EP3648737A1 - Procédé de préparation d'émulsions sèches à partir de particules biosourcées - Google Patents
Procédé de préparation d'émulsions sèches à partir de particules biosourcéesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3648737A1 EP3648737A1 EP18737272.7A EP18737272A EP3648737A1 EP 3648737 A1 EP3648737 A1 EP 3648737A1 EP 18737272 A EP18737272 A EP 18737272A EP 3648737 A1 EP3648737 A1 EP 3648737A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- emulsion
- oil
- dry
- emulsions
- particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 161
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 17
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims description 15
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 244000299461 Theobroma cacao Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000009470 Theobroma cacao Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 saccharide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- DLRVVLDZNNYCBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Polydextrose Polymers OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)O1 DLRVVLDZNNYCBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N α-D-glucopyranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000219745 Lupinus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002774 Maltodextrin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001100 Polydextrose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N Trehalose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N alpha,alpha-trehalose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013856 polydextrose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001259 polydextrose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940035035 polydextrose Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010356 sorbitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000144725 Amygdalus communis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000020518 Carthamus tinctorius Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000003255 Carthamus tinctorius Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000001950 Elaeis guineensis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007049 Juglans regia Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009496 Juglans regia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000001090 Papaver somniferum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000008753 Papaver somniferum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000000231 Sesamum indicum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000003434 Sesamum indicum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020224 almond Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011437 Amygdalus communis Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 240000003133 Elaeis guineensis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 23
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019779 Rapeseed Meal Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004456 rapeseed meal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000208818 Helianthus Species 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002432 hydroperoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004465 oilseed meal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000399 optical microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011293 Brassica napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005979 Citrus limon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000131522 Citrus pyriformis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000127993 Elaeis melanococca Species 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014121 butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000001727 glucose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015424 sodium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WRCITXQNXAIKLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tiadenol Chemical compound OCCSCCCCCCCCCCSCCO WRCITXQNXAIKLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014348 vinaigrettes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021119 whey protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K8/06—Emulsions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
- A61K36/28—Asteraceae or Compositae (Aster or Sunflower family), e.g. chamomile, feverfew, yarrow or echinacea
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
- A61K36/31—Brassicaceae or Cruciferae (Mustard family), e.g. broccoli, cabbage or kohlrabi
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K8/0241—Containing particulates characterized by their shape and/or structure
- A61K8/0275—Containing agglomerated particulates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
- A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for preparing dry emulsions from an emulsion obtained from biosourced particles. It also relates to the dry emulsions thus obtained and their uses, preferably in the cosmetics, food or in bitumen, as well as a redispersion process of said emulsions and redispersed emulsions.
- An emulsion consists of a mixture of two immiscible liquids together rendered stable over time by an emulsifier.
- the emulsions are generally divided into two categories, the so-called “water-in-oil” emulsions, where water droplets are suspended in an oily phase, and the so-called “oil-in-water” emulsions, where droplets of oil are suspended in an aqueous phase.
- Milk, butter and vinaigrette are examples of common emulsions in the agri-food sector.
- Emulsifiers also called emulsifiers, surfactants or surfactants, are compounds capable of stabilizing emulsions over time. These compounds may be of artificial origin, such as synthetic polymers, or of natural origin, such as phospholipids or proteins.
- emulsion systems can be used to increase the resistance of oils to oxidation phenomena.
- the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, is a complex phenomenon that comprises several phases: primary oxidation, which degrades fatty acids into hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxide derivatives, and degrading secondary oxidation. peroxide derivatives and hydroperoxides of hydrogen to aldehyde derivatives.
- the degree of oxidation of fatty acids can be evaluated by the method of the peroxide index, which consists of a method of determination defined according to standards NF ISO 3976, NF EN ISO 27107 or NF EN ISO 3960.
- the limit The oxidation rate of an oil for food use is set at a maximum of 15 meq of active oxygen / kg of oil (15 meq 2 kg -1 ) according to CODEX STAN 19-1981.
- Amphiphilic solid particles are also used to stabilize the emulsions.
- the resulting systems known as Pickering emulsions, often have extraordinary kinetic stability (F. Leal-Calderon, V. Schmitt, Solid-stabilized emulsions, Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 13, 217-227 ( 2008)).
- the solid particles are capable of strongly and irreversibly adsorbing at the interface of the immiscible phases, forming a rigid and thick layer capable of permanently preventing the phenomena of destruction of the emulsions such as the recombination of the drops (coalescence).
- dry emulsions are powders consisting of lipid particles covered with a solid protective zone. Dry emulsions are able to regenerate oil-in-water emulsions after rehydration and can be transported and stored more easily.
- Proteins and galactolipids are known emulsifiers for the production of dry emulsions.
- the international application WO2014 / 076432 relates to a method for manufacturing a dry emulsion.
- the emulsifier employed is preferably chosen from whey proteins. The advantage of this emulsion is that it allows the administration of polysaccharides in the field of food.
- An alternative for obtaining stable emulsions over time consists in using amphiphilic solid particles capable of adsorbing at the interface of the two immiscible liquids. Such emulsions are called "Pickering emulsions”.
- the present invention aims to provide a stable dry emulsion that can be used in various fields of application including cosmetics, food or in bitumen compositions.
- the present invention also aims to provide a stable dry emulsion that can be redispersed satisfactorily.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a process for preparing stable dry emulsions from biosourced particles.
- the present invention relates to a method for preparing a dry emulsion, comprising a step of drying an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion containing plant powder particles.
- the rehydrated dry emulsion has characteristics that are identical (or very similar) to the oil-in-water emulsion before drying.
- the Pickering emulsions used according to the invention comprise particles of vegetable powder, preferably of at least one oleaginous species.
- the method of the invention therefore consists in implementing a drying step of these Pickering emulsions.
- This method thus makes it possible to obtain dry emulsions having improved stability.
- the dry emulsions are obtained from Pickering emulsions stabilized with an emulsifier consisting of vegetable powder.
- the dry emulsions according to the invention are obtained from Pickering emulsions stabilized with an emulsifier consisting of vegetable powder obtained from oilseed meal.
- the dry emulsions according to the invention contain a protective saccharide compound, especially chosen from the group consisting of sucrose, lactose, fructose, trehalose, dextrins, maltodextrins, yellow dextrins, invert sugars, sorbitol, polydextrose, starch syrup, glucose syrup and mixtures thereof.
- a protective saccharide compound especially chosen from the group consisting of sucrose, lactose, fructose, trehalose, dextrins, maltodextrins, yellow dextrins, invert sugars, sorbitol, polydextrose, starch syrup, glucose syrup and mixtures thereof.
- the protective saccharide compound is lactose.
- This embodiment is particularly advantageous in that it makes it possible to obtain even more stable emulsions, and in that the emulsions thus obtained once dried and then redispersed have properties similar to those obtained before drying.
- the method according to the invention therefore consists in implementing the following steps:
- the preparation of the stabilized Pickering emulsion can be carried out by any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the Pickering emulsion according to the invention is prepared by shaking a vegetable powder in the aqueous phase of the emulsion and then adding the oily phase in order to obtain an "oil-in-water" dispersion stabilized by the vegetable particles.
- a preferred embodiment of preparation is described below.
- the drying of the emulsion can be carried out by any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the emulsion is dried by lyophilization or by zeodration, by evaporation in an oven or spray tower.
- the drying of the emulsion is carried out by lyophilization.
- the term "zeodration” denotes a dehydration process using zeolites, materials capable of absorbing the water vapor released by the dried material.
- the drying step is carried out by lyophilization.
- Lyophilization is a process of vacuum dehydration of a previously frozen product by sublimation. This batch process is used in particular in the biochemical, cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries to extract a dry product from an aqueous solution.
- the method comprises a step of freezing the product and then at least one drying step of the product under vacuum. This process makes it possible to stabilize products sensitive to heat by turning them into solid powders. The freeze-dried product can then be regenerated by simply moistening the solid powder.
- the freeze-drying step according to the invention comprises freezing the above-mentioned Pickering emulsion at a temperature between -200 ° C and -18 ° C, preferably at -80 ° C, for a period of time between a few minutes and 24 hours, preferably for 12 hours, then to sublimate the ice at a pressure of between 0.1 mbar and 1 mbar, preferably equal to 0.3 mbar, at a temperature of between 20 ° C. and 35 ° C. C, preferably equal to 25 ° C, for a period between 24 and 72 hours, preferably for 24 hours.
- the aforementioned freezing step can be carried out by conventional means or else by liquid nitrogen.
- the drying step is carried out in an oven.
- this step consists in placing the aforementioned Pickering emulsion in an oven at a temperature of between 60 ° C. and 120 ° C., preferably equal to 70 ° C., for a period of between 12 hours and 72 hours, preferably for 12 hours. h.
- the drying step is carried out by atomization.
- this step consists in spraying the emulsion in a drying tank.
- the emulsion / drying air mixture is introduced at a given flow rate via a nozzle or a turbine, at a temperature generally between 110 ° C. and 270 ° C.
- the exit temperature of dry pulverized material is controlled and is generally between 65 ° C and 110 ° C.
- the abovementioned plant powder is obtained from at least one oleaginous species.
- the plant powder according to the invention is obtained from a part of an oleaginous plant.
- the vegetable powder is obtained from seeds of oleaginous species, hulls of oleaginous species, films of oleaginous species, oily meal and mixtures thereof. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the vegetable powder is obtained from cake of oleaginous species.
- an advantageous process according to the invention consists in preparing a dry emulsion by drying a Pickering emulsion comprising vegetable powder particles of at least one oleaginous species, preferably vegetable powder obtained from cake of species oil.
- the oleaginous species are chosen from the group consisting of rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, flax, hemp, pea, beans, lupine, cocoa, castor oil, olive, lemon almonds, corn germ, poppy, sesame, walnut, oil palm, shuttle, safflower, and mixtures thereof.
- the plant powder thus obtained is in the form of particles of average size between 0.1 ⁇ and 100 ⁇ , and preferably between 0.5 ⁇ and 50 ⁇ .
- the term “average size” refers to the average number diameter of the particles.
- the size distribution of the particles is determined by statistical analysis of images (for example by optical microscopy, objective x60, 2 images of 1 19 ⁇ 88 ⁇ ). The largest dimension of all particles in the images is noted. The total number of particles measured varies from sample to sample but is never less than 100.
- the anchoring rate of the plant particles at the interface between the two phases of the emulsion is between 60% and 95%, preferably between 70% and 95%. % and 90%.
- the anchoring rate is defined as the mass ratio between the plant particles adsorbed at the interfaces and the particles used to make the emulsion. An anchoring rate of less than 100% reveals the presence of free particles in the continuous phase.
- the anchoring rate is determined by weighing the non-anchored particles on the surface of the drops.
- the lipid drops decorated with particles are separated from the aqueous phase containing the unanchored particles by natural creaming (about 3 days).
- the cream is removed and the aqueous phase is treated with lyophilization to collect the un-anchored particles which are then weighed.
- the anchoring rate is calculated by difference:
- the Pickering emulsion containing plant powder particles is obtained according to a process comprising the following steps:
- the aqueous phase contains at least one protective saccharide compound.
- the saccharide compound or compounds, introduced into the aqueous phase are chosen from sucrose, lactose, fructose, trehalose, dextrins, maltodextrins, yellow dextrins, invert sugars, sorbitol, polydextrose, sodium syrup and starch, glucose syrup and mixtures thereof.
- Step a) of the process described above consists of refining particles of at least one oleaginous species, preferably oilseed meal, in order to obtain a vegetable powder.
- step a) consists of a wet or dry mechanical treatment step. This first step aims to refine the average particle diameter.
- step a) is carried out by means of a universal mill.
- grinding means that the material is subjected to striking, shearing and percussive effects within a grinding apparatus.
- sieving means that it is possible to select the desired grinding fineness.
- the fineness of grinding of the raw material can be chosen between 0.12 and 10 mm by means of interchangeable sieves.
- Sieves commonly used in grinders have openings of 120 ⁇ , 200 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ , 500 ⁇ , 750 ⁇ , 1 mm, 1, 5 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm.
- step a) grinding and sieving according to step a) are carried out by a grinder at 120 ⁇ .
- step a) makes it possible to obtain a plant powder in the form of particles of suitable size.
- the plant powder thus obtained is in the form of particles of average size between 0.1 ⁇ and 100 ⁇ , and preferably between 0.5 ⁇ and 50 ⁇ .
- the term "average size" refers to the average diameter of the particles.
- the size distribution of the particles is determined by statistical analysis of images (for example by optical microscopy, objective x60, 2 images of 1 19 ⁇ 88 ⁇ ). The largest dimension of all particles in the images is noted. The total number of particles varies from one sample to another but is never less than 100.
- the refining consists of a step of grinding and sieving the cake of oleaginous species in order to obtain a vegetable powder.
- the vegetable powder obtained after step a) is preferably produced from sunflower cake, cocoa, rapeseed or lupine.
- cake refers to solid co-products obtained after grinding oleaginous seeds and solvent extraction of the oils. Cakes are generally valued as a source of protein feed for livestock. The cakes thus obtained are then milled and sieved to produce a powder.
- Step b) of the process described above consists in adding the powder obtained at the end of step a) in an aqueous phase to prepare an emulsion.
- Step b) consists in adding the vegetable powder in an aqueous phase to obtain a suspension (S) followed by the incorporation of oil in the said suspension (S) to obtain an oil-in-water emulsion.
- the emulsion contains from 5% to 40% of oil and from 60% to 95% of water, more preferably from 10% to 30% of oil and from 70% to 90% of water, for example. relative to the total weight of said emulsion.
- the aqueous phase of the emulsion is buffered.
- the aqueous phase has a pH of between 5 and 9, more preferably between 6 and 8.
- the buffer used can be any type of buffer.
- the buffer employed is an inorganic salt and / or a mixture of inorganic salts, more preferably the buffer contains at least 0.1 M phosphate buffer (KH 2 PO 4 / K 2 HPO 4 ).
- the aqueous phase contains between 0% and 20% by weight of protective saccharide compound, preferably lactose, preferably 18% of lactose.
- Step c) of the method described above consists in supplying energy to the mixture obtained at the end of step b), containing the vegetable powder, in order to obtain a stabilized emulsion.
- an emulsion consists of fine drops of a phase dispersed in a continuous dispersing phase, immiscible with the first.
- Step c) consists of supplying energy to the emulsion obtained at the end of step b) to stabilize said emulsion.
- Such a step can also be likened to an emulsification step.
- Step c) can be done by various means.
- step c) is performed by means of a rotor / stator type stirrer.
- a rotor / stator stirrer comprises a mobile part, called a rotor, fixed on a stationary part, called a stator, and capable of causing stirring in a medium.
- the stirring step c) is carried out by means of an ultrasonic apparatus.
- step c) is carried out using a high-pressure homogenizer.
- a high-pressure homogenizer is a device comprising numerous pistons that make it possible to vary the pressure within of the medium, causing vacuum effects, entrainment effects and or shear effects.
- the homogenization pressure of the homogenizer at high pressure is between 50 bar and 1000 bar, preferably between 100 bar and 300 bar.
- a high pressure homogenizer is particularly advantageous in that it allows for finer powder sizes and smaller drop sizes. This embodiment thus makes it possible to obtain more stable emulsions with time.
- the stirring step c) is carried out by means of a ball mill.
- ball mills are devices capable of grinding by involving multiple friction and impact effects between the sample, the balls and the inner walls of the bowl or mortar. Ball mills are suitable for the mixing and homogenization process.
- the invention relates to a method for preparing a dry emulsion, comprising a step of drying a Pickering emulsion containing plant powder particles, said Pickering emulsion being obtained according to the aforementioned method, wherein step c) stirring is performed by means of a high pressure homogenizer.
- the present invention also relates to a dry emulsion obtainable by the process as defined above.
- the dry emulsions according to the invention have the following physicochemical characteristics:
- D 1 is the number of drops of diameter D 1), drops of the emulsion before drying and after drying / redispersion, is between 1 and 4, preferably between 1 and 2.
- the redispersion is carried out by simply stirring with a spatula or with the aid of a magnetic bar of the dry emulsion in distilled water (buffered to pH 7) or distilled water viscosified with 3% by weight of water. sodium alginate.
- the average diameters of the initial emulsions and emulsions obtained by redispersion are determined by laser granulometry.
- the presence of solid particles in the emulsions which distort the measurement of conventional particle size, these are detached from the interfaces of the drops by dilution and agitation of the emulsion in a solution containing a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), at 10%.
- SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
- the SDS causes the desorption of the particles. It then becomes easy to separate the drops of the particles by centrifugation. Once the separation is carried out, the particle size distribution of the drops is measured by laser granulometry.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a dry emulsion as defined above, in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food or bitumen compositions.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a cosmetic composition
- a cosmetic composition comprising at least one dry emulsion as defined above.
- the present invention thus also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one dry emulsion as defined above.
- the present invention therefore also relates to an agrifood composition comprising at least one dry emulsion as defined above.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a bitumen composition comprising at least one dry emulsion as defined above.
- the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a Pickering emulsion comprising a step of dispersing a dry emulsion as defined above in an aqueous phase containing water.
- This process consists of redispersing the dry emulsions according to the invention in an aqueous phase.
- this process comprises the addition of water or water viscosified with alginate, followed by manual stirring with a spatula.
- the present invention also relates to a Pickering emulsion obtainable by the above method.
- the invention therefore also relates to the redispersed emulsions obtained from the dry emulsions according to the invention.
- a vegetable powder is obtained from oleaginous rapeseeds, delipidated with hexane, crushed / sieved at 120 ⁇ , sorted by centrifugation to remove large particles likely to clog the apparatus (a 10% dispersion of rapeseed is centrifuged 10min to 54xg where g is the acceleration of gravity, the upper phase is lyophilized to recover the so-called "sorted" powder).
- This vegetable powder is introduced into an aqueous phase (distilled water buffered at pH 7 with a 0.1 M phosphate buffer) at 2.5% by weight. This mixture is stirred with a magnetic bar for 20 minutes to obtain a dispersion.
- the dispersion is then stirred for 2 min by means of a rotor / stator type stirrer (Ultra-Turrax T25 digital) at 6000 rpm (rotation per minute).
- the oily phase (sunflower oil, 20% by weight of the total emulsion) is gradually added to the mixture once stirring is increased to 8000 rpm.
- the speed is then increased to 12,000 rpm and the mixture is subjected to this speed an additional 10 minutes to obtain an emulsion.
- a given volume (20 ml) of emulsion obtained by means of a rotor-stator stirrer (emulsion of Example 1) is introduced into the tank of the high-pressure homogenizer (Microfluidizer M-1 10S).
- the homogenization is carried out with an inlet pressure of 3.44 bar and a chamber pressure of 801 bar.
- the emulsion undergoes 20 strokes of pistons.
- the apparatus operates in closed circuit and each emulsion makes an average of 6 passages in the apparatus.
- a Pickering emulsion stabilized by 8.8% by weight (relative to the aqueous phase, 7.5% relative to the total emulsion) of delipid rapeseed meal containing 15% by weight of sunflower oil is obtained by means of of a high-pressure homogenizer according to the protocol of Example 1.
- This emulsion is placed for 12 hours in a freezer at -80 ° C (Thermo Scientific, Forma 900 Series) and is lyophilized for 24h at 0.3 mbar at room temperature (FTS Systems, Dura-Dry).
- the dry emulsion obtained is a powder stable in storage and containing 1/3 of rapeseed meal and 2/3 of sunflower oil in mass proportion.
- Example 3 Preparation of a Dry Emulsion by a Drying Process in an Oven
- a Pickering emulsion stabilized at 8.8% by weight (relative to the aqueous phase, 7.5% relative to the total emulsion) of delipidated cocoa cake, containing 15% by mass of sunflower oil is obtained by means of of a high-pressure homogenizer according to the protocol of Example 1. This emulsion is placed for 12 hours in an oven at 70 ° C. (DRY-Line, VWR).
- the dry emulsion obtained is a dry powder stable in storage and containing 1/3 cocoa cake and 2/3 sunflower oil in mass proportion.
- a Pickering emulsion stabilized at 8.8% by weight (relative to the aqueous phase, 7.5% relative to the total emulsion) of delipidated cocoa cake, containing 15% by mass of sunflower oil is obtained by means of of a high-pressure homogenizer according to the protocol of Example 1.
- This emulsion is spray dried (Mobile Minor, NIRO).
- the injected air is at about 220 ° C.
- the outlet air temperature is 90 ° C.
- the emulsion is pumped at a flow rate of about 1.5 L / h.
- the dry emulsion obtained is a dry powder stable in storage and containing 1/3 cocoa cake and 2/3 sunflower oil in mass proportion.
- a defined quantity of dry emulsion obtained according to Example 2 is added to distilled water containing 3% by weight of sodium alginate.
- the mixture is homogenized by simple stirring with a spatula.
- the redispersed emulsion obtained has the same macroscopic appearance as the emulsion before drying and does not have any oil on the surface.
- the volume mean diameter, D v gives a greater statistical weight to the large diameter drops, relative to the average surface diameter, D s .
- the R Dv ratio is therefore a more "sensitive" indicator than the R Ds ratio.
- Pickering emulsions of the following compositions are obtained by means of a high pressure homogenizer.
- the homogenization is carried out with an inlet pressure of 3.44 bar and with a chamber pressure of 801 bar (Microfluidizer M-1 10S).
- the emulsion undergoes 20 strokes of pistons.
- the apparatus operates in closed circuit and the emulsion makes on average 6 passages in the apparatus (% expressed with respect to the total emulsion):
- lactose 7.5% cocoa, 15% sunflower oil, 15.5% lactose 7.5% cocoa, 15% sunflower oil, 15.5% lactose.
- the lactose is added after obtaining the emulsion just before the drying step
- the ratios R Dv and R Ds are lower in the presence of lactose.
- lactose thus makes it possible to improve the resistance of the emulsion during drying + redispersion.
- This protector can be indifferently added to the system before making the emulsion or once the emulsion obtained, just before the drying step.
- Example 7 Measurement of Pickering Emulsion Stabilized Oil Peroxide Index.
- An oil used in the food industry must have an oxidation limit of not more than 15 meq0 2 / kg- 1 according to CODEX STAN 19-1981 This value is measured by a method of determination of the peroxide value according to standard NF EN ISO 27107.
- the peroxide number was measured for:
- Formulation A serves as a reference and allows to see the behavior of linseed oil vis-à-vis the oxidation over time.
- the advantage of formulation B is to show the impact of a mechanical stirring in oxygenated medium on the resistance of the oil vis-à-vis the oxidation. The results show that the oil according to formulation B is no longer considered edible from 48h, against 72h for formulation A.
- Formulation C shows the interest of the stabilization of the oil by means of a Pickering emulsion according to the invention.
- the results show that the resistance of an oil to oxidation can be increased by making a Pickering emulsion.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR1756451A FR3068606B1 (fr) | 2017-07-07 | 2017-07-07 | Procede de preparation d'emulsions seches a partir de particules biosourcees |
| PCT/EP2018/068400 WO2019008147A1 (fr) | 2017-07-07 | 2018-07-06 | Procédé de préparation d'émulsions sèches à partir de particules biosourcées |
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| CN110506930B (zh) * | 2019-07-17 | 2022-06-14 | 华南理工大学 | 一种淀粉基高稳定Pickering乳液及其制备方法 |
| US20210386631A1 (en) | 2020-06-12 | 2021-12-16 | Renmatix, Inc. | Method of Dispersing Hydrophobic Substances in Aqueous Cleansing System |
| CN113383946B (zh) * | 2021-06-24 | 2022-05-06 | 中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所 | 一种Pickering颗粒干粉及其制备方法 |
| CN116178798A (zh) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-05-30 | 武汉轻工大学 | 一种淀粉纳晶-海藻酸钠复合颗粒稳定Pickering乳液及其制备方法 |
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| US20140302220A1 (en) * | 2011-11-07 | 2014-10-09 | Nestec S.A. | Emulsion stabilisation |
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| GB9623026D0 (en) | 1996-11-06 | 1997-01-08 | Boots Co Ltd | Anhydrous compositions |
| CN101917863A (zh) | 2008-01-18 | 2010-12-15 | 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 | 喷雾干燥乳液 |
| US9387446B2 (en) * | 2011-09-22 | 2016-07-12 | Ariel-University Research And Development Company Ltd. | Emulsions and methods of making emulsions |
| CN102553470B (zh) * | 2011-11-10 | 2014-06-25 | 海南光宇生物科技有限公司 | 一种生物纤维素微粉及其应用 |
| FR2998175A1 (fr) | 2012-11-16 | 2014-05-23 | Agronomique Inst Nat Rech | Procede pour la fabrication d'une emulsion seche en poudre contenant au moins un principe actif lipophile, et emulsion seche obtenue par ce procede |
| CN105994697A (zh) * | 2016-05-25 | 2016-10-12 | 东华大学 | 一种食用油凝胶及其制备方法 |
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| US20140302220A1 (en) * | 2011-11-07 | 2014-10-09 | Nestec S.A. | Emulsion stabilisation |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| MAREFATI ALI ET AL: "Freezing and freeze-drying of Pickering emulsions stabilized by starch granules", COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A : PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERINGS ASPECTS, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 436, 23 July 2013 (2013-07-23), pages 512 - 520, XP028735118, ISSN: 0927-7757, DOI: 10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2013.07.015 * |
| See also references of WO2019008147A1 * |
| ZHI-MING GAO ET AL: "Protein-Based Pickering Emulsion and Oil Gel Prepared by Complexes of Zein Colloidal Particles and Stearate", JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, vol. 62, no. 12, 13 March 2014 (2014-03-13), US, pages 2672 - 2678, XP055588980, ISSN: 0021-8561, DOI: 10.1021/jf500005y * |
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| WO2019008147A1 (fr) | 2019-01-10 |
| FR3068606B1 (fr) | 2019-08-23 |
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