1049 m 2 / g for C 2 and 1240 m2 / g for sample C1, both of which are produced with a higher Ca content.
- the yield of the obtained after the pyrolysis is 444 m 2 / g for sample C 0 5 to 1049 m 2 / g for C 2 and 1240 m2 / g for sample C1, both of which are produced with a higher Ca content.
- Carbon composite material also shows that an activation process with a higher Ca content is more pronounced, since the yield for CCa 1 and CCa 2 is 15% by weight based on the mass of the starting materials, but for CCa 0 5 it is 25% by weight.
- the electrodes are produced as free-standing electrodes, by way of example using the carbon composite material of sample CCa 1 (5% by weight of nanoporous
- Diameter of 12 mm for use Diameter of 12 mm for use.
- the general structure of the measuring arrangement for the symmetrical supercapacitor is shown in, for example, FIG. 16.
- HCl dissolves the Ca (OH) 2 in the pores of the nanoporous carbon in situ;
- Table 4 Electrochemical characteristics, determined by galvanostatic charging and discharging cycles at 1 Ag 1 .
- the maximum specific capacity for CCa 1 is 128 Fg -1 at a specific current of 1 A g _1 .
- Carbon composite material of sample CCa1 which was washed in (e) with FICI and then measured in 2 M HCl as the electrolyte solution or washed in (f) with HCl and then in a solution with 190 g / l Ca (OH) 2 in 2 M HCl (see Table 4, lines 3 and 4).
- Carbon composite material of sample CCa1 is competitive with state-of-the-art electrode materials such as YP80F, which serve as a reference herein.
- Reference carbon YP80F showed in 1 M U2SO4 as electrolyte solution only a specific capacity of 100 Fg _1 at 1 A g 1 .
- DCP-CTF 3,5-dicyanopyridine-CTF
- the obtained CTF / ZnCl 2 composite materials were dispersed in ethanol and 5% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, granulated) was added as a binder.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the CTF / ZnCl2 composite material in the form of the prepared electrodes was characterized in a symmetrical electric double layer capacitor according to the concept of the "/ n-s / u-electrolyte" described herein.
- the separator used was a 12 mm diameter Whatmann GF / D.
- Electrodes have an electrode mass of 48 mg and an excess of ZnCl2 (with 84 wt .-% based on the carbon composite molding) as an electrolyte salt.
- the electrolyte concentration in the double-layered capacitor is 0.403 g / ml. Assuming that the electrolyte salt consists exclusively of the excess ZnCl2, this corresponds to a molar concentration of 2.96 mol / ml of electrolyte.
- Table 5 Electrochemical characteristics, determined by galvanostatic charging and discharging cycles at 1 Ag 1 .
- Electrolyte concentration of the "/ n-s / u-electrolyte” concept) used as the electrolyte is the electrolyte concentration of the "/ n-s / u-electrolyte" concept.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018001617.0A DE102018001617A1 (de) | 2018-02-27 | 2018-02-27 | Kohlenstoffkompositformteil, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und Verwendung des Kohlenstoffkompositformteils in einem elektrochemischen Energiespeicher |
| PCT/EP2019/054862 WO2019166489A1 (de) | 2018-02-27 | 2019-02-27 | Kohlenstoffkompositformteil, verfahren zu dessen herstellung und verwendung des kohlenstoffkompositformteils in einem elektrochemischen energiespeicher |
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| EP3759725A1 true EP3759725A1 (de) | 2021-01-06 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP19709400.6A Withdrawn EP3759725A1 (de) | 2018-02-27 | 2019-02-27 | Kohlenstoffkompositformteil, verfahren zu dessen herstellung und verwendung des kohlenstoffkompositformteils in einem elektrochemischen energiespeicher |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP3759725A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102018001617A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2019166489A1 (de) |
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| CN112509729B (zh) * | 2019-09-16 | 2023-01-24 | 天津工业大学 | 一种柔性透明导电薄膜及其制备方法 |
| CN110970591B (zh) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-05-04 | 江苏厚生新能源科技有限公司 | 高粘接和高离子导电的涂覆浆料及制备方法、锂电池隔膜 |
| CN113620287B (zh) * | 2021-08-17 | 2023-06-09 | 上海赛普瑞特生物科技有限公司 | 一种以木质素为碳的前躯体采用“内浸-外包”技术的氮掺杂电容炭及其制备方法 |
| CN119833621A (zh) * | 2025-01-24 | 2025-04-15 | 南京大学 | 一种多孔碳与硫复合材料的制备方法和应用 |
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| KR100682862B1 (ko) * | 2005-01-11 | 2007-02-15 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 전기 화학 전지용 전극, 그 제조 방법 및 이를 채용한전기 화학 전지 |
| EP2027078A1 (de) * | 2006-05-31 | 2009-02-25 | Merck Patent GmbH | Verfahren zur herstellung poröser kohlenstoff-formkörper |
| JP5495887B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-28 | 2014-05-21 | 株式会社デンソー | 非水電解液電池用負極及び非水電解液電池 |
| DE102012213595A1 (de) * | 2012-08-01 | 2014-05-15 | Technische Universität Dresden | Verfahren zur Herstellung von porösem Kohlenstoff |
| DE102015200840A1 (de) * | 2015-01-20 | 2016-07-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Infiltration von Siliciumnanopartikeln in eine poröse Kohlenstoffstruktur |
| US9951443B2 (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2018-04-24 | University Of Tartu | Separators, electrodes, half-cells, and cells of electrical energy storage devices |
| EP3413326B1 (de) * | 2016-02-04 | 2020-09-23 | Tpr Co., Ltd. | Elektrodenmaterial umfassend einen kern-schale-verbundstoff, verfahren zur herstellung davon, katalysator, elektrode, sekundärbatterie und elektrischer doppelschichtkondensator |
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2018
- 2018-02-27 DE DE102018001617.0A patent/DE102018001617A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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2019
- 2019-02-27 WO PCT/EP2019/054862 patent/WO2019166489A1/de not_active Ceased
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| DE102018001617A1 (de) | 2019-08-29 |
| WO2019166489A1 (de) | 2019-09-06 |
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