EP3649262A1 - Procede de rétablissement de la reproduction sexuee chez le champignon trichoderma reesei - Google Patents
Procede de rétablissement de la reproduction sexuee chez le champignon trichoderma reeseiInfo
- Publication number
- EP3649262A1 EP3649262A1 EP18753447.4A EP18753447A EP3649262A1 EP 3649262 A1 EP3649262 A1 EP 3649262A1 EP 18753447 A EP18753447 A EP 18753447A EP 3649262 A1 EP3649262 A1 EP 3649262A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- strain
- trichoderma reesei
- strains
- reesei
- conidia
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/145—Fungi isolates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
- C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12N9/2405—Glucanases
- C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
- C12N9/2437—Cellulases (3.2.1.4; 3.2.1.74; 3.2.1.91; 3.2.1.150)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
- C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12Y302/01004—Cellulase (3.2.1.4), i.e. endo-1,4-beta-glucanase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/645—Fungi ; Processes using fungi
- C12R2001/885—Trichoderma
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of restoring sexual reproduction between two sterile female strains of the fungus Trichoderma reesei.
- Trichoderma reesei is a species of cellulolytic filamentous fungus, of the genus Trichoderma, which was discovered during the Second World War in the South Pacific. This fungus has the ability to secrete a large amount of cellulosic enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases), and is now mainly used in the production cycle of second-generation biofuels. Indeed, the enzymes produced by this fungus are particularly useful for the transformation of plant biomass materials into bioproducts useful for industry, such as bioethanol.
- Second-generation biofuels from non-food sources are of particular interest today, since first-generation (food-source) biofuels can only be produced in limited quantities, as long as they are compete with food production.
- the second-generation biofuel production process comprises four main stages: pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, fermentation and distillation.
- This hydrolysis step involves the cellulase type enzymes produced by the filamentous fungus T. reesei.
- Trichoderma reesei can be used as a platform strain for the production of homologous or heterologous industrial interest proteins. In order to optimize the performance of Trichoderma reesei, it is essential to improve the Trichoderma reesei strains producing the proteins of interest.
- T. reesei is thus a solution. It makes it possible to improve the secretory performance of cellulase producing filamentous fungus, the properties of enzymes and to control the stability of strains under industrial conditions.
- Mutagenesis is a technique commonly used in genetic engineering. It aims to voluntarily introduce mutations into DNA in order to create genetically engineered genes changed. This can make it possible to generate strains with interesting characteristics from an industrial point of view.
- Random mutagenesis involves inducing non-targeted mutations anywhere in the DNA. These mutations are caused by exposure of the target organism to mutagenic chemicals or radiation. Since mutations are a natural phenomenon, random mutagenesis is therefore considered an accelerator of this natural process and the organisms thus obtained are considered as natural and not as genetically modified organisms (GMOs); they are therefore not subject to the traceability obligation.
- GMOs genetically modified organisms
- this method generates, in addition to the mutation responsible for the characteristic of interest, a large number of undesirable mutations called "collateral" which contribute, accumulating, to instability, poor health or even lethality. the organism mutated.
- Site-directed mutagenesis allows the introduction of mutations identified in a specific gene. To do this, the DNA of interest containing the mutations is synthesized and then introduced into the cell to be mutated where the DNA repair mechanism takes care of integrating it into the genome. The use of a selection marker makes it possible to identify the cells having integrated the mutation of those which did not integrate it. However, organisms that have undergone this mutagenesis are considered as GMOs (due to the introduction of exogenous DNA), and are therefore subject to a traceability obligation.
- T. reesei for the production of second-generation biofuels
- the improvement of the hydrolysis step via the introduction of mutations (random or directed) in T. reesei is not not satisfactory, because of the accumulation of undesirable mutations that it entails, or because of the introduction of exogenous DNA. There is therefore a need for a new method of improving the hydrolysis step.
- the inventors of the present invention have thus developed a novel method of improving the performance of T. reesei using the sexual reproduction of T. reesei.
- sexual reproduction of T. reesei has never been used as an improvement tool because T. reesei has always been considered as not being able to reproduce sexually.
- T. reesei's discovery of sexuality (Seidl et al., 2009) has opened up new possibilities for genetic improvement of strains.
- Sexual reproduction makes it possible, among other things, to create genetic diversity, to preserve beneficial mutations and to eliminate "collateral" mutations from the genome.
- T. reesei is a so-called heterothallic fungus, that is, sexual reproduction is only possible between compatible sexual-type individuals (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2).
- T. reesei is hermaphrodite, that is, one strain produces both female and male sex organs ( Figure 1).
- a QM6a strain MAT1-1 was constructed by genetic engineering (Seidl et al., 2009). Sexual reproduction between compatible QM6a strains does not produce stromata because these strains are sterile females ( Figure 2B) (Seidl et al., 2009).
- T. reesei All known existing industrial strains of T. reesei were generated from the natural strain QM6a. Since the natural strain QM6a is of sexual type MAT1-2, all industrial strains of T. reesei are now of sexual type MAY 1-2, and are female sterile but fertile males.
- this strategy has a major disadvantage. Indeed, this requires introducing the functional gene into each of the industrial strains to be reproduced in order to restore the female fertility of industrial strains.
- this strategy does not take into account the fact that industrial strains are derived from successive mutagenesis and that it is possible that other genes important for female fertility have been modified. Thus, the contribution of the functional idcl gene will not be sufficient to restore female fertility and thus restore sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains. Thus, being able to restore female fertility in strain QM6a, does not mean that it can be restored in industrial strains generated from said strain QM6a.
- the inventors of the present invention have thus developed a strategy for the restoration of sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains that does not require introducing into the sterile female strains a functional version of the idcl gene, which does not require not to check whether the presence of a functional version of the idcl gene is or is not sufficient to restore sexual reproduction, or even to identify and replace other genes that might be defective.
- the inventors of the present invention have thus developed a strategy for the recovery of sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains which is simple and effective to put in place.
- the present invention is based on the results of the inventors according to which the use of an assistant strain ⁇ (that is to say a fertile female strain of T. reesei in which the sexual type locus is MAT 1- 1 or MAY 1-2, was invalidated) in combination with sequential watering of conidia from a sterile T. reesei female strain of a first sexual type, followed by conidia from a sterile female T. reesei strain. a second sexual type was able to restore sexual reproduction between these two sterile female strains.
- the use of an assistant strain has already been used but not in T. reesei
- the inventors of the present invention have, however, surprisingly shown that the tricaryon method was able to restore sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains when used in combination with the sequential watering technique (that is to say, watering with conidia of a sterile T. reesei female strain of a first sexual type, then conidia of a T. reesei sterile female strain of a second sexual type).
- This sequential watering used in combination with a assistant strain ⁇ , used to restore sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains, and allows stromata to be obtained repeatedly (see Example 2i).
- the invention thus relates to a method for restoring sexual reproduction between two sterile female Trichoderma reesei strains comprising the following steps:
- the "recovery of sexual reproduction” means obtaining stromata from conidia of a first sterile T. reesei female strain of a first sexual type and a second sterile female strain. T. reesei of a second sexual type, using a ⁇ strain.
- a "sterile female T. reesei strain” means all T. reesei strains that are sterile female and fertile males. These are T. reesei strains whose female fertility can be restored and which can be used in a sexual reproduction recovery method according to the invention.
- Such strains are, for example, the strains QM6a, NG14, RUTC30, QM9414, CL847, QM9136, QM9978, QM9979, PC3-7, TU-6, etc. In other words, these are all the strains produced. from the strain QM6a and which are sterile females but it can also be strains of T. reesei resulting from other geographical isolates and which are sterile and fertile female fertile.
- An "incubation in a suitable medium” means an incubation in a culture medium suitable for the growth of fungi.
- a culture medium is, for example, PDA medium (Potato Dextrose Agar), SDA medium (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), SPDA medium (Sweet Potato Dextrose Agar), MEA medium (Malt Extract Agar), Oatmeal Agar medium, medium Cornmeal Agar, and is preferably a complete medium.
- a complete medium according to the invention is a medium which contains in addition to the components of the minimum medium, the final metabolites which are necessary for the growth, like amino acids, vitamins, bases, ... unlike the minimum medium which is a medium containing the chemical elements strictly necessary for the growth of an organism.
- An “assistant strain ⁇ " is a strain of T. reesei in which the locus of the sexual type (mating-type) MAT 1-1 or MAT1-2 has been invalidated.
- Said assistant strain ⁇ can be obtained by any gene / locus invalidation techniques well known to those skilled in the art, or for example by the method described in Example 1.
- the strain from which the assistant strain ⁇ is obtained must be fertile female. Although belonging to the T. reesei species, this assistant strain does not fall within the definition of a "T. reesei sterile female strain" according to the invention, because of the invalidation of the mating type locus. MAT1-1 or MAT1-2.
- This assistant strain does not enter into the karyogamy process since it has been invalidated from the sex-type locus that regulates the process.
- the mechanism of the assistant strain is unknown, but the assumptions about its functioning are as follows:
- the term "conidia” according to the invention means a spore resulting from the vegetative propagation of a fungus (such as T. reesei).
- the conidia of a T. reesei strain of the sexual type MAT1-1 or of the sexual type MAT1-2 are obtained under the same conditions.
- the conidia according to the invention of a first type or a second sexual type can be obtained by culturing and incubation in a suitable medium (such as PDA) or a strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type or a strain of T. reesei of a second sexual type, until the appearance of conidia.
- the strains are incubated in the light, and at a temperature of about 24-30 ° C until the appearance of conidia.
- the conidia can then be recovered by rinsing the culture dish with distilled / sterile water.
- the term "conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type” according to the invention refers to the conidia of one of the two T. reesei strains used in the method of recovery of sexual reproduction according to the invention.
- the term "conidia of a second strain of T. reesei of a second sexual type" according to the invention means conidia of a strain of T. reesei, compatible with the first strain.
- the sexual type of the first strain of T. reesei is MAT1-1 or MAT1 -2, in particular MAT1 -1.
- the sexual type of the second strain of T. reesei is MAT 1-1 or
- MAT 1-1 or MAT 1-2 refer to the sexual signs of fungi. These are the two compatible sexual types. Since T. reesei is a so-called heterothallic fungus, if the sexual type of the first strain of T. reesei is MAT1-1, then the sexual type of the second strain of T. reesei is necessarily MAT1-2. Conversely, if the sexual type of the first strain of T. reesei is MAT 1-2, then the sexual type of the second strain of T. reesei is necessarily MAT1-1. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sexual type of the first strain of T. reesei is MAT 1-1, and the sexual type of the second strain of T. reesei is MAT 1-2.
- the first strain and the second strain of T. reesei used in a sexual reproduction recovery method according to the invention may be identical or different strains, provided that the sexual types are compatible.
- the first strain can be a QM6a strain MAT 1-1 and the second strain can be a strain QM6a MAT1-2.
- the first strain can be a strain NG14 MAT 1-1 and the second strain can be a strain RUTC30 MAT1-2.
- the T. reesei strain is any sterile female strain, such as the QM6a strain or a strain derived from the QM6a strain.
- the first strain of T. reesei is QM6a MAT 1-1 or a derived strain
- the second strain of T. reesei is QM6a MAT 1-2 or a derived strain.
- the first strain of T. reesei is QM6a MAT 1-2 or a derived strain
- the second strain of T. reesei is QM6a MAT 1-1 or a derived strain.
- the strain QM6a MAT 1-2 refers to the strain deposited under the reference ATCC® 13613.
- a sterile female MAT1-1 strain (such as QM6a MAT1-1) can be obtained by (i) replacing the MAT locus 1 -2 by the MAT1-1 locus, (for example according to the method described in the article Linke, R.
- strain derived from strain QM6a refers to all the strains obtained from the natural isolate QM6a. These include all industrial strains of T. reesei known to date or all strains of T. reesei female sterile.
- watering means the pouring of a solution containing the conidia of a first sexual type (for example 10 7 to 10 8 of conidia MAT1-1) or the pouring of a solution containing the conidia of a second sexual type (for example 10 7 to 108 of MAT1-2 conidia).
- the watering is only performed with conidia of a first and / or a second sexual type (for example without addition of cell extract).
- the watering is carried out using an appropriate solution containing only the conidia of a first and / or a second sexual type.
- An appropriate solution is, for example, water such as distilled water or sterile water.
- the incubation in an appropriate medium of said assistant strain ⁇ is a dark incubation. Darkness limits the production of conidia and promotes access to the female sex organs by the male sex organs.
- the incubation in an appropriate medium of said assistant strain ⁇ lasts at least 2 days, preferably between 2 and 6 days. More particularly, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the incubation in an appropriate medium of said assistant strain ⁇ lasts at least 4 days, preferably between 4 and 5 days. Incubation for 4-5 days optimizes the recovery process (Example 2i).
- the conidia of the first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type and / or the conidia of the second strain of T. reesei of a second sexual type are present at a concentration of at least 10 5 conidia / ml.
- the conidia of the first T. reesei strain of a first sexual type and / or the conidia of the second T. reesei strain of a second sexual type are present at a concentration of at least 10 6 conidia / ml, especially 10 6 to 10 8 conidia / ml, and preferably 10 7 to 10 8 conidia / ml.
- a concentration of 10 7 to 108 conidia / ml makes it possible to optimize the recovery process (cf Example 2i).
- the optimal conditions of the sequential watering are an incubation (or pre-incubation) of the assistant strain ⁇ for 4 or 5 days, and a concentration of conidia of 10 7 to 108 conidia / ml (cf Example 2i).
- the incubation in an appropriate medium of said assistant strain ⁇ is carried out at room temperature, in particular at 24 ° C.
- said method for restoring sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains further comprises, between the first and second watering, a step of incubation in a suitable medium. of said assistant strain ⁇ and conidia of a first T. reesei strain of a first sexual type.
- said first watering, and optionally the incubation step in a suitable medium of said assistant strain ⁇ MAT and conidia of a first T. reesei strain of a first sexual type lasts at least 2 days, preferably between 2 and 7 days, and especially at least 3 or 4 days.
- said first watering, and optionally the incubation step in a suitable medium of said assistant strain ⁇ and conidia of a first T. reesei strain of a first sexual type is carried out alternating light and darkness, preferably between 3 to 12 hours of light (day) and between 12 to 21 hours of darkness (night).
- said incubation, in an appropriate medium of said assistant strain ⁇ and conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type is an incubation alternately day / night.
- the day / night alternation is an alternation of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. This is the most favorable condition for sexual reproduction (Seidl, V., et al (2009)).
- said incubation in an appropriate medium of said assistant strain ⁇ and conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type, lasts 5 to 7 days, preferably 7 days.
- said incubation, in a suitable medium of said assistant strain ⁇ and conidia of a first T. reesei strain of a first sexual type is carried out at room temperature, in particular at 24 ° C.
- said method for restoring sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains further comprises a step of obtaining stromata.
- stromata means macroscopic structures (diameter 3-4mm to 2cm) that result from sexual reproduction. These structures consist of tissues of maternal origin (the tissues that constitute them come from the assistant strain playing the role of female) and are pigmented (brown color) on the surface.
- said method for restoring sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains further comprises, after the second watering, an incubation step in a suitable medium of the strain. assistant MAT, conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type and conidia of a second strain of T. reesei of a second sexual type, especially until the appearance of stromata, and especially until the pigmented stromata are visible to the naked eye.
- said second watering, and optionally the step of incubation in a suitable medium of the assistant strain MAT, conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type and conidia of a second strain of T. reesei of a second sexual type lasts at least 5 days, preferably between 5 and 15 days.
- said second watering, and optionally the incubation step in a suitable medium of the assistant strain MAT conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type and conidia of a second strain of T.
- said incubation in a suitable medium of said assistant strain MAT, conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type and conidia of a second strain of T. reesei of a second sexual type, is an incubation alternately day / night.
- the day / night alternation is an alternation of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness.
- said incubation, in a suitable medium of said assistant strain MAT, conidia of a first strain of T. reesei of a first sexual type and conidia of a second strain of T. reesei of a second sexual type is carried out at room temperature, especially at 24 ° C.
- said method further comprises, after the appearance of stromata, a step of amplifying said stromata.
- Said amplification step is carried out by carrying out at least one transfer of the stromata obtained in a new appropriate medium (for example the PDA).
- the new appropriate medium may be the same as previously used, or a different appropriate medium.
- the transfer of the stromata into a new suitable medium makes it possible to multiply in a very significant and unexpected manner the final number of stromata obtained (Example 4).
- said amplification step lasts at least 3 days, for example from 3 to 21 days, preferably from 5 to 15 days, and is preferably carried out at a light / dark alternation, in particular between 3 to 12 hours. of light (day) and between 12 to 21 hours of darkness (night), more particularly 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness.
- the amplification step (the transfer of the stromata into a new appropriate medium) makes it possible (1) to quantitatively increase the number of stromata, by at least 20% and even by at least 50% with respect to a stromata. process without amplification step, but also (2) to increase the maturity of the stromata.
- said method is a method of restoring sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains, comprising the following steps:
- a MAT assistant strain said strain being a fertile female T. reesei strain in which the sexual type MAT locus has been invalidated, a first watering of said assistant strain ⁇ with conidia of a first sterile female strain MAI 1-1,
- stromata amplification step optionally a stromata amplification step.
- said method is a method of restoring sexual reproduction between two sterile female T. reesei strains, comprising the following steps:
- said recovery method further comprises obtaining a T. reesei strain.
- the invention thus relates to the use of a strain of T. reesei obtained by the method mentioned above for the production of cellulases or biofuel.
- the invention will be better illustrated by the following examples and figures. The following examples are intended to clarify the object of the invention and illustrate advantageous embodiments, but in no case is intended to restrict the scope of the invention.
- Figure 1 shows the principle of sexual reproduction in the filamentous fungus T. reesei.
- Figure 2 represents sexual reproduction in T. reesei. Part (A) represents sexual reproduction between two natural isolates (A) and part (B) represents sexual reproduction between two QM6a strains.
- Figure 3 represents the principle of the assistant strain method.
- Figure 4 shows the protocol of the implementation of the method of the assistant strain according to the present invention.
- Figure 5 shows the stromata obtained following the implementation of the method of the assistant strain according to the present invention.
- Figure 6 shows the final assembly of the invalidation cassette in the plasmid pUC19 (plasmid used to obtain the assistant strain ⁇ according to the present invention).
- the lines correspond to the primers that are not positioned at the scale.
- Figure 7 shows the position of the primers chosen for the amplification of the different fragments of the invalidation cassette.
- the number "(1)” represents the fragment "Flank5 '+ marker", and the number “(2)” represents the fragment "marker + flank3'”.
- Figure 8 shows the amplification of stromata.
- the stromata obtained following the implementation of the method of the assistant strain according to the present invention (such as those obtained in FIG. 5) are presented in Petri dishes A1 and B1.
- the stromata are transferred to a PDA medium (this corresponds to Petri dishes A2 and B2) and the number of stromata can thus be multiplied.
- This amplification / multiplication step can thus be repeated several times, by transferring the obtained stromata onto a new PDA medium (this corresponds to the Petri dishes A3 and B3).
- the present invention involves three different strains.
- the three strains that were used in the examples are as follows:
- the two sterile strains to cross the strain QM6a MAT 1-1 and the strain QM6a MAT1-2.
- the locus MAT1-2 was replaced by the locus MAT 1-1 in the strain QM6a MAT 1-2.
- the strain QM6a MAT 1-2 was obtained from the ATCC (reference ATCC® 13631). It is the natural isolate at the origin of all industrial strains.
- the AMAT assistant strain which is a strain in which the sexual type MAT locus has been invalidated. This strain can be constructed according to the protocol indicated below:
- This strain must be constructed from a fertile female strain that can cross with both sterile strains to cross before genetic manipulation.
- the hygromycin B resistance gene and the 5 'and 3' sequences of the MAT1-2 locus were assembled in a plasmid pUC19 (FIG. 6) using Gibson Assembly Kit (New England Biolabs) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
- the hygromycin B resistance gene has been used as a selection marker in the present invention but another selection marker can be used quite well.
- the recipient plasmid pUC19 was previously digested with XbaI and EcoRI enzymes.
- the sequences of about 1000 bp upstream and downstream of the MAT1-2 locus were amplified using the 5'matl-2-F and 5'matl-2-R primers for the upstream region and 3'matl-2-F and 3'matl-2-R for the downstream region (Table 1).
- These primers contain homology regions allowing recombination with pUC19 on one side and the hygromycin resistance gene on the other.
- the hygromycin B resistance gene was amplified from plasmid pUT1140 using primers matl-2 / Hph-F and matl-2 / Hph-R. These primers contain homology regions allowing recombination with the MAT 1-2 locus on one side and pUC19 on the other.
- the invalidation cassette was amplified from the bacterial DNA with primers K7-Del-Mat1-2-F and K7-Del-Mat1-2-R.
- the resulting PCR products were purified using the PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and transformed into protoplasts of the wild-type B31 strain using CaCl 2 and polyethylene glycol (PEG).
- a strain other than strain B31 could have been used, provided that it was a fertile female.
- the plasmid sequence used to transform the B31 strains is represented by SEQ ID NO: 17.
- Strain B31 (sexual type MAT1-2) is a descendant of the T. reesei strain
- CBS999.97 ATCC® 204423 (Sexually Competent, Sucrose- and Nitrate-Assimilating Strains of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) from South American Soils). This is the equivalent of strain CBS999.97 MAT1-2 of the article by Seidl et al. (2009).
- Transformants were stabilized and regenerated on PDA medium containing 0.8 M sucrose and 100 ⁇ g / ml hygromycin B. The colonies were then subcultured and purified by conidium isolation on PDA-hygromycin selection medium. . They were then subjected to a phenotypic screening which consists in crossing the transformants B31 with the natural isolate A2 which is of sexual type MAT1-1 and which is compatible with the strain B31: if the locus MAT has been invalidated, then it there will be no sexual reproduction and therefore no stromata.
- a PCR amplification then makes it possible to verify that the native gene has been replaced by the invalidation cassette.
- This validation is done in two steps. The first consists in verifying the invalidation of the gene by carrying out a PCR with the primers making it possible to amplify the gene (internal Mat1-2-F and internal Mat1-2-R) (FIG. 7). If the latter is invalidated, no amplification must be obtained. However, to verify that this result is a consequence of the absence of the gene and not a malfunction of the PCR, a pair of control primers (EF1 and EF2) allowing the amplification of an internal fragment of 880 bp of the tefl gene (encoding the translation elongation factor ⁇ 1) present in the genome of all T.
- EF1 and EF2 a pair of control primers
- the reesei strains is also used.
- the amplification of the fragments "flank 5 '+ marker” and "marker + flank 3'” is performed in order to verify the presence of the invalidation cassette at the locus.
- the position of the primers chosen is shown in FIG. 7.
- the primers must be chosen downstream of the flank5 fragment and upstream of the flank3 fragment (primers Dmatl-2verif5F associated with verifHygro5). 'and Dmatl-2verif3R associated with verifHygro3').
- Table 1 Summary of primers used for invalidation and replacement of the MAT locus
- the assistant strain B31 ⁇ ⁇ -1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ was obtained. It is an assistant strain ⁇ (a strain of T. reesei in which the locus of the sexual type MAT has been invalidated) according to the present invention.
- Example 2 Comparative Examples with Various Methods to Restore sexual Reproduction Between Two T. reesei Industrial Strains QM6a
- IDC1 a pezizomycotina- specifies gene that belongs to the MAPP kinase MAP kinase transduction cascade of the filamentous fungus podospora anserina. Fungal genetics and biology: FG & B 44, 1219-1230).
- the strains were incubated separately for up to two days at 30 ° C to avoid conidia formation and obtain only mycelium.
- an agar implant 0.5 cm 0.5 cm of each of the strains involved (three for tricaryon) was cut and placed in a 2 ml Eppendorf tube containing 500 ⁇ ⁇ of sterile water.
- the mycelia were mixed using a FastPrep®-24 (MP Biomedicals) for 20 seconds at a speed of 4 m / s, and 10 ⁇ ⁇ of the ground material were deposited on the Petri dishes.
- the dishes were incubated in an oven at 24 ° C with an alternation of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness.
- the experiment was first performed in triplicate. No stromata was obtained. The dishes were kept in an oven until the medium was dry, ie about 1 month.
- the three strains were inoculated on a petri dish at a distance equal to each other and at maximum distance from the center of the petri dish.
- the dish was incubated at 24 ° C with alternating day / night (12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness). No stromata was obtained.
- d / Method 4 mixture of the three strains in the center of a petri dish
- the three strains were inoculated alone on a cellophane sheet placed on a petri dish. After 2-3 days of growth in the dark, the mycelia were removed, milled with beads in a Fastprep®, mixed in a ratio of 1: 1: 1 and placed in the center of a Petri dish with different concentrations (1, 1/10, 1 / 100.1 / 1000). No stromata was obtained.
- Method 5 isolated inoculation of the three strains
- the three strains were inoculated alone on a cellophane sheet placed on a petri dish. After 2-3 days of growth in the dark, the mycelia were removed, milled with beads in a Fastprep, and mixed in a 1: 1: 1 ratio. This mixture was inoculated into a liquid PD medium. (Potatoes Dextose Broth) supplemented with 1% KH 2 PO 3 and incubated (with or without stirring) for one to two days and then placed in the center of a Petri dish with different concentrations (1, 1/10), with or without addition of 5mM ascorbic acid. No stromata was obtained. Method 6: Inoculation of the three strains
- the three strains were inoculated together from conidia in a liquid medium PD (Potatoes Dextose Broth) supplemented with 1% KH 2 P0 3i and incubated (with or without stirring) for 1 to 2 days to be subsequently deposited in the center a box of PDA with different concentrations (1, 1/10), with or without addition of 5mM of ascorbic acid. No stromata was obtained.
- g / Method 7 isolated inoculation of the three strains
- the three strains were inoculated alone on a cellophane sheet placed on a petri dish. After 2-3 days of growth in the dark, the mycelia were removed, milled with beads in a Fastprep, and mixed with a 1: 1: 1 ratio (QM6a 1-1: QM6a 1-2: MAT), or 1: 1: 2 or 1: 1: 5. The mixture was (i) spread over the whole of the dish, (ii) inoculated at the center of the dish with different dilutions (1, 1/10 and 1/100) on PDA medium, with or without addition of 5mM ascorbic acid.
- the AMAT assistant strain has the function of a female strain that will provide the maternal tissues necessary for the production of stromata.
- the assistant strain will be successively watered by conidia MAT1-1 then MATl-2.
- the AMAT assistant strain is sprinkled uniformly with 1 ml of conidia of the first sexual type, then incubated for 7 days, sprayed with 1 ml of conidia of the second sex type and incubated until stromata are obtained.
- the AMAT assistant strain is cultured on a PDA medium and incubated at 24 ° C. for 4 days and in the dark. After 4 days of incubation the assistant strain was sprayed with 1 mL of MAT 1-1 sex-type conidia and incubated at 24 ° C for 7 days with alternating 12h of light and 12h of darkness.
- Table 3 Total number of stromata obtained with the 6 boxes
- the technique of sequential watering makes it possible to obtain stromata in a repetitive way.
- the optimal conditions for obtaining stromata are as follows:
- the assistant strain was watered by:
- a strain of sexual type MAT 1-1 then the same strain of the sexual type MAY 1-2, or - A strain of sexual type MAT 1-2 then the same strain of the sexual type MAT1-1, or
- a first watering with a strain of sexual type MAT1-1 thus favors the obtaining of a large number of stromata, in comparison with a first watering with a strain of sexual type MAT1 -2.
- the amplification was carried out under an alternation of 12h of light and 12h of darkness for a duration of 7 to 21 days: the time elapsed between the first series of photos (Al or Bl) and the second series of photos ( A2 or B2) is 15 days.
- the stromata of Petri dishes Al / Bl obtained according to the invention (for example such as those obtained in Example 2) were transferred into a new appropriate medium (here the PDA).
- the stromata obtained at the end of this transfer are represented in the Petri dishes A2 / B2.
- a second transfer to a suitable new medium was then carried out: the stroamtas of Petri dishes A2 / B2 were transferred to a new appropriate medium.
- the stromata obtained at the end of this transfer are represented in the Petri dishes A3 / B3.
- the amplification step also makes it possible to increase the maturity of the stromata.
- IDC1 a pezizomycotina-specific gene that belongs to the MAPP kinase MAP kinase transduction cascade of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Fungal genetics and biology: FG & B 44, 1219-1230.
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| FR1756469A FR3068710B1 (fr) | 2017-07-07 | 2017-07-07 | Procede de retablissement de la reproduction sexuee chez le champignon trichoderma reesei |
| PCT/FR2018/051721 WO2019008303A1 (fr) | 2017-07-07 | 2018-07-09 | Procede de rétablissement de la reproduction sexuee chez le champignon trichoderma reesei |
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| CN110832064B (zh) | 2023-09-15 |
| WO2019008303A1 (fr) | 2019-01-10 |
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