EP3606893A1 - Capsaicinoid smoke - Google Patents
Capsaicinoid smokeInfo
- Publication number
- EP3606893A1 EP3606893A1 EP18724372.0A EP18724372A EP3606893A1 EP 3606893 A1 EP3606893 A1 EP 3606893A1 EP 18724372 A EP18724372 A EP 18724372A EP 3606893 A1 EP3606893 A1 EP 3606893A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- smoke
- initiator
- compound
- mass concentration
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 205
- YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-SOFGYWHQSA-N capsaicin Chemical compound COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCC\C=C\C(C)C)=CC=C1O YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-SOFGYWHQSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 125
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane triacrylate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004509 smoke generator Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229960002504 capsaicin Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000017663 capsaicin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- AKDLSISGGARWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Homodihydrocapsaicin Chemical compound COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCCCCCC(C)C)=CC=C1O AKDLSISGGARWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VQEONGKQWIFHMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nordihydrocapsaicin Chemical compound COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCCCC(C)C)=CC=C1O VQEONGKQWIFHMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SESFRYSPDFLNCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl benzoate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 SESFRYSPDFLNCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 capsaicinoid compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000622 irritating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl benzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PGMYKACGEOXYJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentyl acetate Chemical compound CCCCCOC(C)=O PGMYKACGEOXYJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XJQPQKLURWNAAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrocapsaicin Chemical compound COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCCCCC(C)C)=CC=C1O XJQPQKLURWNAAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RBCYRZPENADQGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrocapsaicin Natural products COC1=CC(COC(=O)CCCCCCC(C)C)=CC=C1O RBCYRZPENADQGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MLJGZARGNROKAC-VQHVLOKHSA-N homocapsaicin Chemical compound CCC(C)\C=C\CCCCC(=O)NCC1=CC=C(O)C(OC)=C1 MLJGZARGNROKAC-VQHVLOKHSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JKIHLSTUOQHAFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N homocapsaicin Natural products COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCCCC=CC(C)C)=CC=C1O JKIHLSTUOQHAFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JZNZUOZRIWOBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N homocapsaicin-II Natural products COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCCC=CCC(C)C)=CC=C1O JZNZUOZRIWOBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GOBFKCLUUUDTQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N homodihydrocapsaicin-II Natural products CCC(C)CCCCCCC(=O)NCC1=CC=C(O)C(OC)=C1 GOBFKCLUUUDTQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960002903 benzyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940095102 methyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229920005594 polymer fiber Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- FGGJBCRKSVGDPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroperoxycyclohexane Chemical compound OOC1CCCCC1 FGGJBCRKSVGDPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 71
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 24
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 21
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 19
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 12
- MEBONNVPKOBPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trimethylcyclohexane Chemical class CC1CCCCC1(C)C MEBONNVPKOBPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 241000208293 Capsicum Species 0.000 description 7
- 235000002566 Capsicum Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000001390 capsicum minimum Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 6
- PYOLJOJPIPCRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3-trimethylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CCCC(C)(C)C1 PYOLJOJPIPCRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RGOVYLWUIBMPGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonivamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(=O)NCC1=CC=C(O)C(OC)=C1 RGOVYLWUIBMPGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000008601 oleoresin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 4
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 3
- 231100000111 LD50 Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000004569 Blindness Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010006784 Burning sensation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 235000008534 Capsicum annuum var annuum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000002193 Pain Diseases 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000469 ethanolic extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- VHHHONWQHHHLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexachloroethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl VHHHONWQHHHLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004036 nonivamide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 231100001160 nonlethal Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001698 pyrogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 2
- WINCSBAYCULVDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trimethylcyclopentane Chemical compound CC1CCCC1(C)C WINCSBAYCULVDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NALFRYPTRXKZPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CC(C)(C)CC(OOC(C)(C)C)(OOC(C)(C)C)C1 NALFRYPTRXKZPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002567 Capsicum annuum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004160 Capsicum annuum Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008384 Capsicum annuum var. annuum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002568 Capsicum frutescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920004943 Delrin® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000000059 Dyspnea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013975 Dyspnoeas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010015150 Erythema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010015958 Eye pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019233 Headaches Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010023644 Lacrimation increased Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000008197 Laryngitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010028813 Nausea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010068319 Oropharyngeal pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010038731 Respiratory tract irritation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000036071 Rhinorrhea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039101 Rhinorrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001247145 Sebastes goodei Species 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010047700 Vomiting Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010005159 blepharospasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000744 blepharospasm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001511 capsicum annuum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001722 capsicum frutescens oleoresin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940050948 capsicum oleoresin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetone alcohol Natural products CC(=O)CC(C)(C)O SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclohexane Chemical class CC1CCCCC1 UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
- C06D7/00—Compositions for gas-attacks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
- C06D3/00—Generation of smoke or mist (chemical part)
Definitions
- Smoke generation devices generate smoke in military applications for signaling, for marking target or landing zones, and for screening of movements.
- Devices for producing obscurant smoke for the battlefield are typically either explosively-charged, meaning the devices use an explosive charge to disperse fine particles, or chemically-reactive, meaning a chemical reaction generates smoke.
- Some chemically-reactive smoke generation devices utilize inorganic materials that are activated in a self-sustaining chemical reaction to produces smoke as a byproduct of the heat generation. Examples of these smoke generation devices are thermite grenades and the HC (hexachloroethane), TA (terephthalic acid), and WP (white phosphorus, or red phosphorus) smoke grenades in the current military inventory.
- Capsaicinoids are a class of compounds first discovered in the fruits of genus Capsicum
- Capsaicinoids have the unusual property of causing sensory irritation in mammals, including humans, and produce a sensation of burning in any tissue with they contact. The burning sensation can be very severe, causing excruciating pain, fainting, and even temporary blindness. However, capsaicinoids have very low toxicity, and while contact with the compounds can be agonizingly painful, exposure has few or no lasting effects. These properties would seem to make capsaicinoids ideal nonlethal weapons. However, delivery of capsaicinoids is difficult. Capsaicinoids are non-volatile and extremely insoluble in water. There have been no successful efforts to deliver capsaicinoids as a gas or smoke, due to their low volatility and insolubility.
- capsaicinoids as nonlethal weapons has been limited to delivery by sprays, which have many disadvantages.
- Sprays are inaccurate, and even if the target is hit, the target will not feel the full effects of the capsaicinoids unless the spray contacts the target's mouth, nose, or eyes.
- Sprays have limited range, giving the user little time to aim and allowing the target to achieve close proximity to the user before the user has a chance to use the spray.
- This disadvantage is especially acute when the user is targeting an attacking animal, many of which can cover the distance between the maximum range of the spray and the user within one or two seconds.
- a smoke producing method and device of the present disclosure produces a non- incendiary, organic-polymerization based, smoke-producing reaction.
- Some embodiments of the smoke contain one or more capsaicinoid compounds.
- the method of generating smoke comprises initiating a frontal polymerization reaction by heating a composition comprising a monomer compound that exothermically polymerizes upon initiation with an initiator compound, and an initiator compound that initiates polymerization of the monomer compound present at a mass concentration that is at least five percent (5%) of the mass concentration of the monomer compound.
- the smoke produced mainly comprises thermal decomposition products of the initiator compound.
- the initiator may also decompose exothermically.
- the by-product that results from smoke generation in this embodiment is a solid material that will slowly degrade over time if exposed to outside conditions.
- the initiator concentration controls the chain length of the produced polymer. Also, in a typical polymer reaction, the initiator is consumed, chemically bonded to the polymeric molecules. In this type of smoke producing reaction the objective, at a minimum, is to decompose and volatilize initiator as well as additives and / or portions of the monomer itself.
- Frontal polymerization is a process in which the reaction propagates directionally through the reaction vessel because of the coupling of thermal transport and the Arrhenius-dependence of the kinetics of an exothermic reaction.
- Frontal polymerization is very much like a flame but propagating through condensed materials instead of a gas.
- the components are premixed, but stable until initiated by an external source. For example, consider a 2-part epoxy: as soon as the two components are mixed, an exothermic reaction is initiated).
- RTV type polymers will self-initiate once exposed to oxygen.
- the reactions developed here operate differently than either of these or similar types of examples.
- Frontal Polymerization is a form of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis
- SPHTS high-temperature
- high-temperature is used to indicate higher than ambient temperature, but certainly lower in temperature than pyrotechnic igniters used in current smoke grenades.
- FP in the case of SPHTS the system will not start reacting until sufficient energy is applied to the material to get a reaction front propagating through the system.
- This self-propagating wave moves rapidly through the system as long as sufficient heat is generated at the propagation front.
- these systems are inherently stable until a sufficient amount of energy is added to start the reaction.
- Materials with high heat capacity can be incorporated into the mixture.
- the system can be turned such that the heat released does not lead to excessive heating of the surrounding environment, thereby reducing incendiary hazards.
- the addition of filler materials has the effect of reducing the front temperature and thereby reducing the incendiary hazard since the "excess" heat generated can be "absorbed" in the material itself and not transmitted to the environment.
- the reactants used in the smoke producing compounds disclosed herein have reaction temperatures in the range of 300-400°C. (However, as indicated above, the reaction temperature may be tuned to above ambient to 400° C).
- reaction temperatures in the range of 300-400°C.
- the reaction temperature may be tuned to above ambient to 400° C.
- the initiator concentrations are on the order of 1 % or less by mass. This concentration is expressed in polymer literature as 1 pph (parts per hundred of the monomer). As an example, a 10 gram sample with 20 pph initiator and 10 pph fumed silica contains 10 grams of monomer, 2.0 grams of initiator, and 1.0 grams of fumed silica. In experimental testing of the smoke producing compound of the present disclosure, it was found that increasing the amount of initiator in the compound increased the amount of smoke produced.
- Smoke production is caused by a decomposition of the monomer-initiator pair in the smoke generation compound.
- the fact that smoke production comes from the monomer-initiator pairs has advantages.
- lower reaction temperatures can be used because higher temperatures are not required to volatize a third component in the mixture.
- the initiator is the source of the smoke in this embodiment, it is only necessary to have a sufficient reaction temperature to sustain the initiator decomposition reaction.
- a higher efficiency of smoke production can be achieved. Since the smoke is due to the initiator and no longer to a third component the "extra" mass was no longer necessary. The monomer itself may decompose, leading to additional smoke production.
- a composition for the non-pyrotechnic generation of capsaicinoid- containing smoke comprising: a monomer compound that exothermically polymerizes upon initiation with an initiator compound; an initiator compound that initiates polymerization of the monomer compound, said initiator present at a mass concentration that is at least double the mass concentration of the monomer compound; and a capsaicinoid compound in an amount effective to produce an organoleptic effect in the smoke,
- a method of generating capsaicinoid-containing smoke comprising initiating a frontal polymerization reaction by heating the composition above to a sufficient temperature, and generating smoke comprising the capsaicinoid and thermal decomposition products of the initiator compound.
- a non-pyrotechnic capsaicinoid smoke generator comprising: a support member having a length and a width; the composition above supported by the support member; an ignition wire in contact with the composition; and a source of electric current connected to the ignition wire.
- Fig. 1 is a functional schematic of an exemplary test performed to measure the characteristics of a smoke producing sample
- Figs. 2a - 2f show a series of photographic measurements showing the smoke density increase as increasing amounts of sample smoke producing material are activated
- Fig. 3 is plot of the optical density versus time for a variety of smoke producing compositions under test.
- Fig. 4a is a schematic of a hypothetical mechanism of the decomposition pathway of the
- Fig . 4b is a schematic of a hypothetical mechanism of the decomposition pathway of the mono- and di-function monomer impurities in the commercial grade TMPTA.
- Fig. 5 illustrates the results of an additional series of tests run with concentrations approaching 50 pph.
- Figs. 6a - 6c illustrate the tests performed to analyze initiation of a smoke producing reaction to measure the amount of smoke produced when the reaction was initiated from the front of a smoke producing sample contained in a glass vial.
- Figs. 7a - 7c illustrate the tests performed to analyze initiation of a smoke producing reaction.
- Fig. 8 illustrates a plurality of cylindrical shapes tested in a series of trails of the smoke producing composition.
- Fig. 9 is a photograph of a test setup from a series of tests of the smoke producing composition spread out on a section of lumber.
- Fig, 10 illustrates the visible absorption spectrum of the smoke produced from the
- TMPTA-Luperox 231 reaction from the start of the reaction to about 20 minutes after is shown.
- Fig. 11 illustrates the infrared absorption spectrum of the smoke produced from the
- TMPTA-Luperox 231 reaction from the start of the reaction to about 9 minutes after the reaction.
- Fig. 12 depicts a stacked disked embodiment of a smoke generating device.
- Fig. 13 depicts an embodiment of a smoke producing device comprising a substrate formed from a single sheet of material, rolled into a spiral shape.
- Fig. 14 depicts a "stacked spiral" arrangement in which a plurality of spiral substrates are stacked atop one another.
- Figs. 15a, 15b and 15c depict an embodiment of a smoke producing device in which a plurality of cylindrical petals are arranged "concentrically" inside a cylindrical container that is hinged on one side.
- the disclosure provides compositions for producing smoke.
- the smoke may contain one or more capsaicinoid compounds.
- Various embodiments of the compositions disclosed herein have advantages over previously known smoke-producing compositions; for example: low or no flame front (safe to use indoors, outdoors, and in training environments with flame hazards); low toxicity of the smoke and any non-smoke residues; environmentally friendly (little to no residue or hazardous byproducts); high packing density; high smoke yield/low agglomeration of smoke particles; easily aerosolized, rapid smoke generation (short time constant); good obscuration properties in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum; long smoke durations with appropriate buoyancy; and good shelf life (i.e., after mixing components, the mixture does not self-initiate polymerization).
- the monomer provides the carbon compounds that will form the polymer chains and the initiator provides a mechanism to join the carbon compounds together.
- the baseline monomer used in the composition of the present disclosure is TMPTA (trimethylolpropane triacrylate).
- TMPTA trimethylolpropane triacrylate
- Other monomers are possible and it is possible to combine other materials with the monomer for various effects. For example, by combining TMPTA with dibutyl phthalate, a large amount of smoke can be generated, but the smoke is not as buoyant as with TMPTA only. It may be possible to develop a smoke with tailorable buoyancy - which is useful if it is desired to reduce the duration of the smoke.
- the smoke producing compound of the present disclosure can result in smoke durations in excess of 20 min.
- the monomer may also be a material with a backbone other than carbon; for example, the Silicon backbone in Silicone caulk or RTV sealant.
- the production of a polymer is not a necessity.
- the primary role of the monomer is that it provides the heat source so that the reaction proceeds in a timely manner.
- Frontal Polymerization as opposed to other polymerization mechanisms, the mixed monomer and initiator are stable until an external excitation source is added.
- the baseline initiator for the smoke producing compound of the present disclosure is
- Luperox®-231 (1 ,1-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane).
- Other initiators are possible but may have, or are shown to have, undesirable effects.
- t-butyl peroxybenzoate may be used with good smoke generation results.
- the benzoic acid byproducts are considerably more hazardous than the trimethyl cyclohexanes (TMCH) generated with the baseline initiator.
- TMCH trimethyl cyclohexanes
- the trimethyl cyclohexane smoke product or byproduct is not an acid or acid forming material. According to the toxicity analysis the inhalation and LD50 thresholds of TMCH are much higher than for the currently used materials (HC and RP).
- the ignition (or initiation) mechanism used in the testing disclosed herein was a heat source.
- the heat source does not have to, but can, be pyrogenic.
- This ignition mechanism list is not exhaustive.
- Other ignition mechanisms considered are: piezo devices that might be used to ignite something more pyrogenic such as cannon fuse, battery powered voltage sources for nichrome wire, etc. A mixture including monomer and initiator will not self- initiate without an ignition source - this contributes to the long shelf life and inertness of the material.
- the filler provides a mechanism, or a matrix, for the smoke mixture to have a shape other than that provided by its container (e.g., a liquid or gas assumes the shape of its container, but a solid or a gel may not).
- Fumed silica, kaolin (clay) powder, and powdered sugar have all been used as fillers. Fumed silica has provided the best performance - the mass required is low, it has a high area-mass ratio which provides significant thickening with a low thermal mass. This prevents it from robbing the reaction of the heat required for the reaction to propagate. Increasing the amounts of kaolin powder and powdered sugar have been shown to rob the reaction of its necessary heat and reduce the amount of smoke.
- the smoke mixture is left as a liquid - so the filler / thickening agent might not be required or might be detrimental to the application.
- the primary mixture components of the smoke producing composition also have enough thermal conductivity that, if a point ignition source is applied, the bulk mixture reactants may quickly convect the required reaction energy away from the reaction site and cause the reaction to quench itself.
- the very low thermal conductivity of fumed silica "insulates" the reaction region, preventing the heat of reaction or of initiation from convecting away too rapidly.
- a large area heat source such as a heat gun, may be required to inject significant heat into the mixture to overwhelm the convective heat losses.
- Present experimentation has shown cases where, for all other mixture components held constant, increases in filler (fumed silica) have resulted in a higher absorption smoke.
- the filler may provide more nucleation sites for polymerization to initiate.
- the smoke producing compound if X g of TMPTA monomer is used, then greater than 0.1 X g of Luperox® 231 initiator, and greater than or equal to 0.1 X g of fumed silica filler are to be used. This mixture would be considered a "greater than 10 pph" mixture (greater than 10 parts initiator to .100 parts monomer). Note that the initiator concentration may be allowed to approach infinity (i.e., no monomer) and still generate smoke. The initiator may also decompose exothermically.
- ratios for standard reactions wherein the polymerization product, not the smoke product, is desired are characterized by initiator concentrations utilizing much less than 10 pph - typically 0.01 pph - 0.1 pph, but less than 1 pph.
- the TMPTA (trimethylolpropane triacrylate) is a trifunctional monomer. This means that there are three double-bond carbon ends associated with each monomer molecule.
- Typical monomer- polymer system include compounds that have a single carbon double-bond along the monomer chain; ethylene, styrene, vinyl chloride.
- a single initiator molecule causes the breaking of the double bond and a monomer free radial to be formed. This monomer free radical then reacts with other monomers and a polymer molecule begins to grow. Termination of the process occurs when two free radicals combine; either a second polymer free radical or the other half of the initiator molecule. Polymer molecules of 1000 to 100,000 monomers are commonly produced.
- One of the controlling parameters of the final chain length is the number of initiator molecules added.
- typical initiator concentrations are a few hundredths to millionths of percent; high initiator concentrations yield low molecular weight polymer molecules.
- the heat generated from the polymerization process is due to the breaking of the carbon double bond and the formation of a carbon single bond. This process releases 60kJ of energy per mole of double bonds.
- the process temperature of the reaction depends on the heat capacity of the monomer molecules. Molecules such as poly(ethylene) C2H4 have a much lower heat capacity than molecules such as styrene C8H10 and have much higher reaction temperature since they both have a single double- bonded carbon that participates in the reaction.
- Capsaicinoids are a class of compounds originally discovered in Capsicum spp., although synthetic derivatives have also been produced. Capsaicinoids are generally related to structure: Capsaicin
- Capsaicinoids tend to share the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl methyl group but vary in the structure of the hydrocarbon tail bound to the amide moiety. For example, some capsaicinoids lack double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail, others lack the pendant methyl group, other vary the location of the unsaturated carbons, in still others the length of the hydrocarbon tail varies from about 7 to about 9 carbons (not counting pendant groups).
- a capsaicinoid is any ester of vanillamine having a hydrocarbon tail at least 5 carbons in length.
- the capsaicinoid is one that is exerts an organoleptic effect on the intended target (which will be a mammal).
- organoleptic means producing a sensible effect, such as a burning sensation.
- the effect may be an irritant effect, meaning an effect that is at least painful.
- the irritant effect may also be one or more of ocular redness, ocular pain, lacrimation, blepharospasm, blindness, respiratory tract irritation, mucous membrane irritation, coughing, wheezing, intranasal pain, throat pain, laryngitis, headache, nausea, vomiting, runny nose, and shortness of breath.
- capsaicinoids known to exert organoleptic or irritating effects include capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, and nonivamide. Salts, esters, and other derivatives of the capsaicinoid may be used, so long as the derivative has the desired organoleptic or irritant properties.
- the organoleptic properties of capsaicinoids (and other substances) are generally measured in the art by the method of Scoville (1912) J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. vol. 1 , pp. 453-454 (incorporated by reference to teach this method).
- the method involves extracting one grain (64.8 mg) of the sample in 100 mL of ethanol; then serially diluting the extract in water, The serial dilutions are tasted by a panel of tasters, until the highest dilution in which the substance can be tasted is identified.
- the ratio of water to the ethanol extract in said highest tasteable dilution is the potency of the sample in "Scoville Heat Units" (SHU), In any instance in which a value or range of SHU is claimed, such value or range is based on the method of Scoville (1912),
- SHU Sta value or range of SHU is claimed, such value or range is based on the method of Scoville (1912)
- Various capsaicinoids have been assigned standard SHU values, as follows (a commonly eaten variety of Capsicum annuum has been included for reference):
- capsaicinoids may be used.
- concentration of capsaicinoid will be sufficient to confer an organoleptic property to the smoke, such as an irritant property.
- some embodiments of the composition contain at least 1 % w/w of the capsaicinoid.
- Further embodiments of the composition contain the capsaicinoid at 1-20% w/w, 2-15% w/w, or 5-10% w/w.
- Specific embodiments of the composition contain 5 or 10% capsaicinoid by weight.
- the concentration of the capsaicinoid in the composition may also be designed to achieve a target SHU or SHU range.
- some embodiments of the composition are at least 10 5 , 1 .6x10 5 , or 10 6 SHU.
- Further embodiments of the composition contain the capsaicinoid at 1.6x10 5 to 3.2x10 6 , 3.2x10 5 to 2.4x10 6 , or 8x10 6 to 1.6x10 7 SHU.
- Specific embodiments of the composition are 8x10 6 or 1.6x107 SHU.
- Fig. 1 is a functional schematic of an exemplary test performed to measure the characteristics of a smoke producing sample 101 in a chamber 100.
- the chamber 100 was substantially one (1) cubic foot in volume (11" x 12" by 10").
- a Fisher Scientific® Dry Box was used as an air tight chamber 100 in this test.
- An FP reaction of the sample 101 was remotely initiated via a wire 108 extending through the chamber wall and to a power source (not shown).
- a fan 106 inside the chamber 100 circulated the smoke (not shown) produced by the reaction.
- Visible spectra measurements were taken with an Ocean Optics HR2000 UV-Vis spectrometer 102.
- the optical cell (not shown) was a Starna 34-SOG-100 10cm cell.
- Infrared spectra were determined with a Nexus470 FTIR 103 using a 4" pathlength cell (not shown) with KBr windows (not shown).
- the chamber 101 comprised a transparent window 107 to allow visual access to the sample under test for viewing the smoke and measuring smoke parameters.
- a vent hood 104 collected fumes from the test and a vent 105 vented fumes outside of the building,
- Tests were run to quantify the amount of material necessary to produced a dense enough smoke for obscuration.
- a series of tests using different sample weights with 25 pph starting material versus optical density were run in the 50ft 3 chamber.
- the amount of material was increased from 5 to 25 grams of monomer (all with 25 pph of initiator); this corresponds to 0.1 to 0.5 grams of monomer per ft 3 of chamber volume.
- Figs, 2a - 2f show a series of photographic measurements showing the smoke density increase as increasing amounts of sample smoke producing material are activated.
- a laser power meter 201 measured optical transmission of smoke in the chamber 200
- Tape 203 defined a rectangular transparent window 204.
- Two tape strips 202 were mounted horizontally on the opposite inside side wall of the chamber.
- the tape strips 202 are clearly visible through the window 204.
- the smoke density is 0.10 grams monomer per cubic foot
- the tape strips 202 become less visible.
- the beam 207 from the laser power meter 201 is clearly visible in Fig. 2b.
- Fig. 2c which illustrates a smoke density of 0.15 grams monomer per cubic foot
- the tape strips 202 are invisible.
- the smoke density is 0.20 grams monomer per cubic foot.
- the smoke density is 0.25 grams monomer per cubic foot.
- the smoke density is 0.30 grams monomer per cubic foot.
- Fig. 3 is a plot of the optical density versus time for the same mass of materials from testing performed in 50ft3 chamber. This figure shows that after about 0.15 grams of starting monomer per cubic foot (gm/ft 3 ), the optical density drops below 0.1. Comparing the results of Figs. 2c with Fig.
- FIG. 2a - 2f illustrates a quirk of the laser beam visibility: with increasing smoke density, the laser beam 207 actually seems brighter and more visible. This result is also shown in the data of Fig. 3.
- the measured optical density for starting sample mass of greater than 0.15 gcf is actually greater than for 0.15 gcf itself, while it is clear from the photographs in Fig. 2c - 2f that the smoke is denser. This higher measured optical density is likely due to a multiple scattering phenomena competing with the initial beam absorption/scattering.
- the duration of the smoke is considerable. Decomposition Products
- the starting monomer and initiator in the exemplary testing was TMPTA and Luperox®
- the expected decomposition products have been analyzed both through a literature review and via Gas Chromotograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis of the smoke products.
- GC-MS Gas Chromotograph-Mass Spectrometer
- Fig. 4a is a schematic of the decomposition pathway of the Luperox® 231 and Fig. 4b is a schematic of the decomposition pathway of the mono- and di-function monomer impurities in the commercial grade TMPTA. In this schematic, dotted lines are cleavage.
- reaction products are trimethylcyclohexane and t-butyl alcohol.
- the reaction products of the monomer decomposition are not seen in the smoke but may affect its infrared absorption properties.
- Fig, 5 illustrates the results of an additional series of tests run with concentrations approaching 50 pph. Note that it is unclear whether that the mass loss rate is decreasing at the 50 pph (50%) point. This indicates that it is desirable to perform additional tests with initiator concentrations greater than 50 pph.
- the internal temperature of 5 gram samples of the mixed compound was measured in order to better understand the safety, and non-incendiary, characteristics of the frontal polymerization reaction. In initiator concentrations of less than 5 pph, the internal sample temperature was 100-200°C. At initiator concentrations from about 15 to 30 pph, the internal temperature increased to 300-350°C. This temperature is likely sufficient to lead to some decomposition of the monomer itself, which may be helped by the appreciable excess of initiator.
- a series of tests was performed to determine the effect of aspect ratio (width v. length at fixed heights) of the sample versus the amount of smoke produced. These tests were conducted under three testing/operating scenarios, 1) front and rear initiation of the reaction, 2) cylindrical samples of varying aspect ratio, initiated from the top "free” surface, and 3) rectangular samples of varying aspect ratios. Test geometries 1) and 2) were conducted in the one ft 3 test chamber and the third series of tests were conducted in the 50 ft 3 chamber.
- the sample smoke producing compound was 10 pph Luperox® 231 and 10 pph fumed silica filler.
- Figs. 6a - 6c illustrate the tests performed to analyze initiation of a smoke producing reaction to measure the amount of smoke produced when the reaction was initiated from the front, expanding portion, of the sample contained in a glass vial.
- the sample 600 is disposed near an open front end 601 of a glass vial 602.
- the sample 600 has just been ignited.
- Fig. 6c is a wider view of the sample 600 after the smoke has expanded. The smoke was close to neutrally buoyant and filled the test chamber in an amount that would be expected, given the size of the sample.
- Figs. 7a - 7c illustrate the tests performed to analyze initiation of a smoke producing reaction to measure the amount of smoke produced when the reaction is initiated from a sample disposed in the rear, constrained, portion of a glass vial.
- the sample 700 is disposed near the rear end 701 of a glass vial 702.
- any hot smoke vapors have to travel through the unreacted portion of the sample before reaching the open end 703 of the vial 702.
- the resultant smoke was denser than the surrounding air and tended to sink to the bottom of the test chamber.
- the frontal polymerization reaction proceeded to completion.
- the second series of trials tested a constant volume of material in three cylinder shapes with bores of different aspect ratios, 2:1 , 1 :1 , 1 :3, and 1 :5, as illustrated in Fig. 8.
- the cylinder bores were generated by drilling holes in a Delrin puck. A syringe was used to place the samples in the bore holes.
- These tests showed that the 2:1 aspect ratio sample had the most smoke production; the 1 :3 and 1 :5 aspect ratio tests produced a minor amount of smoke.
- the 2:1 aspect ratio test produced a typical amount of smoke.
- Table 4 The test results are reported in Table 4 below. In each of these tests, the reaction was initiated at the top of the sample with enclosed sides and bottom. The conclusion from these tests is that a low aspect ratio of height to diameter is desirable.
- Fig. 9 is a photograph of a test setup from the final series of tests, which were conducted with 10 gram samples (20 pph initiator, 10 pph silica), spread out on a section of lumber 900.
- Selected thickness lumber guide rails 901 were spaced about one inch apart, the guide rails were varied from 3/16 inches in height, to 1 ⁇ 4" in height to 1 / 2 " in height, and the sample 902 (shown after the reaction) was spread out to roughly 1.5 to 4 inches long between the guide rails.
- the in Fig. 9 lumber shows no signs of combustion and in spite of the fact that it has been used for several dozen tests.
- the measured optical density values are given in Table 5 below.
- Fig. 10 illustrates the visible absorption spectrum of the smoke produced from the
- TMPTA-Luperox 231 reaction from the start of the reaction to about 20 minutes after is shown.
- the data was taken using the one ft3 chamber that was connected to the Ocean Optics spectrometer through flow- ports installed in the back of the chamber.
- This figure shows that the smoke produced has a uniform absorption across the (entire) visible spectrum from 300-1000 nm. Thus, it evenly scatters all the visible wavelengths. It can also be seen in the figure that the smoke has a persistence of at least 5 minutes. From this data and from other tests this indicates that the particle sizes are in a range where there is not rapid sedimentation of the particles or droplets.
- Fig. 11 illustrates the infrared absorption spectrum of the smoke produced from the
- TMPTA-Luperox 231 reaction from the start of the reaction to about 9 minutes after the reaction.
- the data was taken using the 1 ft 3 chamber that was connected to the Nexus 470 FTIR system through flow- ports installed in the back of the chamber.
- the infrared cell has KBr windows.
- the infrared spectrum has unique peaks associated with the trimethylcyclohexane, t-butyl alcohol, and acetone produced in the reaction.
- the infrared peak from a human body is centered around 1 O0m; indicating that the current version of this smoke is not an infrared obscurant for humans.
- the absorption peaks at approximately 6, 7 and 8 Om indicate that the smoke has obscurant properties for 225, 150, and 100°C bodies. No efforts were made during the Phase I research to modify the reaction products to make the smoke obscure humans.
- the composition is not incendiary, and adding (inorganic) oxidizers to the mix may cause it to start a fire, which would be undesirable. Therefore, the composition avoids inorganic oxidizers.
- the smoke in the composition is produced from the decomposition of the initiator in the composition, which can be thought of as an/the oxidizer.
- the composition differs from currently known formulations in that it is this "oxidizer" that makes the smoke. Adding an inorganic oxidizer would likely cause the smoke production to decrease.
- the desired smoke production requires approximately 0.020 grams of material per cubic foot of obscured volume when viewed through a 10 m thick smoke screen. For a 5 m thick smoke screen 0.04 grams / cu. ft. of material are required, The obscurant factor is constant across the visible spectrum, and has infrared absorption in specific wavelength ranges. Assuming ideal and complete reaction efficiency, for a 300 m 3 (3mx 10mx 10m or 10,600 ft 3 ) obscured volume, approximately 200 cm 3 of material is projected to be required, representing a device approximately 4 inch in height and 2 inches diameter; without casing, fuse or ignition source.
- Fig. 12 depicts an embodiment of a smoke generating device 1100 using the compound disclosed herein.
- the smoke generating compound (not shown) is applied to disks 1101 , 1102, 1103, 1104 and 1105 stacked atop one another.
- disks 1101 - 1105 are shown in Fig. 11 , this number of disks is illustrated for explanatory purposes; a smoke generating device 1100 may comprise 10-30 stacked disks, or more or fewer, as desired.
- each disk 1101 - 1105 is formed from non-woven fiber, such as a plastic fiber similar to Scotch Brite® pads or a plastic Brillo® pad, or fiberglass.
- the disks 1101 - 1105 may also be formed from other materials with a high surface area for maximizing the composition's exposure to oxygen during the smoke-producing reaction.
- An ignition wire 1106 extends through openings 1107 in the disks 1101 - 1105 for initiating the reaction.
- the ignition wire 1106 may be "woven" into the fiber comprising the disk.
- Wires 1108, 1109, 1110, and 111 1 extend between adjacent disks.
- wires 1108, 1109, 1110, and 111 1 extend between adjacent disks.
- wires 1108, 1109, 1110, and 111 1 extend between adjacent disks.
- wire 1108 extends between disk 1101 and disk 1102; wire 1109 extends between disk 1102 and disk 1 103; wire 1110 extends between disk 1103 and disk 1104; wire 1111 extends between disk 1104 and disk 1105.
- insulators are disposed between adjacent disks to isolate each disk from the remaining disks, to prevent the disks from sticking together.
- Fig. 13 depicts an embodiment of a smoke producing device comprising a substrate
- the substrate 1300 formed from a single sheet of material, rolled into a spiral shape as shown.
- the substrate 1300 may be formed from the materials discussed above with respect to Fig. 12.
- An ignition line 1301 extends through the substrate 1300.
- Fig. 14 depicts a "stacked spiral" arrangement in which a plurality of spiral substrates
- Each substrate comprises an ignition line 1401 .
- Figs. 15a, 15b and 15c depict an embodiment of a smoke producing device in which a plurality of cylindrical petals 150, 151 and 152 nested inside a cylindrical container 153 that is hinged on one side via a hinge 154.
- Figs. 15a and 15b depict the container 153 before the smoke producing ignition is initiated
- Fig. 15c depicts the container 153 after the ignition has begun.
- three petals 150, 151 , and 152 are depicted in the illustrated embodiment, more or fewer petals are employed in other embodiments.
- the ignition sequence causes the container 153 to be split so that it opens up along a hinge line 155 of the container 153.
- the concentrically arranged petals 150, 151 and 152 are ignited and split along one side so that they "open up” like a blooming flower.
- Each of the petals 150, 151 and 152 may be formed from the materials discussed with respect to Fig. 12 above.
- a first test was performed by adding commercially available oleoresin capsicum (ethanol extract from Capsicum fruit) to a non-pyrotechnic smoke composition comprising 10% w/w monomer, 10% w/w fumed silica filler, and 80% w/w initiator, The oleoresin capsicum was added to the non- pyrotechnic smoke composition at a ratio of 1 part oleoresin capsicum to 10 parts smoke composition by weight.
- a frontal polymerization reaction was initiated in 10 g of the mixture placed in an enclosed shipping container 8 feet (2.44 m) by 10 feet (3.05 m) by 40 feet (12.19 m) (90.7 m 3 ). Smoke production was observed to be very slow.
- Capsaicin was added to the same smoke composition at a ratio of 1 part capsaicin to 10 parts smoke composition by weight.
- a frontal polymerization reaction was initiated in 10 g of the mixture placed in an enclosed warehouse 25 feet (7.62 m) by 25 feet (7.62 m) by 25 feet (7.62 m) (442.5 m 3 ).
- the rate of smoke production did not appear to be affected by the addition of the capsaicin.
- two human test subjects approached the warehouse after the completion of smoke production, they were immediately repelled upon contact with the smoke. The subjects coughed severely and reported burning irritation of the eyes and nasal passages. The test was repeated using a mixture at a ratio of 1 part capsaicin to 20 parts smoke composition by weight with similar results.
- any given elements of the disclosed embodiments of the invention may be embodied in a single structure, a single step, a single substance, or the like.
- a given element of the disclosed embodiment may be embodied in multiple structures, steps, substances, or the like.
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Abstract
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US15/482,481 US10941086B2 (en) | 2012-05-07 | 2017-04-07 | Capsaicinoid smoke |
PCT/US2018/026731 WO2018187809A1 (en) | 2017-04-07 | 2018-04-09 | Capsaicinoid smoke |
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US9617195B2 (en) * | 2012-05-07 | 2017-04-11 | Polaris Sensor Technologies, Inc. | Low flame smoke |
FR3018277B1 (en) * | 2014-03-07 | 2016-04-15 | Etienne Lacroix Tous Artifices S A | INCAPACITANT FUMIGENE COMPOSITION COMPRISING MICROENCAPSULATED OLEUM CAPSICUM RESIN |
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- 2018-04-09 WO PCT/US2018/026731 patent/WO2018187809A1/en active Application Filing
- 2018-04-09 EP EP18724372.0A patent/EP3606893B1/en active Active
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EP3606893B1 (en) | 2021-02-24 |
WO2018187809A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
AU2018249955A1 (en) | 2019-10-10 |
CA3056808A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
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