EP3625760A1 - Thermographieverfahren - Google Patents
ThermographieverfahrenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3625760A1 EP3625760A1 EP18727129.1A EP18727129A EP3625760A1 EP 3625760 A1 EP3625760 A1 EP 3625760A1 EP 18727129 A EP18727129 A EP 18727129A EP 3625760 A1 EP3625760 A1 EP 3625760A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- imaged
- sample surface
- thermal
- imaging camera
- source
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
- G06T5/73—Deblurring; Sharpening
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
- G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
- G06T3/4053—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting based on super-resolution, i.e. the output image resolution being higher than the sensor resolution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/56—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof provided with illuminating means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J2005/0077—Imaging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/48—Thermography; Techniques using wholly visual means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
- G06T11/003—Reconstruction from projections, e.g. tomography
- G06T11/006—Inverse problem, transformation from projection-space into object-space, e.g. transform methods, back-projection, algebraic methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
- G06T2207/10048—Infrared image
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2211/00—Image generation
- G06T2211/40—Computed tomography
- G06T2211/424—Iterative
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for recording thermal images of a structure to be imaged under a sample surface with a thermal imaging camera receiving the sample surface, a source of electromagnetic radiation for illuminating the structure to be imaged and having an evaluation unit for evaluating the image taken by the thermal imaging camera remplinmeßstein.
- the possible spatial resolution is limited by the width of the point spread function (PSF), namely the image of a small object, ideally a point, in acoustics this corresponds to the diffraction limit or in the optics
- PSF point spread function
- Both boundaries are proportional to the acoustic and optical wavelengths, respectively, and smaller structures can either exploit higher spatial frequencies that correspond to shorter wavelengths, such as electrons, or near-field effects, for biomedical and nondestructive imaging often not possible because the structures are embedded in a sample or in a tissue. Therefore, they are not accessible for near field methods. Higher frequencies are attenuated below the noise level before they can be detected on the surface. For the representation of such structures, other high-resolution methods are necessary.
- Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM MG Gustafsson, J. Microscopy 198, 82 (2000)) employs several patterned patterns as illumination for high resolution imaging
- the physical origin of the resolution enhancement is a frequency mixing between frequencies
- the high spatial frequencies in the object are given by this frequency mixing in the low-frequency range by the Fourier transform of the PSF transformed and can therefore be mapped.
- reconstruction algorithms use the knowledge of the illumination patterns of the structured illumination for the calculation of the images.
- a blind SIM has been proposed in which the knowledge of the illumination pattern is not necessary. It is assumed that the illumination patterns are positive and their sum is homogeneous (E. Mudry, K. Belkebir, J. Girard, J.
- Thermographic imaging utilizes the pure diffusion of heat, sometimes referred to as thermal waves, where the structural information of thermal images is attenuated much more at higher image depths than through acoustic attenuation.
- Thermographic imaging has some advantages over other imaging techniques, e.g. ultrasound imaging. No coupling media such as water are needed, and the temperature evolution of many surface pixels can be measured in parallel and non-contact with an infrared camera.
- the main drawback of thermographic imaging is the sharp decrease in spatial resolution proportional to depth, resulting in blurred images of deeper structures.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method and an associated device for recording thermal images which, compared with the prior art, enable a markedly improved depth resolution with thermal images of measured structures.
- structures located deeper below a surface should also be able to be improved.
- the invention overcomes the disadvantage that the loss of spatial resolution is proportional to the depth below the sample surface and also allows for deeper structures a higher resolution through the use of (unknown) structured illumination and through the use of a non-linear iterative evaluation algorithm. which exploits the sparse occupation and the constant location of the heated structures for the various structured illumination patterns (IJOSP algorithm - TW Murray, M. Haltmeier, T. Berer, E. Leiss-Holzinger, and P Burgholzer, Optica 4, 17 (2017).
- the unknown structured illumination may be light that falls through moving slit diaphragms, as illustrated in the following in one embodiment.
- coherent light laser, microwave or the like
- dark and light spots termed laser speckles
- a scattering sample such as a biological tissue
- speckle patterns are used as unknown structured illumination and the size of the speckles depends on the laser wavelength of the laser, the scattering properties of the sample, and the depth of penetration of the light in the sample.
- the effect of the resolution which decreases proportionally with the depth, can be avoided if a known or even unknown structured illumination and a non-linear reconstruction algorithm are used for reconstructing the image.
- structure of the embedded structure are used.
- PSF point spread function
- unknown illumination is used together with an iterative algorithm that exploits the sparse population of the structures.
- the reason for this decrease in the resolution with increasing depth is the entropy production during the diffusion of heat, which for macroscopic samples is equal to the loss of information and therefore limits the spatial resolution.
- the mechanism for loss of information is the thermodynamic fluctuation, which is extremely small for macroscopic samples.
- thermographic reconstruction is carried out in a three-stage process.
- the measured time-dependent temperature signals Ts (r, t) are converted into a virtual acoustic signal as a function of the location r and the time t (see P. Burgholzer, M. Thor, J. Gruber, and G.Marr , J. Appl. Phys. 121, 105102 (2017)).
- an ultrasound reconstruction method eg FSAFT
- y (r) as a spatial function. to reconstruct.
- the space-only IJOSP algorithm a nonlinear iterative algorithm, is used for thermographic reconstruction (TW Murray, M. Haltmeier, T. Berer, E.
- thermographic image in Fourier space and their thermographic imaging in real space
- FIG. 2 shows a test arrangement for linear structures to be measured
- FIG. 3 shows various reconstruction examples of the linear structures
- FIG. 4 shows a comparison of the results of various reconstruction examples
- FIG. 6 shows an alternative experimental arrangement for arbitrary three-dimensional structures to be measured in a scattering sample.
- Fig. 1 (a) shows a point source at a depth d with unit vector (e z ) perpendicular to the surface plane: the length a of the thermal wave reaching the surface plane depends on the angle ⁇ .
- Fig. 1 (c) shows the two-dimensional PSF in real space.
- the lateral resolution (vertical direction) is 2.44 times the axial resolution (horizontal direction).
- the axial resolution (horizontal arrows) for pulsed thermography is limited by k cu t and is therefore proportional to the depth d divided by the natural logarithm of the SNR.
- FIG. 2a shows a device for recording thermal images of a structure S arranged under a sample surface P with a thermal imaging camera K for recording the sample surface P, with a source Q of electromagnetic radiation for illuminating the structure S and with an evaluation unit A for evaluating the image from the thermal imaging camera K, wherein the thermal imaging camera K is directed against the sample surface P such that it receives thermal images of the structure S to be imaged under a sample surface P and that the source Q of electromagnetic radiation for illuminating the structure S on the opposite side of the thermal imager K the sample surface P is arranged and directed against the structure S to be imaged.
- a diaphragm B is arranged for the structured illumination of the structure S, the diaphragm B being displaceable relative to the structure S, in the present case parallel to the sample surface P.
- the structure S is applied to the back of a 3 mm steel sheet.
- Fig. 2 (b) four line pairs extending in the y direction are used as light-absorbing patterns.
- the distance between the lines is (from left to right) 2 mm, 1, 3 mm, 0.9 mm and 0.6 mm with a line width of 1 mm.
- slits were cut at a distance of 10 mm into an aluminum foil acting as diaphragm B, the slits having a width of 1 mm and running parallel to the absorption lines. Through these slots, the flashlight can energize the surface of the back side of the steel sheet with energy.
- Fig. 3 shows a two-dimensional reconstruction example (for the aforementioned parallel line pairs).
- Fig. 3 (a) illustrates an average signal Ts (x, t) of all speckle patterns equal to the measured signal without the slit mask.
- Figures 3 (b) and (c) illustrate the measured surface temperature Ts (x, t) for illumination with two different speckle patterns.
- the vertical lines between Figs. 3 (a) to (d) show the shift of the maximum for the individual speckle patterns, which subsequently enable the high resolution reconstruction of the line positions.
- FIG 4. Shows a mean reconstruction (bold), an R-L (Richardson-Lucy) deconvolution (dotted) and an iterative reconstruction (IJOSP, dot-dashed).
- FIG. 5 shows reconstruction results using a two-dimensional star-shaped sample with 165 illumination patterns, 55 illumination patterns with slots running in the y-direction, and 55 illumination patterns with slots in the ⁇ 45 ° direction.
- Fig. 5 (a) The object is a star-shaped sample consisting of 12 lines, each about 1 mm thick.
- the reconstructed objects were, in Fig. 5 (b) from the average temperature signal in Fig.5 (c) with the RL (Richardson-Lucy) deconvolution and in Fig. (D) with the iterative - reconstruction (IJOSP ).
- the pixel size was 0.21 mm, resulting in 4.75 pixels per 1 mm and a total of 128 x 128 pixels.
- the camera refresh rate was 500 Hz.
- FIG. 6a and the enlarged detail of the scattering sample thereof in FIG. 6b show a device for taking thermal images of a structure S arranged below a sample surface P with a thermal imaging camera K for recording the sample surface P, with a coherent source Q of electromagnetic radiation for illuminating the surface Structure S and with an evaluation unit A for evaluating the recorded surface of the thermal imaging camera K, wherein the thermal imaging camera K is directed against the sample surface P such that it absorbs thermal images of the arranged under a sample surface P imaged structure S and that the source Q electromagnetic radiation to Illuminating the structure S on the same side as the thermal imaging camera K is arranged with respect to the sample surface P and directed against the structure S to be imaged.
- the control of the thermal imaging camera K and the source Q, a pulse laser or a pulsed microwave source indicated.
- a short stimulation pulse is emitted, after which (possibly also simultaneously) the thermal imaging camera takes a sequence of images for a predetermined time interval. This process is repeated several times, it being essential that the speckle pattern formed by interference of the coherent electromagnetic radiation in the interior of the scattering sample changes from pulse to pulse (unknown structured illumination). In a living biological tissue, this happens by slight movement by itself, for other samples (eg, plastics) the change of the speckle pattern from one pulse to the next pulse can be effected by a slight movement of sample or source (rotation or displacement).
- thermographic PSF the attenuation of a one-dimensional thermal wave is first treated
- T (z, t) ßea / (r 0 e i (iTZ - wt) ), (1)
- T (z, t) is the temperature as a function of the depth z of the sample and the time t
- T (z, t) real (r 0 e ⁇ exp (i - ⁇ )), (3) which describes an exponentially damped wave in z with the wavenumber or the spatial frequency.
- FIG. 1 (c) shows the real space two-dimensional thermographic PSF calculated therefor corresponding to the inverse Fourier transform of FIG. 1 (b) calculated by FIG two-dimensional inverse Fourier transformation.
- each available ultrasound Reconstruction method such as the method Synthetic Aperture Focusing (F-SAFT), for which reconstruction is used.
- F-SAFT Synthetic Aperture Focusing
- This method only yields a meaningful PSF if the measurement time is sufficient to measure the signals up to ⁇ ⁇ 45 ° and to use them for the reconstruction.
- F-SAFT Synthetic Aperture Focusing
- This method only yields a meaningful PSF if the measurement time is sufficient to measure the signals up to ⁇ ⁇ 45 ° and to use them for the reconstruction.
- a small cone of the PSF in the Fourier space in the axial direction has the value one and the remainder the value zero.
- the axial resolution remains almost constant for shorter measurement times, while the lateral resolution gets worse.
- An experimental setup to illustrate this method of high resolution thermographic imaging according to the invention comprises the following.
- a 3 mm thick steel sheet (standard structural steel with a thermal conductivity of 16 mm 2 s -1 ) was blackened on both sides for improved heat absorption and discharge on the back of the steel sheet was an absorbent pattern, such as parallel lines or a star with a This ensures that only the unmasked (black) patterns absorb light from an optical flash assembly (PB G 6000 from Blaesing with 6 kJ of electrical energy) irradiating this side.
- An infrared camera Ircam Equus 81 k M Pro was used to measure the temperature development on the front side of the steel sheet using a three-dimensional thermographic imaging method (P. Burgholzer, M. Thor, J. Gruber, and G. Mayr, J. Appl. Phys.
- ⁇ (r) indicates the noise (error) in the data
- p (r) indicates the optical absorption of the absorbing patterns
- I (r) is the illumination luminous flux.
- the spatial variable r is perpendicular for the line-pair patterns as a one-dimensional coordinate on the steel surface for the lines (x-direction) and for two-dimensional patterns, such as a star, the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate pair (x and y direction) on the back of the steel sheet is described.
- FIG. 2 four parallel lines were used as the absorbing pattern on the 3 mm thick steel sheet with a pitch of 2 mm, 1.3 mm, 0.9 mm and 0.6 mm and a thickness of 1 mm (FIG. Fig. 2 (a)).
- the goal is to calculate the absorber distribution p and, to a certain extent, the illumination pattern Im from the data.
- the product H m ⁇ l m -p corresponds to the heat source associated with the m th speckle pattern.
- the heat sources H m are (theoretically) determined uniquely by the unfolding equations (7). However, because of the poorly-conditioned deconvolution with a smooth core, these uncoupled equations are error sensitive and only provide low resolution reconstructions when resolved independently and without proper regularization.
- Fig. 3 (a) shows the measured surface temperature Ts (x, t) without using the slit mask at time t. Since the thickness of the steel sheet (3 mm) is short compared to the length of the line pairs (47 mm), the problem can be reduced to a two-dimensional heat diffusion problem. In the y-direction, parallel to the pairs of lines, the average over, in this embodiment, 32 camera pixels is taken to improve the SNR by a factor of V32 from about 25.5 to 144 for Ts (x, t).
- Figs. 3 (b) and (c) show Ts (x, t) for two different illumination patterns.
- FIG. 3 (b) and (c) show Ts (x, t) for two different illumination patterns.
- Proper functioning of the IJOSP reconstruction algorithm requires that these reconstructions vary for different illumination patterns.
- the effective SNR is increased by the two-dimensional thermographic reconstruction by a factor equal to the square root of the pixels used. In the x-direction 320 camera pixels were used, 6 pixels for 1 mm on the steel sheet. Therefore, the effective SNR is about 2580, giving the thermographic PSF shown in Fig. 1 (c) at a depth of 3 mm.
- Fig. 4 shows the reconstructions from the average signal of all speckle patterns corresponding to the reconstructed signal without the slit mask.
- a Richardson-Lucy (R-L) deconvolution of this signal using the thermographic PSF in the lateral direction and the IJOSP reconstruction are compared.
- the IJOSP allows all pairs of lines, even those with a distance of only 0.6 mm, to be resolved, while the Richardson-Lucy (RL) deconvolution of the mean value signal only the two pairs of lines with a distance of 1, 3 mm and 2 mm dissolve.
- Fig. 5 shows the same reconstruction results for a two-dimensional star-shaped structure instead of parallel line pairs.
- the slits of the diaphragm B were not only aligned in the y direction, but also inclined at ⁇ 45 ° in the x-y plane. With 55 illumination patterns per slot alignment, this results in 165 illumination patterns for the two-dimensional star-shaped structure.
- the resolution for the line pairs could be improved to less than 1.6 mm (1 mm line width and 0.6 mm line spacing) using the IJOSP algorithm of 6 mm lateral resolution ( Figure 1 (c)) of the PSF an improvement of the resolution results by about a factor of four.
- the theoretical framework of high resolution is closely linked to the theory of data compression, which involves the inherent sparse occupation of natural objects in a suitable mathematical Base exploited.
- the amount of information transported through the steel sheet for structured illumination is the same as for homogeneous illumination and the solution of linear inverse Eq. (6). Frequency mixing of the illumination frequencies shifts the higher spatial frequencies of the object downwards.
- the illumination is either known (SIM) or additional information about the imaged structure, including non-negativity or sparse cast are exploited (blind-SIM).
- SIM known
- blind-SIM additional information about the imaged structure, including non-negativity or sparse cast are exploited
- the sparse cast is often a good assumption even in real space, even without using a representation in another base. Cracks or pores are often sparsely distributed in the sample volume.
- the line pattern p taking into account known illumination patterns from Eq. (7) calculated with least squares method.
- the results for known illumination patterns were no better than the results for unknown patterns when using IJOSP.
- three-dimensional high-resolution thermographic imaging using e.g. Speckle patterns are possible for illumination, in which the PSF is not evenly distributed across the imaged region but increases with depth.
- a light-scattering sample for example biological tissue (FIG. 6 a, b)
- a laser whose light penetrates into the tissue and is scattered. Due to the laser pulse caused by interference of the scattered light bright and dark areas (laser speckles). The size of these speckles depends on the wavelength of the light, the scattering properties of the sample and the depth of the penetrating light.
- These speckle patterns which are unknown in the interior of the sample, are the unknown structured illumination, which can be applied to certain structures, eg. As blood vessels in the tissue, is absorbed and thus becomes a source of heat.
- the light-absorbing structure as z. As the blood vessels are reconstructed from the infrared images of the surface with high resolution.
- thermographic reconstruction instead of the PSF h (r) from Eq. (6) directly to measured time-dependent temperature signals Ts (r, t) resorted which use H (r, t), where H then also includes the temporal temperature profile of the heat diffusion.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ATA50421/2017A AT520007B1 (de) | 2017-05-16 | 2017-05-16 | Thermographieverfahren |
PCT/AT2018/050007 WO2018209370A1 (de) | 2017-05-16 | 2018-05-02 | Thermographieverfahren |
Publications (1)
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EP3625760A1 true EP3625760A1 (de) | 2020-03-25 |
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EP18727129.1A Withdrawn EP3625760A1 (de) | 2017-05-16 | 2018-05-02 | Thermographieverfahren |
Country Status (5)
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US (1) | US20210255042A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3625760A1 (de) |
AT (1) | AT520007B1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA3063278A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2018209370A1 (de) |
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DE102018124984A1 (de) * | 2018-10-10 | 2020-04-16 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur hochaufgelösten Fluoreszenzmikroskopie |
CN109900742B (zh) * | 2019-04-03 | 2019-12-17 | 哈尔滨商业大学 | 一种线性和非线性调频混合激励制冷式检测碳纤维复合材料脱粘缺陷装置及方法 |
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GB9924425D0 (en) * | 1999-10-16 | 1999-12-15 | British Aerospace | Material analysis |
US7591583B2 (en) * | 2005-05-18 | 2009-09-22 | Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Transient defect detection algorithm |
EP2743688B1 (de) * | 2012-12-17 | 2017-05-03 | Thermosensorik Gmbh | Verfahren und System zur Untersuchung einer Probe mittels Thermographie |
CN103258755A (zh) * | 2013-04-22 | 2013-08-21 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 倒装焊芯片焊点缺陷背视测温检测法 |
-
2017
- 2017-05-16 AT ATA50421/2017A patent/AT520007B1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2018
- 2018-05-02 WO PCT/AT2018/050007 patent/WO2018209370A1/de unknown
- 2018-05-02 CA CA3063278A patent/CA3063278A1/en active Pending
- 2018-05-02 US US16/613,986 patent/US20210255042A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-05-02 EP EP18727129.1A patent/EP3625760A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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Publication number | Publication date |
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AT520007A1 (de) | 2018-12-15 |
AT520007B1 (de) | 2019-09-15 |
CA3063278A1 (en) | 2019-12-05 |
US20210255042A1 (en) | 2021-08-19 |
WO2018209370A1 (de) | 2018-11-22 |
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