EP3609641A1 - Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminiumInfo
- Publication number
- EP3609641A1 EP3609641A1 EP18718619.2A EP18718619A EP3609641A1 EP 3609641 A1 EP3609641 A1 EP 3609641A1 EP 18718619 A EP18718619 A EP 18718619A EP 3609641 A1 EP3609641 A1 EP 3609641A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mass fraction
- elements
- alloy
- metal
- treatment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0408—Light metal alloys
- C22C1/0416—Aluminium-based alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/008—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression characterised by the composition
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0086—Welding welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. built-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/0006—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
- C22C21/16—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with magnesium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/057—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with copper as the next major constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/62—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by chemical means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/66—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by mechanical means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is a method of manufacturing an aluminum alloy part, implementing an additive manufacturing technique.
- additive manufacturing techniques have developed. They consist of formatting a piece by adding material, which is the opposite of machining techniques, which aim to remove material.
- machining techniques which aim to remove material.
- additive manufacturing is now operational to manufacture industrial products in series, including metal parts.
- additive manufacturing is defined, according to the French standard XP E67-001, as a "set of methods for manufacturing, layer by layer, by adding material, a physical object from a digital object".
- ASTM F2792 January 2012 also defines additive manufacturing. Different additive manufacturing modalities are also defined and described in ISO / ASTM 17296-1.
- the application of successive layers is generally carried out by applying a so-called filler material, then melting or sintering the filler material using a laser beam type energy source, electron beam, plasma torch or electric arc. Whatever the additive manufacturing method applied, the thickness of each added layer is of the order of a few tens or hundreds of microns.
- This method makes it possible to obtain a cumulative mass of relatively large deposited material, up to 3 kg / h.
- the latter is generally a type 2319 alloy.
- the publication Fixter "Preliminary Investigation into the Suitability of 2xxx Alloys for Wire- Arc Additive Manufacturing” studies the mechanical properties of parts manufactured using the WAAM method, from several aluminum alloys. More particularly, the copper content being maintained between 4 and 6% by weight, the authors varied the magnesium content and numerically simulated the sensitivity to hot cracking, usually referred to as "hot cracking susceptibility", of 2xxx alloys during the WAAM process. The authors conclude that an optimum magnesium content is 1.5%, and that the aluminum alloy 2024 is particularly suitable. The authors do not recommend the use of a Type 2139 aluminum alloy in additive manufacturing processes.
- Alcoa WO2016 / 145382 discloses an aluminum-based material having a high percentage (1 to 30%) of at least one ceramic phase. The material thus described in particular has a high amount of titanium (about 3%).
- the document WO2016 / 142631 of Microturbo describes a material constituting a compressor, based on an alloy A20X TM comprising in particular 3.17% titanium.
- the document EP3026135 of Ind. Tech. es. Inst. discloses a method of manufacturing a part by additive manufacturing using alloys mainly comprising silicon. Brice C.
- the melting or sintering of a filler material in the form of a powder can be fusion or laser sintering.
- the patent application US2017 / 0016096 describes a method for manufacturing a room by localized fusion obtained by exposing a powder to an energy beam of the electron beam or laser beam type. This process is also referred to by the English acronym SLM, meaning "Selective Laser Melting” or "EBM”, meaning "Electro Beam Melting”.
- SLM Selective Laser Melting
- EBM Electro Beam Melting
- the powder consists of an aluminum alloy whose copper content is between 5% and 6% by weight, the magnesium content being between 2.5% and 3.5% by weight.
- the mechanical properties of the aluminum parts obtained by additive manufacturing depend on the alloy forming the filler metal, and more precisely on its composition as well as the heat treatments applied.
- the inventors have determined an alloy composition which, used in an additive manufacturing process, makes it possible to obtain parts with remarkable mechanical performances.
- a first object of the invention is a method for manufacturing a part comprising a formation of successive solid metal layers superimposed on each other, each layer describing a pattern defined from a numerical model, each layer being formed by the deposition of a metal, said filler metal, the filler metal being subjected to a supply of energy so as to melt and form, by solidifying, said layer, the method being implemented in a pressure greater than 0.5 times the atmospheric pressure, the process being characterized in that the filler metal is an aluminum alloy of the 2xxx series comprising the following alloying elements:
- Mn according to a mass fraction of between 0.1% and 2%, preferably of at most 1% and preferably of at most 0.8%;
- Ti according to a mass fraction of between 0.01% and 2%, preferably of at most 1% and preferably of at most 0.3%;
- V according to a mass fraction of between 0.05% and 2%, preferably of at most 1% and preferably of not more than 0.3%;
- Zr in a mass fraction of between 0.05% and 2%, preferably at most 1% and preferably at most 0.3%;
- Li in a mass fraction of between 0.1 and 2%, preferably 0.5 and 1.5%;
- the magnesium content makes it possible to limit a risk of cracking. It is noted that the magnesium content is appreciably lower than that described in application US2017 / 0016096. The inventors believe that an excessively high magnesium content induces a risk of cracking incompatible with the requirements of certain applications, for example aeronautics. Therefore, it is preferable that the magnesium content is, in mass fraction, at most 0.8% and preferably at most 0.6%.
- the elements Mn, Ti, V, Zr and Cr can lead to the formation of dispersoids or fine intermetallic phases making it possible to increase the hardness of the material obtained.
- the elements Cu, Mg, Zn and Li can affect the resistance of the material by hardening precipitation or by their effect on the properties of the solid solution.
- the alloy may also include at least one of the following:
- the minimum mass fraction of Fe and Si is 0.05% and preferably 0.1%.
- the material comprises a mass fraction of other elements or impurities less than 0.05%, ie 500 ppm.
- the cumulative mass fraction of the other elements or impurities is less than 0.15%.
- the alloy of the 2xxx series is selected from AA2022, AA2050, AA2055, AA2065, AA2075, AA2094, AA2095, AA2195, AA2295, AA2395, AA2098, AA2039, and AA2139 and preferably selected from AA2075, AA2094, AA2095, AA2195, AA2295, AA2395, AA2039, and AA2139.
- the mass fraction of Cu may advantageously be between 4% and 6%.
- the filler metal is used to the exclusion of any ceramic phase. Also, preferably, the filler metal does not comprise a ceramic phase.
- aluminum alloy of the 2xxx series is meant according to the present invention, an alloy as described in the document “Registration Record Series - Teal Sheats - International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys” , The Aluminum Association, February 2009 (reviewed January 2015).
- This document is a reference document in the field of aluminum alloys, well known to those skilled in this field. In particular, it is specified on page 28 of this document that the majority element of the aluminum alloys of the 2xxx series is copper. On the other hand, pages 2 to 4 of this document give the limits of the different elements of this type of alloy and specify that the rest of the composition of the alloys is aluminum.
- the aluminum alloys may comprise impurities, which are generally present up to 0.05% by weight each and up to 0.15% by weight in total.
- the process may comprise, following the formation of the layers: solution dissolution followed by quenching and tempering, or
- a heat treatment typically at a temperature of at least 100 ° C and at most 400 ° C
- the heat treatment may in particular allow dimensioning of the residual stresses and / or additional precipitation of hardening phases.
- CIC treatment can improve elongation properties and fatigue properties.
- Hot isostatic compression can be performed before, after or instead of heat treatment.
- the process comprises, following the formation of the layers, hot isostatic compression followed by an income, or followed by dissolution, quenching and then tempering.
- the hot isostatic pressing is carried out at a temperature of between 250 ° C. and 550 ° C., preferably between 300 ° and 450 ° C., at a pressure of between 500 and 3000 bar and for a duration of between 1 and 10 hours. .
- the method comprises a quenching, a dissolution and an income, a cold deformation being practiced between quenching and tempering.
- the dissolution is carried out at a temperature between 400 and 550 ° C and quenching is performed with a liquid comprising water.
- the tempering is carried out at a temperature between 130 ° C and 170 ° C.
- the process according to the invention is advantageous because it preferably does not require solution treatment followed by quenching. Dissolving can have a detrimental effect on mechanical strength in some cases by participating in magnification of dispersoids or fine intermetallic phases.
- the method according to the present invention further optionally comprises a machining treatment, and / or a chemical, electrochemical or mechanical surface treatment, and / or a tribofinishing. These treatments may be performed in particular to reduce the roughness and / or improve the corrosion resistance and / or improve the resistance to the propagation of fatigue cracks.
- a mechanical deformation of the part at a stage of the manufacturing process, for example after the additive manufacturing and / or before the heat treatment.
- the filler metal takes the form of a wire, the exposure of which to an electric arc results in a localized melting of the alloy followed by solidification, so as to form a layer of solid alloy.
- the filler metal takes the form of a powder, whose exposure to a laser beam results in a localized melting of the alloy followed by solidification, so as to form a solid layer .
- the method is implemented at ambient atmospheric pressure.
- a second object of the invention is a metal part, obtained after application of a method according to the first subject of the invention.
- a third object of the invention is a metal wire or powder comprising, preferably consisting of an aluminum alloy of the 2xxx series, comprising at least the following alloying elements:
- Mn in a mass fraction of between 0.1% and 2%, preferably of at most 1% and preferably of at most 0.8%;
- Ti in a mass fraction of between 0.01% and 2%, preferably at most 1% and preferably at most 0.3%;
- V according to a mass fraction of between 0.05% and 2%, preferably of at most 1% and preferably of not more than 0.3%;
- Zr in a mass fraction of between 0.05% and 2%, preferably at most 1% and preferably at most 0.3%;
- the wire or the powder according to the third subject of the invention is characterized in that it is a filler metal for welding or additive manufacturing.
- Figure 1A is a diagram illustrating an additive manufacturing process of the WAAM type.
- Figure 1B is a photograph of a wall made according to the method set out in connection with Figure 1A.
- Figure 1C is a diagram showing the wall shown in Figure 1B.
- FIG. 2A shows comparative hardness tests carried out on wall-shaped parts manufactured by the WAAM process from different alloys, the parts having undergone various treatments after the additive manufacturing step.
- FIG. 2B illustrates the evolution, along a transverse axis Z, of the hardness of wall-shaped parts obtained by the WAAM process from alloys of aluminum type 2139 respectively with and without implementation of a heat treatment resulting in the metallurgical state T6.
- FIG. 2C shows the evolution of yield strength and tensile strength on specimens from WAAM-shaped wall pieces from different alloys, the parts having undergone different treatments after the manufacturing step additive.
- FIG. 2D shows the evolution of the elongation at break of pieces formed by WAAM from different alloys, the parts having undergone various treatments after the additive manufacturing step.
- FIG. 2E shows endurance constraints determined, during fatigue tests, on specimens from wall-shaped parts obtained by the WAAM process from different alloys, the parts having undergone various treatments after the step additive manufacturing.
- FIG. 2F shows comparative hardness tests carried out on wall-shaped parts manufactured by the WAAM process from different alloys.
- FIG. 2G illustrates the evolution, along a transverse axis Z, of the hardness of wall-shaped parts obtained by the WAAM process from aluminum alloys 2295.
- Figure 2H shows sections of walls made from aluminum alloys 2295, and having undergone various heat treatments.
- Figures 3A and 3B show test pieces respectively used in the tensile and fatigue tests.
- Fig. 4A is a diagram illustrating an additive manufacturing process of the SLM type.
- FIG. 4B shows measurements of the hardness of different pieces, cube-shaped, made by SLM, the parts having undergone various heat treatments after the additive manufacturing step.
- FIG. 1A represents an additive manufacturing device of the WAAM type, which stands for "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing".
- a power source 11, in this case a torch forms an electric arc 12.
- the torch 11 is powered by an inert gas welding station.
- the torch 11 is held by a welding robot 13.
- the part 20 to be manufactured is placed on a support 10.
- the manufactured part is a wall extending along a transverse axis Z perpendicularly to a longitudinal plane XY defined by the support 10.
- a filler wire 15, here forming an electrode of the torch 11 melt to form, solidifying, a cord Welding.
- the welding robot is controlled by a digital model M, and is moved to form different layers 20i ... 20 n , stacked on top of each other, forming the wall 20, each layer corresponding to a weld bead.
- Each layer 20i ... 20 n extends in the longitudinal plane XY, in a pattern defined by the numerical model M.
- FIG. 1B is a photograph of a wall thus formed.
- Figure 1C schematizes the wall 20 which extends, along the longitudinal plane XY, according to a thickness e and a length l, and along the transverse axis Z, according to a height h relative to the support 10.
- the process according to the invention is carried out at a pressure greater than 0.5 times the atmospheric pressure.
- the Mg content remains high and controlled, which explains the high hardness measured on the wall made from alloy 2139.
- the inventors consider that the Mg and Ag contents of alloy 2139 make it possible to obtain better mechanical properties due to precipitation of the ⁇ phase in dense ⁇ 111 ⁇ planes.
- working at a pressure greater than 0.5 times the atmospheric pressure, and advantageously around the atmospheric pressure makes it possible to obtain, by additive manufacturing, parts whose mechanical properties are homogeneous.
- around the atmospheric pressure is meant according to the present invention preferably between 80% and 120% of the atmospheric pressure.
- the inventors attribute the remarkable properties, in particular in terms of mechanical strength, elongation and fatigue properties, to the homogeneity of the Mg content. Operations at atmospheric pressure make it possible to better control the Mg content, and its homogeneity in the parts manufactured by additive manufacturing. This is a particularly important point for applications such as aeronautics.
- the process according to the invention comprises, following the formation of the layers, a dissolution in solution followed by quenching and tempering, in particular to obtain a T6 state.
- the treatment T6 makes it possible in particular to significantly increase the hardness, the increase advantageously being at least 50% and preferably at least 60%.
- the CIC treatment can be carried out before the dissolution, or instead of dissolution.
- CIC treatment improves elongation properties and fatigue properties.
- the method comprises a cold deformation between quenching and tempering, the deformation comprising for example a modification of a dimension of the piece of between 0.5% and 2%, or even between 0.5% and 5%.
- the additive manufacturing process implemented is a SLM (Selective Laser Melting) type process.
- the filler material is in the form of a powder.
- the laser source is coupled to the filler material by an optical system 33 whose movement is determined according to a numerical model M
- the laser beam 32 follows a movement along the longitudinal plane XY, describing a pattern dependent on the numerical model.
- the interaction of the laser beam 32 with the powder 25 causes a selective melting of the latter, followed by solidification, resulting in the formation of a layer 20i ... 20 n .
- a layer has been formed, it is coated with powder of the filler metal and another layer is formed, superimposed on the layer previously made.
- the thickness of the powder forming a layer may for example be between 10 and 100 ⁇ .
- the metal parts obtained after application of a process according to the invention advantageously have, in the T6 or T8 state, a Vickers Hv 0.1 hardness of at least 150 and preferably at least 170 or even at least 180 .
- the metal parts obtained after application of a process according to the invention have, in the T6 or T8 state, a yield strength p o of at least 400 MPa, preferably at least 410 MPa, and preferably of at least 420 MPa, and / or a breaking strength R m of at least 460 MPa and preferably at least 470 MPa and / or an A% elongation of at least 6% and preferably at least 8% and / or an endurance stress than 10 5 fatigue cycles of at least 240 MPa and preferably at least 290 MPa.
- alloy wires 2319 corresponding to industrial welding wires
- alloy wires 2219 and 2139 obtained from cast prototype alloys, the wires being obtained by spinning and drawing from billets 55 mm in diameter and 150 mm in length.
- the diameter of the filler wire is 1.2 mm.
- a Fronius brand FK 4000-RFC reference inert gas welding machine and a Yaskawa brand Motoman MA210 welding robot were used.
- the thickness e of the walls is between 4 mm and 6 mm. Their length l is 10 cm and their height h is 3 cm.
- the implementation parameters of the WAAM process are as follows:
- the treatment involves a dissolution (duration 2h - temperatures of 529 ° C for 2139 and 542 ° C for 2219 and 2319 - temperature rise in increments of 40 ° C / h), tempering and income (duration 25 h - temperature of 175 ° C for 2219 and 2319 - duration 15 h - temperature 175 ° C for 2139).
- FIG. 2A This figure shows, for each alloy, and from left to right, the hardness measured on the filler wire 15 (bdf-1), the wall made gross manufacturing (bdf-2), the wall made after income (R), the wall made after treatment T6. Each value represented in this figure corresponds to an average of 5 measurements.
- the hardness obtained using the alloy 2139 is systematically greater than that of the walls obtained from the other alloys, and in particular on the alloy 2319, the latter being currently considered as the reference alloy for the implementation of of the WAAM process.
- the T6 treatment makes it possible to significantly increase the hardness, the increase being of the order of 50% to 60%.
- FIG. 2B shows the results obtained on walls respectively gross manufacturing (bdf), that is to say without post-treatment, and with dissolution, quenching and tempering (T6 treatment).
- the x-axis represents the height h, expressed in mm, while the ordinate axis corresponds to the measured Vickers hardness.
- the abscissa 5 mm corresponds to the interface between the wall 20 and the support 10 (height equal to 0), materialized by a vertical dashed line.
- the abscissa less than 5 mm correspond to the support 10.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B show that the alloy 2139 is promising in the implementation of additive manufacturing techniques implemented at atmospheric pressure.
- this alloy as well as on the basis of alloy 2319, considered as the reference alloy, different walls were developed by WAAM.
- WAAM WAAM on each wall, specimens were formed to perform tensile and fatigue tests. The test pieces were taken either along the transverse axis Z (test pieces V) or along the longitudinal axis Y parallel to the length l of each wall (test pieces H). The geometric characteristics of the specimens depend on the tests carried out and will be described below. In these tests, the thickness e, the length l and the height h of each wall 20 were respectively about 5 mm, about 440 mm and about 200 mm.
- the walls have been subjected to various heat treatments:
- T6 treatment dissolution, quenching and tempering to reach the T6 metallurgical state.
- the dissolution was carried out for 2 hours at 542 ° C, and was preceded by a plateau of 40 ° C / h.
- the dissolution was carried out for 2 hours at 529 ° C., and was preceded by a plateau of 40 ° C./h.
- the income lasted 15 hours at 175 ° C, and was preceded by a plateau of 40 ° C / h.
- T6 treatment preceded by hot isostatic compression (CIC).
- CIC hot isostatic compression
- Fig. 2C shows yield strength results p0.2 (also referred to as YS for Yield Stress) and tensile strength Rm (also referred to as UTS stands for Ultimate Tensile Stress).
- the elastic limit Rp0.2 corresponds to a relative elongation of the specimen of 0.2%.
- the test pieces used are "TOP Cl" test pieces defined according to the NF standard in ISO 6892-1 and represented in FIG. 3A. Each measurement corresponds to an average of the results obtained on 3 test pieces. The results obtained for each alloy are compared with measurements made on test pieces taken from an industrial sheet of 2139 alloy having undergone a T8 treatment.
- the abscissa axis corresponds to the alloys used, the ordinate axis corresponding to the elastic limit or to the tensile strength, the unit being the MPa.
- the left bar quantifies the yield strength R p o while the right bar represents the breaking strength R m .
- the letters H and V indicate the axes along which the specimens were taken.
- CIC treatment has no significant influence on the elasticity limits or the tensile strengths observed.
- such a treatment makes it possible to increase the elongation to about 14.5% for the alloy 2319 and to about 9% for the alloy 2139, whatever the direction of sampling ( test pieces H or V).
- the ordinate axis represents the relative elongation of the specimens resulting from tensile strength tests, expressed in%.
- FIG. 2E represents the endurance stress at 5 cycles of different alloys. . Each value is obtained according to an average of 7 test pieces. Without CIC treatment, the average endurance stress at 10 5 cycles is of the order of 240 MPa using the alloy 2319, and 245 MPa using the alloy 2139. The implementation of a CIC treatment allows to significantly increase the average endurance stress, the latter reaching 310 MPa for alloy 2319 and 295 MPa for alloy 2139.
- the tests presented in connection with FIGS. 2D and 2E demonstrate the relevance of a type treatment CIC previously applied to T6 treatment.
- FIGS. 2C and 2D show significantly higher performances, in terms of elastic limit or tensile strength, for the parts formed by additive manufacturing, at atmospheric pressure, by using a type 2139 alloy compared to an alloy of type 2319.
- the walls 20 were then subjected to a T6 treatment or a T6 treatment preceded by a hot isostatic pressing (CIC) step.
- a T6 treatment the dissolution lasted 2 hours at a temperature of 529 ° C. and the reaction time was 100 h at a temperature of 160 ° C.
- FIG. 2F represents the Vickers Hv 0.1 hardness values of the walls 20 obtained by using different alloys, these measurements having been carried out according to the NF standard in ISO 6507-1. On each wall, an average value of 5 measurements was calculated.
- FIG. 3A shows the calculated averages:
- FIG. 2G shows a profile of the change in wall wall hardness achieved with 2295 alloy, the wall having undergone CIC treatment before T6 treatment.
- the ordinate axis represents the hardness
- the abscissa axis represents the height along the Z axis. It is observed that the hardness is spatially homogeneous.
- FIG. 2H shows three sections of walls made to evaluate a level of porosity, and more specifically a surface fraction of porosity.
- 2H shows, from left to right, sections of a wall obtained from an alloy 2295, the wall being respectively manufacturing blank (bdf), having undergone CIC treatment and having undergone a CIC treatment and then a T6 treatment (dissolution, quenching and tempering).
- bdf blank
- T6 treatment dissolution, quenching and tempering
- the alloy 2295 is particularly suitable for the manufacture of parts by additive manufacturing, and more particularly by implementing the WAAM process.
- the combination with a CIC treatment and / or a T6 treatment makes it possible to obtain remarkable mechanical properties.
- the laser source 31 is a Nd / Yag laser with a power of 400 MW.
- Cubic parallelepipeds 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm in size were formed according to this method, stacking different layers formed, the powder 25 being obtained from aluminum alloy 2139.
- the composition of the powder was determined by ICP -OES and is given as a percentage of mass fraction in the following table.
- a particle size analysis was carried out according to the ISO 1332 standard using a Malvern 2000 granulometer.
- the parameters are Table 4.
- the first column corresponds to the references for each test.
- the second and third columns respectively correspond to the energy density dissipated by the laser beam 32 and the speed of displacement of the beam 32 on the surface of the powder.
- FIG. 4B represents the results obtained, the Vickers Hv 0.1 hardness being represented on the ordinate axis. Each result is an average of 4 measurements. This figure also shows Vickers Hv 0.1 hardness measurements respectively measured on walls manufactured by WAAM process, respectively raw manufacturing, undergoing income and undergoing treatment T6.
- the hardness reaches 100 ⁇ 10 Hv, which corresponds to the hardness obtained on walls obtained by WAAM process, gross of manufacture, or having undergone an income.
- the T6 treatment makes it possible to significantly increase the hardness by about 60%, which corresponds to the observation made in connection with FIG. 2B.
- the hardness obtained by SLM after treatment T6 is of the same order as that obtained by a wall formed by WAAM after treatment T6.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE18718619.2T DE18718619T1 (de) | 2017-04-14 | 2018-04-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines aluminiumlegierungsteils |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1753315A FR3065178B1 (fr) | 2017-04-14 | 2017-04-14 | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
PCT/FR2018/050854 WO2018189458A1 (fr) | 2017-04-14 | 2018-04-05 | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3609641A1 true EP3609641A1 (fr) | 2020-02-19 |
Family
ID=59031203
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP18718619.2A Pending EP3609641A1 (fr) | 2017-04-14 | 2018-04-05 | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20200156154A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3609641A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2020516776A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN110573276B (fr) |
DE (1) | DE18718619T1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3065178B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2018189458A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3401079A1 (fr) * | 2017-05-11 | 2018-11-14 | Essilor International | Procédé de fabrication d'un article tridimensionnel par une technologie de fabrication additive |
FR3092119B1 (fr) * | 2019-01-24 | 2020-12-25 | C Tec Constellium Tech Center | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium, l'alliage comportant au moins du zirconium et du magnésium |
CN109825749A (zh) * | 2019-04-10 | 2019-05-31 | 上海裕纪金属制品有限公司 | 一种可冲压铝合金型材耐热耐腐蚀热处理方法及铝合金型材 |
FR3103123B1 (fr) * | 2019-11-19 | 2022-07-01 | C Tec Constellium Tech Center | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium |
EP4074852A4 (fr) * | 2019-12-13 | 2023-08-16 | Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoj Otvetstvennost'Yu "Institut Legkikhmaterialov I Tekhnologij" | Matériau à base d'aluminium en poudre |
DE102020108781A1 (de) * | 2020-03-30 | 2021-09-30 | AM Metals GmbH | Mittels additiver Fertigung verarbeitbare hochfeste Aluminiumlegierungen für Strukturanwendungen |
FR3110097B1 (fr) * | 2020-05-13 | 2022-11-18 | C Tec Constellium Tech Center | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium |
FR3112707B1 (fr) * | 2020-07-21 | 2023-01-06 | Institut Franco Allemand De Rech De Saint Louis | Procédé de densification d’une pièce métallique à forme complexe par compression isostatique. |
US20220170138A1 (en) * | 2020-12-02 | 2022-06-02 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Aluminum alloy for casting and additive manufacturing of engine components for high temperature applications |
IT202000030140A1 (it) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-09 | Beamit S P A | A al-ti-cu-mg-b-ni-fe-si alloy for additive manufacturing |
FR3119230A1 (fr) * | 2021-01-28 | 2022-07-29 | Psa Automobiles Sa | Echangeur a ailettes, procede et dispositif de fabrication d’un echangeur. |
CN113134626B (zh) * | 2021-04-06 | 2022-03-29 | 东北大学 | 一种超低温环境用钛合金氢泵叶轮的增材制造方法 |
GB2618129A (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2023-11-01 | Airbus Operations Ltd | Multi-material joint |
CN116287913A (zh) * | 2023-02-10 | 2023-06-23 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种增材制造用微量元素改性铝锂合金粉末及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7438772B2 (en) * | 1998-06-24 | 2008-10-21 | Alcoa Inc. | Aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys having ancillary additions of lithium |
US8043445B2 (en) * | 2003-06-06 | 2011-10-25 | Aleris Aluminum Koblenz Gmbh | High-damage tolerant alloy product in particular for aerospace applications |
CN101484604B (zh) * | 2006-07-07 | 2013-01-09 | 阿勒里斯铝业科布伦茨有限公司 | Aa2000系列铝合金产品及其制造方法 |
MX2015017559A (es) | 2013-07-10 | 2016-05-09 | Alcoa Inc | Metodos para generar productos forjados y otros productos trabajados. |
CN103695817B (zh) * | 2013-12-12 | 2016-02-17 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种可热处理铝合金同步淬火热成形工艺 |
TWI530569B (zh) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-04-21 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 合金鑄材與合金物件的形成方法 |
FR3033602B1 (fr) * | 2015-03-11 | 2017-03-24 | Microturbo | Realisation d'etages de redresseurs semi-monoblocs, par fabrication additive |
JP2018512507A (ja) * | 2015-03-12 | 2018-05-17 | アーコニック インコーポレイテッドArconic Inc. | アルミニウム合金製品、及びその作製方法 |
US20160362769A1 (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2016-12-15 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Particulate for additive manufacturing techniques |
US20170016096A1 (en) | 2015-07-16 | 2017-01-19 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Method of manufacturing aluminum alloy articles |
US20170304944A1 (en) * | 2016-04-26 | 2017-10-26 | Velo3D, Inc. | Three dimensional objects comprising robust alloys |
US20190032175A1 (en) * | 2017-02-01 | 2019-01-31 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Aluminum alloys with grain refiners, and methods for making and using the same |
-
2017
- 2017-04-14 FR FR1753315A patent/FR3065178B1/fr active Active
-
2018
- 2018-04-05 JP JP2020505537A patent/JP2020516776A/ja active Pending
- 2018-04-05 EP EP18718619.2A patent/EP3609641A1/fr active Pending
- 2018-04-05 CN CN201880025069.6A patent/CN110573276B/zh active Active
- 2018-04-05 US US16/604,527 patent/US20200156154A1/en active Pending
- 2018-04-05 WO PCT/FR2018/050854 patent/WO2018189458A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2018-04-05 DE DE18718619.2T patent/DE18718619T1/de active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE18718619T1 (de) | 2022-03-24 |
FR3065178B1 (fr) | 2022-04-29 |
CN110573276A (zh) | 2019-12-13 |
US20200156154A1 (en) | 2020-05-21 |
JP2020516776A (ja) | 2020-06-11 |
WO2018189458A1 (fr) | 2018-10-18 |
FR3065178A1 (fr) | 2018-10-19 |
CN110573276B (zh) | 2022-03-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP3609641A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium | |
EP3914746B1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
EP3622095B1 (fr) | Piece en alliage d'aluminium et son procédé de fabrication | |
EP3860789A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium | |
WO2020165543A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
WO2020058646A1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
EP3924123A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
FR3077524A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium et de chrome | |
EP3860787B1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
EP4149702A2 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
EP4149703B1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
WO2020070453A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium | |
WO2020095009A2 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
EP4061563B1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en alliage d'aluminium | |
FR3043578A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en trois dimensions sur un support | |
WO2022208037A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium mettant en œuvre une technique de fabrication additive avec prechauffage | |
WO2024042291A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium | |
WO2023237844A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une piece en alliage d'aluminium |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20191107 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: CHABRIOL, CHRISTOPHE Inventor name: BES, BERNARD Inventor name: ODIEVRE, THIERRY Inventor name: CHEHAB, BECHIR Inventor name: LEDOUX, MARINE |
|
DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R210 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20220601 |